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Index

About True Christianity (Zadonsky), 57 Aksyonov, Vasily, 206–8 Abramtsevo estate and workshops, 215–16, Alaska, 71, 72 217, 222, 244 Aleichem, Sholem, 295, 311 absolutism, 55, 56 Aleksandr Nevsky (Eisenstein/Prokofiev), 275, Abuladze, Tengiz, 342 276, 305, 327, 329, 336 Academy of Sciences, 38 Aleksandr Nevsky Cantata (Prokofiev), 327 acmeism, 198, 200 Aleksandrov, Grigory, 329, 336–7 acting, 282, 287, 292, 296, 299–300, 307;in Aleksei, Tsar, 52, 56, 280 film, 319, 323, 324 Aleshkovsky, Yuz, 207 Adam, Adolphe, 267 Aleutian islands, 72 Adodurov, Academician, 38 Alexander I, 119 Adrian, Patriarch, 55 Alexander II, 194, 259 adventure narrative, 156 Alexandra Theatre, 288, 314; see also Aelita (Protazanov), 320, 321 Alexandrinsky Theatre “Aesopic/Aesopian” language (to Alexandrine period, 119 circumvent censorship), 178, 310, 312 Alexandrinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 282; aesthetics, 46, 220, 240, 292, 306 see also Alexandra Theatre Afanas’ev (Afanasiev), A. N., 144 Alexeieff,´ Alexandre, 317 Afinogenov, Aleksandr, 302 alphabet, civil (Grazdanskyˇ sriftˇ ), 37; see also After Russia (Tsvetaeva), 201 Cyrillic alphabet; Latin alphabet Afrika, see Bugaev, Sergei Alphabet of Russian Superstitions (Chulkov), 143 age hierarchy, 138 Altai mountains, 74 agitation-propaganda (“agitprop”), 145, Amalrik, Andrei, 311 292, 295, 298, 316 Ambrose, Father (ascetic hermit), 57 Agrarian Party, 62 America: as stereotypical “enemy”, 306; agriculture, large-scale colonization, 67 Rachmaninov in, 269–70; Russian Aitmatov, Chingiz, 207, 310 investment in, 109; Russian settlement Akhmadulina, Bella, 207 in (Alaska), 72 Akhmatova, Anna, 176, 181, 183, 186;and “American Painting and Sculpture” Tsvetaeva, 202–3; as acmeist poet, 198, Exhibition, Moscow (1959), 241 200–1; difficulty of translation, 195; Amur river valley, 72, 73 inspired by folklore, 161; religious Amvrosy, Bishop, 53 sensibilities, 175 Ancient Russian Art Exhibition, Moscow AKhRR (Association of Artists of (1913), 223 Revolutionary Russia), 232–4 Andreev, Leonid, 199, 287, 333 Akimov, Nikolai, 241, 300, 308 Andrei Kozhukhov (Stepnyak-Kravchinsky), Aksakov, Ivan, 119 172 Aksakov, Konstantin, 119 Andrei Rublev (Tarkovsky), 340–1

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture Edited by Nicholas Rzhevsky Index More information

Index 369

anekdoty (narrative jokes), 152 arts and crafts, 215, 218, 223 animals, cruelty to, 138 Artsybashev, Mikhail, 153 Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 193–4 Artsybashev, Sergey, 313 Annenkov, Georgy, 291 Arzhak, Nikolai, see Daniel, Yuly Annenkov, Yury, 298 Ascension, Church of, Kolomenskoe Annensky, Innokenty, 198, 289 (nr. Moscow), 46 Annunciation Church, Kremlin, 46 ascetics, monastic, 50, 64 Antique Theatre (1907–11), 287 Asia: as Russia’s alternative to the West, anti-rationalism, 150 79–83; earliest contacts, 66–70; anti-Semitism, 277 Russian relationship with, 65–6, 74–6 Appia, Adolphe, 287 Askoldov, Aleksandr, 340 Aral Sea, 73 assassination, 102–3, 111, 194 Arbuzov, Aleksei, 303, 307–8 assimilation of other groups, Russian, 80, architecture, 46 140 Archives of American Art, 241 Assumption, Church of (Novgorod), 46 ARGO, see Author Working Group Assumption, Kremlin Cathedral of the, 46 Arkhipov, Abram, 234 atheism, 45, 59, 60, 255 Armenia, 73 Atlanticism, 89 Army Theatre, 312 Aurora, flagship of the Revolution, 153 Arndt, Johann, 57, 116 Author Working Group (ARGO), 245 Arnold, Matthew, 101 autocracy, 55, 69–70 Arnshtam, Leo, 338 avant-garde, 222–7 art: abstraction, 218, 222, 233, 242, 244–5; Avvakum, Archpriest, 52–3, 176, 180 action painting, 239, 242; American influence, 241–2; and contemporary Babel, Isaak, 175, 204 Western culture, 241–2; and film, 322; Babi Yar (Evtushenko/Shostakovich), 277 and “primitive” culture, 222;and Bakhtin, Mikhail, 63, 133, 163, 192–3, 196, religion, 224, 243–4; artifact, notion of, 204 220; developments after Stalin, 238–45; Bakst, Lev/Leon,´ 217, 220, 221–2, 286 dilettantism, 220; dissident, 238–45; Bakunin, Mikhail, 100, 211 divination theme, 244; environmental, Balakirev, Mily Alekseevich, 259–60 242; exhibitions, 214–35, 239–40, 241–2; Balanchine, George, 104, 266, 275 forms, elite and democratic, 150; Balasoglo, Aleksandr, 80 gambling theme, 244;intheOctober Balkhash, Lake, 73 Revolution, 228–32; kinetic, 242, ballet, 110, 255, 267–8; Russian influence on 245–6; magic realism, 242; the West, 104 neo-primitivist, 222; neo-Russian, Ballets Russes, 104, 216, 217, 255, 274, 286 213–16; of indigenous people, 224; Balmont (Bal’mont), Konstantin, 198, 217, post-Soviet era, 247–8; proletarian 221 style, 229; Russian influence on West, Bandit Churkin (Pastukhov), 156 104–5; Socialist Realist, 232, 234, 235–7; Barabanov, Evgeny, 63 studio, 1880s–90s, 216; symbolist Baranov, Leonid, 247 aesthetic, 216–22; trade unions, 233–4 Baranovskaia, Vera, 328 Art Theatre, see Moscow Art Theatre (MAT) Baratynsky, Evgeny, 183, 186 Artistic Affairs, Committee for, 303–4 Barnet, Boris, 320, 323, 333 Artistic Culture, Institute of, see InKhuK Bartenev, Andrei, 247 Artistic Sciences, Russian Academy of, see Baryshnikov, Mikhail, 110 RAKhN Bat, The (cabaret), 288, 300 Artists, Union of Soviet, 234 Batalov, Nikolai, 328 Artists of Revolutionary Russia, Association Batiushkov, Konstantin, 185 of, see AKhRR Battleship Potemkin (Eisenstein), 326 Artists of the Russian Federation, First Bauer, Evgeny, 157, 317–19, 320, 323 Congress of, 234 Bayadere,` La (Minkus), 267 Arts, Academy of (St. Petersburg), 213–14, Beardsley, Aubrey, 218 216, 222, 237, 239, 240 Beatles, The, 158

370 Index

Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, Boris and Gleb, Sts., 29, 176 297 Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky), 250, 258, 260, beauty and religious faith, 46–8 261 Bedny, Demian, 150 Boris Godunov (Pushkin), 173 belatedness, in literature, 177–8 Borisov-Musatov, Viktor, 217 belief systems, alternative, 149–50 Borodin, Aleksandr, 161, 250, 259, 262–3 Belinsky, Vissarion, 178–9, 183, 186–9, 283, Borovsky, David, 308, 310 289 Borovsky, Pafnuty, 48 Beliutin, Eli, 239, 241, 242, 244–5 Bortniansky, Dmitry, 57, 253–4 Bely, Andrei, 197, 198, 199, 218–20 Brainin, Vladimir, 247 Benois, Alexandre, 162, 217–21, 286 Braque, Georges, 225 Berberova, Nina, 209 Brecht, Bertolt, 155, 297, 308 Berdiaev, Nikolai, 47, 60, 63, 105, 132, 173, Brezhnev, Leonid, 132, 158, 206–8, 239, 309, 243 310, 340 Beria, Lavrenty, 234, 342 British Empire, as threat to Slavic sphere, 122 Bernshtam, T. A., 141 Briullov, Karl, 213 Bible, 26, 172 Briusov, Valery, 149, 198, 217–18, 220, 274, Bilibin, Ivan, 161, 220, 221 287 bilingualism, 28 Brodsky, Isaak, 232–3, 236 biomechanics (acting style), 292, 295–6, 319 Brodsky, Joseph, 175, 183, 197, 206–8 birchbark letters, 30 Bronze Horseman (Pushkin), 173, 185 Birman, Serafima, 295 Bronze Horseman (statue), 99 birthplace, 135, 140 Brothers Karamazov (Dostoevsky), 57, 172, 184, Bitov, Andrei, 207, 210 192, 205 “Black Hundreds”, 126, 136 Brown, David, 258 Black Sea, 22, 45, 72–3 Bruskin, Grigory, 239 Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) group, Munich, Bugaev, Sergei (Afrika), 247 105, 226 Bulatov, Erik, 242 Blok, Aleksandr, 84–5, 183, 186, 197, 198–9, Bulgakov, Leo and Barbara, 300 202; and TEO, 289; characters’ fates Bulgakov, Mikhail, 174, 179, 181, 205–6, 297, linked with Russian history, 181; 298, 308–9, 311; religious sensibilities, difficulty of translation, 195; founded 175 BDT, 291; inspired by folklore, 161; Bulgakov, Sergei, 60, 63, 243 religious sensibilities, 175; unified Bulgarin, Faddei, 186 vision, 217–18, 287 “Bulldozer Exhibition”, 239 “bloody repast” (krovavaia pishcha), 176 bullying, 137 Blue Bird (cabaret), 300 Bunin, Ivan, 104, 197, 199 Blue Blouses troupe, 298 Burliuk, David, 223, 225, 320 Blue Rider, see Blaue Reiter Burliuk, Vladimir, 223 Blue Rose mystical painters, 217 bylina, 23, 146, 151 Bodrov, Sergei, 343 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 185 Boehme, Jacob, 117 Byzantinization, 21, 25–7 bogatyri (traditional folklore heroes), Byzantium, 25, 46, 97, 180;sourceof 146 musical tradition, 251, 254 Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 290 Bogorodsky, Fedor, 232, 238 cabaret, 288, 300 Boileau, Nicolas, 184 Camus, Albert, 124 Boleslavsky, Richard, 300 Cancer Ward (Solzhenitsyn), 209 Bollywood films, 158 Capital, Das (Marx), 325, 326 Bolsheviks, 102–3, 125, 126, 127–8, 130, 146, capitalism, 89, 132, 196, 292, 298, 306, 313 233, 289, 291, 336; historical myths, 311; card playing, in art, 244 mass spectacles, 305; search for cultural Caspian Sea, 73 self-definition, 103 Catherine II, 73, 98–9, 114, 119, 142, 253, 258, Bolshoi Dramatic Theatre, 291 281 Bolshoi Theatre, 110, 255, 268 Catholicism, 33, 58; see also Christianity; books, 48, 51 Roman Catholic Church

Index 371

Caucasus, 73, 77, 78, 187, 264; inspiration Christ the Savior, Cathedral of, for Tamara (Balakirev), 259–60; St. Petersburg, 47 migrants from, 136, 160–1 Christianity, 45, 56; and old beliefs, 23, 44, censorship, 178, 310; end of, 106, 255, 342;in 141, 180–1; Eastern (Byzantine), 45–9; the theatre, 281, 282; lampooned by introduction as official religion, 22, 24, Bulgakov, 298;offilm,319, 340, 346 44–6, 95–7, 171; Russian mission, 78, Central Museum of the Armed Forces, 233 96; Western (Roman), 45, 97, 98 Chaadaev, Petr, 78, 177 Christianization, 21, 24–5, 26 Chachkin, Igor, 247 Chrysostom, St. John, 26 Chagall, Marc, 105, 162, 223, 225, 226, 228, Chuikov, Semeon, 237 295 Chukhrai, Grigory (Grigori), 333, 339 Chaliapin, Fedor, 256, 286, 342 Chulkov, Mikhail, 142, 162 chancery language, 31–2 church/es: buildings, beauty of, 46–7; chant (znamenny raspev), 251–3 property, return of to rightful owners, Chapaev (Chapayev) (Vasiliev “Brothers”), 335 63; rebuilding program, after fall of Chapayev (Red Army commander), 152, 153, Soviet Union, 63 156, 204, 335 Churikova, Inna, 339 Chaplin, Charlie, 201, 292, 338 Chusova, Nina, 314 Chardynin, Petr, 318 cinema, 150, 275; see also film Chashnik, Ilya, 226 Cinematography, All-Union State Institute chastushka, 145, 151–2 of (VGIK), 324, 336, 342 chauvinism, 62, 125, 131, 136, 160–1, Ciniselli (impresario), 283 266 circus, 153, 159, 162, 283, 292, 323, 330 Cheburashka (character in children’s civil liberties, curtailed, 111 literature), 152 Civil War, 127, 137, 220, 290, 297, 323 Cheka (secret police), 303, 334 Clark, Katerina, 204 Chekhov, Anton, 104, 194–5;attheMAT, class, 128, 135, 137, 150–1, 160 285, 291; dramatization by Ginkas, 311; classicism, 115, 203 inspired by folklore, 162;Ivanov clergy, 59, 60 character, 309;revivals,308, 314; staged Cobbett, William, 144 by Meyerhold, 304 Cold War, 90, 105, 306 Chekhov, Michael, 293, 300 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 143 Chekhov Theatre, 312, 313 collective farm literature, 130 Chekrygin, Vasily, 243 collectivization, 137, 232, 300, 327, 329; Chemiakin, Mikhail, see Shemiakin films about, 317, 337 Chepurin, Yuly, 305 Colloquy of Lovers of the Russian Word, Chernigov (Ukraine), 25 185 Chernyshev, Mikhail, 242 colonization, 73, 77–8 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 103, 122–3, 175, 179, comedy/ies, 151, 153, 281, 289, 298–9, 307, 188, 214 309, 324, 338;musical,336–7 Cherry Orchard, The (Chekhov), 195 Commonwealth of Independent States, 90 Chersonesus (Crimea), 24 communalism, of the Russian village, 120 Chesterton,G.K.,296 Communism, 102; after the collapse of the Chevengur (Platonov), 174, 204 Soviet Union, 62; cultural policies, 233, Chiaureli, Mikhail, 316, 336, 338 250, 275; during perestroika, 105; fall of, childhood: in village prose, 130;ofthe 196; nostalgia for, 132; see also stereotypical “tough” man, 156–7; Bolsheviks patterns of, 138 Communist Youth League, 301 children: drawings of, 224;fearof Composers, Union of Soviet, 272 producing, 182; films for, 317, 324; compromise, 126, 128 theatre for, 301 “Conceptualism,” 210, 211 Chkheidze, Timur, 311 “conflictlessness” doctrine, 301, 306 Choeroboskos (ninth century), 26 conscience, social, in literature, 178–9, 196 choral groups, Ukrainian, seventeenth constructivism, 216, 226–7, 229–31, 345;in century, 34 acting, 292, 295; in Eisenstein, 326;in choral singing, see chant stage design, 333; in staging, 296, 298

372 Index

Contemporary, The (Sovremennik) (journal), deconstruction, 192, 211 186, 189; see also Sovremennik dedovshchina (domination through bullying), (Contemporary) Theatre-Studio 137 copying of liturgical texts, 26, 48, 50, 54 Degas, Edgar, 218 Cossacks, 71–2 Deineka, Aleksandr, 230, 238 Costakis, George, 241 dekulakization, 137 Council of Florence, 48 Delibes, Leo,´ 268 Counterplan (Ermler and Iutkevich), 334, 335 Delvig, Anton, 186 court: as performative environment, 280, democratic institutions, lack of, 107 281;dramas,279; language of, 38; Demon, The (Lermontov), 187 society of, 114–16, 121 Den’ (now renamed Zavtra) (newspaper), 90 Craft (Tsvetaeva), 201 Denisov, Edison, 277 crafts, see arts and crafts deprivation, 137 Craig, Gordon, 117, 287, 288, 295 Derzhavin, Gavrila (Gavriil), 39, 47, 176, 177, Cranes Are Flying, The (Kalatozov), 157, 338 184–5 crime, 137 despotism, 55, 70, 99 Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), 191, 265, destruction, desire for, as creative desire, 211 309, 339 Devils, The (Dostoevsky), 124, 173, 191, 318, 336 Crimea, 71, 72 Diaghilev, Sergei, 104, 215, 217, 218, 255, 286; Crimean War, 81, 125 on Stravinsky and Prokoﬁev, 273, 274; Crommelynck, Fernand, 295 staging of Boris Godunov, 261; staging of Crooked Mirror (cabaret), 288 Polovtsian Dances, 263 cubism, 225, 241 dialect, 20, 39, 136, 143 cubo-futurism, 198, 225, 288 dialectical materialism, 205 Cui, Cesar, 259 dictionaries, 35, 37–8, 39, 41–2 cultural identity crisis, 256 diglossia, 27–9, 38 culture: early Russian native, 22; early discussion groups, political, 119 Russian spiritual, 22–3; lower-class, dissident art, 238–45 140–1; peasant, 127, 132, 135–6, 143, dissidents, 102, 206, 225, 240, 241 145–6; principal difference between Diveevsky Pustyn, 59 European and Russian, 56–7; divination as theme of art, 244 proletarian, 290; Soviet political, 131–3; Dix, Otto, 230 Soviet variant of Russian, 128–30; see Dmitrevsky, Ivan, 281 also popular culture Dobroliubov, Nikolai, 103, 123, 179, 188, 191 Culture, Ministry of, of the USSR, 239 Dobrotoliubie (Love of the Good) Cumans/Kumans, see Polovtsy (Velichkovsky), 58 customs: enshrining social privilege, 141;of Dobuzhinsky, Mstislav, 162, 220, 221 factory workers, 139; peasant, 145; Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 174, 177, 182, 204, popular, 139 205, 206 cynicism, 210 Dodin, Lev, 311, 313 Cyril and Methodius, Sts., 25, 27, 96 doll, Russian (matreshka¨ ), 148 Cyrillic alphabet, 25, 41, 96 Domostroi texts, 50, 141 Czechoslovakia, invasion of (1968), 338 “Donkey’s Tail” Group and Exhibition, Moscow (1912), 224 Dahl, Vladimir, 39, 144, 189 Donskoi, Mark, 336 Daniel, Yuly (Nikolai Arzhak), 206, 309 Donskoy, Dmitry, 129 Daniel the Black (icon painter), 46 Doronina, Tatiana, 312 Danilevsky, Nikolai, 121, 122 Dostoevsky, Fedor, 188–93; Daykarhanova, Tamara, 300 acknowledgment of Gogol, 188; de Gaulle, Charles, 88 adapted for the stage, 314;as de Maistre, Joseph, 58 chauvinist, 131; depiction of Father Dead Souls (Gogol), 173, 177, 188 Zosima, 57, 59;dramatizedbyGinkas, decadence (as trend in the arts), 319; see also 311; inspired by Old Russian literature, symbolism/decadence 184; inspired by St. Petersburg, 265;on Decembrists, 99–100, 119, 144, 186, 331 Asia, 82–3; on beauty, 46; quest for

Index 373

national identity, 121–2; redemption Engels, Friedrich, 102 theme, 181; religious legacy, 63; Englische Komedianten, 279 religious sensibilities, 172, 173, 175, 177, Enlightenment, 98–9, 100, 114, 118–19, 121; 208; staged by Tovstonogov, 308; visits in literature, 183, 184, 186; reaction to, to Optyna Pustyn monastery, 58 117 Double, The (Dostoevsky), 189 Enlightenment, People’s Commissariat of, Dovlatov, Sergei, 207 229, 320, 321 Dovzhenko, Aleksandr, 316, 329–30 entertainment, 141–2, 149, 155–8, 159;at Dragunskaya, Kseniya, 314 seventeenth-century court, 279; drama in Moscow (1670s), 34 chauvinism in, 160; fairground Drankov, Aleksandr, 318 showbooth theatre, 282; preferred to dual-faith (dvoeverie), 23 experimentation, 306, 313;providedby Dugin, Aleksandr, 90–1 film, 317, 319, 336 dukhovnye pesni (devotional songs), 151 Envy (Olesha), 173, 204 Duncan, Isadora, 287 Ephraim the Syrian, 59 Durov brothers (Anatoly and Vladimir), 283, epic, 23, 146 292 Erdman, Nikolai, 298, 301, 309, 311, 312 Dyshlenko, Yury, 241 Ermler, Fridrikh, 320, 334, 336, 338 Erofeev, Venedikt, 207 Eastern Christianity, see Christianity: Erofeev, Viktor, 210 Eastern eros-cum-national myth in literature, 180–2 Eckartshausen, Karl, 58 Esenin, Sergei, 175, 199 Eckhart, Meister Johann, 117 Et Cetera Theatre, 313 Economic Achievements, Exhibition of ethnography, 144; see also folklore (1975), 239 etiquette, 141 economic reforms, see perestroika Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 177, 185, 266 economic relations, Russia and the West, 110 Eugene Onegin (Tchaikovsky), 265, 267 education, 140, 142; and literature (influence Eurasia, 66, 86, 94 of Southwestern Rus’), 34; institutions, Eurasianism, 70, 83–7, 88, 89, 103, 108; 38; lack of, and atheism, 60;ofOld post-Soviet, 89, 90, 91 Believers, 53; theatre to provide, 283, Europe: and Slavophilism, 120, 122; attitude 285, 290; universal elementary, 150 to Russia, 75–6; Russia as European Education, State Commission for, 289 power, 98–9; Russian attitude to, 87, Efremov, Oleg, 307, 309, 312 100–1, 113, 121, 141, 177, 252, 253;Russian Efros, Anatoly, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312 relations with, post-Soviet Union, Eikhenbaum, Boris, 196, 321 109–10 Eisenstein, Sergei, 317, 323, 324–8; affected Europe, Eastern, 196 by foreign policy, 305; and Ermler, 334; Europeanization, 75, 77, 99 and FEKS, 330; and Prokofiev, 322;and Evfimy, Patriarch, 50 Proletkult, 291, 292, 298, 321;on Evraziistvo, see Eurasianism Medvekin, 338; on sound in film, 329, Evreinov, Nikolai, 287–8, 290, 293 335 Evtushenko, Evgeny, 207, 241, 277 ekstrasensy (mesmerists and mediums), 150 Experimental Film, Workshop for, see KEM Elagin, Ivan, 209 expressionism, 230, 242 Elinson, Genri, 242 expulsion, of intellectuals (1922), 102 Elizabeth, Empress, 38, 280 Exter, Aleksandra (Alexandra), 225, 229, emigration, 61, 102–5; after the fall of the 289, 333 Soviet Union, 111, 312; anticipated expulsion, 240; effect on Rachmaninov, Factory of the Eccentric Actor (FEKS), 298, 270; of composers and musicians, 251; 330–1, 335, 342 search for cultural self-definition, 103 Fairbanks, Douglas, 292 emigr´ e´ movement, 88–90, 103, 196, 209, 271, fairground, 160, 283 300 Falconet, Etienne-Maurice, 99 empire, building of eastern, 70–4, 77–8, 80 Falk, Robert, 241 energy, use of as policy weapon, 108–10 Fanger, Donald, 187

374 Index

Father Gapon’s Association of St. five-year plans, 128, 303 Petersburg, 137 “Five, The” group of composers (kuchka), Fatherland Notes (journal),189 259–65, 267 Fathers and Children (Turgenev), 124, 190, 204 Flavius (first century), 26, 29 Fedorov, Nikolai, 175, 182 Florence, Council of, 48 Fedotov, George, 96 Florensky, Pavel, 47, 60, 63, 175; his iconic Fedotov, Pavel, 244 space, 172, 174, 179 FEKS, see Factory of the Eccentric Actor Florovsky, Georges, 63, 105, 117, 118 Feltsman, Vladimir, 110 Fogel, Vladimir, 323 feminism, 106, 122, 128, 345 Fokin, Valery, 314 Feodosy (Theodosius), Abbot, 26 Fokine (Fokin), Mikhail, 104, 263, 286 festivals, 292, 315;film,340, 345; seasonal, folk songs, 24, 145, 146–7, 332 149, 150 folklore, 139, 146, 161–2; and “fakelore”, Fet, Afanasy, 183, 186, 194 146–9; and work practice, 149; fiction, 171–2, 179; adapted for the stage, celebratory, 151; inspiration for Russian 307, 314; Cold-War, 160; in Tolstoy, 193; artists, composers, writers, 161–2, 223, popular Western, 159 259, 277; the “wise fool”, 152; themes in Filipp (Kolychev), Metropolitan, 48, 61 fairground showbooth theatre, 283; film: acting, 323; animation, 317, 319; Ukrainian, 187 Cannes festival, 340; children’s, 317, Fonvizin, Denis, 281 324; continuities, 344; creative fool, character of the wise, 152 geography, 322; cult, of leaders, 326, Foregger, Nikolai, 298 336; desire for American movies, 292, formalists, 196, 199, 321 345; documentaries, 316–17, 331, 338, Fourier, Charles, 121 339, 342, 344; during the “Stagnation,” Frank, Semeon, 63 340, 341–2; during the “Thaw,” 333, free speech, restrictions on, 111 338–41; fantastic realism, 331; genres Free Theatre, 287 and boundaries, 316–17; glastnost’, 340, Freeborn, Richard, 194 342–6;kino-plays,323; literary Freemasonry, 113, 115–16, 118–19 adaptations, 320, 339, 342; French language, influence on Russian, 38, mass-market, Bollywood, 158; 100, 114 melodrama in popular culture, 139; French Revolution, 99, 100, 143, 292 musicals, 336–7, 345;on Fuchs, Georg, 287, 288 collectivization, 327, 329;Oscar,344; fur trade, 72, 77 poetic, 329, 330; positive heroes, 334, Furmanov, Dmitry, 204 336; post-Soviet, 342–6; Furtseva, Madame, Minister of Culture, 309 pre-revolutionary, 317–18, 320; futurism, 198–9, 200, 225, 321 revolutionary, 322, 331; silent, 298, 318–20; Socialist Realist, 317, 324, Gabo, Naum, 229, 235 334–7, 338, 340; sound, 324, 329, 335; Galaxy Kinetic Complex, 245 suppressed, 338, 340; symbolism and Galich, Aleksandr, 207, 309 decadence, 319; village life, 329, 341; Galin, Aleksandr, 311 war, 337–8; “Westerns,” 343, 345 Gallorussian Arzamas, 185 Film, First Party Conference on (1928), 334 Galuppi, Baldassare, 253 Film School, State, Moscow, 320 Gambler, The (Dostoevsky), 244, 274 Filmmakers Union, Fifth Congress of (1986), gambling, as theme in art, 244 340 game shows, 156 Filonov, Pavel, 222, 225, 230, 231, 235, 243, Gan, Aleksei, 229 244 Gardin, Vladimir, 319 Fioravanti, Aristotle, 46 Garshin, Vsevolod, 194 First Circle (Solzhenitsyn), 209 Gartman, Foma, 218 First Congress of People’s Deputies, 106, 107 gas, see natural resources “First Fall Open Air Show of Paintings” (the Gauguin, Paul, 225 “Bulldozer Exhibition”), 239 Gaumont film company, 317 First World War, see World War I Gazeta-kopeika (newspaper), 153

Index 375

Gazprom, 109 Golden Horde, 56, 68, 71, 73, 96 Gelman, Aleksandr, 309, 310 Golden Mask (performing arts festival), Gelovani, Mikhail, 336 315 gender hierarchy, 138 Goldfadn, Avraham, 295 genetics, 61 Goldovskaia, Marina, 343 genre convention, in popular culture, 157 Golomshtok, Igor, 243 genres, literary, 182–3 Golovanov, Nikolai, 255 geographical position of Russia, 65–6, 76–8, Golovin, Aleksandr, 216, 217, 286 80–1, 88–9, 94 Goncharov, Ivan, 179, 189, 190; dramatized Geok-Tepe (siege, 1881), 82 by Rozov, 307; filmed by Mikhalkov, geometrism, 217, 220, 226, 229, 233, 242 342 Georgia, 73 Goncharova, Natalia, 105, 162, 222, 223–5, Gerasimov, Aleksandr, 232, 236, 237 229, 286, 289, 320 Gerasimov, Sergei, 237, 238, 330, 339 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 42, 88, 105–7, 148, 311, Gergiev, Valery, 110 340 German, Aleksei, 343, 344 Gorbanevskaia, Natalia, 207 German language, influence on Russian, Goricheva, Tatiana, 63 39–40 Goriunova, Nonna, 246 Germanic languages, 20 Gorky, Maksim, 199, 233–4, 301–2;and Germans: as threat to Slavic sphere, 122, 131; religion, 175; call for positive heroes, settlement in Moscow, 56 303; founded BDT, 291; his “new man”, Germany: invasion of Soviet Union (1941), 179; hostility toward Russian village, 305; non-aggression pact with Soviet 127, 130; staged by Tovstonogov, 308 Union (1939), 305 Gorky Theatre, 312 Getty Oil, 109 Goskino (ministerial dept. in charge of film), Ghenghis Khan, 67, 87 340, 342, 345 Gift, The (Nabokov), 195, 204, 205 Govoriukhin, Stanislav, 343 Ginkas, Kama, 311 GPU (secret police), 63 Ginzburg, Lydia, 190, 196 grammars, 34–6, 38–9, 41–2 Gippius, Zinaida, 198, 217 Granovsky, Aleksandr, 295 Giselle (Adam), 267 Grazdanskyˇ sriftˇ , see alphabet, civil Gladkov, Fedor, 152, 179, 204 Great Patriotic War, see World War II glasnost’, 106; and film, 340, 342–6;and Great Schism (Raskol ), 52, 53, 180 literature, 196, 209–11; and theatre, 312 Grebenshchikov, Boris, 154 Glazunov, Aleksandr, 262, 268 Greek language, 252–3 Glazunov, Ilia/Ilya, 158, 241 Greek Orthodox Church, 24, 25 Gleb, St., see Boris and Gleb, Sts. Gregory, Johann, 280 Glezer, Alexander, 239, 241 Grek, Maksim (Mikhail Trivolis), Glezer, Iudif, 300 50, 51 Gliere, Reinhold, 268 Griboedov, Aleksandr, 179, 282, 296 Glinka, Mikhail, 101, 250, 257–8, 261 Grigoriev, Vasily, 78 “glocalization,” 159 Grigorovich, Dmitry, 189 Glyukoza (popster), 159 Grishkovets, Evgeny, 314 Gnezdovo (Smolensk), 25 Gronsky, Ivan, 203 gods, pagan, 22–3, 24, 44–5, 48, 180–1 Grossman, Vasily, 207 Gogol, Nikolai, 183, 186, 187–9; adapted for Grosz, George, 230 the stage, 314; filmed by Starewicz, 319; Grot, Jakov, 39 in Europe, 100;inspiredbypopular Group of Seven nations, 89 jokes and myths, 162; inspired Groys, Boris, 204 Meyerhold, 298; religious legacies, 63; Gubaidulina, Sophia, 110, 277 religious sensibilities, 59, 175; staged by Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 177, 206, Efros, 310;useofskaz, 39; visits to 209 Optyna Pustyn monastery, 58 Gumilev, Lev, 91 Golden Age of Russian literature, 182, 184, Gumilev, Nikolai, 181, 198, 200 194 Gusev, Viktor, 303

376 Index

Hagia Sophia, see St. Sophia Cathedral, “Icons and Lubki” Exhibition, Moscow Constantinople (1913), 224 hagiography, 26, 47, 172, 184; political, 146 ideology, official Soviet, 61, 129 Hamartolos Chronicle, 26 identity, national, see national identity Hamsun, Knut, 287 Idiot, The (Dostoevsky), 191–2, 310, 317 Hanseatic League, 97 Igor, prince of Kiev, 25, 27 Hasenclever, Walter, 296 Igor Sviatoslavich, prince of Hebrew Theatre Company (State Theatre of Novgorod-Seversk, 262 Israel), 294 Igor Tale, The (c. 1187), 30, 171, 262–3 Heifetz, Jascha, 105 III International, 227, 229 Helvetius,´ 118 Ilia the Prophet, Church of (Yaroslavl’), 47 Herald of Europe (Vestnik Evropy) ( journal), 190 Imitation of Christ (aKempis),` 116 hermit monasticism, 49, 57 Imperial Academy of Arts, see Arts, Academy Hermitage Museum, 344 of Hermitage Theatre, 298 Imperial Chapel, St. Petersburg, 57, 253 Hero of Our Time, A (Lermontov), 187 imperial Russia, see empire, building of heroes and heroines, 181, 185; anti-hero eastern Zilov, 309;flawed,157;GreatManin impressionism, 214 History as, 327; in Chekhov, 194;in In the Steppes of Central Asia (Borodin), 263 pre-revolutionary literature, 153;in industrialization, 135, 215; Bolshevik, 128; Tsvetaeva, 181, 202;Jewishwar,309; building socialism through, 302; driven masses as collective, 325, 326;of from above, 125–6;filmsabout,317, 337; folklore, 146; positive, 179, 205, 303, 317, late in Russia, 102; Slavophile hostility 334, 336; represent Russia, 181; Stalin as, toward, 120 314; Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, 193 Infante, Francisco, 242, 245–6 Herzen, Aleksandr, 100, 121, 177, 190 InKhuK (Institute of Artistic Culture), 229 Hesychasm (tradition of prayer), 32 Inspector General, The (Gogol), 188, 282, 296, heterodox literary forms, 176–7 300, 314 Hilarion, Metropolitan, 31, 96, 180 intellectuals: among the clergy, 50, 60;and Hindu Kush mountains, 74 Eurasianism, 91; and Pietism, 117;and history, overview of Russian cultural, 20–1 politicization, 126; and question of History of the Russian State (Karamzin), 177, 185 national identity, 121; and religion, 60; Hoffmann, E. T. A., 296 and Slavophilism, 124; emigr´ es´ , 85;in Holbach, Baron Paul, 118 post-Soviet Russia, 132;inthe holy fool, concept of, 48, 173, 175, 199, 210 Decembrist Revolt, 100; opposition to Holy Russia, myth of, 125, 181 Soviet ideology, 61; South Slavic, Holy Synod, 36, 56, 60, 224 refugees from Turkish conquest of the Holy Trinity, Church of, Nikitinki Balkans, 31; the “Russian Jacobins”, 124; (Moscow), 47 visits to Optyna Pustyn monastery, 58 Holy Trinity monastery, nr. Moscow, 48 intelligentsia, 117, 178; and atheism, 60;and Horowitz, Vladimir, 105 popular culture, 151; and the Church, humanist/m, 37, 51 49, 59, 113, 117; dialog with clergy, 60; Hvorostovsky, Dmitry, 110 emigr´ es´ , 111; expulsion (1922), 196; Hypatian Chronicle (c. 1425), 30 interest in alternative belief systems, 149–50; interest in theatre (1860s–70s), “I. V. Stalin in the Visual Arts” Exhibition, 284; post-Soviet, 132; “serf”, 281; Moscow (1949), 235 visionary impracticality, 118 Iazykov, N. N., 144 Interlude House Theatre, 287 Ibsen, Henrik, 220 internet, 150; content available on, 159; iconic space, see liminality effect on language, 42 icons, 251;byRublev,341; inspired modern investment, Russian, in West, 109–10 artists, 223–4, 255, 286; loss of art of Ioganson, Boris, 237 making, 215; Matisse on, 224; Iosif, Archbishop of Suzdal, 34 significance of for Russian spirituality, irony, 155, 209 172–3 Isidor, Metropolitan, 48

Index 377

Iskander, Fazil, 207 Kalatozov, Mikhail, 157, 332 Islam, 46, 48, 67, 95–6 Kalinin, Viacheslav, 239, 242 “-isms,” 176, 223 Kalyagin, Aleksandr, 313 istoricheskie pesni (historical songs), 151 Kamchatka, 72 Iutkevich, Sergei, 334, 335 Kamenetskaia, Natalia, 247 Ivan III, 68 Kamerny Theatre, Moscow, 288, 291, 296, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), 32, 71, 181, 256;at 298, 303, 304, 306 the Stoglav Council, 51; presaged Kandinsky, Vasily, 104–5, 218–19, 223, 224, Stalin’s policies, 303 228, 235, 241, 243 Ivan Kupala (St. John’s Night), 149 Kane, Sarah, 314 Ivan the Terrible (Eisenstein/Prokoﬁev), 250, Kanevsky, Vitaly, 343 275, 327–8, 336, 338 Kapnist, Vasily, 281 Ivanov, Aleksandr, 213 Karamzin, Nikolai, 39, 100, 162, 176, 177, Ivanov, Georgy, 197 184–6 Ivanov, Lev, 263 Karatygin, Pavel, 282 Ivanov, Viacheslav, 196, 197, 198, 217, 287; Karelia, 54 alienation from the West, 84 Karsavina, Tamara, 286 Ivanov, Vsevolod, 302 Kaufman, Denis, see Vertov, Dziga Izbornik miscellany (1073), 27 kartinki (little pictures), 147 Izmaragd text, 50 Kasatkin, Nikolai, 234 Izvekov, G., 255 Kastalsky, Aleksandr, 255 Kataev, Valentin, 306 “Jack of Diamonds” Group, Exhibition, Katsman, Evgeny, 232 Moscow (1910), 222–3, 224 Kaufman, Mikhail, 332 Jacobins, Russian, 124 Kaufman, Rafail, 235 Jadwiga of Poland, 33 Kazakov, Yury, 207 Jagailo ( Jagiello) of Lithuania, 33 Kazan, 140 Jakobson, Roman, 105, 196 Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg, 47, 254 James, Henry, 101, 176 Kazantsev Center for Playwriting and Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile, 287 Directing, 314 Jaroslav, see Yaroslav KEM (Workshop for Experimental Film), Jawlensky, Aleksei (Alexej) von, 105, 218 334 jazz, 207, 241 Kemenov, Vladimir, 235 jesters, see skomorokhi Kern, Olga, 110 Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 34, 58 Keys of Happiness, The (Verbitskaia), 153 Jewish Chamber Theatre, 295 KGB (national security agency), 63, 239 Jewish Wars (Flavius), 26, 29 Khachaturian, Aram, 268, 276 Jews, Jewish: hostility toward, 131, 306; Khanzhonkov, Aleksandr, 318 Khazar, 96; pride in status as outcast, Khariton, Hegemon, 64 201; taboos broken, 340; themes, 311; Kharms, Daniil, 162, 311 war heroes, 309 Khazars, 67 Jilinsky, Andrius, 300 Kheifets, Leonid, 307, 312 jokes, 145, 151, 162; chauvinist, 160; Kheiﬁts, Iosif, 336 narrative (anekdoty), 152 Khlebnikov, Velimir, 175, 183, 195, 198–200 Jordan (Gothic chronicler), 21 Khmelev, Nikolai, 300, 302 journalists, assassination of, 111 Khodasevich, Vladislav, 175, 186, 197 journals/periodicals, 114, 248, 282 Khokhlova, Alexandra, 323 Journey to India (early Rusian text), 26 Kholodnaia, Vera, 139, 154, 318 Joyce, James, 324–5 Khomiakov, Aleksei, 81, 119 Judaism, 46, 67, 95–6, 243 Khoruzhii, Sergei, 63 Jung-Stilling, Heinrich, 58 Khotinenko, Vladimir, 343 Jurowski, Vladimir, 110 Khovanshchina (Mussorgsky), 250, 252, 258, 260, 261–2 Kachalov, Vasily, 302 khozhdenie v narod (going among the people), Kaiser, Georg, 291 144

378 Index

Khrushchev, Nikita, 158, 208, 237, 239, 307, Kramskoi, Ivan, 214 338, 340 Krasnopevtsev, Dmitry, 241 Kibirov, Timur, 210 Krebs, Stanley Dale, 276 Kiev, 26–7, 51–2, 69 Kremlin icons, 224 Kiev Museum of Art, 235 Krestovsky,V.V.,147 Kievan Caves Monastery, 26, 34, 48, 96 Kriukova, Marfa, 146 Kievan Caves Patericon, 27 Kropivnitsky, Lev, 239, 243–4 Kievan Rus’, 20, 21, 25, 33; and Asiatic Kruchonykh, Aleksei, 288 nomadic groups, 66, 67; Byzantine Krylov, Porfiry, 238 culture, 25; chronicles of, 30; Kschessinska, Mathilda, 257 coalescence of early state, 95; Ksenia of Petersburg, 48 conversion to Christianity, 24, 44, 171; Kubrick, Stanley, 345 culture of, 20–4, 33;despotism,69–70; Kukryniksy trio of artists, 238 economic foundations, 67; education Kul’bin, Nikolai, 218 in, 34; Mongol rule, 66–8; OCS texts in, Kulakov, Mikhail, 240, 242, 243–4 27; religion in, 22–3; writing, 25–6; Kuleshov, Lev, 320, 322–4, 325, 328 written culture, 26, 27, 29, 31 Kulidzhanov, Lev, 339 Kiev-Mohyla Academy, 34 Kulik, Oleg, 247 Kino-Eye group, 331, 332 Kulikovo, Battle of (1380), 68 Kino-Train films, 337 Kumans/Cumans, see Polovtsy Kireevsky, Ivan, 58, 119 Kunst, Johann, 280 Kireevsky, P. V., 144, 145 Kupriianov, Mikhail, 238 Kirov, Sergei, 336 Kuprin, Aleksandr, 199 Kissin, Evgeny, 110 Kurbas, Les, 298 Kleiman, Naum, 328 Kurbsky, Prince Andrei, 32, 181 Klimov, Elem, 342 Kurella, Alfred, 233 Kliuchevsky, Vasily, 69 Kurganov, Nikolai, 143 Kliuev, Nikolai, 161, 175, 199 Kurginian, Sergei, 62 Knebel, Maria, 307 Kustodiev, Boris, 162 Knights Templar, 116 Kutuzov, General Mikhail, 100, 129, 305 Koleichuk, Viacheslav, 245 Kuzmin, Mikhail, 198 Koliada, Nikolai, 314 Kuznetsov, Pavel, 217, 218, 241 Kolodzei, Tatiana, 241 Kolomensky, Pavel, 53 labor, and saintliness, 47–8, 53–4, 64 Kolychev, Metropolitan Filipp, 48, 61 Lady Macbeth (Shostakovich), 275 Kolyma Tales (Shalamov), 209 Ladynina, Marina, 337 Komissarzhevskaya, Vera, 287 Landmarks (Vekhi ) (book and symposium), Komissarzhevsky, Fedor (Theodore), 288, 60, 126 300 language: administrative, 31–2; archaist Kon, Igor, 131 movement, 31; bilingualism, 28; Konchalovsky, Andrei, 341 chancery, 31–2; dialectisms/ Konchalovsky, Petr, 223 dialectalisms, 32, 36, 41; diglossia, 27–9, Koonen, Alisa, 289, 296, 303 38; French influence, 38, 100, 114; Kooning, Willem de, 241 futurist revolution in, 199–200; Kopet Dag mountains, 74 German influence, 39–40; internet, Korea, 67, 71 effect of, 42; lexicon, additions to, 37, Korin, Pavel, 238 39–41; poetic, in film, 329, 330; Polish Korolenko, Vladimir, 194 influence, 33, 34, 38; post-Soviet, 41–2; Korovin, Konstantin, 215, 217 reforms, Petrine, 36–7; reforms, Korsh, Fedor, 284 post-Petrine, 37–40; reforms, Korzhavin, Naum, 207 revolutionary, 40–1; Russian, a Slavic Kosoi, Vassian, 50 language, 19–20; structural changes, Kovalov, Oleg, 345 eleventh to fourteenth centuries, 30–1; Kozakov, Mikhail, 317 violation of norms, 42; written and Kozintsev, Grigory, 321, 330–1, 339 spoken, differences between, 27–9, 31;

Index 379

written, evolution of, 31–2; see also Likhachev, Dmitry, 95 dictionaries; grammars liminality, or iconic space, 172, 173, 179, 192 Lapkina, Marfa, 327 Linder, Max, 319 Larionov, Igor, 162 Lipovetsky, Mark, 211 Larionov, Mikhail, 105, 218, 222, 223–5, 289, Lissitzky, El, 226, 233, 235 320 literacy, 25–7, 41 Last Thrust to the South, The (Zhirinovsky), 156 literary societies, 119 Latin, 33, 38, 51 literature: Age of Realism, 189–90;and Latin alphabet, 41 education (influence of Southwestern Laurentian chronicle (1377), 30 Rus’), 34;andglasnost’, 196, 209–11;as Lavrenev, Boris, 305 social conscience, 178–9;ascetic,49; Lazarenko, Vasily, 292 belatedness in, 177–8; categorization, Lazarevskaia, Yulianiia, 48 182–3; collective farm, 130; early (to legal codes, 22, 23, 33, 142 c. 1425), 29–30; emigr´ e´ , 196–7, 209; leisure, 141, 150–1, 283 eros-cum-national myth in, 180–2; Lenin, Vladimir: and film, 321;andNEP, formative influences, 170; genres, 298; as positive hero in film, 336;as 182–3;GoldenAge,182, 184, 194; “type”, 326; criticized Proletkult, 291; heterodox literary forms, 176–7; dramatized, 303, 311; expulsion of historical consciousness, 204; influx of intellectuals, 102; folksy language, 153; Western, 133; its “martyrs,” 175–6;Old hostility toward Russian village, 127;in Russian, 184; periodization, 183, 196; matreshka¨ , 148; influence of post-Stalinist, 206–11;problemof Chernyshevsky, 123; on position of personality (lichnost’), 179; religious Soviet Union in Asia, 88; personality sensibility (dukhovnost’), 171–3; cult, 129, 146; radicalism, 125 repression (sexual), 182; salient themes, Lenin Komsomol Theatre, Moscow, 310 170; Socialist Realism, 196, 203–5; Leningrad, see St. Petersburg space–time oppositions, 179–80; Leningrad Comedy Theatre, 308 spirituality, 171–3; the holy fool Leninism, aesthetics of, 240 (iurodivyi), 173, 175; themes, 170–82; Lenkom (Lenin Komsomol) Theatre, 308, 313 twentieth-century, 195–211 Lensky, Aleksandr, 285 Lithuania, 33 Lentovsky, Mikhail, 284 Litovsky Statut legal codex, 33 Lentulov, Aristarkh, 223, 225 liturgy, 250–5, 256 Leo, Emperor, 24 Liubimov, Yury, 308–9, 310, 312 Leontiev, Konstantin, 58, 59 Livnev, Sergei, 343 Leontovich, Eugenie, 300 Locatelli, Giovanni, 281 Lermontov, Mikhail, 47, 183, 186–7; Lomonosov, Mikhail, 35, 38, 39, 184 religious sensibilities, 59, 175 Lopukhin, Ivan, 116, 118 Leskov, Nikolai, 59, 188, 189, 194, 275;useof Lotman, Yury (Iurii), 94, 97, 119, 170, 174, skaz, 39 185, 196 Letters of a Russian Traveler (Karamzin), 185 Lubeck,¨ 147 leveling-down tendency, 131 lubok (popular print), 147, 158, 223, 224, 244, Levental, Valery, 310 286 Levitan, Isaak, 216 Lukianchikov, Sergei, 343 Leyda, Jay, 328 Lukin, Vladimir, 281 Lheritier,´ Marie-Jeanne, 143 LUKOIL, 109 Liberal Democratic Party, 62 Lumiere` brothers, 317 liberalism, “bourgeois”, 126 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 229, 289, 291, 296, Life for a Life, A (Bauer), 157 297, 321 Life of Feodosy (Theodosius, c. 1088), 29 Lysenko, T. D., 330 Life of Prince Aleksandr Nevsky (thirteenth century), 27 Macdonald, Hugh, 272 Life of St. Cyril (ninth century), 26 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie, 218 Life of Stephen of Perm (Premudryj) Maddox, Michael, 281 (fourteenth century), 31 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 287

380 Index

Magdeburg Law, 97 maximalism, 94–5, 177, 191, 211; artists’ magic tales, traditional, 145, 161 approach characterized as, 101;in magnitizdat (bootleg tape recordings), spirituality, 173–5 309 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 183, 195, 198, Maisky, Mischa, 110 199–200, 202, 225, 291, 297, 301; Makary (Optyna elder), 58 comedies revived by Pluchek, 307;fear Makovsky, Konstantin, 215 of procreation, 182;madefilms,320, Maksim, Metropolitan, 48 321; Meyerhold productions, 295, 299; Maksimov, Vladimir, 207 poet laureate, 299 Malaya Bronnaya Theatre, 309 Mayakovsky Theatre, 308, 313 Malevich, Kazimir, 222–5, 226–7, 228, 229, Mchedelov, Vakhtang, 298 231, 233 media, modern, and popular culture, 147, Maliutin, Sergei, 216 151 Maly Dramatic Theatre, 313 medicine, alternative, 149 Maly Theatre, Moscow, 298 Medtner, Nikolai, 105, 251, 269, 270–1 Mamontov, Savva, 215–16, 284, Medvedev, Dmitry, 62 286 Medvedkin, Aleksandr, 161, 317, 337, 338 Mamontov family, 54 Meier, A., 60 man: “new”, “superfluous,” in literature, melodrama, 139, 156, 282, 289, 306 179; see also gender hierarchy; heroes Men, Alexander, 63 and heroines Mendeleeva, Liubov, 199 Manchuria, 71, 72 Menshov, Vladimir, 339 Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 178 Merezhkovsky, Dmitry, 198, 217 Mandelstam, Osip, 175, 178, 181, 183, 186, Methodius, St., see Cyril and Methodius, Sts. 195, 198, 200–1, 202, 210 Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 230; and film, 319; Manege` Exhibition (1962), 239 and Stanislavsky, 296, 307; as actor, 333; Marcus Aurelius, 99 as “author of the spectacle,” 296; Mardzhanishvili, Kote, 298 challenged “Back to Ostrovsky” call, Mardzhanov, Konstantin, 287 296; change in output occasioned by Mareev, Aleksandr, 247 death of Lenin, 298–9; director of TEO, Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 110, 261, 289; explored commedia and Asian 263, 268 performance, 287; fall from favor, martyrology, literary, 175 303–4; first supporter of Bolsheviks, Marx, Karl, 102, 123 295; lavish productions, 288;leaderof Marxism, 192, 197; aesthetics of, 240;and Russian theatre, 295; Masquerade, 289; official Soviet cultural norms, 128;and rehabilitated, 307; “school” of acting, Russian nationalism, 129; conception of 292, 295, 296, 307, 319, 323; symbolist Russia, 88; linear logic undone, 205; productions, 287 “open,” 126; political power dependent Meyerhold Center, 314 on economic, 128; Proletkult Meyerhold Theatre, 304 condemned as hostile to, 291 Mezhrabpom-Rus’ (film studio/artists’ Marxist-Communism, 102 collective), 320 Marxist-Leninism, 102, 103 Mgebrov, Aleksandr, 291 Mashkov, Ilya, 223 Miaskovsky, Nikolai, 276 Masonry, see Freemasonry middle class, 126, 127, 129, 151, 281 Master and Margarita (Bulgakov), 174, 195, Mikhailov, Georgy, 239, 241 204, 205 Mikhailovsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 282 Masterkova, Lidiia, 242, 243–4 Mikhalkov, Nikita, 342, 344 Mastkomdram (Studio of Communist Mikhnov-Voitenko, Evgeny, 242 Drama), 295 Mikhoels, Solomon, 295, 306 MAT, see Moscow Art Theatre Miklashevsky, Konstantin, 287 materialism, 197, 208, 209, 218 Minkus, Alois, 268 Matisse, Henri, 224, 225 minstrels, see skomorokhi Matiushin, Mikhail, 225, 226 Mir iskusstva (art movement, journal, matreshka¨ (Russian doll), 148 exhibitions), see World of Art

Index 381

“misfits,” generic, of great works of Muratova, Kira, 344 literature, 177 Muscovy, principality of, 31, 70–1, 75, 97–8 Mochalov, Pavel, 282 music: and enforced Westernization, 251–2; modernism, modernist: in art, 235;in ballet, 268; Church, 47, 250–1; literature, 194, 197, 211;inmusic,269;in Conservatories founded, 258, 260;film, theatre, 287, 288; Zhdanov as critic of, 250, 275, 321–2; folk sources, 161, 250, 234 259, 277; in Moscow, 256–7; Italian modernization, 36, 62, 125 influence, 253–4, 258; Moscow–St. Moliere` ( Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 34, 281, Petersburg rivalry, 256; nationalist 285, 288, 291 school, 258; notation, 253; Molotov–Von Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 330 professionalization of, 258, 260, 265; monasteries, 33, 48, 49–50, 56, 64 Russian influence on West, 105; Monastery of the Caves (Kiev), 26, 34, 48, 96 Socialist Realist, 276, 277 monasticism, 32, 49, 53 music-hall, 162, 288, 291, 323, 330, 337 Monet, Claude, 218 Musical Studio (Nemirovich), 297 Mongol: conquest of Russia, 68; Empire, musicals, in film, 336–7, 345 67–8; invasion, 177, 251; rule in Russia, Mussorgsky, Modest, 161, 259, 260–2;and 68, 69–70, 86–7 Balakirev, 260; and Tchaikovsky, 267; Mongolia, 71 inspired by folk and liturgical sources, montage, 322–3, 324–5, 327, 331, 332 250 Morozov, Ivan, 225 “mysteries,” Orthodox liturgical, 279 Morozov, Savva, 54, 284 mysticism, 116, 117, 118, 119, 127 Morshen, Nikolai, 209 myths, 169, 173, 190; Bolshevik, 311; of Soviet Moscow: and development of Russian, 31–2; history, 146;urban,162 and film production, 321; and music, 256–7; drama (1670s), 34; rivalry with Nabokov, Vladimir (Sirin), 104, 197, 206 St. Petersburg, 256 Nadson, Semeon, 194 Moscow Art Theatre (MAT), 54, 285–6, 291, Naked Year, The (Pilnyak), 204 297, 302; divided in two, 309, 312; Napoleonic Wars, 102 renamed, 302 narrative: structure, 205; techniques in Moscow Institute of Painting, Sculpture, popular culture, 155; tension, 154; tone, and Architecture, 216 207 Moscow Patriarchate, 64 Narva, 56 Moscow Polygraphical Institute, 244 national identity (narodnost’), 121;andAsia, “Moscow School” (of composers), 269 74–9;andEurope,79–83, 88;and Moscow Synodal School, 255 geographical position, 65, 89;and Moscow-Tartu School of Semiotics, 196 literature, 169; and Scythianism/ Moskovsky komsomolets (newspaper), 153 Eurasianism, 83–7; sense of, Moskvin, Andrei, 328, 330 eighteenth-century, 115 Moskvin, Ivan, 320 National Radical Party, 160 Mother (Gorky), 172, 173, 204, 304, 328, 339 nationalism, 136;andRodina-mat’ (Mother Mother Damp Earth (Mat’ syra zemlia), 140, Russia), 140; and Slavophilism, 121, 122; 181 and village prose, 130; bourgeois, Mother of God, 64, 140 Eurasianism characterized as, 88; Mother Russia (Rodina-mat’), 140 chauvinistic, 131; dynastic, 121, 129;in Motyl, Vladimir, 343 music, 265, 266, 269; ingredient of Movement group, 242, 245 Socialist Realism in music, 276; Mozzhukhin, Ivan, 318, 319, 322 rejection of Europe, 79, 81; Soviet, 129 Mstislav, Vladimirovich (Vladimirovic),ˇ nativization (korenizacija), 41 Prince, 30 natural law, 119 Mt. Athos, Greece, 33–4, 58 natural resources, as policy weapon, 108–10 Mukhamedzhanov, Kaltai, 310 naturalism, 183, 187, 261, 303 Mukhina, Olga, 314 Nazarenko, Tatiana, 247 Mullova, Viktoria, 110 Nechaev, Sergei, 124 multifaith (mnogoverie), 141 Negoda, Natalia, 154

382 Index

Neizvestnyi, Ernst, 239, 240, 241, 245 Novgorod, 22, 56, 67, 97, 139; early evidence Nekrasov, Nikolai, 183, 186, 189 of writing, 26 Nekrasov, Viktor, 207 Novgorod Chronicles, 30 Nekrosius,ˇ Eimuntas, 311 Novikov, Nikolai, 114–15, 118, 119 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir, 285, 297, Novoselov, M. A., 60 308 Novy mir (journal),208, 309 Nemukhin, Vladimir, 239, 240, 242, 244 Novyi put’ (journal),60 “Neo-Baroque” trend, 210, 211 Nugmanov, Rashid, 343 neoclassicism, in literature, 183, 184 numerals, in Peter the Great’s “civil neo-Kantian revival, 125 alphabet,” 37 Neoplatonism, Renaissance, 116, 117 Nusberg, Lev, 242, 245 neo-Russian style in art, 213–16 Nutcracker, The (Tchaikovsky), 104, 263, 268 neoslavonisms, 30–1 Nutovich, Evgeny, 241 Nescafe´ Gold Audience Favorite award, 315 Nesterov, Mikhail, 161 Oberiu (Association for Real Art), 311 Netrobko, Anna, 110 Oblomov (Goncharov), 161, 179, 190, 204, 342 Neva river, 75, 257 Obolensky, Leonid, 323 New Economic Policy (1921–8), 298, 320, Obraztsov, Sergei, 300 330 occultism, Western mystical, 117 “New Russians,” 108, 313 OCS, see Old Church Slavonic New Theatre, St. Petersburg, 285 Odessa Film Studio, 344 New York City Ballet, 104, 266, 275 “Odessa Steps” sequence (in Battleship Nezlobin, Konstantin, 288 Potemkin), 326 Nicholas I, 121, 129, 144, 145 Odoevsky, Vladimir, 182 Nicholas II, 127, 257, 317, 332 Offenbach, Jacques, 284 Nielsen, Asta, 319 oil, see natural resources Nietzsche, Friedrich, 192, 198, 220; O’Keefe, Georgia, 241 romanticism, 197 Okhlopkov, Nikolai, 304 Nikitin, Fedor, 334 Oksana Mysina Theatre Fellowship, 313 Nikon, Patriarch, 52; reforms, 55, 180 Okudzhava, Bulat, 207, 309, 310 Nissky, Georgy, 237 Old Believers movement, 50–3, 55, 56, 103; Niva (magazine), 146 and Peter the Great’s reforms, 180; Nizhinsky, Vatslav, 286 crossing themselves, 52; imitated NKVD (secret police), 63 techniques of lubok, 147; portrayed in No. 4 art group, 224 Khovanshchina (Mussorgsky), 252 nomads, 67, 69, 70, 86, 263 Old Church Slavonic (OCS), 27, 96, 184, 185, nomenklatura, 108 253 non-possessors movement (Trans-Volga Old Muscovite norm, 41 Elders), 50, 57 Oldest Russian Poems, The (Kirsha Danilov), Norshtein, Iuri, 317 143 Northern Flowers (journal),186 Olesha, Yury, 173, 301, 338 Norton Dodge Collection, Zimmerli Art Olga, widow of Igor I, 25, 27 Museum (USA), 243, 244 oligarchs, 108 Nose, The (Gogol/Shostakovich), 274–5 On the Corruption of Morals in Russia nostalgia: for communist past, 132, 159; for (Shcherbatov), 114 moral certainties, 310; for romantic On the Red Steed (Tsvetaeva), 202 concept of artist, 248; for rural life, 114; On the Spiritual in Art (Kandinsky), 218, 243 of emigr´ es´ , 103;ofpost-warart,238 On True Christianity (Arndt), 116 nostalgie de la boue, 162 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Notes from the Dead House (Dostoevsky), 177 (Solzhenitsyn), 208 Notes from Underground (Dostoevsky), 191, O’Neill, Eugene, 296 311 opera, 258, 282, 286; and “the Five,” 259, novel, historical, 154, 177, 193 262; Borodin, 262–3; Catherine the novelization, 192 Great’s, 253;epic,258, 261; fairy-tale, novelty, in popular culture, 158 258; Glinka, 257–8; in Nemirovich’s

Index 383

Musical Studio, 297; Mussorgsky, 260, Peace, Richard, 188 261–2; of Mamontov, 215, 216, 286; peasant culture, 127, 135–6, 143, 145–6 Offenbach, 284; on landowners’ estates, Pechenegs people, 67 281; Prokofiev, 274; Rimsky-Korsakov, Pelevin, Viktor, 211 264; Shostakovich, 274–5; Pelikan, Jaroslav, 96 Stanislavsky’s studio, 297; Stravinsky, people of the soil ( pochvenniki), 122 274; Tchaikovsky, 265, 266, 267 People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment, Optyna Pustyn monastic community, 58–9; 229, 320, 321 its elders, 59 People’s Will Party, 62 Orenburg (on Ural river), 73 Perestiani, Ivan, 321 Orlenev, Pavel, 287 perestroika, 105, 106–7 Orlova, Liubov, 154, 337 Perov, Vasily, 214 Orthodoxy: and beauty, 46;and Perovsky, General, 73 Christianity, 45; Byzantine, 45; persecution, 61, 176; of Taganka Theatre, Byzantine emperor protector of, 56; 310; of traveling minstrels, 257;of tendency toward tradition, 45; see also writers/artists/composers, 176, 178, 200, Greek Orthodox Church; Russian 206, 208, 240, 276; religious, 54, 60, Orthodox Church 250, 255 orthography, 38, 39, 40, 50 Persia, 67, 71, 73 OST, see Studio Artists, Society of personality: cult, 129, 237, 305;problemof Ostroukhov, I., 54 in literature, 179 Ostrovsky, Aleksandr (Alexander), 161, 189, Peter I (the Great), 35, 174;andmusic,257; 204, 282, 284, 285; Lunacharsky’s call and religion, 45; and the Church, 55–6; for return to, 296; revivals of, 312; and theatre, 280; persecution of Old staged by Eisenstein, 292; staged by Believers, 54; reforms, 36–7, 75, 98, 180 Stanislavsky, 297 Peterburgskii listok (newspaper), 153 Otsep, Fedor, 328 Petersburg (Bely), 174, 197 Ottoman Empire, 45, 56, 73, 180, 251 Petrashevsky, Mikhail, 79, 80, 83, 190 Ouspenskaya, Maria, 300 Petrashevsky Circle, 121, 208 Ovchinnikov, Vladimir, 242 Petrine legacy/project, see Peter I (the Great): “Overcoat, The” (Gogol), 188, 321, 330 reforms Oxy Rocks (rock band), 313 Petrograd, see St. Petersburg Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 235 Padve, Efim, 308 Petrushevskaia, Liudmila, 209, 311 paganism, 22–3, 44–5, 141, 180–1 Petrushka (puppet), 152, 283 pageants, 280, 292 Petrushka (puppet text), 156 paintings, popular, 157 Petrushka (Stravinsky), 268 Pamir mountains, 74 philanthropic activities, 117, 139 Panfilov, Gleb, 339 “Philosophy Steamer”, 102 Panina, Vera, 139 Philotheus of Pskov, 97 Panslavism, 122, 131 Photius (late ninth century), 24 Paperno, Alexandra, 247 photography, 162, 229, 230, 235, 319 Paracelsus, 117 Picasso, Pablo, 225 Paradzhanov, Sergei, 316, 340, 341 Pichul, Vasily, 343 “Paris Note,” 103 Pietism, 58, 116–17, 118, 119 parody, 155 Pikul, Valentin, 154, 155 Parshikov, Andrei, 247 Pilnyak, Boris, 204 Pasternak, Boris, 176, 181, 183, 186, 198, 200, Pimenov, Yury, 230, 238 206; and Tsvetaeva, 202; religious Pisarev, Dmitry, 124, 188, 191 sensibilities, 175 Pisemsky, Aleksei, 189 Pathe´ film company, 317, 318 Pitoeff,¨ Georges, 300 “Pauk” (Wolfspider), 160 Plan of Monumental Propaganda (Lenin), Paustovsky, Konstantin, 206 229 Pavlova, Anna, 286 Plastov, Arkady, 237, 238 Pavlowa, Tatiana, 300 Platonov, Andrei, 175, 205, 206

384 Index

Plavilshchikov, Petr, 281 Premudryj, Epifany, 31 Plavinsky, Dmitry, 239, 241 Preobrazhenskaia, Olga, 333 playwriting, 282, 300, 303 preromanticism, 183 Plekhanov, Georgy, 126 Presnyakov, Oleg and Vladimir, 314 Pletnev, Mikhail, 110 “Priestless”/“Priestly” sect Pluchek, Valentin, 307 (bespopovtsy/popovtsy), 53 Pobedonostsev, K., 60 Prigov, Dmitry, 210, 211, 247 Poem without a Hero (Akhmatova), 201 Primary Chronicle, 22, 24, 30, 45, 95 poetry, 178, 182–3, 198–203;acmeist,200–1; Prince Igor (Borodin), 258, 260, 262–3 and religion, 47; collections of oral printing, 35, 37 texts, 143; foreign verse scheme, 34, 35; Printing House, 51 Golden Age, 184; modernist, 195–6, prints, popular, 147, 157–8 197–8; nineteenth-century, 186; privatization, 107, 108 post-Pushkin, 186; Pushkinian ethos, Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 90 200–1; radio recitations, 305; Prokofiev, Sergei, 105, 273–4; ballet scores, “scientific,” 47; symbolist, 218, 221 268; collaboration with Eisenstein, 327, Pogodin, Mikhail, 81, 82 328; criticized, 266, 274; fairy-tale Pogodin, Nikolai, 302–3 subjects for opera and ballet, 258;film Poland, 33 scores, 275, 322; inspired by Balakirev’s Poland–Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 97 Tamara, 260; inspired by liturgical and Polikarpov’s dictionary (1704), 37 folk sources, 250; persecution of, 276; Polish language, influence on Russian, 33, praised by Stalin, 276; student of 34, 38 Rimsky-Korsakov, 264 politics: discussion groups, 119;extreme, Prokopovic, Feofan, 56, 57 125–6; passivity of Russian Church in, proletarianization, 129 120 Proletkult, 290–1, 292, 301; and Eisenstein, Pollock, Jackson, 235, 241 298, 321, 324, 326, 337 Polonsky, Vitold, 157 propaganda: and physical-geographical Polotsky, Simeon, 34 identity, 88; anti-capitalist, 107; Polovtsian Dances (Borodin), 263 chastushki for, 152; communist, 138; for Polovtsy (Kuman/Cuman) people, 67, 262–3 five-year plans, 303; in Socialist Realist Polytechnic Exhibition (1872), 283 music, 276;inStrike (Eisenstein), 326; Ponomarev, Aleksandr, 247 proportion of to entertainment, 321; Poor Folk (Dostoevsky), 189 see also agitation-propaganda pop groups, Western, 158 “Prophet, The” (Pushkin), 175 Poplaysky, Boris, 209 Proshkin, Aleksandr, 343 Popova, Liubov, 222, 226, 227, 229, 230, 241 Protazanov, Iakov, 316, 317, 318, 320, 333 popular culture: characteristics and genres, protiazhnaia pesn’ (melody of woe), 151 149–63; evolution of as concept and proverbs, 23, 143, 145, 153 reality, 140–9; genre convention, 157; Psilander, Valdemar, 319 inspiration for many artists, 163; Ptushkin, Nadezhda, 314 problems of terminology, 135–40 Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 320, 322, 328–9 populism, 122, 124, 137, 140, 144–5;and Pugachev, Emelyan, 174 people’s theatre, 283; in narrative, 162; Pugachev rebellion, 99, 185 in painting, 158; mainstream, 123; Pugacheva, Alla, 154, 158, 159 revolutionary machiavellianism, 126; Puni, Ivan ( Jean Pougny), 226, 229 right-wing, 126 puppet theatre, 138, 159, 279, 300 “pornographic” playwrights, 313 Purchas, Samuel, 75 pornography, 159 purges (Stalinist), 102, 106, 129, 300 post-impressionism, 224, 241 puritanism, 129, 157, 272 post-structuralism, 192 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 39, 182, 183, 185–6;and Potekhin, Aleksei, 282 folk sources, 143, 161; and the private poverty: monastic, 50; stigma of, 137 realm, 190; and the West, 100, 104;as Prague, invasion of (1968), 309 historian, 177; as theologian, 47; Prague School structuralists, 196 characters’ fates linked with Russian

Index 385

history, 181; difficulty of translation, religion: alternative belief systems, 149–50; 195; “ethos,” 45; female characters, 179; and art, 224; and literature, 171–3;and gambling theme, 244; his lyric poetry music, 250–6; and theatre, 279–80;as disliked by Tolstoy, 193; his view of source of ideological reference, 62; Peter the Great, 174; non-didactic, 195; maximalism in, 173–5; see also persecution of poet/martyr, 175, 176; Christianity; Russian Orthodox plays staged in people’s theatre Church movement, 285; religious sensibilities, religious revival, 58, 61, 62, 63, 106, 113, 125, 59–60, 175; rules of generic propriety, 208 193; suggested Gogol’s plots, 187;useof religious sensibilities, 171–3 skaz, 39 Remizov, Aleksei, 197 Pushkin Dramatic Theatre (formerly Renaissance, 21, 177 Kamerny), 306 Renovationists, 61 Pustozersk, 52, 53 Repin, Ilia, 214–15, 216, 220, 260 Put’ publishing firm, 60 Repin, Vadim, 110 Putin, Vladimir, 62, 108–9 repression (sexual), in literature, 182 Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, 218 Requiem (Akhmatova), 181, 201 Pyriev, Ivan, 336, 337 Rerikh (Roerich), Nikolai, 161, 216, 217, 221 Resurrection, Church of the, St. Petersburg, “Queen of Spades” (Pushkin), 185, 221, 244, 47 266 Revolution: French, 99, 100, 143, 292; Queen of Spades (Pushkin/Protazanov), 318 Russian (1905), 126, 154, 326; Russian Queen of Spades (Tchaikovsky), 267 (1917), 102, 127, 196, 220, 326; and art, 228–32; and film, 320–2;andmusic, Rabin, Oskar, 239, 240, 242 250–1, 255, 269, 272, 274; and theatre, Rabinovich, Isaak, 333 289 Rachmaninov, Sergei, 105, 250, 251, 269–71 “Revolution, Life, and Labor Exhibition” radicalism, 114, 122, 125 (1924), 232 Radio Erevan, 152 revolutionary machiavellianism, 124, 126 Radishchev, Aleksandr, 118, 119, 175 Riabushinsky, Nikolai, 54, 217 Radlov, Sergei, 298 Riangina, Serafima, 235, 236 Radonezh (religious organization), 64 Riasanovsky, Nicholas, 67 Radonezhsky, Sergei, 49 Riazanov, Eldar, 152, 340 Radzinsky, Edvard, 308 Riazhsky, Georgy, 232 Raikin, Arkady, 153, 300 Riches (Pikul), 154 Raizman, Yuly, 339, 340 Rilke, Rainer M., 202 RAKhN (Russian Academy of Artistic Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, 250, 263–5;as Sciences), 229 member of “The Five,” 259;edited RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Mussorgsky’s Khovanshchina, 252, 262; Writers) 665 fairy-tale subjects for opera, 258;his raree shows, 151, 152 completion of Borodin’s Prince Igor, 262; Raskol, see Great Schism his “opera-epics,” 49; his revision of Rasputin, Grigory, 60 Borodin’s Boris Godunov, 261; inspired Rasputin, Valentin, 207 by folk and liturgical sources, 250 Rastrelli, Francesco Bartolomeo, 47 ritual practices, 45, 46, 51 rationalism, 98, 119, 120, 123 rock music, 241, 310, 343 Ratmansky, Aleksei, 110 Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 227, 228–30, 233, 235 Ravenhill, Mark, 314 Roerich, Nikolai, see Rerikh Razin, Stenka, 174 Roginsky, Mikhail, 242 Realism, Age of, 189–90 Rolling Stones, The, 158 Realism, Socialist, see Socialist Realism Roman Catholic Church, 48, 174; see also Realistic Theatre, 304 Catholicism Red Cavalry (Babel), 204 Roman Christianity, see Christianity, Red Wheel, The (Solzhenitsyn), 209 Western Reformation, 177 Romanov, Grigory, 153

386 Index

Romanov family/dynasty, 121, 123, 267 61–4; language of, 252–3;mergerwith romanticism, 186–7; and interest in folk Russian Church Abroad, 63, 106; products, 39; and Pushkin, 186;and Moscow center of, 256;music,251, 253, Rimsky-Korsakov, 265; component of 255–6; persecution of, 250;Russian Socialist Realism, 203, 234;in pride in, 137; tendency toward avant-garde artists, 197; in Russian tradition, 51; see also Christianity; poets, 101; in Soviet post-war art, 238; liturgy; religion; religious revival problem of schematization, 183 Russian Social Democracy, 125, 126 Romm, Mikhail, 336, 339 Russian Word (Russkoe slovo) ( journal), 189 Room, Abram, 333, 338 Russification, 41 Roshchin, Mikhail, 309, 310 Rzhevsky, Cornet, 152 Rosicrucians, 116 Rostovsky, Dmitry, 57 Sadovsky, Prov, 282 Rostropovich, Mstislav, 105 Sadur, Nina, 162, 311, 314 Rozanov, Vasily, 182, 198, 218 Safe Conduct (Pasternak), 200 Rozanova, Olga, 226, 229, 244 Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 189, 308, 310 Rozov, Viktor, 307, 308 Samarkand, 73 Rozovsky, Mark, 308, 310 samizdat (self-printing), 206 Rubenstein, Lev, 210 Sanin (Artsybashev), 153 Rubinshtein, Yakov, 241 Sarai (capital city of the Golden Horde), 68 Rubinstein, Anton, 258 Sarkisian, Oksana, 247 Rubinstein, Ida, 216 Sarovsky, Seraphim, 59, 61 Rubinstein, Nikolai, 258 satire, 148, 298, 300 Rublev, Andrei, 21, 46, 341 Sats, Natalia, 301 rudeness, 137 Satyricon Theatre, 313 Rukhin, Evgeny, 239, 240 Saxmatov,ˇ Aleksej, 40 Rus’ (historical state), see Kievan Rus’ sayings, see proverbs Rus’ (film studio/artists’ collective), 320 Scandinavian conquest, 22–3 Rusian (language), 20, 27–9, 30–1 Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov), 260, 264–5 Ruslan and Liudmila (Pushkin), 258 Schnittke, Alfred, 110, 277 Russia and Europe (Danilevsky), 122 science fiction, 154, 211, 320 Russian Academy, 141 Sciences, Academy of, 38 Russian Folk Tales (Narodnye russkie skazki) Scott, Sir Walter, 143, 185 (Afanas’ev), 144 Scriabin, Aleksandr, 269, 271–2 Russian Folklore (Russkii fol’klor) ( journal), 151 Scythian Dances, A (Ivanov), 84 Russian Herald (Russkii vestnik) ( journal), 190 Scythianism, 83–7, 109 Russian Idea, The (Berdiaev), 173 Seagull, The (Chekhov), 195, 305, 308 Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, 231 Second World War, see World War II Russian Orthodox Church: and secularization, 21, 98, 150, 209 Freemasonry, 118;andglasnost’, 106; Seifrid, Thomas, 205 and Pietism, 118; and Slavophilism, 125; Selected Passages from Correspondence with clamp-down on non-Orthodox cults Friends (Gogol), 188 (1820s), 119; communalism, 120; Semenov, Iulian, 156 compromise with Soviet state, 63; Semenov, Petr, 80 criticized by Tolstoy, 172; deviations Semenova, Ekaterina, 282 from, according to Old Believers, 52; Semperante Satirical Miniature Theatre, 298 engagement with social issues, 64; sensation/sensationalism, 156, 157, 158, 284, external beauty, 47; faith during Soviet 314 and post-Soviet eras, 61–2; government sentimentalism, 183, 215 agents in hierarchy of, 63; great saint of Serafimovich, Aleksandr, 204, 304 (Seraphim Sarovsky), 59; hierarchy Serebryanikov, Kirill, 314 Ukrainianized, 57; hostility to serf theatre, 281 enactment, 279; importance of serfs, emancipation of, 259, 283 recognized by post-communist Sergei, Metropolitan, 63 governments, 62; in post-Soviet era, Sergius of Radonezh, 48

Index 387

Sermon on Law and Grace (Hilarion), 31, 180 Slavonic, 27–9, 30, 32–3; effect of Peter the Serov, Valentin, 216, 238 Great’s “civil alphabet,” 37; for “high” Seventeen Moments of Spring (Semenov), style, 38; normalization of, 34–6; 156 problem of “Slavonicisms,” 27 Severyanin, Igor, 198 Slavophilism: and belatedness, 178;and sexual sinner as character in fiction, “Russian socialism,” 123;andthe 157 Russian Orthodox Church, 125; attack Shalamov, Varlam, 175, 176, 207, 209 on European civilization, 120; Sharoff, Peter, 300 chauvinistic, 131; discovery of the Shaw, George Bernard, 296 people, 121; idyll of pre-Petrine Russia, Shchepkin, Mikhail, 282 120; “mature,” 192; messianic potential, Shcherbatov, Mikhail, 114 122; of “The Five,” 265;vs. Shchukin brothers, 54 Westernization, 101, 121, 124, 208 Shchukin, Boris, 300, 336 Sleeping Beauty (Tchaikovsky), 268 Shchukin, Sergei, 225 Sluchevsky, Konstantin, 194 Shemiakin (Chemiakin), Mikhail, 242 Smoktunovsky, Innokenty, 308, 309, 339 Shepitko, Larisa, 339 Smolensky, Stefan, 255 Shestov, Lev, 105 Smolny Cathedral, St. Petersburg, 47 Shevchenko, Aleksandr, 223 Smotritsky, Melety, 34, 35, 38 Shklovsky, Viktor, 196, 321, 324, 329, 332–3 Smyshlaev, Valentin, 291 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 204 soap operas, 156, 159 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 273–4, 276;and social clubs, 119 popular culture, 162; ballet music, 268; socialism, “Russian”, 123 criticized as “anti-Soviet,” 274, 275; Socialist Realism, 128, 301; and the dissident during “The Thaw,” 277;edited movement, 240, 242; Gorky’s writings Mussorgsky’s Khovanshchina, 262;film cornerstone of, 234;inart,232, 233, 234, scores, 275, 321, 331, 334; inspired by 235–7;infilm,317, 324, 334–7, 338, 340; liturgical and folk source, 250;opera, in literature, 203–5;inmusic,276–7 274–5; persecution of, 276 Socialist Revolutionaries, 137 Shteinberg, Eduard, 242 Society of Jesus, see Jesuits Shterenberg, David, 229 Soiuzkino (union to control film Shub, Esfir, 325, 332 production), 334, 335 Shukshin, Vasily (Vasili), 336, 340, 341 Sokoloff, Vladimir, 300 Shumiatsky, Boris, 335 Sokolov, Nikolai, 238 Shvarts, Elena, 203, 209 Sokolov, Sasha, 207 Shvarts, Evgeny, 305, 308 Sokurov, Aleksandr, 342, 344, 345 Shvedov, Konstantin, 255 solidarity, among lower classes, 136, 137, Siberia, 71–2, 73, 77; exile in, 52, 79, 208; 138 Old Believers, 53; Russian civilizing Sologub, Fedor, 175, 198 mission to, 78 Solovetsky monastery, 49, 53 Sigarev, Vasily, 314 Soloviev, Sergei, 343 Silver Age, 59, 60, 132, 182, 215, 313 Soloviev, Vladimir (poet, philosopher), 175, Simonov, Konstantin, 303, 306 194, 198; and Kandinsky, 218;and Simonov, Ruben, 295 religion, 59; and World of Art, 220;as singing, in church, see chant poet–theologian, 47; characters’ fates Sinyavsky, Andrei (Abram Terts), 175, 176, linked with Russian history, 181;fearof 197, 203, 206, 207–8, 309 procreation, 182; on religion, 45, 46; Sirin, see Nabokov, Vladimir visits to Optyna Pustyn monastery, 58 Skify (Blok), 84–5, 90 Soloviev, Vladimir N. (theatre director), skomorokhi (wandering players), 141, 151, 257, 298 279, 280 Soloviova, Vera, 300 slang (zhargon), 138 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 197, 207, 208–9; Slavic languages, 19–20, 27, 28–9 and heterodox literary forms, 176, 177; Slavic peoples, 19, 21–2, 24, 33, 44, 67, 95, 131, persecution of, 176, 206, 207, 309; 145 religious sensibilities, 175

388 Index

Somov, Konstantin: as book illustrator, 221; staging, 295–6, 297–8, 299–301, 304 caricatured his subjects, 221; distance stagnation, of Asian society, 77–8 from social reality, 219; lack of human “Stagnation” of Soviet era, 206, 340, 341–2 presence, 221; traditionalist, 217; valued Stalin, Josef: and art, 238; and film, 325, 328, technical expertise, 220 330, 332, 334–5, 336, 338, 342;and song-books, 146, 158 literature, 196;andmusic,272, 275, 276; songs, 151, 161; collection by Chulkov (1770), and nationalism, 129; and populism, 142; in popular culture, 157; 145; and Socialist Realism, 232, 234–5, Mussorgsky, 261; plundered from 237, 301; and the theatre, 297, 298, 299, Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto No. 2, 270; 300, 303, 307;andTrotsky,326;as Vysotsky, 309;work,149; see also folk Asiatic, 88; as hero, 314; as “Little Father songs Tsar,” 129; coercive industrialization, Sooster, Ullo, 240 128; control over society, 128–9, 300; Sorokin, Vladimir, 162, 210–11 denounced by Khrushchev, 307, 338; Sorsky, Nil, 32, 50, 58, 64 personality cult, 146, 237 Sosnitsky, Ivan, 282 Stanislavsky, Konstantin (Constantine), 297; Sotheby’s auction, Moscow (1988), 239 and Meyerhold, 304, 307;andtheMAT, “sots-art” (Soviet pop art), 211 285, 287; his Studio, 291, 293;his Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Clark), 204 system, 285, 293, 296, 319, 323 Soviet Union (USSR), 86;andAsia,88–91; Stankevich, Nikolai, 190 artistic policy of, 234;asmodern star cult/system, 154, 313 expression of Oriental despotism, 70;as Starewicz, Wladyslaw, 317, 318, 319 superpower, 129; collapse of, 246, 312, Stasov, Vladimir, 214, 259 342; dissident movement, 240;invasion State Museum of Russian Art, Kiev, 244 of, by Germany (1941), 305; languages State Theatre of Israel (formerly Habima, of, 41; “leveling”/“standardization,” Hebrew theatre company), 295 303; libels of, in The Russian Question “Statement on Sound Film” (1928), 329 (Simonov), 306; poet laureate of, 299; Steiner, George, 193 relations with emigration, 102–3; Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, Sergei, 172 replacement by independent republics, stereotypes, 156, 339, 343 107; unofficial/dissident art, 238, 239, Sterligov, Vladimir, 241 241 Stevens Exhibition, Moscow (1970), 239 Sovremennik (Contemporary) Stoglav Council (1550), 51 Theatre-Studio, 307, 309, 310; see also Stolypin, Petr, 126–7 Contemporary, The (journal) Stone (Osip Mandelstam), 201 space–time opposition in literature, 179–80 Storm, The (Ostrovsky), 189 Spengler, Oswald, 122 Strand Theatre, 287 Spiritual Heritage (Dukhovnoe nasledie) Party, stratification, social, 142 62 Stravinsky, Igor, 104, 273, 274, 275; Spiritual Order for the Russian Orthodox appropriated urban art, 162;asemigr´ e´ , Church, 56 251; at Talashkino, 216; ballet scores, spirituality (dukhovnost’), see religious 268; fairy-tale subjects, 258; inspired by sensibilities folklore, 161, 250;opera,274; student of St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, 47 Rimsky-Korsakov, 264 St. Isaac’s Cathedral, St. Petersburg, 47 Stray Dog (cabaret), 288 St. Petersburg: and film production, 321; street theatre, 151, 153 center of Westernization, 114, 257; Strike (Eisenstein), 162, 323, 325–6 peasants in, 136; rivalry with Moscow, Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, 256 St. Petersburg, 47 St. Sophia Cathedral, Constantinople, 46 Studio Artists, Society of (OST), 230 St. Sophia Cathedral, Kiev (1037–41), 25, 46 Studio of Communist Drama, see St. Sophia Cathedral, Novgorod (1045), 46 Mastkomdram stage design, 216, 230, 295 Studite rule, 26 Stage Workers, First All-Russian Congress Sturua, Robert, 311 of (1897), 285 subcultural groups, 138

Index 389

Suetin, Nikolai, 226 by folk sources, 161; on Russian Sukhanov, Arseny, 51 liturgical music, 254 Sukhovo-Kobylin (Aleksandr), 296 Teatr.Doc, 314 Sulerzhitsky, Leopold, 293 technology, 292 Sumarokov, Aleksandr, 184, 280 television, 147, 150, 153, 159, 317 superstitions, 23, 44, 142 tematicheskaia kartina (painting with Superstitions, Alphabet of Russian (Chulkov), committed subject matter), 233 143 Temirkanov, Yury, 110 Surikov, Vasily, 71 Tenisheva, Princess Mariia, 215, 216 Surikova, Alla, 343 TEO (Teatralny Otdel), 289, 295 surrealism, 230, 345 Teresvat (Theatre of Revolutionary Satire), Suvorin, Aleksei, 284 292, 295 Suvorov, General, 129 terminology, of popular culture, 135–40 Svedova,ˇ Natalija, 41 Terror (Stalinist), 129, 306, 336, 343, 345 Sviatoslav (Svjatoslav), 25, 67 terrorism, 315 Svomas (Free Studios), 229 Terts, Abram, see Sinyavsky, Andrei Swan, Alfred J., 252 “Thaws” of Soviet era, 196, 206, 277, 307, Swan Lake (Tchaikovsky), 263, 265, 268 338–41 symbolism, 101, 125, 198, 223; Blok and Bely theatre: 1970s period, 309–10; amateurism as “Siamese twins” of, 199;infilm,319, favored, 290;andglasnost’, 312;andthe 345; in the Art Theatre, 287;inthe Church, 279–80; audience, 281, 282, theatre, 287 284, 289, 290, 312, 313, 315; categories on symbolism/decadence, 194, 198 the eve of the Revolution, 289; Synkel Chronicles, 26 characterization of Russian, 279; Syr Darya, 73 children’s, 301; collapse of the Soviet Union, 312; cult of technology, 292; Tabakov, Oleg, 307 during the Cold War, 306–7; during Taganka Theatre, 308, 309, 310 “The Thaw,” 308–9; foreign influence, Tairov, Aleksandr, 287, 288–9, 296–7, 303, eighteenth century, 281; Gorbachev 304, 305, 306; criticized, 303 period, 311–13;popular,155, 283–5, 313; Talashkino estate and workshops, 216, 217, post-revolutionary, 290; post-Soviet 222 era, 313–15; private clubs, 284; Tale of Igor (c. 1187), 30, 171, 262–3 provincial, 282; royal court setting, 280; Tale of the Destruction of Rjazan’ (1237), 30 serf, 281; street, 151, 153; symbolist Tale of the Loss of the Rusian Land (thirteenth movement, 287; threats to, 315; under century), 27 Stalin, 305–7; unification decree (1919), Tale of the Priest and his Servant Balda 289;workers’,285 (Pushkin), 143 The´ atreˆ du Chatelet,ˆ Paris, 263 Talochkin, Leonid, 241 Theatre of Popular Comedy, 298 Tamiroff, Akim, 300 Theatre of Satire, 298, 307 tamizdat (printed abroad), 206 Theatre of the Revolution, 295 Taneyev, Sergei, 269 Theatre of the Young Spectator, 311 Tarabukin, Nikolai, 229 Theatre of Working Youth (TRAM), 301 Target art group, 224 theatres, “academic,” 291, 302 Tarkovsky, Andrei, 336, 340–1, 344 “Theatrical October” (Teatralnyi Oktiabr) Tashkent, 73, 305 (slogan), 295 Tatars, 48, 49, 73, 75, 83 theology, 47, 60, 96 Tatishchev, Vasily N., 77, 86 Theophanes the Greek, 46 Tatlin, Vladimir, 223, 226, 228, 229, 233;his Thiemann (Timan), Paul, 318 Letatlin aircraft, 231; his Monument to “Thirty Years of the Moscow Union of the III International, 229; motifs used Artists” Exhibition (1962), 239 in Dawns (Meyerhold), 295 Three Sisters (Chekhov), 162, 195, 308, 309 Taylorism and acting, 292 Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid, Tchaikovsky, Petr (Piotr) Ilych (Ilyich), 250, 224, 225, 226 265–9; fairy-tale subjects, 258; inspired Tian-Shan mountains, 74

390 Index

Tikhon, Patriarch (early twentieth century), Tsvetaeva, Marina, 183, 186, 195, 197, 201–3; 58, 61 and Akhmatova, 203; and the battle for Tikhon Zadonsky (eighteenth century), 57, ideological orthodoxy, 102–3; 58 archetypes, 181; difficulty of Time of Troubles (seventeenth century), 51, translation, 195; inspired by folklore, 97, 185, 256 161; religious sensibilities, 175 Tishkov, Leonid, 247 Turgenev, Ivan, 116, 189, 190–1;andthe Tisse, Eduard, 324, 328 West, 100, 101, 104; his “types,” 179; Tiulpanov, Igor, 242 religious sensibilities, 172 Tiutchev, Fedor, 47, 59, 183, 187 Turin, Viktor, 332 Todorovsky, Petr, 343 Turkestan, 67, 73, 74, 332 Todorsky, Simeon, 57 Turkey/Turks, 71, 73, 75; see also Ottoman Tolstaya, Tatiana, 210 Empire Tolstoy, Aleksei, 204, 303 Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 208 Tolstoy, Leo, 189, 193–4; anti-clericalism, Twelve, The (Blok), 174 172; his “conversion,” 189; inspired by “Twenty Years of the Red Army and Navy” Moscow, 265; on the requirement of Exhibition, Moscow (1938), 235 art, 154; poetic conventions, 190; visits Tynianov, Yury, 321, 330 to Optyna Pustyn monastery, 58;works Tyshler, Aleksandr, 162, 241 filmed, 320, 343 Tolstoy movement, 137 Ugarov, Mikhail, 314 Tolstoyanism, 172, 194 Ukraine, 109, 314, 330 Toporov, Vladimir, 196 Uncle Vanya (Chekhov), 195 Tovstonogov, Georgy, 308, 310 United States of America, see America Toynbee, Arnold, 122 Unovis (Affirmers of the New Art), 226 Transfiguration of the Savior, Church of the Ural mountains/river, 71, 73, 77, 86, 88 (Kizhi), 47 urban: culture, 138, 149, 160;myths,153, 162 translation/s: by Sts. Cyril and Methodius, US Federal Theatre Project, 292 27; difficulties of, 195; of liturgical Usakov,ˇ D. N., 41 texts, 26, 51; Slavic calques on Greek Uspensky, Boris, 97, 119, 180, 196 models, 29 Uspensky, Eduard, 152 Trans-Volga Elders, 32; see also Uspensky, Petr, 218 non-possessors movement Uspensky (Assumption) Cathedral, Vladimir Trauberg, Leonid, 298, 321, 330–1 (1158–60), 46 Trediakovsky, Vasily, 34, 36, 38, 175, 184 USSR, see Soviet Union Tretiakov, Pavel, 54, 214 USSR in Construction (magazine), 235 Tretiakov, Sergei, 292 Ussuri valley, 72 Tretiakov Gallery, Moscow, 231 utopianism, 122, 128 Trezzini, Domenico, 47 Trifonov, Yury, 207 Vakhtangov, Evgeny, 289, 293–5 Trinity-Sergius monastery (formerly Vakhtangov Theatre, 295, 298, 303, 307 Troitsky cloister), 49 Valaam Monastery, 64 Trismegistus, Hermes, 117 Vampilov, Aleksandr, 309 Tristia (Osip Mandelstam), 201 Van’ka the Steward (ballad), 147 Trivolis, Mikhail, see Grek, Maksim Vasiliev, Anatoly, 307, 311, 313 Troitsky, Artemy, 50 Vasiliev “Brothers,” 335 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronshtein), Vasnetsov, Viktor, 161, 215, 217, 218, 222 311, 326 vaudeville, 282, 288, 333 Trotskyites, 336 Vekhi, see Landmarks Trubetskoi, Evgeny, 63 Velichkovsky, Paissius, 58 Trubetskoi, Nikolai, 105 Venetsianov, Aleksei, 244 Truskin, Leonid, 313 Vengerov, Maksim, 110 Tselkov, Oleg, 240 Venice, 97, 340 Tseretelli, Nikolai, 289 Verbitskaia, Anastasiia, 153 Tsoi, Viktor, 343 Vernadsky, George, 116

Index 391

versification, 38 West, the: attitudes to Russia, 108;cultural Vertinsky, Aleksandr, 288 influence, 100–1; influenced Russian Vertov, Dziga (Denis Kaufman), 321, 331–2 revolutionaries, 100, 102; Russian Vesnin, Anatoly, 296 attitude to, 94–5; Russian cultural VGIK, see Cinematography, All-Union State integration into, 110; Russian economic Institute of relations with, 110; Russian investment Viktyuk, Roman, 311 in, 109–10 village: Bolshevik view of, 127–8; life in Western (Roman) Christianity, see film, 329, 341; populist message to, 123, Christianity, Western 124;prose,130–1, 341 Westernization: and Slavophilism, 121; Vinkovetsky, Yakov, 239, 241, 243, 244 Bolsheviks and, 102; of language, 33–6; Vinogradov, N., 293 of music, 251–2, 257; of popular culture, Vinogradov, Viktor, 41 158; Peter the Great’s, 55, 98, 113; St. violence, 137–8 Petersburg as center of, 114; under the Virgin Mary, see Mother of God Romanovs, 123–4; vs. Slavophilism, 101, Virgin of the Intercession Cathedral 208 (St. Basil’s, Moscow), 47 What Is Art? (Tolstoy), 154 Virgin of the Intercession Church, “What Is Oblomovism?” (Dobroliubov), 179 Bogoliubovo, 46 What Is to Be Done? (Chernyshevsky), 122, 123, Vishneva, Diana, 110 172, 177, 179, 184 Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 303, 305, 308 “When Will the Real Day Come?” Vitebsk Practical Art Institute, (Dobroliubov), 179 St. Petersburg, 226 Who Is to Blame? (Herzen), 179 Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev, 95–6, 171 Witte, Sergei, 125, 126–7 Vladimov, Georgy, 207 Wittfogel, Karl, 70 Volkov, Fedor, 280 woman/women: role of, 138–9; “strong,” in Volocky, Joseph, 32 literature, 179; see also gender Volodin, Aleksandr, 307 hierarchy; heroes and heroines Volokhov, Mikhail, 314 Wordsworth, William, 143 Vorobev, Vladimir, 308 work: songs, 149; vs. entertainment, 149 Vorozbit, Natalya, 314 working class, 127, 132, 139–40, 150–1 Vostokov, Aleksandr, 39 “Works by Georgian Artists” Exhibition, Voznesensky, Andrei, 207, 241, 310 Moscow (1937), 234 Vrubel, Mikhail, 161, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222 World of Art (Mir iskusstva) (movement, Vsemirnaia illiustratsiia (magazine), 146 journal, exhibitions), 215, 216, 217–22, Vvedensky, Aleksandr, 311 286 Vyazemsky, Petr, 186 World War I, 84, 85, 127, 209, 223, 255, 333 Vyg, river, 54 World War II (Great Patriotic War): and art, Vygovky settlement, 54 237–8; and Eurasianism, 87; and film, Vysotsky, Vladimir, 150, 154, 156, 207, 309, 331, 337–8, 342, 344; and ideological 310 “contamination,” 102; and literature, 196;andmusic,250, 276;mythic “wanderers” ( peredvizhniki) movement in celebration of, 129, 306; nostalgia for, art, 214–15, 216, 233, 234, 254; 310 inspiration for Socialist Realism, 236 writer as secular saint, 175–6 Wandering Exhibitions, Society of, 214, Writers, First All-Union Congress of Soviet 232 (1934), 233, 234, 301, 334 wandering minstrels, see skomorokhi Writers, Russian Association of Proletarian War and Peace (Prokofiev), 258, 274 (RAPP), 301 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 99, 101, 154, 162, 176, Writers, Union of Soviet (1932), 301 177, 189, 190, 193 writing, see language; literacy; orthography We (Zamyatin), 174, 204 Writing Manual (Pis’movnik) (Kurganov), 143 Weber, Max, 120 Weismann’s dictionary (1674/1731), 38 xenophobia, 75, 97, 160, 161; see also Werefkin, Marianna, 105 chauvinism

392 Index

Yabloko Party, 62 Zamyatin, Evgeny, 175 Yakulov, Georgy, 225 Zarkhi, Aleksandr, 336 Yankilevsky, Vladimir, 239 Zavtra (formerly Den’) (newspaper), 90 Yanovskaya, Genrietta, 311 Zemﬁra (popster), 159 Yaroslav ( Jaroslav) the Wise, Grand Prince, Zen Buddhism, 243 67 Zhdanov, Andrei, 234, 238, 276, 301, 306 Yavorskaya, Lidiia, 287 Zhenovach, Sergei, 312 Yavorsky, Stephan, 55–6, 57 Zhilinsky, Dmitry, 247 Yeats,W.B.,197 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 62, 156, 161 Yeltsin, Boris, 91, 107, 131, 148, 156 Zhitinkin, Andrei, 314 Yermak (Cossack), 71–2 Zhukovsky, Vasily, 185 Youth, Union of, 225, 226 Zinoviev, Aleksandr, 62, 207 Youth of Maxim (FEKS), 335 Zizany, Lavrenty, 35 Yudenich, Gennady, 308 znamenny raspev, see chant Yukos, 109 Znanie (Knowledge)group,199 Zolotoe runo (magazine), 217 Zakharina-Unkovskaia, Alexandra, 218 Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 137 Zakharov, Mark, 308, 310, 311 Zuskin, Veniamin, 295, 306 Zakharov, Vadim, 247 Zvezdochetov, Konstantin, 247 Zakhava, Boris, 295 Zyuganov, Gennady, 62