Poll Res. 37 (ll :5G62 (207E1 Copyright @ EM Intemational ISSN 0257-8050

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION KNOWLEDGE OF SMALL SCALE MINERS IN BOMBANA REGENCY MUHAMMADICHSAN ALI

Depattmcnt of Cipil Engineering md Planning, LJniuersitas Negeri Maknssar, Maknssor 90222, lndonesia

(Received 12 July, 2017; accepted 2tt April 2011t)

ABSTRACT

Mining in Bombana Re8ency is a very promising sout.e oI new income for the community. Not only loca.l people but also all Indonesian individuals who knoli, the existence of mining actisities. The pupose of this study is to descdbe the demogtaphic conditions of gender, age, education and previous work and the influence of variables. Questionnaires used as pridary data gathering tools, Random samples used as sampling methods in the population. Of the existing population, 252 used as research spe.imens. In this resear(h, qualitative descriptiye analysis and Pealson correlation with SPSS program used. The results showed that the miner's knowledge of gold processing derived from expedence and interaction in the mining area. The lack of local govemnrenfs rcle after anticipating smell-scale gold miners who do not understand the impact of their activitiee.

KEY WORDS: Demographics, Knowledge, Gold Miners

INTRODUCTION from landfill tailings and rock waste, not to mention the explosion process that can increase r /ater Traditional gold miners use mercury to capture and salinity. separate gold grains from rock grains. This Hg Identification and control of the environment that precipitate is filtercd usin8 a cloth to get the rest of will cause envtonmental conditions and society to the gold. The filtered sediment then squeezed by be bad. Important aspects of the implementation hand. Water rcmains of minerals containing Hg are process include the dosure of small-sca.le mines ard allowed to flow into the river and irrigated for non-compliant factories regarding environmental agricultural land. Also, mercury components are pollution (Siddiqui et al., 20"12). also widely spread in corals, soil, air, water, and Bombana Regency was formed in 2003 as a result living organisms through complex physical, of the exparsion of Regency and is one of the chemical, and biological processes, Regency located in Southeast Province, Development in this area enhances the real sector Indonesia. At the beginning of September 2008, and to achieve a steady economic development of some people found a lump of gold in the river tahi the nation but on lhe other hand, causes ite and from where the start of minin8 activities. environmental conditions to decline due to the Since that time people began to speculate to be€ome negative impact of the elaboration of the sector (La gold mhers. The high interest of becoming a miner Ode Muhammad Yasir Haya, 2014). has also been Lnown to the public in various parts of Mining activities use a lot of watet although Indonesia and then came to Bombana to become a some are the result of recirculation. Sulfide- miner (Hadi, 20@). containing minerals, due to their contact with air In regulation (Departemen Kesehatan Republik through mining, form sulfide acids in combination Indonesia 2016). (a) Mercury is one of the persistent with the trace element. This condition as a whole has and bioaccumulative chemicals in ecosystems that a negative impact both on surface water altd on negatively impact human health and the groundwater. Water contamination can also come environment; (b) lndonesia is currently identified in *Corresponding authort email: [email protected] ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION KNOWLEDGE OF SMALL SCALE MINERS IN B. REGENCY 57 merory use in the industrial fietd, especially small west and and in the industries that contribute to high mercury east (Statistik, Badan Pusat, 2015). contamination, so it is necessary to reduce and Primary data collected in the form of respondents eliminate mercury in Indonesia. Reduce and conducted on the location of small-scale mining eliminate mercury in Indonesia; it is a need to follow precisely in the Village District Wumbubangka up the implementation of Practices in the Sound North Rorowatu and Rau-Rau Village Rorowatu. Management of Chemicals in 2020. The type of research used is survey research, Among the passages in mining operations, whert where the research collects information from a amalgam smelter mercury will vaporize with high sample by asking through questionnaires or exposure. In mining areas especially in the interviews by usin8 questionnaires to generate a surrounding rnining villages that are not exposed, picture of various aspects of the population from mining activities have adverse effects on public (Fraenkel el nl., 1993). health, especially children (Drasch et al.,2007). This study uses questionnaires as a means of Srnall-scale gold mining activities will contribute collecting primary data provided by the enofinously to the release of mercury to the whole respondents as a sample of the existing population. world and especially to the local, regional Random sampling used as a method of sampling in environment by using mercuric water to extact gold the population then the respondent is a small-scale from the ore (De kcerda and Salomons, 2012). miner active in mining by using mercury materiai in The social and environmental production of mining activities. The pmple of small miners at the suffering is a process shaped by the reciprocal time of this study conducted by 1000 - 1300 workers. interactions amon8 several social and Of ttrc poputation used 252 as a sample of the study. environmental factors. It is well-known worldwide Descriptive research $pically uses larger samples; it that the aggregates and accumulated negative social sometimes suggested that one should select 10-20 and environmertal impacts of gold mining activities percent of the accessible population for the sample leave more sufferint to the local cornmunities than (Singh, 2006). In this rcs€arch, descriptive qualitative to the Bold traders and consumers. Nevertheless, the analysis done by giving a derriptiory condition and forms of human suffering can be at the same time level of knowledge of small-scale mininB collechve and individual; the modes of experience community that uses mercury material as part of in pain and trauma can be both local and globat mining activity and frequency and percentage data (Kleinman et al., 1997). The extractive and mining employed in the discussion. Pearson correlation industry is an important sector and well-known for analysis with SrSS program is used to find out how its associated socio-economic negative impact weak or strong relationship between variables age, (Moody 1991). A massive open-pit gold mine education and previous work to the level of miners' Senerates an average of 76 tons of wastes per ounce knowledge. of Bold (Earthworks, 2007). A tong list of cultural and human right violations, pollution from cyanide RESULTS AND DISCUSSION spills, and endless debates over Submarine Tailing Dsposal associated with large-rale mining (Moody The maior advantage of descriptive statistics is that 2003) (Earthworks, 2007). This study illustrates the it permits a lot of information to describe the fact knowledge of small-scale mining minerals pollution that the median (more about these in a moment). inlluenced by related factors. When such indices calculated for a sample drawn from a population. they are called statistics; When MATERIALS AND METHODS they derived from the rest of the population, they are called parameters. We present the most Research location in Bombana Regency Southeast commonly used teclmiques for summarizing such Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Bombana Regency is data. Some form of a summary is essential to geographically located south of the equator, interprct data collected on any variable a long list of extending from north to south betwe€n 4'30' - 6' 25' scores, or certain representations are iust South latitude and extending from west to east unmanaBeable (Fraenkel et al., 193). Demographic between 120" 82' - 122' 20' east longitude. Bombana profiles of respondents in this shrdy can see in FiB. 1 Regency is adjacent to Kolaka and Konawe districts to 4. h the north, sea flores in the south, Bone Bay in the 58 MUHAMMAD ICHSAN ALI

residence. Younger Itt2.00 age factors are a primary coruideration for a person in immigration. In this study, the maiority of individuals have beerr married and have children more easily take the decision to immigration by looking at the demographic 12.22 70.{x) conditions of the area that will be habitable.

glt 00 ilrn WomcD I Frequcrcrg Pcrcclrt (7.)

Fig, 1, Cendei Respondents 00 ,tr.go '15 -17.00 -11.00 6.21 7.86 Fig. 1 show sex distribution of rcsponderrts with t{.6E the lrequenry of men amounted to 182 people with a percentage of 72.221", and the rate of women lllincrs Farmcrr PhDtrs Laborera Gmcrn' amounted to 70 individuals with a percentage of I Frequcnrlc! Percent (7.) 27.78%. These results can conclude that the maiority of small-scale gold miners are male, while female FiB. 3. Previous Respondents Iob sex is the majority of wives of male miners. Another observation point is t}lat some miners bring their Fig.3 shows frequency distribution of families, i.e., wife and children, either helpint or iust respondents with the previous iob miners amounted accompanying male miners. to 98 people with percentage 3E.89%, kind of work farmers amounted to 37 people with percentate 14.58%, type of plants work amounted to 31 people I17.00 with percentage 12.30%. Kind of work laborers amounted to 41 individuals with a rate of 16-27% E l.rm and with the type of work grocery amounted to 45 people with a percentage of 77.861". The result 5{ lr0 l.! concluded that the majority of respondents' work { I_{l before becoming small-scale miners works as miners. The work of miners is done to move from one place to another where the location. The :l -S!..r Sl lt)r..r al 3l.rr majority of miners come from outside the region and deliberately come to the area just to become miners !Frtqrr.q altrtt.t er) In the condition of local farmers, the general Fi8, z Age of Respondents public and atricultural sector in the research area experience social, economic and environmental impacs of gold mining activities, Caused by a shift Fig. 2 shows the distribution of respondent age in the work of farmers into gold miners. Drought, with age frequency of respondents ranged from 21 - damage to agricultural land, land and water 30 years old 54 people with a percentage of 27.43"/". disguises and land ownership from farmland to zl0 The incidence of respondent age ranged from 31 - mining property The mine has also given birth to a years 117 individuals with percentage 46.43h and more complex new social structure, consisting of frequenry ol respondent age ranged hu/een 4l-50 landowners in mining areas, large mining years of 81 people with a percentage of 32.74"h. companies, large capital traders (gold buyers), These results show that the majority of miners government officials. basic needs traders, inns to ranged from 31 to 40 age. prostitution. Lar8e companies cause social The demographic condition of a region greatly interaction between communities, cooperation influences one's decision to make a migtation or between mining corporations and govemment and ENIVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION KNOWLEDGE OF SMALL SCALE MINERS IN B. REGENCY 59 competition amont mining companies. Atthou8h with the percentage 42.06% and the incidence of there is an agreement between mining companies knowledge level is 80 individuals with the rate and local communities, there is also a tendency for 31.75% and the frequency of experience level is 66 conllict between communities (Meisann et a1.,2072). individuals with the percentage 26.190l". Conditions at the time of the study are still in a According to (Notoahrod.io 2010), there ale two situation where people are still searching for new ways to gain lnowledge, namely: (1) Trial and eEor: mining areas, and local governments arc beginning to collect data on small-scale loggers in and are directed to cooperate with larSe minin8 companies. t06.00

t7.00 tlo 00 79.00 66.00

s 1.00

35.00 l9

L6s Knonledgc }lEdium High Knosledge KDoDLdge :to School Prlmrr_1 Junbr Hlgh Senlor Hith rl'rcqucnc! ! (7.) S.hool School School Pcrceor I Frequc cy tPertent (7.) Fig. 5. Knowledge l-evel of Respondents Fig. 4. Respondents Education Level This method has been us€d before culture and evm before civilization. At that time someone when faced Figure 4 shows non-schooling of 35 people with a with problems or problems, the solution is done by percentage of 13.89%; primary school education is kial and error alone. Even today ever this method is 67 people with a rate of 34.52%, junior high school still often used, especially by those who have not or education level is 79 p€opte with a rate of 31.35ol" do not know a certain way to solving problems and high school education level amounted to 51 encountered; (2) The mode of power or authority: people with a rate of 20.24%- These results indicate Authorities, both government leaders, religious that the maiority o( primary rhool education levels. leaders and scholars in principle have the same To gain knowledge about a person or the social mechanisms in the discovery of knowledge. This life of a community or group, the approach taken principle is that others accept the opinions expressed must be more humane. One of them is by trying to by persons havin8 authority, without first get closer to people or social obiects that will be examining or validating them either based on studied. The data obtained thmugh various suweys, empirical facts or by their reasoning. ls because the questionnaires, personal tests and standardized person receivinS the opinion assumes that what he Llstruments (Burretl and Morgan, 1979). or she has found is correct.; (3) Based on personal Criteria level knowledge of one can be known by interpreted with a scale that is qualitative experience: This done by repeating the experience gained in solvin8 problems encountered in the past.; (Suharsimi, 2006) as follows: (4) ln line with the development . High-Scale Knowledge: Percentage yields Through the mind: of humanity's culture, the way people's minds ranged from 76% - 100%. develop. From this man has been able to use his . Medium-scale Knowledge; Percentage yields reasoning in obtaining his knowledge. In other ranged trcm 56"/" - 75%. words, in acquiring the truths of humar experience . kss-scaled Lnowtedge: Percentage yield below have used his way of thinking; (5) Modern or 56%. Scientilic Ways: The new or modem way of gaining The level of knowledge of small-scale miners is knowledge today is more systematic, logical and generally at a small degree of lnowtedge, as can be scientific. This method is called the method of seen from Fig. 5. which shows that the frequency rientific research. with the knowledge level is less than 106 people 60 MUHAMMAD ICHSAN ALI

Other studies have shown that environmental Table 1 reveals that the age factor of rcspondearts contamination from mercury use from small-scale obtained correlation coefficient value of 0.265 with gold mining activities has significantly increased probability value (sig.) 0.003 which means there is a and has accumulated to acute high. Then the use of sigrificant relationship between age and education mercury for gold processing plants concerning with feeble association level. The presence of age fluctuations in mercury levels in water and river differmces does not significantly affect the standard sediments has provided insight into the mercury of knowledge related to mining impacts. The older a disperse path from the Bold processing plant person, the more experience he gets. Knowledge throughout the river system. Increased levels of based on experience Experienced is the knowledge mercury will provide a strong indication that the in question. contamination in this area (Limbong ef al., 2003). Further education respondents showed The lack of local government funding for correlation coefficient value obtained by 0.712 with community training poses a significant challenge in probability value (sig.) of 0.010 which means there is implementation in the application of intemational a significant relationship between education guidelines on altemative methods and to produce respondents in this case gold mhers education to local capacity for fabrica tion of clean technologies in the level of knowledge gained from the education. priority gold ore incorporation. In this case, the From these results can be concluded the higher the stakeholders widely shared the view that mining level of teaching the higher the knowledge will be officials have a vital role in developing community obtained. technical monitoring programs (Spiegel & Veiga, According (Notoahnodjo, 2003) which states that 2007) (Siddiqui et cl., 2012). What happens in other a highly educated person has better knowledge parts of the world is almost the same in Bombana compared with individuals with low and middle Regency regarding increasing environmental rhool education. Education has a significant role in knowledge, the lack of funds to carry out these determining the quality of human beings, with activities becomes the most important factor These personal education considered to gain knowledge conditions mike smal[-scale miners increasingly and information, and the higher a person's engaged in mining operations by not taking into education, the better quality of life. account the impact that will cause both However, it seems that in this study that env ironmental and health impacts. economic factors are very influential in chang .ing the For the correlation between variables, i.e., condition of someone to be no longer using their whether the existing sample data provides sufficiert knowledge, they know that the activity they do is evidence that there is a link between the variables in wrong but because of the economic and social the sample's ori8in population. And if there is a situation and see everyone doing the mining relationship, how strong the rclationship between operations is known Will damage the environment. variables will use Pearson correlation analysis Community-run gold mining provides better whose results can see in Table 1. employment opportunities as well as being a To facilitate the correlation ratre obtained shows a significant livelihood and capable of meeting all high correlation level or weak bias shown through economic and savings ne€ds. The haditional mining numbers above 0.5 indicates a strong correlation sector also has a positive impact on the fulfillment of while below 0.5 indicates a weak correlation social needs, when the income portion of the (Santoso, Singgih, 201 4) segment is used to meet the need for access to children's education, health and other social needs (Harianja and Sukmana, 2014). T.ble 1. Pearson Corelation of Demographic Variables Then the work factor of previous respondents on Knowledge l-cvel (N = 252) shows the value of correlation coefficient obtained Variable Correlation Sig. Explanation by 0.487 with a probability value (sig.) Of 0.006 Coefficient which means there is a significant relationship Age .26 .m3 Very Weak between the previous respondent's work to Correlation knowledge related to gold mining. Can be Education .772 .010 Medium concluded from the rcsults terms but that the higher Correlation or better the work of interviewees the higher the Previous .87 .m6 Weak Correlation fob level of education. ET{VIRONMENTAL TILLUTION KNOWLEDCE OF SMALL SCALE MINEBS IN B. REGENCY 6I

Indeed, long work conkibutes to influence the miners related to environmentally friendly gold standard of }:nowledge of a person; this is because procesing methods led to knowledge gained from the work is closely related to social and cultural experience and interaction among miners at the interaction factors, while social and cultural mine site. Therefore, the government should be interactions closely related to the process of more responsive to the impact that will happen to inlormation excharge. And this will certainly affect the environment, safety and heatth, especially the the level of one's knowledge. In small-scale mininp more complex socio-e€onomic impacts will occur. not all miners in the location have or experimce iobs REFERENCES in gold mining. Most miners who came before worked as farmers or fishers therefore not all mhers Burell, G. and Morgan, G. 1979. Sociological Paradigms have knowledge about how to mine traditionally. and organisational Analysis - Elements of lhe The need for htegration between planning and Sociology of Corporate Lile. Sociological pp.1-3. application of the field to awareness Paradigms and Organisaltmal Analysis, Benerate Departemen Kesehatan Republik lndonesia, 20'16. rcgarding how to maintain the environment. The Peraturan Menteri Kesehalan Republik lndonesia role of government by conducting socialization and Nomot 57 Tahun 2016 fenbng Rencana Aksi training on small-scale gold miners on Nasional Pengendalian Dampak Kesehalan Akibal environmentally friendly color processing methods Pajanan Meftun fahun 201d2020. and how to mine a bend with materials and tools Drasch, G. et al., 2OO1. TheMt. Diwata study on the gg$-assessing that have tested friendly to the environment. lt Philippines 1 merc!ry intoxication of should also convey regarding the impact of gold the population by small scale gold mining. Sab,c€ '151-'168. mining on the environment, healu1 and safery of the fobl Environment.26T(1) : Eanhworks, O.A. 2007- Golden Rules. Making the case The social system that originally built u/as a lor responstAe mining, p.4O. crocodile system of farmers' and fishermen's Fra€nkel, J.R., wallen, N.E. and Hyun, H.H.1993. How to communities, which differed from the culture of Design and Evaluale Research in EducalionTlh trrining activities undertaken by the community. The ed., New York Mccraw-Hill. culture of farmers or fishers in carrying out their Harianja, A.H. and Sukmana, A. 20'14 Korelasi activities in need of process and persistence. Pertambangan Emas Tradisional Terhadap Meanwhile, mining operations tend to be instant, Keadaan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakau: Kasus di because if today get the rcsults, then the day can also Kabupaten Madina (Sumull. ln: Prosiding Eks@se earn money in much greater amount when Hasil Peneliuan Tahun 2014. pp. 1-17 . I, Hadi S. 2009. Penambangan Emas Latakan oleh compared with the results as a farmer or fisherman Masyarakat Eombana dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap and construction workers. As a rcsr t, as it continues Lingkungan. Available at: http:/ha.yimg.com/kq/ and people are accustomed to such a pattem, they g rou ps/ 1 576078 2/ 1 63608975 7/nam e/ba b a change from process will experience cultural lAccessed Apdl 19, 2012. cultue to instant cultue that will be very harmful in Kleinman, A., Das, V. and Lock, M.M. 1997. Social the long run. Sutrering, Uniy ol Califomia Press. Social change oI society can no longer regard as De Lac€rda, L.D. and Salomons, W.2012. Mercury from an acceptable effect, but a severe imPact. Variations gold and silver mining: a chemical time bomb?, in the social system of society will affect the life Springer Science & Business Media. Limbong, D et al. 2003. Emissions and enyironmental pattem of a community in a region and will be able implications of mercury from arlisanalgold mining in to influence nationally (Pudiiastuti, Tri Nuke, 2009). north Sulawesi, lndonesia. Science ol the Tolal Enironment. 302(1-3\ | 227-236. CONCLUSION Meisanli et al.2012 The impacts ol gold mining on the farmeas community. Ameian-Eurasian Joumal ol From the results we have dirussed it can conclude Susbinable Agicultue 6(4) : 209214. that all aspects of the demographic profile of small- Moody, R. 2OO3. lnto the Unknown Regions/. The scale miners to the min€rs' knowledge are in real Hazards ol SfD (Submarin Tailings Disposal), gold processing. The knowledge gained is still bas€d London: Society ol St. Columban and lntemtional on the experience they have made and succeeded Books. Moody, R- 1991. Plun&rl/: Prcsented by a glotul neiw* even though the procedu€s and imPacts that will ol people opposed to lhe activilies ol the RfZ arise will be mudr greater than the results obtained. cotpn Uon, London: PARTiZANS. The lack of information received by small-scale 62 MUHAMMAD ICHSAN ALI

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