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El Aporte De Los Universales a La Historiografía De La 81,9(56,'$'',675,7$/)5$1&,6&2-26e'(&$/'$6 )$&8/7$''($57(6$6$% 0$(675Ë$(1(678',26$57Ë67,&26 EL APORTE DE LOS UNIVERSALES A LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA DE LA MÚSICA +$&,$81$35238(67$48($57,&8/(&$0%,2< 3(50$1(1&,$(1(/5(/$72+,67Ï5,&2 SRU FRANCISCO JOSÉ CASTILLO GARCÍA 7XWRUD'H,QYHVWLJDFLyQ0<5,$0$552<$9(02172<$ ,QIRUPHSUHVHQWDGRFRPRXQRGH ORVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDREWHQHUHOWtWXOR GH0DJtVWHUHQ(VWXGLRV$UWtVWLFRV %RJRWi&RORPELD $JRVWR 0DHVWUtDHQ(VWXGLRV$UWtVWLFRV&DUUHUD1SLVR 3%;([WPDHVWUtDHDVDE#XGLVWULWDOHGXFR EL APORTE DE LOS UNIVERSALES A LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA DE LA MÚSICA +$&,$81$35238(67$48($57,&8/(&$0%,2< 3(50$1(1&,$(1(/5(/$72+,67Ï5,&2 FRANCISCO JOSÉ CASTILLO GARCÍA 2013 AGRADECIMIENTOS +XELHUDVLGRLPSRVLEOHUHDOL]DUHVWHWUDEDMRVLQHODSR\RLQFRQGLFLRQDOGHPLHVSRVD\GH PLV KLMRV D TXLHQHV DJUDGH]FR LQILQLWDPHQWH VX SDFLHQFLD \ DFRPSDxDPLHQWR 7DPELpQ DJUDGHFHUDOD0DHVWUD0\ULDP$UUR\DYHSRUVXDVLVWHQFLDFRQVWDQWH\JHQHURVDVLQODFXDO HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ QR VHUtD OR TXH HV (VWR\ HQ GHXGD FRQ ORV FROHJDV 0DQXHO%HUQDO 0DUWtQH]*HQRYHYD6DOD]DU+DNLP\3LODU$JXGHOR9DOHQFLDTXLHQHVPHLQLFLDURQHQOD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ KDQ GHMDGR XQD KXHOOD PX\ SRVLWLYD HQ HVWH WUDEDMR 3RU ~OWLPR PXFKtVLPDV JUDFLDV DO HTXLSR GRFHQWH \ DGPLQLVWUDWLYR GH OD 0DHVWUtD HQ (VWXGLRV $UWtVWLFRV Durante este trabajo he pensado muchísimo en mi hermano mayor, Juan David (QEPD). De igual manera he tenido presente el recuerdo del maestro y amigo Bernardo Liévano (QEPD). Sin ellos, mi vida misma y este trabajo no serían lo mismo, por lo cual se los dedico. RESUMEN (QHOGHVDUUROORGHSHUVSHFWLYDVKLVWRULRJUiILFDVVREUHODP~VLFDRFFLGHQWDOODPXVLFRORJtD KLVWyULFDKDSULRUL]DGRXQHQIRTXHEDVDGRHQORVVXMHWRV FRPSRVLWRUHV \ORVREMHWRV REUDV PXVLFDOHV GLVSXHVWRVHQXQDFRQFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSROLQHDOXQLGLUHFFLRQDO \FRPSXHVWD GH UHODFLRQHV FDXVDOHV(VWH WUDEDMR WLHQH FRPR SURSyVLWROD E~VTXHGD GH XQ HTXLOLEULR KLVWRULRJUiILFR TXH FRQWHPSOH OD SHUPDQHQFLD FRPR FRPSOHPHQWR GH O FD PELR H Q OD QDUUDFLyQ KLVWyULFD PXVLFDO )XQGDPHQWDGR HQ OD GLVFXVLyQ VREUHORV 8QLYHUVDOHV GHO +RPEUHUHDOL]DGRVGHVGHODDQWURSRORJtDODOLQJtVWLFDODELRORJtD\ODP~VLFDHVWHHVXQ DSRUWHDODPDQHUDFRPRWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHKDFRQWDGRODKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFDHQHOFXDO VH DUPRQL]DQ ORV FDPELRV TXH VXSRQHQ ORV KHFKRV \ ODV HUDV GH OD KLVWRULD FRQ ODV FRQVWDQWHVLQYDULDEOHVGHULYDGDVGHORV8QLYHUVDOHV Palabras Clave +LVWRULRJUDItDGHODP~VLFD&DPELR\SHUPDQHQFLDHQODKLVWRULD±8QLYHUVDOHV 8QLYHUVDOHVGHODP~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ey Words 0XVLF+LVWRULRJUDSK\±&KDQJHDQGFRQWLQXLW\LQKLVWRU\±8QLYHUVDOV±0XVLF8QLYHUVDOV RÉSUMÉ 'DQVOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGHSRLQWVGHYXHKLVWRULRJUDSKLTXHVVXUODPXVLTXHRFFLGHQWDOHOD PXVLFRORJLH KLVWRULTXH D SULYLOpJLp XQH RSWLTXH GRQW OH IRQGHPHQW VRQW OHV VXMHWV FRPSRVLWHXUV HWOHVREMHWV OHVRHXYUHVPXVLFDOHV GLVSRVpVGDQVXQHFRQFHSWLRQGXWHPSV OLQpDO XQLGLUHFWLRQQHOHWFRPSRVpHGHUHODWLRQVGHFDXVDOLWp1RWUH WUDYDLOD OHSURSRVGH FKHUFKHU XQpTXLOLEUH KLVWRULRJUDSKLTXHTXLFRQVLGqUH ODSHUPDQHQFHFRPPHFRPSOpPHQW GXFKDQJHPHQWGDQVOHUpFLWKLVWRULTXHPXVLFDO$\DQWFRPPHIRQGHPHQWODGLVFXVVLRQVXU OHV8QLYHUVDX[GH O +RPPHTXH O DQWKURSRORJLH OD OLQJXLVWLTXH OD E LR ORJLH HW OD PXV LT XH RQWUpDOLVpHFHOOHFLHVWXQHFRQWULEXWLRQjODIDoRQWUDGLWLRQQHOOHGHUDFRQWHUO KLVWRULHGHOD PXVLTXH GDQV ODTXHOOH VRQW KDUPRQLVpV OHV FKDQJHPHQWV GHV IDLWV HW OHV pSRTXHV GH O KLVWRLUHDYHFOHVLQYDULDQFHVGHULYpHVGHV8QLYHUVDX[ Mots Clés: +LVWRULRJUDSKLHGHODPXVLTXH±8QLYHUVDX[8QLYHUVDX[GHODPXVLTXH&KDQJHPHQWHW SHUPDQHQFHGDQVO KLVWRLUH TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Introducción 1 1. Capítulo I. Una mirada crítica a la mane ra como Occidente cuenta 7 su historia. /DKLVWRULRJUDItDHQWUHODILORVRItDGHODKLVWRULD\ODKLVWRULDGHOD KLVWRULD /RVSDUiPHWURVGHODKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFDRFFLGHQWDO6XMHWRV 2EMHWRV\7LHPSR *HQHUDOL]DFLyQQDUUDWLYD\WLHPSRGLYLGLGRJHVWRVGHOD KLVWRULRJUDItDTXHFRQGXFHQDORVXQLYHUVDOHV 2. Capítulo II. Los universales del ser humano, un concepto olvidado 78 por la historia. /DGLVFXVLyQVREUHORVXQLYHUVDOHVHQDOJXQDVGLVFLSOLQDVTXH HVWXGLDQDOVHUKXPDQR /RVXQLYHUVDOHVGHODP~VLFD 3. Capítulo III. Una propuesta a la narración histórica musical: el 136 equilibrio que ofrece la permanencia. 'LVLGHQFLDVDOPRGHORGHH[SOLFDFLyQFDXVDO 8QDKLVWRULDLQFOX\HQGRORVFXDWURXQLYHUVDOHV 6XMHWRV\REMHWRVKLVWyULFRVVHJ~QORVXQLYHUVDOHVGHOVHUKXPDQR 2WUDIRUPDGHHQWHQGHUHOWLHPSRHQODKLVWRULDXQDDOWHUQDWLYDDO WLHPSROLQHDO\IUDJPHQWDGR /DKLVWRULDTXHLQFOX\HORTXHSHUPDQHFHHQHOWLHPSR Conclusiones. 192 Anexo$QiOLVLVGHFXDWURWH[WRVVREUHODKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFDRFFLGHQWDO 204 Referencias bibliográficas. 253 Apéndice/RVXQLYHUVDOHVGHOVHUKXPDQRHQVXVGLPHQVLRQHVFXOWXUDOOLQJtVWLFD\ ELROyJLFD EL APORTE DE LOS UNIVERSALES A LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA DE LA MÚSICA +$&,$81$35238(67$48($57,&8/(&$0%,2<3(50$1(1&,$(1(/ 5(/$72+,67Ï5,&2 APÉNDICE FRANCISCO JOSÉ CASTILLO GARCÍA 2013 INTRODUCCIÓN (OFRQMXQWRGHGLVFXVLRQHVVREUHHOSUREOHPDGH ORV XQLYHUVDOHVDEDUFD XQDPSOLR HVSDFLR HQ GLVFLSOLQDV WDQ GLYHUVDV FRPR OD ILORVRItD OD OLQJtVWLFD OD DQWURSRORJtD OD SVLFRORJtDHODUWH\ODVRFLRORJtDHQWUHRWURV(QHOiPELWRGHODP~VLFDHVWHFRQFHSWRHVWi DVRFLDGRDODPXVLFRORJtDFRPSDUDGDODHWQRPXVLFRORJtD\ODSVLFR ORJtD GH OD P~V LFD H Q WRUQR D OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH XQLYHUVDOHV GH OD P~VLFD R DVSHFWRV SUHVHQWHV HQ WRGDV ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHVPXVLFDOHVGHODKLVWRULD\ODHWQRJUDItD /D LGHD GH HVWH WUDEDMR LQLFLy FHUFD GHO DxR DOUHGHGRU GH QXHVWUD SUiFWLFD HQ LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ PXVLFDO pSRFD HQ OD FXDO QXHVWURV LQWHUHVHV IXHURQ GLULJLGRV D OR TXH VH FRQRFHFRPRInterpretación Historicista(QHVWDFRUULHQWHHOFULWHULRTXHJXtDODPD\RUtD GH ODV GHFLVLRQHV TXH GHEH WRPDU XQ LQWpUSUHWH PXVLFDO HVWi FHxLGD D ¢FyPR VRQDED OD P~VLFD HQ OD pSRFD HQ TXH IXH FRPSXHVWD" (VWRV HMHUFLFLRV VRQ OD E~VTXHGD GH OR LQDOFDQ]DEOHHQODPHGLGDTXHQXQFDVHVDEHFRQFHUWH]DFyPRVRQyXQDREUDHQQR REVWDQWH QRV KD DVLVWLGR VLHPSUH OD FHUWH]D TXH KD\ DOJR SRU GHEDMR GH ORV FDPELRV UDGLFDOHVTXH KDYLVWR ODFXOWXUDRFFLGHQWDOTXHKDFHTXH ODVREUDVGHOSDVDGRD~QGLJDQ DOJRDORVR\HQWHVGHOSUHVHQWH 'HVGH HO DxR KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG KHPRV WHQLGR HO SULYLOHJLR GH DFRPSDxDU QXHVWUD SUiFWLFD PXVLFDO FRQ OD SUiFWLFD SHGDJyJLFD HQ HO FDPSR GH +LVWRULD GH OD 0~VLFD 2FFLGHQWDO&RPRKHPRVKHFKRPXFKRVGRFHQWHVVLQIRUPDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOHQSHGDJRJtD LQLFLDPRV E~VTXHGDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV H[SHULHQFLDV R LQVXPRV HQ JHQHUDO TXH SXHGDQ D\XGDUQRVHQODWUDQVPLVLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDVLVWLUQRVHQHOMXHJRHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH \HQ PHWRGRORJtD JHQHUDO$GLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVFDPSRVGH OD P~VLFDFRPRHOVROIHR OD ̱ʹ̱ JUDPiWLFD R DOJXQRV LQVWUXPHQWRV PXVLFDOHV HO FRUSXV GH GRFXPHQWRV TXH DVLVWHQ DO SURIHVRUGHKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFDRFFLGHQWDOHVULGtFXODPHQWHSHTXHxR(QWRQFHVSDVDPRV DEXVFDUGRFXPHQWRVTXHGHVDUUROOHQODVGLVWLQWDVIRUPDVGHFRQWDUODKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFD RXQDKLVWRULRJUDItDGHODP~VLFD\ORVUHVXOWDGRVQRIXHURQPiVDOHQWDGRUHV /DEDVHGHQXHVWUDUHIOH[LyQVREUHODPDQHUDHQTXHVHFXHQWDODKLVWRULDGHODP~VLFDLQLFLD HQ OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH XQ GHVHTXLOLEULR HO HOHPHQWR TXH JXtD WRGD OD QDUUDFLyQ HV HO SULQFLSLRGHFDPELR&RQHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRFDPELDQODVVRFLHGDGHVFDPELDQORVVLVWHPDV GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO VRQLGR FDPELDQ ODV PDQHUDV GH HVFULELU OD P~VLFD FDPELDQ ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV\FDPELDQORVJpQHURVPXVLFDOHV(OEDODQFHTXHSHUVLJXHQXHVWURWUDEDMRVH ORJUDRSRQLHQGRDOSULQFLSLRGHFDPELRDTXHOORTXHQRFDPELDFRQHOSDVRGHOWLHPSROR TXHSHUPDQHFHLQPXWDEOHHQODKLVWRULD (V QDWXUDO TXH OD PXVLFRORJtD KDJD KLQFDSLp HQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV TXH VHSDUDQ ODV GLVWLQWDV FXOWXUDV PXVLFDOHV JHRJUiILFD \ FURQROyJLFDPHQWH KDELGD FXHQWD GH VX LQWHUpV SRU RUJDQL]DU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH OH FRPSHWH \ KDFHUOD HQWHQGLEOH DO OHFWRU 1R REVWDQWH HVWDPRVFRQYHQFLGRVTXH XQDQDUUDFLyQGH OD KLVWRULDWDQFRPSURPHWLGDFRQSHUVSHFWLYDV OLQHDOHVGHOWLHPSRpSRFDV KLVWyULFDVGHOLPLWDGDV\ ODFRQVDELGDUHODWLYLGDGFXOWXUDOELHQ SXHGH VHU IRUWDOHFLGD FRQ XQD REVHUYDFLyQ TXH FRPELQH RWUDV SHUVSHFWLYDV GHO WLHPSR FRQWLQXLGDGHVHQWUHODVpSRFDV\XQLYHUVDOHVWUDQVFXOWXUDOHV+HPRVOOHJDGRDHVWDVLGHDV HVWLPXODGRVHQDXWRUHVFRPR/HRQDUG0H\HU TXLHQSURFODPDXQDVHQWHQFLDEDVWDQWH LOXVWUDWLYDGHODSHUWLQHQFLDGHORVXQLYHUVDOHVGHODP~VLFD El contexto para este ensayo es, paradójicamente, la preocupación prevalente y persuasiva por la variabilidad de los contextos culturales. Mi premisa es simple: uno no puede comprender y explicar la variabilidad de las culturas humanas hasta que uno no tiene algún sentido de las constantes involucradas en su delimitación. 0H\HUS 'H HVWD PDQHUD XQ WUDEDMR FRQFHSWXDO VREUH ODV FRQVWDQWHV TXH SHUPDQHFHQ D SHVDU GHO SDVRGHOWLHPSR KLVWyULFRFRQGXMHURQKDFLDHOFDPSRGH ORVUnive rsales De La Música WHPD SULQFLSDOPHQWH WUDEDMDGR SRU OD HWQRPXVLFRORJtD OD SVLFRORJtD GH OD P~VLFD \ OD ]RRPXVLFRORJtDHQWUHRWURV ̱͵̱ /RVXQLYHUVDOHVGHODP~VLFDVRQHOIXQGDPHQWRGHXQDSURSXHVWDGHtQGROHKLVWRULRJUiILFR HQ ODFXDOGHIHQGHPRV XQD PDQHUDGHFRQWDU OD KLVWRULDTXHFRQWURYLHUWH ORVSDUDGLJPDV IRFDOHV GH OD QDUUDFLyQ KLVWyULFD WUDGLFLRQDO \ OR KDFH D WUDYpV GHOFRPSOHPHQWR TXH UHSUHVHQWD XQD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ PHQRV OLQHDO \ VHJPHQWDGD GHO WLHPSR DVt FRPR XQD KXPDQL]DFLyQGHORVDFWRUHV\REUDVLQYROXFUDGRVHQUHODWRKLVWyULFR /DUHDOL]DFLyQGHHVWHWUDEDMRHVLPSRUWDQWHDQLYHOSHUVRQDO\DTXHKDFHSDUWHGHQXHVWUD LQWHQFLyQ SRU YLQFXODUQRV FRQ HO HMHUFLFLR LQYHVWLJDWLYR KDELGD FXHQWD GH ODV
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