teS September 1983

Charting a Path for the Future The Fourth Attacks Again FRELIMO

Party The recent South African air attack together with its Rhodesian counterpart, on the Mozambican capital of , organized an anti-FRELIMO fifth followed by Pretoria's continued saber- column comprised of former Congress rattling, suggest that this region is Portuguese secret police and ex- becoming a terrain of increasing colonial troops, disaffected settlers and international conflict. South Africa's mercenaries that became the basis of attempt to redefine the conflict in Cold the National Resistance Mozambique's independence in War terms, describing its borders with (MNR) . By 1978, from its bases in 1975 brought a radical improvement in Angola and Mozambique as "its first and Rhodesia, MNR was plundering the quality of life for its citizens. second fronts against Communism," agricultural cooperatives, burning Before independence Mozambi- carries ominous implications of a schools and medical centers, cans lived in a society where privileges broader global conflict. were sharply divided along racial lines. interdicting railroad lines, disrupting The .descendants of Portuguese settlers The May 23 air attack against commerce, attacking major economic and a handful of others enjoyed a Mozambique which resulted in the death projects and effectively paralyzing the standard of living far superior to that of of six and wounding of 39 is part of planned transformation of FRELIMO's the majority of the country's citizens. South Africa's long-term strategy to efforts to improve the quality of life in the Africans who provided the labor to make intimidate the struggling socialist countryside. the lifestyle . of the Portuguese possible nation . The strategy dates back to 1974, With the aid of these South African shared none of the benefits. before Mozambican independence, officers, MNR caused great hardships in Independence brought many when senior South African officials changes 1981 and 1982, regularly cutting the . Housing, health services and contemplated a preemptive attack railroad lines between Maputo and education were nationalized and against Mozambique to prevent reorganized to serve all the people and Zimbabwe, harassing trains from Beira, not just a priviledged few . Restrictions FRELIMO, the Mozambican liberation Mozambique's second leading port, to on jobs formerly reserved for movement, from coming to power . But a Zimbabwe, and periodically blocking Portuguese and white Mozambicans sharply divided South African rail traffic between Beira and Malawi. only were removed. Housing in the city government eventually concluded that Pretoria's strategy was clear. was subsidized and made available to the strategy was not feasible, though it Mozambique's ports serve as the all. Communal villages were established did give at least tacit support to an international gateway for many of the to make the provision of services to abortive white-settler coup of land-locked SADCC countries—most formerly isolated peasants easier. September 1974. notably Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia. Education was made a priority. Instead, South African policy- At the same time, continuous war, Without a viable transportation and drought and inexperienced manage- makers chose to put increasing communication network all other forms ment lead to uneven economic and economic and military pressure on of regional cooperation would be social developrnent. The Fourth Party Mozambique to ensure that the impractical and SADCC would be Congress focused on these problems government of Samora Machel could aborted from the outset, thereby and proposed ways to accelerate the not threaten their regime. insuring South Africa's regional building of the New Society promised at Since FRELIMO inherited an economy domination . In December 1982 South independence. totally dependent on South Africa, African raiders destroyed 34 oil storage Pretoria has been able to exert pressure tanks in Beir valued at more than $40 easily . Shortly after independence, for million. This led to a severe shortage in FRELIMO's Fourth Party Congress example, it cut the number of Zimbabwe. was held in Maputo April 26-30. Mozambican laborers working in the At the same time that South Africa The first Congress held in Tanzania gold mines from more than 100,000 to was intensifying its economic pressure, in 1962 brought together nationalist 30,000, depriving the new government of it was redefining its long-term military groups concerned with obtaining its most important source of hard objectives . Fearing the increasing independence for Mozambique and currency. Pretoria also redirected South popularity of the African National organized them into FRELIMO — the Africa's valuable export trade away from Congress (ANC) and its ability to attack Front for the Liberation of Mozambique. the port of Maputo and has threatened to strategic points within South Africa, The second Congress held in liberated build a new Indian Ocean facility to Pretoria embarked upon a campaign to territory in northern Mozambique in replace Maputo. compel its neighbors not to provide 1968 laid out a strategy for expanding South African military pressure has sanctuaries or support for the ANC . In the armed struggle and resolving been even more devastating . As early as 1981 it began attacks on the homes of (Continued on page 2) 1976 South African intelligence, (Continued on page 9) 1 THE FOURTH FRELIMO PARTY CONGRESS (Continued from page 1) internal conflicts . The Third Party Congress held in 1977 in independent Mozambique transformed FRELIMO, the front into FRELIMO, the Marxist- Leninist party and took steps to consolidate the gains made by the people in their ten years of armed struggle against colonialism. In preparation for the Fourth Congress, discussions were held across Mozambique on the principal problems facing the country . In January, Party members began electing delegates to attend . 667 delegates were elected from throughout the country . Of these 72 percent were peasants workers and Delegates during a vote on a resolution presented at the Fourth FRELIMO Party soldiers . One hundred and five women Congress. were elected . Twice the number who Other success stories came trom a sectors are to be provided with the attended in 1977. collective farm in Sofala where through support they need from the state so that The tone of the Congress was one of self-reliance and practical planning the they can do more in the fight against open frankness and honest self- members increased their food hunger. criticism . The report of the Central production and were able to organize a President Machel's talk stressed Committee included statistics and food cooperative and a communal lunch that small scale development projects appraisals of every aspect of room. which use local materials and resources Mozambican life . The cases of Overwhelmingly the delegates who which people can provide for successes, were pointed out as were the made presentations used the themselves will get extensive attention, examples of the failure of some opportunity to put before the nation's such as those involving increasing the government policies . For example, the highest officials the problems and production of fish, small game, and report stated that the policy of the state realities of life in their region and to small factories specializing in items to favor state farms over family farmers point out what they saw as the state 's needed by the population on a day-to- has resulted in decreased productivity shortcomings in areas that affected their day basis . The banks are to be for family farms . The report recognized lives most. reorganized to lend support, to these the need to break the dependence on Foreign invitees including Robert small projects . The Ministry of imported raw materials when local Mugabe, Zimbabwe's Prime Minister Agriculture is to be reorganized to materials could be made to serve. and of the ANC, presented produce more cereals, cooking oils The Central Committee report-also messages following the delegates' and meat. outlined the need for more peasant presentations . Support group Machel announced the state's participation in agricultural planning representatives from North America, intention to stem the tide of people involving their district. Scandinavia and western Europe were without jobs to the city and to integrate Following the presentation of the also present as observers. those unemployed already there into Central Committee report and an The election of the new Central agricultural units in rural areas. economic and social directives report Committee was the one session closed The Ministry of Foreign Commerce which outlined growth targets for each to all but voting delegates . It lasted will be reorganized to make sure that sector, there was an opportunity for hours longer than scheduled, an those products produced actually get delegates to give their views of the indication to many that there was a great collected and exported . Radical problems facing the country as well as to deal of discussion about its composition. changes were announced for the respond to the Central Committee The result was a Central Committee with housing authority. report . Common complaints were the 130 members — twice as large as the In his address before the people, lack of essential consumer goods, previous one . The new Central Machel spoke of many of the problems building materials, parts for repairing Committee includes many former which had been brought up by their farm machinery and the inability of the freedom fighters, many more people representatives at the Congress, and state farm machine companies to deliver from the country side and even some presented the leadership 's programs to promised equipment on time . Delegates who had been the most vocal critics of solve them . Defending the country and told of the effect of the drought and government policies at the Congress. providing Mozambicans of every region black marketeers on their area. The government reorganization with the minimum necessary for a From the province of Inhambane a promised by Samora Machel during the decent standard of life were the dual delegate told of the effect of the MNR on Congress was announced at a public objectives stressed. the lives of inhabitants . In one area the gathering on May 21st . The most The real success of the Fourth first supplies received after some time important change involved the Congress was not just that the four day were later robbed by the terrorists. reshuffling of those ministeries session allowed FRELIMO ledership Other delegates told of how the coal responsible for the drive to wipe out the and party members from across the mine operations and the sugar crop MNR and restore peace — the Ministries country to exchange views on the state production has been affected by the of Defense, Interior, Security and of the nation, or that it lead to new MNR. Justice . It was also announced that new discussions about solving the country 's Peasants also told of how they tasks and assignments would be given problems . The real success was that it successfully fought the MNR . The to members of the government and that produced new approaches and new delegate from a communal village in many employees of the central determination for continuing the Gaza recalled how the villagers who had government would be transferred to the struggle for a better life for all armed to defend themselves, pursued district level in order to reinforce each Mozambicans . Although the Congress and captured a MNR band which district ' s capacity to plan and itself lasted only four days, the spirit will attacked the village . The request from administer. be felt for years to come as the new path his village was for better weapons. Both private and family farming charted takes shape . 2

contact with South Africa, whose The MNR and the People's reconnaissance planes flying inside Mozambique provide valuable information on Mozambican troop Counteroffens i ye movement. Western diplomats we talked to in Maputo estimate the MNR numbers about 5,000-appreciably lower than Dhlakama's claim of 17,000 armed by Allen and Barbara Isaacman soldiers . Many MNR recruits appear to have been coerced into joining . John Burleson, a British ecologist held Maputo--"We are in a decisive battle programs were crystallized, and several prisoner by the MNR for several months, in which the real enemy is South Africa ." important economic agreements were reported seeing hundreds of forced This is how Mozambique Foreign signed . The popular militias were recruits who were kept under armed. Minister Joaquim Chissano explained disbanded in many frontier regions. guard. Once in, especially after they the current situation in a recent The South Africans, on their side, have been involved in an attack of some interview . Evidence of the extent of this had no intention of winding down the kind, many recruits are afraid to leave undeclared war is growing daily, and the MNR . They saw the roving bands as because MNR commanders tell them Mozambicans believe worse is yet to instruments, of havoc . We were shown they will be killed by FRELIMO if they come, pointing to the recent warning by captured documents of an October 1980 are caught. South African Defense Minister Magnus meeting between MNR leader Dhlakama Mozambique's serious economic Malan that his country might find it and a South African colonel, Van Nierok, problems make MNR recruitment that necessary to initiate a "Lebanese-type at a Transvaal military base . Van Nierok much easier. Droughts, inadequate invasion" of Mozambique. ordered the MNR to extend its material support for the family farming At the moment, Pretoria's main operations from central to southern sector, and the lack of consumer goods weapon in this war is the Mozambique Mozambique—to "interdict rail traffic in parts of Manica, Sofala and National Resistance (MNR) . Over the from Malverne-Gwelo, to establish Inhambane provided fertile ground for past year, the MNR has intensified its bases inside Mozambique adjacent to MNR overtures . Further, the MNR has military activity in the southern half of the South African border, (and) open a resorted to the manipulation of tribal Mozambique, attacking bridges, new military front in Maputo province ." divisions and superstition to gain railroad lines, communal villages and South Africa wanted to discourage support. development projects . Paralyzing key Zimbabwe and Botswana from Whatever the initial attraction of sectors of the rural economy and exporting their commodities through these appeals, widespread plundering destabilizing Mozambique are not its Maputo, which was drawing substantial and increasing terrorism quickly only objectives . It also seeks to sabotage traffic away from South African ports. evaporate support for the MNR and the Southern Africa Development To achieve this, the documents reveal, alienate the rural population . Stories of Coordination Conference, forged in South African officials promised MNR atrocities are now legend, with 1980 to break South Africa's economic rockets, mortars, smalt arms and many reports of rape, beatings and dominance in the region. advisors "who will not only teach, but worse. Peasants from Gaza described South Africa's ties to the MNR date also participate in attacks ." one such encounter : "At Madura, they back to its formation in 1976, although Mozambican field commanders told came and demanded money and food. the most active agents in its initial us that "Boers" (white ) They accused some people of being creation were ex-Portuguese secret regularly accompanied MNR bands in informers for government forces and cut police agents and Rhodesian the central part of the country . A young off the nose, lips and ears of a number of intelligence officers . Initial MNR officer who had fought in Manica people . Then they told them to go and recruiting grounds were primarily province described several dead white report to FRELIMO . " among the secret police agents and soldiers his battalion had discovered Reports filtering in from the bush African members of the elite Portuguese when it overran an MNR base at make it clear that these are not isolated special forces who had fled to Rhodesia Chidogo . South African passports and acts by a few disaffected MNR members, after Mozambique independence. other documents have been captured at but rather reflect the underlying strategy From 1976 the Rhodesian other MNR bases . Sara Muchalima, a of an organization committed to government provided the MNR with twenty-six year old woman who had banditry, marauding and terrorism with logistic support, arms and bases along been kidnapped by the MNR, said she the ultimate aim of discrediting the the Mozambican border. MNR bands saw ten European advisors who, along government. A high-ranking Western were sent marauding into Mozambique with Dhlakama, were evacuated . by diplomat in Maputo told us that although in retaliation for Mozambique's helicopter shortly before the base at he was initially skeptical, he now finds imposition of sanctions against Garagua fell. "reports of widespread MNR barbarism Rhodesia and its support to ZANU While South African soldiers do credible ." In one of its bloodiest actions, forces. participate in attacks, South Africa terrorists stopped a packed train fifty The achievement of Zimbabwean directs most of its energy to training miles north of Beira and raked it with independence did not end MNR MNR forces at military bases in the machine gun fire, killing fourteen and activities ; it simply shifted the Transvaal and providing supplies and wounding fifty others. operation 's major backer to South logistical assistance to the insurgents These tactics, together with the Africa. inside Mozambique . Mozambican field MNR 's reliance on narrow tribal appeals Today, with the wisdom of commanders in Tete and Manica directed exclusively at Shona-speaking hindsight, it seems true that although provinces told us that MNR forces are peoples, only one of a dozen ethnic and the Mozambican government continued regularly resupplied via airdrops at cultural groups in the country, belie its to combat the MNR, it seriously night. Mozambique 's long coastline is claim that it is a nationalist movement of underestimated the vigor with which also ideally suited for naval landings, freedom fighters disillusioned with the South Africa would promote the which are becoming more frequent. Key FRELIMO Party's Marxist strategy. continuation of MNR subversion . Thus to South Africa's war is the sophisticated Apart from its anti-communist rhetoric, Mozambique began to turn its energy communications equipment given the it lacks any political program and has toward national reconstruction . SADCC MNR. Thus MNR bands can maintain (Continued on page 4) 3 Albert Chipande, Minister of Defense, Major policy changes were adopted Ministerial also becomes Governor and First at the Fourth Party Congress to address Secretary of Cabo Delgado, while problems of the Family farming sector Planning Minister Mario Machungo and the provision of supplies to rural Changes assumed the same position in fertile areas. Zambezia province . Three other new Mozambican authorities realize that provincial governors were appointed. combating the MNR is just the first Announced Sergio Vieiera, formerly Agricultural skirmish in a long struggle with South Minister, was named Governor of Africa . That regime has a vital interest in Niassa. Aurelio Manave moved from ensuring the continuing economic A major reorganization of the Niassa to become Governor of Gaza. dependency of the SADCC nations . But Mozambican government was Jose Pascoal Zandamela replaced above all else is Pretoria's need to announced at the end of May . A Albert Sithole as Governor of prevent the consolidation of a popular government communique stressed the Inhambane . All three are members of the socialist society in Mozambique . Such a fundamental importance of defense "in FRELIMO Party Central Committee. state could serve as a beacon of hope the present phase of our history when Several important ministerial and a tower of strength for South our country is the victim of imperialist changes were also made to strengthen Africa's oppressed millions--Pretoria attacks and of an undeclared war." In an key economic sectors . Jacinto Veloso, will risk much to destroy it. effort to centralize the country's security former Minister of Security, was efforts at the highest level President appointed to the newly-created post of Allen and Barbara Isaacman are long- Machel assumed overall control of the Minister in the Presidency for Economic time observers and former residents of Ministry of Defense (Lt .General Alberto Affairs. Joao dos Santos Ferreira, who Mozambique . They have just returned Chipande remains Minister of Defense), had been extremely successful as from their most recent visit. Armando Guebuza was appointed Secretary of State for Cotton and is Minister of the Interior and Mariano known as a strong advocate of Matsinhe moves from being Minister of communal villages, was appointed 00 00 00 the Interior to become Minister of Minister of Agriculture . Joaquim Ribeiro Security. de Carvalho, Mozambique's first The government communique also Minister of Agriculture until his emphasized the "decisive" role of dismissal in 1978 for failing to A political mobilization in the provinces— implement the communal village Soutbern a theme which received a great deal of program, assumed the task of Minister attention at the recent Fourth Party of Foreign Trade . To give impetus to African G[ossarN Congress. Several senior members of geological prospecting, and to FRELIMO will take on the leadership of maximize the exploitation of important key provinces in addition to their other resources, a new Ministry of Mineral tasks . Marcelino dos Santos, Resources was created . The Minister is FRELIMO's Secretary for Economic Jose Carlos Lobo, previously Apartheid The system of segregation Planning, was appointed Governor and Mozambique's permanent representa- practiced by the South African First Party Secretary of war-torn Sofala . tive at the United Nations . government which regulates strict separation of people according to race in all aspects of life. THE MNR AND THE PEOPLE ' S COUNTEROFFENSIVE (Continued from page 3) African National Congress (ANC) Liberation movement of South Africa made no effort to organize the peasants whom we talked attribute the failure of founded in 1912 struggling for a free in the areas in which it operates. the early 1983 MNR offensive to the new non-racial democratic society based on Nevertheless, it has played a significant counterinsurgency forces and the the will of all its people. role in Pretoria 's undeclared economic, increased confidence of the rural political and psychological war against militias. Mozambique and its SADCC allies. FRELIMO's task is not an easy one. Early in 1982 the Mozambican For more than five years, many peasants Destabilization The act of disrupting leadership moved to initiate a new in the affected areas have been military and political strategy to combat subjected to attacks by Rhodesian and the social, economic and political situation of a country in order to bring the MNR . Admitting that the then MNR forces against which the about its weakness or downfall . Often replacement of guerrillas with a FPLM (the Mozambican army) could not used in reference to South African conventional army and the disbanding protect them . Commenting on this, one of many rural militia units had left the close advisor to President Machel told actions directed towards Mozambique, Angola and other black states of country unprepared for the MNR's us, "FRELIMO used up a lot of its southern Africa which oppose its resurgence in late 1980, in May 1982 political capital during the Zimbabwean apartheid policies. FRELIMO reactivated more than 1,500 war" by assuring peasants that peace in former guerrillas . Many of these are Zimbabwe would bring prosperity to organized in counter-insurgency forces, Mozambique . The peasants have Frelimo The Front for the Liberation of whose job is to harass the MNR deep in legitimate grievances which the Mozambique established in 1964 to fight the bush. The rural militia has also been government must continue to address. for the independence of Mozambique strengthened, a move aimed at Armando Gabueza, ranking member of which is now the ruling party of regaining the support and confidence of FRELIMO's Central Committee, and Mozambique. the peasants . As of August 1982 about Resident Minister of war-torn Sofala, 40 percent of the adult rural population stressed this when he told us, "We in Sofala was armed, and in the capital, cannot stand idly by, but must attack the Front Line States Term first used in the newly formed militia boasted economic and social problems, 1977 to refer to those black states which upwards of 30,000 men and women. especially the lack of material goods." because of their geographical location High Mozambican military officials with (Continued next column) and political stance are most involved

and' affected by the struggle for equality and independence in the southern Africa region . They are Mozambique, 0 0 0 0 0 0 Angola, Zambia, Botswana and Zimbabwe.

Linkage The act of linking together. The term is used in reference to the linking by South Africa of t¢1e issue of Cuban troops in Angola to the issue of Namibian independence. OFFICIAL NAME The People's Republic of Mozambique.

National Resistance Movement AREA (MNR) The group of South African 303,070 square miles (about twice the size of California). backed anti-government guerillas operating inside Mozambique. POPULATION 12,136,000 (1980) with about 94°/0 living in rural areas. People's Movement For The p RINCIPAI CITIES Liberation of Angola (MPLA) Maputo, the capital (formerly Lourenco Marques) a major port town. Liberation Movement established in Beira, second largest city and also a major port site. 1957 to bring abo~~t the independence of Nampula, northern city known for cotton production. the people of Angola . MPLA is now the ruling party o~l: Angola . MAIN EXPORTS Cashew nuts, shrimp and lobster, raw cotton, tea and sugar. Organization Of African Unity MAIN IMPORTS (OAU) Organization of independent, Industrial raw materials, food products, equipment, crude oil, spare parts and decolonized states in Africa which act as textiles. a body in attempting to promote welfare and resolve conflicts on the African LANGUAGES continent . Official language —Portuguese. National languages — Shonga, Maconde, Macua, Nyanja, Changana and many others. Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) Liberation movement founded GEOGRAPHIC DIUlS1ONS in 1963 .ZANU is the current ruling party Ten provinces with between 7 and 18 districts each. in Zimbabwe . MAIN RELIGIONS Christianity and Islam . No official religion. IMPORTANT DATES Southern African Development June 25 —Independence Day Coordination Conference (SADCC) (1962 —The founding of FRELIMO) Alliance formed in 1980 by Zimbabwe, (1975 —Date of Independence) Angola, Mozambique, Swaziland, September 25 -- Armed Forces Day Lesotho, Botswanna, Malawi, Zambia (1964 —Armed struggle began) and Tanzania for the purpose of February 3 —Hero 's Day developing joint projects which would (1969 — FRELIMO's first president, assasinated) allow them to break the economic April 7 —Women 's Day dependence on South Africa set up by (1971 —Death of women 's organizer Josina Machel) their colonial predecessors . September 7 —Liberation Day (1974 —Signing of Lusaka accords in Zambia which formerly recognized the independence of Mozambique from Portugal .) People's Organization (SWAPO) Liberation MASS ORGANIZATIONS movement founded in 1960 to advance OMM —Organization of Mozambican Women, founded in 1968. the independence of Namibia from OJM —Organization of Mozambican Youth, founded in 1977. South Africa which is currently waging armed struggle in Namibia (South West PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Africa) against South African forces . National Journalists Organization (1978 National Photographers Organization (1981) National Teachers Organization (1981) National Writers Organization (1982) 00 00 00 (Formation of trade unions is in progress .) EDUCATION Announcements If your group is llliterarcy -- 93°/o at Independence, 73°/o in 1980. planning projects, programs or other Primary School Pupils — 672,600 at Independence, 1 .330,000 in 1982. activities which relate to informing the Secondary School Pupils -- 23,000 at Independence, 94,000 in 1982. public about southern African issues, Secondary Schools — 33 at Independence, 121 in 1982. Mozambican Notes would like to tell our Agricultural Schools — 7 new schools since Independence. readers. Send information as far in Higher Education -- 1,748 graduates since Independence. advance as possible. Note : Before Independence only 40 of the 3,800 students at the University were black . 5 President of Ghana and CONCP (the A Look Back at the Past, Conference of Nationalist Organiza- To Understand the Present tions of the Portuguese Colonies), the three movements—UAMI rather reluctantly—agreed to merge into The Founding of FRELIMO FRELIMO under the leadership of Dr. Eduardo Mondlane. Insurgency ran deep in Mondlane's family. His father and his uncle had both fought in anti-colonial struggles at the end of the nineteenth century . After The establishment of FRELIMO (the independence, a problem shared by all attending missionary schools in Mozambique Liberation Movement) on the exile organizations . Influenced by southern Mozambique and South June 25, 1962, marked the beginning of nationalist gains in the neighboring Africa, Mondlane received a scholarship a new phase in the struggle against British colonies, all believed in the in 1947 to Witwatersrand University in Portuguese colonial rule . As early as efficacy of petitions, protest letters and South Africa where he came into contact 1960 the nationalist fervor sweeping non-violent demonstrations . They failed and collaborated with students opposed through Africa had captured the to realize, however, that because the to racial segregation, causing his imagination of a small, but growing retarded Portuguese economy needed deportation two years later . Back in number of Mozambicans in exile who colonialism to extract Mozambique 's Mozambique he helped to organize, and organized UDENAMO (the Mozambique human and natural resources, the was a leading force in the Mozambican National Democratic Front), MANU (the colonial regime would use all available Student Movement (NESAM) . His Mozambique African National Union), repressive measures to frustrate their powerful critique of Portuguese and UNAMI (the National Union of nationalist objectives. colonialism and the value he attached to Independent Mozambique) . From the Small in numbers, detached from Mozambican culture and history outset, however, each had a relatively internal bases of support, lacking a inspired a whole generation of younger narrow regional and ethnic character . In coherent strategy, and periodically high school students, a number of whom a country with a multitude of ethnic and engaging in self-destructive exile subsequently became prominent language groups parochialness posed politics, the three organizations hardly members of FRELIMO . His activities obvious organizing problems. posed a credible threat to the brought police surveillance, The one effort of any of these Portuguese colonial regime . In an effort interrogations, harassment and a organizations at political mobilization, to overcome the mutual suspicion which decision that he be sent to Portugal . In the peaceful demonstration rn 1960 at divided them, President Nyerere of the face of intensified police Mueda, Cabo Delgado to demand Tanzania invited the three in 1962 to surveillance, Mondlane fled Portugal independence resulted in the shooting establish their headquarters in Dar es- and continued his education in the down of 600 unarmed men, women and Salaam and work toward the creation of United States . The doctoral degree he children . What was revealed was the a unified movement . Prodded by lack of a coherent strategy for gaining Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, the (continued on page 7) more facts and figures

HEALTH Infant Mortality — 150 per 1000 at Independence, 80 per 1000 in 1983. Doctors — 281 at Independence, 404 in 1981. Population per Health care unit — 16,200 at Independence, 11,600 in 1982. 3,250 nurses and other health workers trained since Independence. PRODUCER COOPERATIVES 180 (with a membership of 25,000) at Independence, 370 (with 37,000 members) in 1982. COMMUNAL VILLAGES Since Independence 1,350 communal villages were established with 1,800,000 inhabitants. GOVERNMENT Single party — FRELIMO. President and head of party, Samora Machel. More than 14,000 representatives elected to local, district and provincial assemblies. The national assembly of 226 is nominated by the party's central committee. While Mozambique's long coastline provides good shipping and fishing FRELIMO PARTY MEMBERSHIP opportunities, its border with South 4,244 cells across the country. Africa provides Increased tensions. 110,323 members (with 53 .5% peasants and 18 .9% workers . Women represent 26% of party membership .) 6 THE HISTORY OF FRELIMO

received in 1960 made him Mozambique's first Ph .D. In 1961, protected by diplomatic immunity as a United Nations employee, Mondlane returned home a hero . In shanty towns on the outskirts of Lourenco Marques and in his rural Gaza homeland he met secretly with dissidents who detailed the increased oppression and urged him to organize a nationalist movement . He was also courted by Portuguese officials. Mondlane rejected their advances and left Mozambique inexorably committed to the struggle for independence . A little more than a year later he arrived in Dar es-Salaam and was elected President of FRELIMO. Mondlane's immediate objective was to forge a broad-based insurgent Samora Machel, Mozambique's president and leader of the party with Eduardo coalition which could effectively Mondlane, FRELIMO's first president in a photo taken during the armed struggle. challenge the colonial regime. At FRELIMO ' s First Congress in September 1962, a platform designed to be acceptable to all the diverse interests Books on t6e was adopted . The overarching concern—independence—dictated unity. Unity also meant incorporating MOZAMBICAN into the movement all Mozambicans, of Allen and Barbara Isaacman. whatever social class or strata— Mozambique : From Colonialism to peasants, workers, merchants, artisans Experience Revolution, 1900-1982 (Boulder, 1983). and chiefs—who supported the Analyzes the colonial capitalist impact common struggle . Thus, its objectives and FRELIMO's effort to initiate a and composition made FRELIMO a socialist path of development. fairly conventional nationalist front uniting ideologically divergent groups Edward Alpers. Ivory and Slaves in East Frances Moore Lappe and , Adele Negro on the basis of patriotism and Central Africa (Berkeley, 1975). Beccar-Varela . Mozambique and opposition to foreign domination. Examines the origins and the impact of Tanzania: Asking the Big Questions In the dead of night on September the slave trade and the roots of (San Francisco, 1980) . Compares 25, 1964, FRELIMO soldiers, trained in underdevelopment in Mozambique. approaches of Mozambique and Algeria with logistical assistance from Tanzania in solving basic economic and the surrounding population, attacked Wilfred Burchett, Southern Africa social problems facing each country. the Portuguese administrative post at Stands Up: The Revolutions in Angola, Chai in Cabo Delgado . Despite reports Mozambique, Rhodesia, Namibia and Samora Machel . Sowing the Seeds of by a loyalist chief of guerrilla movement South Africa. (New York, 1978). Revolution (, 1974) . Important in the area, the colonial authorities were Examines events and issues leading to speeches and texts from the armed taken by surprise, and the guerrillas formation of liberation groups in each struggle. were able to damage the post, kill one country and covers progress of each through 1977. Samora Machel . Establishing the policeman and wound several others People's Power to Serve the Masses before they melted back into the forest. (London, 1976) . Important documents The colonial regime responded quickly. Barbara Cornwall . Bush Rebels defining the essence of "people's It dispatched heavily armed troops and (London, 1973) . A first-hand account of power ." secret police (PIDE) agents to Chai, the armed struggle by a journalist who arrested and beat a number of visited the liberated zones in northern Mozambique. Eduardo Mondlane . The Struggle for suspected FRELIMO sympathizers, but Mozambique (Baltimore, 1969) . Written was unable to track down the guerrilla James Duffy . Portuguese Africa by FRELIMO's first president fifteen band or crack down the FRELIMO (Cambridge, 1961). A general history of years ago, it remains the classiobook on network. In retaliation, colonial troops Portuguese colonialism in Africa. the armed struggle. committed a number of atrocities. The raid at Chai marked the Ruth First. Black Gold : The Mozambican Barry Munslow . Mozambique: The beginning of the armed struggle against Miner, Proletariat and Peasant (Sussex, Revolution and Its Origins (London, the colonial regime. Employing classical England, 1983) . Contemporary study of 1983) . Analyzes the transformation and guerrilla tactics—ambushing patrols, Mozambican migrant labor flow to radicalization of FRELIMO. sabotaging communication and railroad South African mines. lines, and making hit-and-run attacks John Saul . A Different Road? Socialism against colonial outposts—and then Allen and Barbara Isaacman . The in Mozambique (New York, 1983). rapidly fading into inaccessible Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique Examines transformation taking place in backwater areas, FRELIMO militants (Berkeley, 1976) . Documents the long a number of strategic sectors were able to evade pursuit and and varied anti-colonial struggle in (agriculture, housing, education, (Continued on page 10) Mozambique. health) in contemporary Mozambique . 7 wounded Brigett O ' Lauglin, an American professor who worked with news briefs Ruth First at the Center.

MINING TECHNICIANS KILLED `OPERATION PRODUCTION' relating to consolidation of the family UNDER WAY and women 's active participation in In the dawn of August 21, a group of education. armed bandits overran a mining A program to relocate thousands of installation in Zambezi Province . Two unemployed city dwellers to rural areas Mozambican militia members who engaged in agricultural production worked at the mine were killed started in mid-June . In the first phase, defending the installation . Two Soviet those unemployed were encouraged to MOZAMBIQUE AND THE UNITED geologists, there as part of an sign up and indicate their preference for STATES NAME NEW international cooperation agreement the district to which they would be AMBASSADORS between the two countries, were killed assigned . Those with skills were by machine-gun fire in their bedrooms. promised that all efforts would be made A new American ambssador was Twenty-four other Soviet technicians to place them in work relating to their designated for Mozambique by were kidnapped from their residence. area of specialty. President Reagan . He is 45 year old Other foreign workers were left Thousands did sign up across the career diplomat M . Peter Jon de Vos. unharmed, but two Mozambican women country. But many who did not are now From 1980-83 he was the ambassador to and two young children were also subject to forceable removal unless they Guinee-Bissau and Cape Verde . Jon de reported kidnapped. can produce pressing reasons for not Vos replaces Willard de Pree who left in Attacks singling out foreigners leaving . In principal, all individuals over 1980. working in Mozambique by the MNR go 16 without permanent employment are Mozambique 's new ambassador to back many years with the kidnapping subject to this action but there are many the United Nations arrived in New York and murders of Portuguese workers. categories of exemptions such as those in early September . He is Manuel dos Since then workers of many other for students and housewives . Local Santos . He was formerly Mozambique 's nationalities have been kidnapped . An hearings are being held across the ambassador to Tanzania . Mozambique Italian employee of the electric country to examine the circumstances also announced the name of its first company kidnapped in April was released of others who may be exempt. ambassador to the United States. He is in July. The Minister of Justice and other Valeriano Ferrao who was the Secretary The aim of such attacks is to officials have assured the population of State for Foreign Affairs in the frighten off foreign technicians and that all aspects of legal procedures are Ministry of Foreign Affairs. close down projects of special to be upheld during the process of economical importance to Mozambique. relocation and citizens have been encouraged to report any abuses. 'Operation Production ' is part of the Government's answer to several of the RUTH FIRST'S DEATH problems currently plagueing the COMMEMORATED PREPARATIONS FOR THE country. The next issue of Mozambican CREATIONS OF TRADE UNIONS Notes will examine the background, A series of lectures relating to Ruth impact, execution and expectations of First and her work is part of the A conference to establish trade this program in detail. commemoration activities planned to unions in Mozambique is scheduled to remember sociologist Ruth First who take place on October 13 . Preparations was killed by a letter bomb on August 18, for the conference, including elections 1982. At the time she was in her office at of delegates from each province, were the African Studies Center on the started months ago . A meeting of OMM PLANS NATIONAL campus of the Eduardo Mondlane production councils held on June 30 MEETING University in Maputo. urged all workers to participate . In Ruth First was a white South African August, small groups went into factories Sixty-three participants assembled who after years of challenging the to explain the importance of the new in Maputo July 27—August 2 to begin apartheid policies of her country and union formations to workers throughout planning for a national conference of the being jailed there fled to England . She the country . OMM—the Mozambican Women's resettled in Mozambique in 1978 where Organization . The conference will she became the Director of 00 00 00 examine problems which primarily Investigations at the African Studies affect women in the society. Center. She was the author of several Themes to be discussed at the books including Black Gold, The upcoming conference include initiation Mozambican Miner, a study of the Go See For Yourself . . . The rites, premature and forced marriages, impact and consequences of the Mozambique Resource Center is adultery, abandonment and separation, Mozambican labor flow to South African presently organizing a summer 1984 divorce, prostitution and other social mines, published posthumously this visit to Mozambique for interested situations relating to the lives of year. individuals . It is a trip planned to provide Mozambican women. Ruth First was killed because of the maximum exposure to modern The document coming out of the close identification of her husband and Mozambican society . Details will be preparatory meeting spoke of the herself with the ANC and its goals. announced soon . Organizations necessity of paying attention not only to Agents of the South African regime are wishing to visit Mozambique as a group problems related to intergrating women believed by the Mozambicans to be should contact the Mozambique into the work force but also to problems responsible for the attack which also Resource Center for information . 8 MOZAMBICAN NOTES

is a monthly publication of The Mozambique Resource Center

Newsletter Editors: FRIENDS and NEIGHBORS Lisa Brock Allen Isaacman Melba Kgositsile Deborah Shanks LESOTHO : SOUTH AFRICA TRIES Roberta Washington BLACKMAIL officials have long said that Cuban troops would be asked to leave once the 00 00 00 Lesotho is a small independent threat of South Africa invasion or nation which has the misfortune of occupation was removed. SOUTH AFRICA ATTACKS AGA'N being surrounded completely by The question of `linkage' of the issue (Continued from page 1) another country—South Africa . All of Cuban troops in Angola to the access to the sea and other African independence of Namibia has been South African refugees—some ANC countries is controlled by South African rejected by most countries and members—who lived on the outskirts of border patrols . South Africa is using this international organizations including Maputo. peculiar geographic situation to dictate the OAU . The U .S . government But the 1981 attack against ANC to Lesotho what its refugee policies continues to support the viewpoint of homes in Maseru, Lesotho, coinciding should be. South Africa. with the Beira oil facilities assault, was a Lesotho officials say that between The issue of Namibian independ- warning to Mozambique that Maputo 2000-3000 black South Africans have ence will be one of the principle topics would be next . This January MNR official UN refugee status in Lesotho. debated at the next UN General initiated an offensive to capture—or at The South African government claims Assembly. least isolate—southern Mozambique, that Lesotho is a launching base for including the capital . According to ANC attacks against South Africa and Sebastiao Mabote, Mozambique's chief has demanded that all ANC members be of staff, by April MNR forces in the area expelled . South Africa's definition of had been routed. ANC militants includes anyone who may ANGOLA : THE FIGHT FOR It is against this backdrop that oppose the regime 's apartheid policies CANGAMBA South Africa launched the recent air whether they are actual members of the attack on Maputo . Ostensibly, the attack ANC or not. For eight days, in August, the South was in reprisal for an ANC attack in Both economic blockading and African backed UNITA forces with as Pretoria several days earlier . Although direct military attacks have been used many as 3000 men attacked the town of South Africa claimed that it struck only against the tiny nation . Last December, Cangamba in the central zone of at ANC military bases in Mozambique, a 42 people—mostly non-South Angola . South African bombers group of reporters touring the area Africans—were killed in a raid by South supported the anti-government forces unescorted said, "All the victims appear African troops in Maseru, Lesotho 's of UNITA in their attempt to occupy the to be civilians and there was no evidence capital . Lesotho fears a repeat attack vila . Cangamba is strategically of hits connected with the ANC, and no and without international intervention important because of the road access to sign of Mozambican missile on its side, it will be forced to severely other areas located there and its installations ." restrict or expel black South Africans in proximity to Luanda, the capital. There was a clear message in the Lesotho. Heavy artillery was used to attack, which occurred in Matola, completely devastate the town which Mozambique's principal industrial zone: suffered many civilian casualities . South Mozambique's fragile economy will be NAMIBIA : INDEPENDENCE African troops are said to have fired held hostage . Many fear the next target TALKS STALLED directly on civilian areas as well as will be the Limpopo valley, the nation's Angolan troop positions which were breadbasket, located within easy The Secretary General of the United defending the town. striking distance of the South African Nations, Javier Perez de Cuellar, The Angolans managed to turn border. traveled to southern Africa in August to back the attackers after having inflicted Despite South African attempts at talk with South African officials and heavy - casualities among their ranks. intimidation, Mozambique leaders SWAPO leaders in an attempt to After the complete destruction of the remain both firmly opposed to the racist overcome the impasse in talks on the town by South African forces and the system of apartheid and committed to implementing of U .N . Resolution 435 evacuation of the population to safer providing sanctuary for South African which would end South African control areas, Angolan forces withdrew to other refugees . Based on their own wartime over Namibia. defense lines. experience, however, they remain In a new twist on an old theme, Angolan authorities called on the convinced that revolutionary change in South Africa dropped two of its previous international community to condemn South Africa cannot come from the objections to certain parts of the plan the repeated invasions of Angolan outside but only through the internal and made the presence of Cuban troops territory by South Africa and demanded struggle of the South African people. in Angola the central issue. that South Africa and South African- For Mozambique ' s unflinching The Cuban troops were requested backed UNITA forces withdraw from opposition to apartheid, its commitment by the Angolan government in 1976 to southern Angolan territory held by them to create a non-racial socialist society help during fighting with UNITA, a black since August 1981. and its efforts to forge an independent anti-government group backed by The South African regime's attempt regional economy, the young nation will South Africa . South African troop to destabalize Angola is partially in undoubtedly suffer many more South invasions at the time threatened to retailiation for Angolan support to African attacks, along with other front- overrun much of the country . Angolan SWAPO freedom fighters . line countries such as Zimbabwe and Angola . THE HISTORY OF FRELIMO (Continued from page 7) A View from Within surveillance . In the two northern provinces of Niassa and Cabo Delgado Americans in Mozambique FRELIMO's peasant network provided critical supplies and ammunition. The word cooperatante is a with Rhodesian and later South African Gradually, although not without Portuguese word for " one who invasions into Mozambique. setbacks, FRELIMO consolidated its cooperates with ." In the case of Cooperantes as others are affected by power and drove the colonial forces out Mozambique, it refers to those who work security measures, which are at times of the surrounding regions progress- on contract for the government in one of cumbersome, to ensure their own ively expanding the liberated zones . By its several ministries . Since safety . The fear of violence can also 1968 the insurgents controlled Independence more than 30 Americans make for anxious moments. approximately 20-25 percent of the area of different professions, have spent from Few cooperantes found their and had opened a third front in the two to five years as cooperantes in "niche" on the first day at the job . Most strategically important central province Mozambique . Most left for Mozambique had to work hard to find it . A new of Tete. from the U .S . after 1977. language had to be mastered first. The expansion of the liberated The reasons . for going are as Cooperantes had to adapt to work areas, however, created new problems different as the personalities involved. procedures or methods sometimes very for FRELIMO—problems which Most desired to make a contribution in different from what they had known required creative solutions . Once areas some way to the development of a newly back in the United States. Often they had been liberated, the colonial state independent country which they saw found themselves struggling to perform apparatus dismantled and exploitative striving to drastically improve the lives the same type of work done in the States colonial economic institutions of it citizens under great handicaps . For but without the availability of equipment disbanded, new economic, social and many it was the wish to work in a place and material needed. political structures and relations of where one 's abilities are appreciated Mozambique is a beautiful country. production had to be introduced . For and critically needed. Its beaches, its open fields and these there were no precedents. Most of the cooperantes who have countryside are all special . However, the Moreover, to guarantee the active worked in Mozambique had followed real beauty and strength of Mozambique involvement of the peasants in both the FRELIMO's struggle to defeat is its people . Working in Mozambique liberated zone and the areas of conflict, Portuguese colonialists . For these provides not only an opportunity to FRELIMO had to offer them more than individuals it was a chance to see and contribute to a people's development just the end of the colonial order—what experience for themselves the reality of but also provides a stimulant to the was demanded was a vision of hope for a the Mozambican promise. growth of those who go there. new and just society. No matter how well informed Working in Mozambique is not From the outset of the armed cooperantes may have thought they without its difficulties as Americans struggle FRELIMO was forced to were about Mozambique before their there will affirm . But it has its own become more than just a nationalist departure, few were truly prepared for rewards . Views from Americans who live movement. Despite the united front it their new experience . The poverty is within will add another dimension which presented to the world, FRELIMO Was there, but so is the strength and you will find valuable to the really two entities throughout much of determination to eliminate it . On a day- understanding of life in the New this early phase— a conventional " to-day level, the supply shortages which Mozambique . Future articles in this nationalist movement unable to secure affect Mozambicans also affect space will explore the reflections of past an easy transition to power and a cooperantes . War, which should have and present cooperantes on their lives in revolutionary movement struggling to ended with independence, continued Mozambique. be born ." The demands placed on FRELIMO s U by its successes heightened the conflicting ideologies which had been submerged within FRELIMO since its Please enter my subscription to Mozambican Notes for one year. inception—the first, rooted in a narrow 0 Individuals $12 .00. Institutions $15 .00 nationalist tradition, sought merely to capture the colonial state . The second, I would like to receive a copy of Mozambique : From Colonialism to increasingly committed to revolutionary Revolution 1900-1982 by Allen and Barbara Isaacman, offered to new nationalism, recognized the necessity to Mozambican Notes subscribers for $8.00 ($11 .95 in bookstores). transform basic social and economic as well as political relations . By 1968 these I would like to make a contribution to support the work of the two different " lines " —as FRELIMO Mozambican Resource Center . As a supporter I will receive special periodicals came increasingly to refer to 0 them—each with adifferent social vision news releases and MRC announcements throughout the year. and class orientation openly contested Enclosed is my contribution of $ for power. Total enclosed $ (To be continued in the next issue .) Add $7.00 for air mail subscriptions. 00 00 00 Name Resources The Mozambique Resource Center carries books and reports Address relating to the Fourth Party Congress as well as other topics published in English City, State, Zip by the Mozambique National Institute of Books and Records . For a complete list, Please clip and return to The Mozambique Resource Center, please write us. P.O.Box 2006, Madison Sq. Station, New York, N .Y. 10159 . 10