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Tes South Africa Attacks Again teS September 1983 Charting a Path for the Future South Africa The Fourth Attacks Again FRELIMO Party The recent South African air attack together with its Rhodesian counterpart, on the Mozambican capital of Maputo, organized an anti-FRELIMO fifth followed by Pretoria's continued saber- column comprised of former Congress rattling, suggest that this region is Portuguese secret police and ex- becoming a terrain of increasing colonial troops, disaffected settlers and international conflict. South Africa's mercenaries that became the basis of attempt to redefine the conflict in Cold the Mozambique National Resistance Mozambique's independence in War terms, describing its borders with (MNR) . By 1978, from its bases in 1975 brought a radical improvement in Angola and Mozambique as "its first and Rhodesia, MNR was plundering the quality of life for its citizens. second fronts against Communism," agricultural cooperatives, burning Before independence Mozambi- carries ominous implications of a schools and medical centers, cans lived in a society where privileges broader global conflict. were sharply divided along racial lines. interdicting railroad lines, disrupting The .descendants of Portuguese settlers The May 23 air attack against commerce, attacking major economic and a handful of others enjoyed a Mozambique which resulted in the death projects and effectively paralyzing the standard of living far superior to that of of six and wounding of 39 is part of planned transformation of FRELIMO's the majority of the country's citizens. South Africa's long-term strategy to efforts to improve the quality of life in the Africans who provided the labor to make intimidate the struggling socialist countryside. the lifestyle . of the Portuguese possible nation . The strategy dates back to 1974, With the aid of these South African shared none of the benefits. before Mozambican independence, officers, MNR caused great hardships in Independence brought many when senior South African officials changes 1981 and 1982, regularly cutting the . Housing, health services and contemplated a preemptive attack railroad lines between Maputo and education were nationalized and against Mozambique to prevent reorganized to serve all the people and Zimbabwe, harassing trains from Beira, not just a priviledged few . Restrictions FRELIMO, the Mozambican liberation Mozambique's second leading port, to on jobs formerly reserved for movement, from coming to power . But a Zimbabwe, and periodically blocking Portuguese and white Mozambicans sharply divided South African rail traffic between Beira and Malawi. only were removed. Housing in the city government eventually concluded that Pretoria's strategy was clear. was subsidized and made available to the strategy was not feasible, though it Mozambique's ports serve as the all. Communal villages were established did give at least tacit support to an international gateway for many of the to make the provision of services to abortive white-settler coup of land-locked SADCC countries—most formerly isolated peasants easier. September 1974. notably Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia. Education was made a priority. Instead, South African policy- At the same time, continuous war, Without a viable transportation and drought and inexperienced manage- makers chose to put increasing communication network all other forms ment lead to uneven economic and economic and military pressure on of regional cooperation would be social developrnent. The Fourth Party Mozambique to ensure that the impractical and SADCC would be Congress focused on these problems government of Samora Machel could aborted from the outset, thereby and proposed ways to accelerate the not threaten their apartheid regime. insuring South Africa's regional building of the New Society promised at Since FRELIMO inherited an economy domination . In December 1982 South independence. totally dependent on South Africa, African raiders destroyed 34 oil storage Pretoria has been able to exert pressure tanks in Beir valued at more than $40 easily . Shortly after independence, for million. This led to a severe shortage in FRELIMO's Fourth Party Congress example, it cut the number of Zimbabwe. was held in Maputo April 26-30. Mozambican laborers working in the At the same time that South Africa The first Congress held in Tanzania gold mines from more than 100,000 to was intensifying its economic pressure, in 1962 brought together nationalist 30,000, depriving the new government of it was redefining its long-term military groups concerned with obtaining its most important source of hard objectives . Fearing the increasing independence for Mozambique and currency. Pretoria also redirected South popularity of the African National organized them into FRELIMO — the Africa's valuable export trade away from Congress (ANC) and its ability to attack Front for the Liberation of Mozambique. the port of Maputo and has threatened to strategic points within South Africa, The second Congress held in liberated build a new Indian Ocean facility to Pretoria embarked upon a campaign to territory in northern Mozambique in replace Maputo. compel its neighbors not to provide 1968 laid out a strategy for expanding South African military pressure has sanctuaries or support for the ANC . In the armed struggle and resolving been even more devastating . As early as 1981 it began attacks on the homes of (Continued on page 2) 1976 South African intelligence, (Continued on page 9) 1 THE FOURTH FRELIMO PARTY CONGRESS (Continued from page 1) internal conflicts . The Third Party Congress held in 1977 in independent Mozambique transformed FRELIMO, the front into FRELIMO, the Marxist- Leninist party and took steps to consolidate the gains made by the people in their ten years of armed struggle against colonialism. In preparation for the Fourth Congress, discussions were held across Mozambique on the principal problems facing the country . In January, Party members began electing delegates to attend . 667 delegates were elected from throughout the country . Of these 72 percent were peasants workers and Delegates during a vote on a resolution presented at the Fourth FRELIMO Party soldiers . One hundred and five women Congress. were elected . Twice the number who Other success stories came trom a sectors are to be provided with the attended in 1977. collective farm in Sofala where through support they need from the state so that The tone of the Congress was one of self-reliance and practical planning the they can do more in the fight against open frankness and honest self- members increased their food hunger. criticism . The report of the Central production and were able to organize a President Machel's talk stressed Committee included statistics and food cooperative and a communal lunch that small scale development projects appraisals of every aspect of room. which use local materials and resources Mozambican life . The cases of Overwhelmingly the delegates who which people can provide for successes, were pointed out as were the made presentations used the themselves will get extensive attention, examples of the failure of some opportunity to put before the nation's such as those involving increasing the government policies . For example, the highest officials the problems and production of fish, small game, and report stated that the policy of the state realities of life in their region and to small factories specializing in items to favor state farms over family farmers point out what they saw as the state 's needed by the population on a day-to- has resulted in decreased productivity shortcomings in areas that affected their day basis . The banks are to be for family farms . The report recognized lives most. reorganized to lend support, to these the need to break the dependence on Foreign invitees including Robert small projects . The Ministry of imported raw materials when local Mugabe, Zimbabwe's Prime Minister Agriculture is to be reorganized to materials could be made to serve. and Oliver Tambo of the ANC, presented produce more cereals, cooking oils The Central Committee report-also messages following the delegates' and meat. outlined the need for more peasant presentations . Support group Machel announced the state's participation in agricultural planning representatives from North America, intention to stem the tide of people involving their district. Scandinavia and western Europe were without jobs to the city and to integrate Following the presentation of the also present as observers. those unemployed already there into Central Committee report and an The election of the new Central agricultural units in rural areas. economic and social directives report Committee was the one session closed The Ministry of Foreign Commerce which outlined growth targets for each to all but voting delegates . It lasted will be reorganized to make sure that sector, there was an opportunity for hours longer than scheduled, an those products produced actually get delegates to give their views of the indication to many that there was a great collected and exported . Radical problems facing the country as well as to deal of discussion about its composition. changes were announced for the respond to the Central Committee The result was a Central Committee with housing authority. report . Common complaints were the 130 members — twice as large as the In his address before the people, lack of essential consumer goods, previous one . The new Central Machel spoke of many of the problems building materials, parts for repairing Committee
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