A Lower Lachlan Survey

• Pastoralism and the Landscape:

A lower Lachlan Survey

Anne 0 'Kane Cannon

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy

Department of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology The University of Sydney 1992

Volume II

N.T. QL·D W.A.: - ~ ·~A . ·- - -S ~ 1-\. ------. ·-· .... .•.t__...- ... ,_ N.S.W.

·, 4 ~Vic. Tas.

___ ...... _~·- ._ -~eJ·Y - SOU .TH .. ... ~~~ WALES -·· - . .... ·--·-

Lake Cargelhoo • ......

Sydney

ACT

200km

Fig. Al: Map of New South Wales showing the location of the lower Lachlan area.

Al (/) ~ 1:! ..... 1-.t()q ~ .

~. l'V~ LEGEND ~ 0 Wkm .. l46°E I I Maio Road ~~ Sto t:s"'d StJ:uvation Tanlc • • • • • • Railway 'woolslud o D s ~ 0 Town

~~('1) (/) ~ c-t- ....~~. 0 g ~ • (/) .... . t:SooDero1 t:s > ~Oq t-.:) Euabalong-- 0 g C"t- "-.."V / ~ 0 "North Whoey" " rt "Euabalong" ~~ O"o "Hyandra" b ...., "Uab)~b:a_:",_G,_': ~,)) s ~ • o "Wooveo wools/red" ~ ~ ~ ~. C/) ('1) . (/) •unthawang"-~ ("') :lP 4 g \ en ...... ,..._...... ,,_Tullbigeal Q. ~"',._N • "Willan~~J;Yw ~ ,..o "Merri Merrigal" ' ~ Cb ',~ ! Q. ~ ...... " Lake Brewster 5 ::s HILLSTON ::rc-t- 1 ('1) ~~ UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY C•rtogr•phy f VAilAlONG 21 ~ ... "'V II~ I N llii•CGE ()l.m CAitG{WGO wtl• 10."' , # .4 0 4 l 42 J3 44 -1 5 46 n 9 ,. N••df•s • 14 J5 / Swamp 68 67 \.- c , •~i i •• 66 .. /~ • •• - ~ - , I I • -~ . .) 36 19 lS 4 . .. 7& ,.,p# .. a.~ - -- ~ C• ~ •, "GIIntor·· •• -...... 13 - . -- . ~ \ ~ , : - 1 .....1)4110 .... ·-\. . '"Stlltll4irl" \. ~-- 62 57 c ,, • ...... ,"'· )8 ,---.A -·.._ ' . ~ ··------"' I ·.;; · I - ' J 10 f.· ·------~-- f ; - ~ "- . - • • • .81' ) - ..l Q8 - . . -=-"; ·- ...:-J. - z ~~ 'l . - . - - - - · ~ · -- . H - -""!'z - - -:_;· .,- ==-:v _...&! = - I -- - • ' n \ 59 I Rob~10n CrvtOe ~: • -,....,~;; St- • ~ ··t 4::::::: ij = Island · ' . I ~ ~ Silo ~ \s A Yll!dJO • ._ __ G u R A NGu· ""I. > I: • • r ? J .. " 87 .I' • r . - - ~- -- ... ·------· •• j I 101 .,/6 " - • I Sf • ...... • -~~

0 ...... ' .. _ ' (\ ~! .J Rubb•~ T•t . -_ 0 -- - - - •' • ~TAiill\ ~ - - --- ~/- . \.) ' I ,~ ' ~ - ISO • ' 0- , «.,."" ,,- · - - ·7J 789 t F ~ ,.. " -t~ --- (, <+-(J ------·· C) . ... ·-- • • C.~L.. ~:: ... . . '. / tAKE . IH . - . - . 1~ / CARGELL I ~ \."'~~ ,., - - - I ' Pt.49 ' I 9 ] b/ ,. • ; lSI! • • 6 ~-' - . - • ) Club , ~ r ,. • . . . 51- 1Bq ~ '36 - - - . ---.Pt . ~ Golf Cci9,.,. 41 ' . .dY/\ IS • r ;' ~I" • • • I ' 75 L . -;h n . " \ _ ---· -- 46 l - ! , ~~ ~ --· . -- --- . 45 --. - -.:..------::---- . ··~ , 1 ,.._ ' • , DEAf) DC . ------.- ...... :_ (5 -- - ._ ---- ·--.-- - -- I "'I 44 - COG. I ---. 67 ' 1M 112 I 56 Sl i:umblh •· ~ 79 Pt..Bo ~_ AN IE~ • --. -. ------,- .._ ~----- 7 - -- ' BARNEYS 9 6 - USIN l/ .---. --- -·I -- • 47 LAKE • ( ---- C.rvtlligo ~ 184 '\ ,- ~ "-. J '--.._ - . • • A ' / J- .

Fig. A3: Map showing the township of Lake Cargelligo, the Lake itself and tlle road links. Map is a photocopy of tl1e 1:50,000 topographic map of CMA of NSW.

A3 flY

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Fig. A5: Schematic layout of the township of Lake Cargelligo. Pl1otocopy of a plan in the Lachlan Shire Information Booklet, August 1980.

A5 9V

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Fig. A 7: Part of the map of pastoral leases in the Western Division of New South Wales in 1902. Map is a photocopy of the map held by the Western Lands Commission, Sydney.

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Fig. A8: Part of the map showing leases in the Western Division of New South Wales in 1928. Map is a photocopy of the map held by the Western Lands Com mission, Sydney.

A 8 Sketch Plan

showint~..-;~ LAKE CARG£LLIGO

StAle 1 Miles tD I Inch

VI LLAC£ Of EUAB.ALONG

~ . ~ ~

, ..\ I ,--, 1 \ 'Jk6ull/llr I \ I ' J \ ' ~· -----.. ,..,--- ' ' ) r'-' /,. PROPOSED ', t 1 J // IRRIGATION v~,.1 / / t - - - \.,._ ... ARL~ .... - , / / ake / / / .~~ ~elligo I ' I \ '-- - __ J CARGELUGO

~ , -

~.,,, ..... -6 Jt.y~ 1'(1".>'

Fig. A9: Sketch plan of the system of lakes and the Lachlan River. Photocopy of a.n original held by the Water Commission of New South Wales.

A9 •

,_--~ - - ·- ·- - - ·--- ·- ·- - - - ) --- I I I I I • • I . . I I I I I I I I I 1. • 'I I . . I .I I I

UMITS OF SETTLEMENT IN Ill 1825 after T.M. Peny 1830 various sources 0 50 100 milu 0 liiJ 1840 vanous sources 0 1848·9 rents of runs 1848-9

Fig. AlO: Ma.p showing the spread of settlement in New South Wales up to 1848-9. After Jeans.

AlO \ GWYDI R \ N \CLARENCE .. ,,- \ / ( ' ', NEW \ N.W \ \ Ll VE R PooL'-, ' ENGLAND, .. -- s , ... ' ' ) _...._ _,..!!.ACLEAY A L BERT \ I ,. ' PLAI NS .., ' Co ber I \ \ • I ... ' ) , BLiG0 ', ~<" ' ' ,( -"'~ " S. E >... \ ...., ----....___, ,. \ c ,. - ' ...... __ 1. .,,' ' / - ..... T.,, \ WEWNGTON \ ' I I N ' : E 1 ' ... ' ..· ' w ' :!\,"'. ~ ~' E :' LAC HLAN - ~D i str ic ts ' s }

MUR-RUMBIDGEE ', I I ~ I

I I ' NEW SOUTH WALES I MONARO PASTORAL DISTRICtS C1, 5C) 100 150 M ILE.S 1875

•

Fig. A l l : Map showing the boundaries of N.S. W . pastoral districts in 1875. A fter Jeans.

All • INVfR.E LL

WE STERN CENTRAL COBAR.. • \I('I~ o•r EASTERN

,., - .. r a ilwaY' 1881 major a r .:es of wheat expa ns ion 1881-1891

0 so 100

Fig. Al2: Map sho-v.ring territorial divisions in New South Wales under the Crown Lands A ct of 1884. After Jeans.

A1 2 TwudH~ds . ";.) Murwill'(';"bah Boqqabilla Kyoqle. By~ Bay \ l~'J~Or ~:31 . Ttbooburra J Casmo §~ Mortll ctnterfi~tld (/.) ~ ri alda • • Milparinka ···... .. ~ r tnvorq II ..._. ,.. "' • -,S r~wa rrin a • ~ •• Glctn lnnu ~Grafton ) NEw I r-.· . GLANDDo . ~ • ..J_ rnqo toe 1c • "0~ ~ "'";!_ ~ • • ~ / Coonamblc Mentlla 'Tilpa ~ . ~ \ '(:) Gunn (d~h /' -. ~ 0 "' "T"' ~ Walch ~ Cobar :b' Coonabara~{"" ' Tamworth. s· 411 Kctmpscy Oq r -f~erri s Ck. S ilverton 1 c:-t- Gll9andra • • "--" •,Murrurundi . Wau h ~uar i t 0 ,.. - Broken Hi II cvt.rt-irc • Coolah f . (' q tnqham lc ~ ~ ,, \ Mctrriwa ,1 scone _Tare~ (/.) . '"'- Go • : 1 o3r Na rromin ~ - ~6<--.- ., Muww~rllbrook ~ '/1 /f - ::J ~cz lli nq'fon ~ · '-· +c.. Dunqoq MtHope ..,~ . 0... ~ • ....., ·-co ...... _- ,..,. , Molonq e?. ~~~?.~!~~ ...... ~!!.h~.S; "\1 O~nq ~ Raymond Turace 1-&> - w c..v ~ I-Ii list~,. Forbis \ Bat-hunt ~ ,.,refl .\-~ ... _.. ..._ (/.) t.3' Blayn~y ~. Grqnfctll t3 • • , WutWyalonq Younq ~ Camt>belltown ~ 1-lay TQmora .. . / ~ Murrumburrah Br[S![C[nd dew e .I~7Jv~ ·JdA!H uefrr:n:?'J ~(n JO dprs ([J.rou dl£1 uo pd[{dA-e q uoJs[[!H pue sdq.zod udd.u1dq ({Jf!o:J aC£1 7tnp d}o_v ·ggg[ U! sa1OOJ ifu!rpeoJ pue A'r:!.'\1.(!1?.1 ifU!A\O[(S Sd[e \1 rpnos .1:ld 'J JO df!Jr'[ :p fV ·if!d 1 1

~ • • n • a ~ en • n ! I •(\ 0~ • :r~ ~ : ~ - C::> I 5! zo --f"'' J(~ I[ Cl ! ~ z :I: a • • ::c" ~ ~ a ••• c E I -4 )> , I [/) ,.,.., -z en

-CD CD (J'I

0 Tibooburr 0 • • eghtni~ Milparinkl • B A4 •Rid9ef 0 No- ...... A t>IC Colftrenebrl ...... b-.Y ..o'"'•' ~ ~ (b ~· c.•"·· (b en ~ ~ ~ B CJ)o._. 0 l:j ~ 1:: 0.. . A 60 0 60 100 160 5:-~t:"-1 White kllomutrn ~.g § Cliffs• ::0 0 ._.~ '"'1 (')~ .. f~-· ui'Kf~e~~pe (b No- ~ ' Clltegory ~(/) 0 "o 0 - Principe! Vtgetatlon end Soli ete.. a .._. ~ (b c.ot;:~ TrHI"' plelna - Including Mitchell gre•, ~(b-o A •ltbuatt end blulbuth plelna, atony downt end like blda. Moatly heavy gr.y end brown cleyt . ~ ~ A Coblt ...... " ..''"" ...... 2 ..... ~ dey loems. end tome ttxture contrett eolia. " b ' ~ ._. c:-t- Rtwr Floodpleln Woodland•- open coollbah A4 Eroken Hill end wwamp box wood I J!'Kft whh emell Mitchell ~~ ~.. cw •ltbuth plelne with level of heevy toila. § ~ C..tesort .. B/E c ct ..... (/) ~ Open low Woodlenda- m~lg. •ndhllla or mulga > • co+- ~ 8 ...... ~ (b ~ beleh-roat~>wood on level with gentJy (Jl ~ ~ tj undulating •nda, •ndy loerne end loema. A4 Some den• acrub. ~ ...... tj ...... '

-~ ~ ....QC / foG ( ;;:;, ~ \ :z: h \ ~ c ~ \ Coo

1" .. 'V' · ~'~ SCALE ~\ lunSO 0 so 100 150U~ ,.. --- - - ,. ~ \0 - ~ o' • 'v I Jll (' .,. oFI,.f Proportion of COUNTRY TYPE Wost•nn Div ision ~

Molloe Country 0 ~ 7.0

Sol tbush/ BI uobush Country Treeless Saltbush Floodplains (-t +I s . ~ ) Saltbush/Bluebush on Duplex Soi Is r :I J ~ . 8 ) 1~.7 Saltbush/ Bluebush on Brown Gibber Soils ~ ~ - S )

~ooloboh/Swamp Box Countrl • • • • • • • • ·I Treeless Mitchell Gross Floodplains • • • • 1.2 ) Woodlands with Cool a bah or Leopordwood []]] 9.7 ) 14.3 Swamp Box Woodlands tSS1 3.4 )

Mu Igo Countrz- Mulga on Stony Hill Country EE3 6 . ~ ) Mu lga on Sandy Country lZZJ 2\.0 ) Mulga with Saltbush/ Bluebush on Stony Hill Country (CJ) f) .3 ) 28 .0 Mu lga with Bluebush on Sandy Country ( X X l 0.3 )

Bimb le Box/ Pine Country Bimble Box/ Pine on Hard Red Soi Is 14.6 ) D 21.6 Bimble Box on Soft Red Soi Is [)()(j 7.0 )

Selah/ Rosewood Country Belch/ Rosewood on So lon ized Brown Soils l ~~~I 14.0 ) 1~ . 2 Bo loh/ Rosewood an Stony Hill Country I I 0.2 ) 99 .8•

Fig. A 16: Map of types of country in the Western Division of New South Wales. From the Fourth R epor t of the R oyal Com mittee of Enquiry into the Western Division of New South Wales, 1983.

Al6

t-r-"...... t--..40ho.l • c:c~.Y 1470 151° Em~ Creel! ,. ..-\ l Oo ~ Oq' ~· Block , • '-• """\ "' 1 w b-' . .,.-.-. ""'- .....,r.' 't · t.,~f:' ,.~t- I • ('b l- • r , -"' ~t? '-- . B o ... ~c • . .. \ . . -,-. - . ·-r-, · . . . ~(' ~t II • , , • Ci~ CLARE~<;'il-E ! ~ ~ a- ~{f) ·,. (CRAtONIC covER).. .. / .; i. <; 1 1 . .>//.... A-<-AJiV C/ lt> ~aASit~- · Clg. ,. (.., , . __ / ,. _,.-- .r,r.,. '-/ ~ •J cr ~ ! ·---. )1 /v' (. t ~.0 ~ _.')~;{ ( ~ s I '\. ,/I --·-' (r ~ ~ ..§' ~, :,.. -: :- ·' (/ r-.-- .., / /t ~ l;J '- , ""\: 'Y7 • s...... ~ _,· • • • ~ I ~ ' ("_,'A:--_ c . . \ ~,, - n 0 '"1 . ... , ~· .,.... I "' E ;.,r, \· - ~g ' ····"""' ''?': . l\~ ? C' I .-.... ~ ;: {Ii \.". II' .'', e,....._- ~""7' ...• r'\\..,.;(-, \o,,-0 I \ I : ~ c- , l • ;-:· ~ •• 'Y.. cr, ... , 0 ;~ \~~I ~ •" ~2" •• 'o" ARLING ~~ \ '!,)) \ .c '"1 t:: ~ ~ '\.t 1\\. I I ~ · L-{ \ c Sloe" j \ ... ,... EPRESSION 1-:a . • < {tf: ~ """ ~ · Lorne Basin ~· s ·~:;,Q-l l Ow \ t 01'11 I \, I 5' ~ ~D•,. ...,).( '~-'h}lo--,., 0 ' /'j ) ., ~ I I Z lt>Biock ,; ·-··,, ::·· ; ) _oco. I ~ 0 c. ~ ' Ct r • • I ~c. " .\ ' 0 ~ U< ' •· o ' / r '0 • , U> ' ' SYDNEY ~· I > I ...... \ Sync • On e 1, · ,, - , '._- ~ ( , .:) • ,_- re• 0> n \I•. ,, BOWEN ( 00 s.~ 33. • ~ BASIN - lJO- j ('b ~ .. ~ ,, • - · .. · ~::> \ MURRAY BASIN :' • ::J • • r · I>. , ~ .. "' ,. _, 1 $(/) • .(CRATONIC COVEP.) (/) 0 \ /C'3 \I~~. ;; (h ~ 't ~7 Cl~· i ] ! ~,/ REFEREI'o: CE ~ c: \ '¢';').,.I (") £' .. ('b ~ ,-....:. g /'VI ' 1~ /~ ) • b-' ·. • -< • ' '-~ • I o \ · /{ .. .. • Thrust g . / I I I L ·"-·-·'\., / .. ~ L . ~~ ·:. .I ""'~\_I• ;. P. 1 I •. \ • ' 'l., '<;'o o I ~ , ' I ' ~ ---,.,,,o, '""'' lr.d I ' , ..-...-... rrv~ru f11vlr I ~~ -.. ... \ . . c I I .....~ ('b \.r-2 /, ' ..... ,.··' ,. ,':> , (/) (/) ...... "~ ~ Tr4n:gr.-;.s•vt: I:-""·"' ~.~r. r< or I ...... v--v--v •opro~f,. ,,Jt:- niJ'r;:.; ~~ ~ ~.:;. n \ 'S ' J I '! ) '} ..,. ', 1. \ ·. ::J l \ ' J § ~ \.Lt' ., '• ( '• . ' I ' ' 0 :."'cr f:oo' "'o. on ,. ; L N ';¥f:'C"n -- • - · ~o ; rv<.tl•tJ.' Jf:tl!, lf:I•V'lr! I 0 0 1 \.~ · · , i , , : -, I 1" l1~ I c ••••••• Sl)t•.e l ,lttft; ' ~~ -,:, \1 'JJ •' ~ ' I. G? o~ lt,ur n "·Sy ~,. \ ' '\ " c. ... , t ~~ SCHEMATIC STRUCTURAL MA? "' ·\.~ r·~Ql--" ~,., ~ Jl. " I• II ~?~ 4~ ., - • - Lc...-e-t Clllt!OJ I')' :ttiJC!vrdl vnt:S l ~· ,.,..._,... ..q,.\8 I '.. • .,.. I of r • I!' .,.. , ' • I ~ ~ ~~ ., (:'~ J ~~ : l'rttl(:'lfiO•tPI rnr'l~') NEW SOUTH WAlES ~ ~ ,'> ,.,-:. .'. c? I . .:md :,;,.,._: I ...,, (I ~ ~ ... - . • r- .• I ~ ~ ' ' ."'(:> / ••(.i I t:: '"1. -I ~- ~' • , Syndtt•t•rtd '''"M 1 SCALE fl , _ 4 .tr d !J to,lcs ~(/) '-..~r ~ r 6(1 0 , 00 JiOt' I b-'N- .. - - . --...... l f _., . ., : .S:• u1 fvl.' 0 . • ,, . '• D " 3/0 K,lo.,..l••• • ·...... _ I .. I '•o I 1471 151., . ~r l'lc 1] ~ l - . • .l ------r----. .... ~ LAKE CARGELLIGO RAINFALL CHART ...... ~ l t' :. .. l .J .6! ... e l E e .. • .. t: - - .. 0 .. .D" ... .. ,.. .. ~ c ·..- c ... 0. u • ~ •" - 0 .. " • • -:J -.. .. 0 > • ~ :c l: - " < -" - <" Jl 0 z ~ 1- I111!2 0 0 tt 110 146 119 14 324 42 208 241 6S I~ 13tl) 14$ 83 16 ltll 122 1118-4 0 s 42 45 15 2~ 47 41l 160 61 124 90 Q)8 13tl5 72~ 91 80 161 52 119 0 60 182 --, en J7Q 177'i 4) . ., I!lao 18S 0 2 47 170 Ill 188 57 170 367 ) - 16o-4 1887 182 207 602 1 4 ~ 6; IS'J 206 217 52 17 75 075 )691 1118$ 18 .~8- ) 0 12 209 H H 44 6) q ;.. 166 906 1881) ,.,53 211 IS 462 412 19) 25 146 1:?9 20~ w~ z~q 2~n 18'KI 4"'>- 452 36 j74 200 209 IIQ lft 1117 H .... 1~} f!ql 594-- 61 71 293 208 19) 175 161 289 fqJ 57 123 2416 181)2 lOll 7 16.5 50 165 76 117 IH 361 2H 167 2011 INJ 181H 15 0 19 178 2}7 157 68 145 97 161 Jjb 82 1275 1894 511 I 3 I 365 }81 82 l I 0 }4 124 n 120 63 14 405 112 l' 278 1192 19().1 161 23 8 45 77 n 392 10 0 160 18 98 1065 1905 65 II IS 599 146 221 Ill 46 1011 2lq 0 IJ) I ~ 1906 15 I J I 403 46 192 911 47 14l Jb-4 21q 92 .... I J'CM 1907 .52 26 15 38 6 Ill 69 214 78 78 13b 61 906 19011 206 536 0 86 42 15) m 99 221 n 26 16 1390 1909 112 189 36 76 1911 S02 J-&5 62 0 205 n 14} }2 71 30 1-42 2H 1830 1912 H 23 29 0 2-1 195 2111 203 204 189 21~ 120 1518 1913 89 2H 439 2 376 181 102 18 54 202 I 9'1 1818 1914 12 2<1 60 49 125 62 II 0 19 8J 116 128 700 1915 61 2.5 I 21 181 145 179 165 IO'J 811 .. .,-) 142 1120 11l16 154 6) H 86 70 292 153 188 305 I-10 .).). 120 1940 1917 ISO 221 67 14 61 I Stc 217 20J 139 166 374 112 1903 191tt 225 o1 &0 7<1 9tc IN 71 192 ~0 7Q 7 4 JOS2 1919 3<& 82 35 )5 · 3911 7 9 36 30 35 7 151 8.59 )7 l-13 1694 1920 tt ., 65 -I 218 n2 251 28<& 261 169 1921 137 ISO 101 I 39 236 156 3J Ill 166 91 0 451 IBn 1922 9) 38 0 79 77 75 139 8<& 72 59 0 411 1129 1923 100 0 I 0 62 540 2.54 38 42 Ill 70 197 1415 191-1 21 412 51 148 96 246 81 299 123 63 -107 211 21S8 1925 437 65 70 17 lOll 326 153 156 26 2b 142 209 1785 1926 1tt 0 • •o 212 217 293 o7 152 72 28 .. 103 1661 1927 170 0 21 61! 29 2tt n 78 142 223 IU 58 1030 1928 203 910 343 103 71 1441 23tl 14 43 156 24 }4 2284 1929 0 0 In 249 29 H 71 12tt 175 54 36 220 1089 1910 23 20 74 132 811 362 123 n 27 435 136 419 1~18 "?J .,.,., 11-4 11 4 2159 193 I 36 IS .). --- 620 362 10<& 28 22 190 19>2 0 1-4(1 135 36tC 30 56 911 166 JOO I':I 86 55 14S"S t9H 107 26 49 H 10'1 ;o 120 83 170 81 H7 34" 1630 191-1 226 311.1. I 140 0 79 196 199 61 4b7 32ll 72 2106 193} IH 1211 ; w~ 2 36 lj5 44 96 106 36 sq 1221 193b 693 360 392 32 j~ 131! j()7 108 100 61 9 282 2520 19)7 117 0 74 311 100 105 5 185 24 JQ l2 8:> 782 1938 51 2tt 0 112 57 ll6 233 295 Jj6 Wl 10 0 1488 1939 j fl 236 691 602 ll 278 1111 290 71 197 254 II 2819 19-40 2 0 0 410 4l 6 25 20 b7 0 0 147 720 1941 sn 20 215 14 200 58 2 24 62 36 53 60 lll7 19·'2 ~ 27 l()q 26 259 302 811 57 bO 270 15 179 1480 1~3 lSI 32 8 95 294 70 145 111 189 }I 431 l 1571 19« 2~ 76 124 1-18 26<& 41 10 212 H 101 67 47 1154 • 19-45 2311 sq 29 27 195 215 15b 79 10 217 25 63 llll 19<&6 .)"2' - lH 105 ~ 69 8<& 6l 25 27 9 126 21 4 1419 19-47 301 102 100 10 95 329 115 117 75 jj() !116 2-434 • 1941l 135"' 413 0 261\ 125 484 II 136 26 97 104 157 1957 19-49 30 101 273 109 193 55 77 16 203 HI 25t' 78 1119 1950 197 S-48.. 463 85 1}8 254 290 112 82 llO J05 106 2910 195 I 1.52 .)) « 61 I btl 2J7 121 1.55 195 140 90 IS 1414 lllH 0 25 352 no 40<& 190 17-4 12U 71 310 270 102 2~ 19>3 142 no 0 1111 93 25 21 296 136 lOJ 156 5 14JS 19;4 511 127 4 17 22 157 10 171 66 232 358 380 2115 195 5 0 583 378 )j 2111 204 20il 286 156 296 92 JO 2j()4 19>o 16l« 385 68tt 356 2<18 202 390 201 13 I 310 13 0 3142 • 1957 79 143 2ol 51 9 133 2.53 126 3 24 33 109 981 IQ51< 80 321 130 125 216 61 IH 146 1.55 189 32 44 1633 1959 16<1 227 693 129 62 192 113 15 65 28.5 57 2 2009 1%0 102 210 72 31 2-44 26 225 IM 239 77 155 112 1751 1%1 120 15-1 38J 6>0 8 138 134 285 35 59 567 442 2956 1%2 6liQ 0 200 10 224 stt 191l 262 911 H 40 120 1934 19b3 16j ltltt 296 f()q 175 202 IH lOll 117 192 8Q 143 1921 1964 17 14 64 371 <&fl. 201 71 75 301 289 210 27 1699 1965 (I 32 0 103 107 611 53 141 63 202 149 1117 1005 l%f 2; 20 401 20 aqs 25 74 173 132 151 240 104 1558 1'+~7 IQ 10 177 0 611 24<& 16 !II :S5 123 }(\ 0 80) 1~(\11 I 0 I j(l ;5 2111 )4(1 24 142 140 23 104 95 24ft 1718 19&Q 12) 4f.O 607 14!l m 1711 170 Ill 8Q qe 41 (1 12 2805 1q1o j(.$ 121 2)1 -;q ·, 110 J2 g 2)1 H8 103 2J) 2050 l

Fig. A19: Rainfall cbart for Lake Ca.rgelligo, 1882- 1973. After Nixon.

Al9 YEAR HUNTHAWANG LAKE CARGELLIGO

1890 23.47 24.05 1891 24.29 24.16 1892 13.45 17.95 1893 13.28 12.75 1894 23.47 26.91 1895 08.82 12.70 1896 12.60 12.45 1897 09.28 12.62 1898 12.35 12.71 1899 08.17 11.05 1900 12.71 14.45 1901 07.99 13.50 1902 05.31 08.99 1903 06.84 11.92 1904 10.65

Fig. A20: Rainfall cha.rt for Hunthawang station, 1890 - 1904. Compiled from :figures in the station records, held by ANU/ ABL, AML&F Co. papers, Deposit 6/ 53.

A20 The graph below shows the relationship between rorn(o/1 (--line} and stock numbers (-- - line) in the Western Division. Stock numbers ore expressed in millions of sheep plus millions of caccle x 8

Stock m1lhons RaJnfaU (mm) 1 ~ - sool / I\ I I I I '1 I \ I I I \ \ I i. I

I I ' \ I 12 It ' - I \ I \ I I \ I I l I I . ' I 400 ' I "\ . at ''\ •l '\ I '1'', / - ...... , 1 ... ; \ I \ .!-, 1 '~ \ , " . \ I \ i'• \ , f (\\ 1 I 1 .\ I \ /'\ / \ I I \/ ' I ', .•..' ' 1 ' I I I \ I ' I ' I 14 ~'-"A (\ 1\ 'v' I \ I 30

.....

L I __ j 1890 1910 1930 1950 '1970

Fig. A21: Relationsbip between rainfall and stock numbers in the Western Division of New South Wales. After Stanley.

A21 8

6,~ / ' \ ~,~ QUEENSLAND ~ , =· ' I . . ~ . - · -IGWYOIR :,NEW-_ t~ " .,... . - )-- ~-. , _,ENGLAND 2 · .... /.I:I.YERPOOL ', ~ •. \ ~' 'PLAINS : I I, \ \ .... - ... . . , \ -, - •.. 1850 1855 1660 1665 I 'BLIGH I.- I ' t TOTAL N.S.W. A\STORAL OfSTRICTS I ' I' ' ' -.I ,' 'WELLINGTO N \ \ • .... I 10 I I SYDNEY•· I (" 8 1 LACHLAN ~ (. ... . -- --; •. 6 ' \ .... , , ' '- ·. \ .·. . I ~. • ... ·.-. ~-·-· . VICTORIA MILE.S 2 • • • o to 160 1 esc 1855 1860 1865 N.S.W. PASTORAL 0 I STRICTS MURRUMBIDGEE 6 "'r .. 2

6 1850 1855 1860 1865 ... BLIGH

21- 1-4 r :, I I 12 ~ I I I I I I 1850 1855 1860 1865 I I LIVERPOOL PLAINS 10 ~ I I I I I 8 ~ I "' I I I I 61- I 6~ I I " I I -41- I ... '

2 2 ---- ,.,

1850 1855 18 60 1865 1850 1855 1860 1865 LACHLAN WELLINGTON 1 Sheep : cattle ratio in N.S.W. pastoral districts 1850-1865 Based on number of head of sheep/number of head of cattle Source: Statistical Registers of N.S.W.

Fig. A22: Tbe sheep - cattle ratio in New South Wales pastoral districts, 1850 - 1865. After Buxton.

A22 20 N.S:W. SHEEP

. N.S.W. CATTLE X 6 16 I I /\ I 1<4 , ''.... ,I \ ' I / \ , ..... "'* .. \ ., ...... I \ 0.. / a .... I 12 / ',.,,...... ,, UJ / I UJ I X I ', .. --- ••.. .·VIC. SHEEP I • • • (/) 10 •• • • • • •• I •• •• • • • • ,.-' -- ... 0 ...... •• z 8 ,_, / • 0 t-______.....-

-_J a _J • • • • • • • • • :E 6 • • ,. • V I C. CAT T L E X 6 • • • • • • • .... • • • • • .• • • • • • • • 0 •• . ... -·- ·-·-·-'. ·-...... -·-.-.- -4 ·'. -·-·,_ . ' ...... ,...... _ . --. .,.,... , ...... " - ·-· 2

1851 1856 1861 1866 18 7 1 2 Sheep and cattle: New South Wales and Victoria 1851- 1873 Cattle numbers X 6 to indicate relative areas utilized "Queensland separated from New South Wales Sources: Statistical Registers of N.S.W.; Statistical Registers of Victoria

Fig. A23: Numbers of sheep and cattle in New South Wales and Victoria, 1851 - 1873. After Buxton.

A23 O"RUNG OOWNs .;'" i r.._ ,_-)\. ,r- -- - · -- ~ - · - · - · - -·- - -·-·-·- ·- - ) -- - ·- ·- · ~ I o I I ' f I I I I . , I i / '~ ,I I '• I I '\wellinntn I 1 I ' I '• • I ' .I I I I I I lachlan

...... urrumbidg~ SHUP CATT\.(

PORT RATIO OF SHEEp TQ . PH IWP tATTLE NUMBERS, 1848 0 SO 100 miles

c......

Fig. A24: Ratio of sheep to cattle in the pastoral districts of New Sou tb Wales in 1848. After Jeans.

A24 •

. . ..· . . .. • . . . .• . • ...... • 0 • .• .. ' ...... • .• . ..

., v • • 1: I,

Ovtl" 200~ 200 PERCENTAGE CHANGE...... - ISO IN SHEEP INCREA - ·--NUMBERS- -- -- 100 1861-1871 . so .. 0 SO 100 rnilu o {counties ;tnd p;tstonl d o~~rich \ DECREASE ·.. ·I • 2S

Figure 57. Percentage changes in the numbers of sheep in counties and pastoral districts, 1861-71. Source: Statistical R(gisurs.

Fig. A25: Percentage changes in the numbers of sheep in New South Wales, 1861 - 1871. After Jeans.

A25 gzv

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Fig. A28: Tbe many steps made by wool between leaving tbe sh earing sbed for transport to market and being loaded on to a ship for export. After Ingpen.

A28 ~ . ..,." - f ~~:r'~. -~ · ~

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Fig. A29: Severe soil erosion in the Western Division of New South V\TaJes has left a fence suspended in the air (wire is in the foreground). After Lewis.

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Fig. A30: Map of part of the Western Division of New Sou tb Wales in 1903. A patchwork of small selections line the river. Map is a photocopy of an original h eld by the Western Lands Commission, Sydney.

A30 .

Fig. A31: Aerial photograph of the Lachlan River near Lake Cargelligo in 1965. The area to the south of the river is a patchwork of paddocks, reflecting the long history of land division for agriculture. To the north of the river the open range used for grazing shows much larger units.

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Fig. A34: Shearing with machine shears in a large and efficient shed. There is shelter for the sheep and tbe shearing board is kept clear by the board boy. Published in 1896 by Hutchinson N.S.W., The Mother Colony of the Australi as, Government Printer, Sydney.

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Fig. A35: Feeding hay to hungry sheep during a drought in the Riverina. Pub lished in The Australian, 23 August, 1902.

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FO,STER'S REEF GOLD MINI;, 'LAJ\£ CARGEtUG.O, IN 1877.

Fig. GNl: Photograph of the Foster's Reef gold mine at Lake Cargelligo in 1877. Photograph was kindly supplied by Lake Cargelligo Historical Society. It was used in the article by Dowd (1943) in JRA.HS.

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Fig. GN3: Boating, at the jetty on Lake Cargelligo, in the 1920's. Photograph: Cannon fa.mily archives.

A42 -

Fig. GN4: A social gathering at Lake Cargelligo on January 1, 1929. Goat races on the common. Photograph: Cannon family archives.

Fig. GN5: The New Year races, 1929. The goats and sulkies at the line with the starter. Photograph: Cannon family archives.

A43 .~ .....

Fig. GN6: Foster Street, Lake Cargelligo, from the west. The Lake is visible at · the end of the street.

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Fig. GN7: The Royal Mail Hotel in Foster Street, Lake Cargelligo.It is built of red bricks with a wide wooden verandah.

A44 Fig. GNB: The G.B. C. Bank in Foster Street, Lake Cargelligo.

Fig. GN9: The G. B .A. Bank on the opposite corner of Foster Street, Lake Cargel ligo.

A45 •

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Fig. GNl 0: Photograph of a postcard made from a photograph taken during a dust storm on January 26, 1938, in Foster Street, Lake Cargelligo. Photograph: Ca.nnon family archives.

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Fig. GNll: The base of a water tank to service trains at tbe Lake Ca.rgelligo railway station, the tenninus of a brancb line.

A47 '-=..• :t. i;

Fig. GN12: The mallee-roller at the Lake Cargelligo Historical Society Museum.

A48 •

Fig. GN13: 1928. A bullock team ploughing out a rabbit warren on the banks of tl1e Lachlan River. Note tbe absence of grasses from the rich flood plain. A ring-barked tree bas collapsed in the foreground. Photograph: Cannon family archives.

A49 \

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Fig. GN14: The traces left of the permanant way of a former railway line. It ran from the main western line to Mt. Hope. The tracks were removed for re-cycling during the materials shortages of World War II.

A 50 1\ Fig. GN15: Ploughing on recently cleared land to tbe north of tbe Lachlan.

< Fig. GN16: A shade tree on a recently cleared plain near the Lachlan.

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Fig. GN17: Kitchener's Tank. Tbe small attached silt tank is beside the tree. The surrounding area is bare for some distance from the ta.nk.

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re 5.5 Rabbits during a plague some years ago in South Australia. The picture was taken near t he corner teed area.

Fig. GN19: Rabbits congregate at a waterhole. Tbe surrounding area has been stripped bare of all vegetation. Photo is from the collection of the Australian N a.tional Library, Canberra.

A 53

Fig. LSl: Box trees on the Lachlan River plain.

Fig. LS2: View across the former saltbush plain.

A 55 Fig. LS3: Established river gums on the ba.nk of the Lachlan.

Fig. LS4: Box tree on tbe river plain. Cultivated ground in the foreground.

A 56 Fig. LS5: A bend in the Lachlan River. Where the river turns there are deep boles that always bold water.

Fig. LS6: Around the bend. The banks of the Lachlan are steeper on the north side.

A 57 Fig. LS7: Box thorn and rolly polly weed on the black soil of the river plain.

Fig. LSB: Bathurst burr infestation on the river plain, with eucalypt suckers in the background.

A 58 •

Fig. LS9: Tbe view across the the plain once covered in old man salt bush.

Fig. LSlO: Booberoi Creek with varied eucalypts along its course.

A 59 Fig. LSll: The landscape re-made. The main irrigation channel on Hyandra.

•

Fig. LS12: Irrigation channels on Hyandra. The land has been repeatedly graded using laser technology.

A60 Fig. LS13: Red soil country to the north of the Lacblan, with the original tree cover of cypress pine and box.

A61 •

•

Fig. L$14: Red soil country north of the Lachlan. A cleared fence line among tree cover of cypress pine in a fairly original state.

A62 Fig. LS15: Red soil cypress pine country after being cleared for wheat growing.

Fig. LS16: Red soil mallee country beside the Lake Cargelligo to Mount Hope road. There is mallee regrowth on the verges.

A63 . •

Fig. LS17: Panoramic view of red soil mallee country from Mount Grace looking north. Before clearing.

Fig. LS18. From the same vantage point looking east across recently cleared land.

A64 Fig. LS19: Wooyeo woolshed standing in a sea of wheat near the Lake Cargelligo to Euabalong road.

Fig. LS20: Red soil pine country cleared for farming. On the south side of the river where there bas been most agriculture.

A65 < Fig. LS21: An overhead tank supplied by a well. Pump is driven by the windmill. This is a typi cal arrangement for a wa~ ter supply away from the Lachlan.

Fig. L$22: The silo com plex wi tb the grain ele vator tower in the fore ground. At the railhead at Lake Ca.rgelligo. v

A66 S~lOd81J 8~!8 a X!puaddy Site BB : Summary

Name of Property: Booberoi Town/ district: Euabalong LGA: Co bar Location: Approximately 12 km from Euabalong on the Euabalong to Gunebang Road Map: 60/39 (homestead), 66/44 (pumping station), 53/44 (shear ing shed), on Kiacatoo 8231-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BBl Owner: Southern Estates. Resident Manager: Mr. Don Higgins Sites: Homestead complex - Site BB Report 1 Shearing Shed- Site BB Report 2 Pumping Station- Site BB Report 3 Features: Huge Pumping Station ( for irrigation) Major irrigation development Drop-log structures Pressed-metal ceilings in homestead Underground water tank for house rainwater supply ( ce ment lined) Landscape: An important feature of the study area is the presence of a major creek which branches out from the Lachlan River on Booberoi station and rejoins the Lachlan some thirty kilometres to the south. The country enclosed between the creek and the river consists of old floodplain and the soil is either black clay or yellow loam. Consequently, this country has a much higher stocking capacity than the red soil country nearby. In the area near the origin of the creek, on Booberoi, there are numerous swamps and gulleys which retain water for a long time after heavy rainfall or river "freshes". Thus, portion of the river section of Booberoi is subject to "natural" irrigation. This feature of the original landscape probably lead to the development of the present extensive system of irrigation works. Booberoi is the most easterly of the properties in the study area. Situated on the north bank of the Lachlan River, Booberoi exhibits a range of land types: (a) Near the river, large tracts of black soil plains, subject to flooding and largely cleared of timber. This is the most intensively farmed part of the property with extensive irrigation areas dating from the late 19th century. (b) To the north is the backcountry of red soil plains, now lightly timbered with box and pine, which is the focus of free-range grazing on a large scale. No trace remains of the original saltbush cover and much clearing has occurred. (c) Yet further from the river is a belt of light red soil plain densely covered in mallee, this is the least disturbed area, probably because of the high cost and uncertain returns of clearing such country.

Bl • Summary BB

Photographs: Figs. BB2 to BB31 Diagrams: Figs. BB32 to BB36 Published Sources: 1. The Pastoralists' Review, Feb. 15, 1912. Article in series "The Pastoral Homes of Australia." This Journal is difficult to find in many libraries, but a complete set is held at the Australian National University, Archives of Business and Labour, in Canberra. 2. NSWGG, 11 July 1885 Listed as Booberoi, Pastoral Holding No. 179, with area: Leasehold: 61,899 acres. Rent £ 322.7.10 (1.25d. per acre). Resumed: 60,512 acres.Licence £ 204.17.2.(£2.3.4. per acre) Holder: Alexander Thomas Haley 3. Report of the Royal Commission to enquire into the Condition of the Crown Tenants in the Western Division of New South Wales, 1901. Part 11, Page 852. Return showing Name of Owner and Number of Stock on each Holding in the Sheep District of Condoblin. Unpublished Sources: 1. Budd Journal, p.38(2), p.42(1) 2. Oral sources, both at Booberoi and in local community. See Notes for details. 3. Some 20th century station books held on Booberoi.

• Site BB: Report 1

Na1ne: Booberoi Homestead Complex District: Euabalong LGA: Co bar Location: Approximately 12 km from Euabalong, on the Euabalong to Gunebang Road Map: 60/39 on the Kiacatoo 8231-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BB1 Photographs: Figs. BB2 to BB7 Diagrams: Fig. BB32 Date of Site Visit: 5 January 1982 Recording Circumstances: Following telephone conversations with the resident manager, Mr. Don Higgins, a site inspection was arranged. Mr. Higgins, Mrs. Higgins and several station employees first showed us around the homestead and garden, but they were unable to supply definite dating information. Mr. Higgins is from a local family and spent most of his childhood on Booberoi when his father was the manager, and so has considerable local knowledge. The recorders were able to confirm that the property has been run by a series of managers for many years, which is consistent with the relative simplicity of the homestead. There is no local tradition of a remembered social life centered on the house. For many years Booberoi was owned by F.W. Hughes, who also owned properties near Hay and Denilequin and several wool processing plants (1). Detailed recording of the homestead was outside the scope of the survey. The aim of the visit was to determine the approximate date of the complex, to record the style, form and scope of the complex and its role in the life of the station as a whole. The informants were very co-operative and supplied as much information as they had available. Mr. Higgins accompanied the recorders throughout the process of measuring a.nd photographing the structures, giving explanations about function and background where known. He also pointed out the site of the now-demolished workmen's living quarters and the traces of an old Chinese garden. Permission was given to visit the other Booboroi sites independently. The woolshed and the pumping station were recorded on subsequent days and are discussed in Reports 2 and 3 following (this site). Structures: The main standing structures on 5 January 1982 at the Booberoi Homestead are shown in Fig. BB32. They included: weatherboard homestead underground water tank small cottage jackaroo's quarters office

• Report BBl staff housing block meat house modern farm and machinery sheds stables old sheds (parts of original drop-log elements remaining) various unidentified small footings HOMESTEAD Booberoi has passed through the hands of a series of owners. They include Mr. Robert Smith and Co. who owned it until 1880 and used it as a cattle run with "about 7,000 head of cattle" (as reported in the article in The Australasian Pastoralists Review! ). It was then acquired by Mr. Alexander Thomas Haley, son of Cornelius Sharpe Haley who arrived in Sydney in 1838 and soon took up runs in Victoria. Later it was held by Mr. F.W. Hughes who also owned properties near Denilequin and was also involved in wool processing. At the site inspection, the manager was not able to supply precise dates for the construction of the buildings, but he was aware of various changes that have occurred this century. In particular, the survival of a small room behind the house which is thought to be the original kitchen suggests that an earlier house may have been demolished to make way for the current wooden structure. The article in "The Pastoral Homes of Australia" series in The Pastoralists Re view, claims that "the homestead was originally erected sixty years ago, but Mr. Haley 2 has improved and enlarged it considerably" . No details are given but a photograph in the article shows the present three-gabled structure. Pressed metal ceilings in some rooms of the house indicate a date in the early 1900's for at least part of the structure, which is consistant with construction or renovation at this time. The large underground water-tank is unusual in the area, the only others known being at Hyandra (Site HY Report 1) and Brotheroney (Site BY Report 1). Remains of drop-log construction in some sheds probably date from the early years of occupance. The Booberoi Homestead Complex is not as extensive as several others in the survey, in particular Uabba, Hunthawa.ng and Merri Merrigal, probably reflecting the less centralised work-patterns on this property, where much activity is fo cused in the area of the pumping station and irrigation cultivation. The shearers huts near the shearing shed were also used throughout the year for housing other workers, particularly casual and seasonal employees. Moreover, the property is near enough to Euabalong to allow daily commuting by some workers, so housing was not provided for all the employees. The complex has the usual elements of sheds, stables, work and storage areas, staff housing and office space. The style, in terms of materials and design, is less unified and individual than the others in the area. The station has been a large local employer. Even in the 1950's approximately twelve permanant and numerous casual jobs were available. Many local people, in cluding Aboriginals from the village of Euabalong, have found work on the intensive

B4 Report BBl irrigation, stock and cropping operations at Booberoi. Some of these people have later moved to other and more senior positions on surrounding properties (2). Booberoi has been a strong influence in the area because of its size and its early use of powerful technology. Activities included: • early and extensive clearing • large scale irrigation • extensive dry-land farming • fencing • stock work • rabbiting (contractors were employed until the 1960's) (3) • horse breeding • horse breaking • shearing (shearers were hired individually from within the district) ( 4 ). There has been a tradition since early this century of ruviding operations between a Stock Manager and a Farm Manager, probably dating from the commencement of large-scale irrigation in 1901 when the weir was built. Landscape: The homestead complex is set near the Lachlan River, beside the Euabalong to Gunebang road. Land here is rich black river flats. Much has been cleared but it is laced with gullies and timbered patches. Eucalypt stands persist along both river and creek frontages. In the 1912 article in Tbe Pastoralists Review it was described as "composed almost wholly of gently undulating country, with occasional plains. The timber consists of kurrajong, box and yarran, practically all undergrowth having been cleared away, leaving sufficient for shelter purposes."3 Kurrajong may still be seen but little yarran remains. Much land in the homestead corner is subject to flooding. In large floods, such as those in 1950, 1952, 1956 and 1990, the waters remain for several months thereby isolating this area. Booberoi is fortunate, however, as a partial solution is provided by the railway line on the northern side of the property, which is rarely cut for more than a few days even in the worst floods, but the lower lying areas can be innundated for months at a time. This area has been the subject of much pastoral and agricultural modification for over a century and so presents a mellow and much modified aspect, of the kind favoured by landscape painters that is often regarded as typically Australian. The land has been levelled for irrigation purposes so supports either crops or improved pastures. The surviving trees are pleasantly spreading specimens. The river curves gently through the plain with a thich fringe of trees along its course. Away from the river the hand of man has been less intense, so cypress pine appears in bands and a range of native grasses are the main ground cover. In spring a rich variety of native wild flowers still appear and the paddocks are a bright splash of yellows and white for a few weeks.

B5 Report BBl

TABLE: BOOBEROI 1: STOCK RETURNS These figures axe taken from the Report of the Royal Commission to inquire into the Condition of Crown Tenants in the Western Division of New South Wales, 1901. Paxt 11. Page 852. Return shows Owner's Name and the Number of Stock on each Holding in the Sheep District of Condobolin (Western Division) on 1st Januaxy in each yeax from 1882 to 1900 inclusive, as per Owners' Returns. See Table Booberoi 1, continued next page. A.J. Haley. Booberoi. YEAR SHEEP CATTLE HORSES 1882 2,500 60 1883 22,000 50 50 1884 36,000 40 25 1885 22,000 21 40 1886 36,000 60 40 1887 34,000 60 40 1888 50,000 300 50 1889 45,400 400 60 1890 35,300 300 60 1891 46,600 400 60 1892 45,350 450 64 1893 28,100 400 60 1894 35,850 400 70 1985 40,490 540 66 1896 36,020 400 62 1897 32,100 60 56 1898 32,350 60 60 1899 27,000 55 57 1990 31,580 . 65 60

Notes Oral Informants 1. J. and G. Nixon, formerly of Gunniguldrie, and M. O'Kane who grew up in the area. 2. (a) The late Mr. Jack Edwaxds, local stockman. (b) Owners of several neighbouring properties, including Euabalong, Hyandra and North Whoey. 3. Mr. Don Higgins, Manager of Booberoi. 4. J. Cannon of Hyandra.

References 1. The Australasian Pastoralists Review, Feb. 12, 1912, pp.1243-1246, p.1246. 2. ibid.' p.1246. 3. ibid., p.1243.

B6 Site BB: Report 2

Name: Booberoi Shearing Shed District: Euabalong LGA: Co bar Location: Beside the Sydney to Broken Hill railway line Map: 53/44 on the Kiacatoo 8231-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BB1 Photographs: Figs. BB8 to BB19 Diagrams: Figs. BB33 and BB34 Date of Site Visit: 9 January 1982 Recording Circumstances: Permission to record independently had been granted by the Manager, so two recorders spent an afternoon at the site without interruption. The heat was extreme (approxi mately 115 degrees F. in the shed), so no local activities were observed. Structures: WOOLSHED The shearing shed was most likely to have been built shortly after Booberoi was bought by Mr. Haley in 1880 as he converted the station from a cattle run with 7,000 head of cattle to a sheep property. See the Table of stock returns at end of Site BB Report 1 which records these changes. The shed is mentioned in the article in The Pastoralists Review of 1912 as "a weatherboard structure, containing twenty-six stands of sheep-shearing machines driven by a 12-h.p. oil engine. This shed was originally a hand shed, but was converted into a machine shed six or seven years ago" .1 A large structure approximately 14.9 m wide and 50.4 m long, the woolshed has a wooden frame with galvanized iron cladding. There were 26 original stands (Fig. BB33). Four large shutters are set above the double doors at the end, to provide light and ventilation. The engine room houses a diesel engine marked: R.A. LISTER & CO LTD No. 853700 DURSLEY Spec. 10-2-30 ENGLAND HP 12 RPM 650 With its 26 stands this is a large shed but it provides little sheep shelter with space for approximately 500 in the pens and none at all underneath. Sheep take two to three days to dry if they get wet so shelter for about 6,000 sheep is needed here if loss of workdays is to be avoided. The solution is provided by a separate shelter shed and a third long shed which connects it to the shearing shed (Fig. BB34 ). These ancillary sheds are of quite modern construction and their strange orientation in relation to the shearing shed suggests that they probably postdate an earlier structure.

B7 Report BB2

The 1912 Pastoralists' Review article mentions that "Adjoining the woolshed is a sweating shed, with a housing capacity of 3,000 sheep. This shed can be filled with sheep in ten minutes". 2 The position of this shed, together with its capacity, suggest that the writer is referring to the connecting structure. The Booberoi railway siding on the Sydney to Broken Hill line is approximately 500m from the shed. It is used to bring sheep in for shearing and to take them back to distant pasture, loading at Euabalong West and Kiakatoo, especially in times of flooding such as the massive 1950's floods. Mr. Higgins, Manager, advised that station records show that 180,000 sheep were shorn at Booberoi in 1935. This number is much in excess of the stock returns for last century, and probably includes sheep from other properties in the area owned by the same company. Landscape: Flat plains of red sandy soils lightly timbered with box and pine. Much clearing has thinned the treecover and reduced the diversity of species present. Grasses are more common than the native edible schrubs. Notes References 1. The Australasian Pastoralists Review, Feb. 12, 1912, pp.1243-1246, p.1246. 2. ibid., p.1246.

B8 Site BB: Report 3

Name: Booberoi Pumping Station District: Euabalong LGA: Cobar Location: On the Lachlan River at the point where Booberoi Creek leaves the River, beside a large weir. Map: 66/44 on the Kiacatoo 8231-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BB1 Photographs: Figs. BB20 to BB31 Diagrams: Figs. BB35 and BB36 Date of Site Visit: 7 February 1982 Recording Circumstances: Permission was given for independant recording. No station informants were available to help explain the features of the site at the time of recording, though many local people were able to comment on what was found (1). A separate visit was made to the weir in the company of the local manager of the NSW Water Commission who generously pointed out the various features of the weir and associated works. Details of its construction were supplied by the Librarians at NSW Water Commission, Sydney. Structures: 1. BOOBEROI WEIR The weir and its associated works was built in 1902 by the Department of Public Works. It is a mass concrete gravity wall weir, shown in Fig. BB20, having: length : 102m maximum height : 6.1 m width at base : 4.1 m width at crest : 1.1 m Reinforcing terracing is present, see Fig. BB21. Regulator: connected to the southern abutment is a concrete structure with a 2.9 m high metal gate, which controls the flow of water into Booberoi Creek (Fig. BB22). Recorder : A Stevens Recorder is set on a well, with a pipe to the crest with a float attached, which records water flow at the weir on a 90-day drum. The flow into Booberoi Creek is recorded on a 7-day meter. 2. BOOBEROI PUMPING STATION Painted a deep red, the pumping station is a ramshackle building with three distinct sections of different date, approximately 10.8 m by 18.5 m. It has a wooden frame with galvanized iron cladding. Fig. BB35 shows a plan of the layout. At the north west end of the structure is an area where four drive-wheels, each of different size and construction, are set in concrete pits. The name "H. Carruthers" is marked on footings in this area (Figs. BB27 to BB29).

B9 Report BB3

The wheels are in a line running approximately east to west. Each is different. The three wheels at the eastern end are set very close together (Fig. BB28) in a brick and concrete pit (Fig. BB29). The first wheel takes the power from the engine while the others drive the pumps. (a) The largest wheel is the first at the eastern end, with a diameter of 3 m (Fig. BB27). There are six heavy spokes each 1.15 m long. In the centre is a wooden block held together by metal plates. The rim is 0.33 m wide and holds five belt trays each 0.045 m wide to contain the five v-belts. This wheel was connected to the engine and transmitted the motive force to the other wheels which powered the pumps. The v-belts were an efficient way to maximise the contact of belt to wheel and so minimise power loss during transmission. All the other wheels have a smooth rim which would accommodate the single wide belt often used to drive heavy equipment such as pumps. (b) The next wheel is the smallest with a diameter of 0.9 m and twelve double spokes. It is of a type commonly used to drive an auxilliary appliance such as a small pump for engine needs. (c) The third wheel is very close to the small one. It has a diameter of 1.85 m with a rim of sheet iron bolted together by plates. There are two rows of spokes (24 on each side) with each spoke of diameter 0.02 m and length 0.68 m. (d) The most westerly wheel is set in its own pit but is of similar size to (c) with a diameter of 1.87 m. In construction it is most like (a) with six wide spokes. It is set in a sloping concrete well with the shafting supported on the concrete pillar. Behind the wheel area, on the river side of the building, is a small open pump room which houses two Vickers-Gill propellor pumps made by Vickers-Armstrong Ltd. Station accounts held at the homestead record that the pump left England on 2 October 1935. Dates: A photograph held by the Lake Cargelligo Historical Society (see Fig. BB26) shows a somewhat different configuration of buildings and roofline. It is thought to date from the early 1930's (2). As the new pumps arrived in 1936 (3) it is probable that extensive changes and extensions date from this time. Station records include receipts for the purchase of the pumps but do not mention installation work, probably because it was done without cash expenditure by the usual station workforce. The early history of this extensive experiment in transforming the land is not clear, but Sir Samuel McCaughey the pioneer of irrigation in the Riverina, held leases on several blocks in this area including Euabalong Station. Other: An example of local folklore is the expression: When Booberoi turn on the pumps, the river drops two inches (4). Landscape: The pumping station is set directly on the bank of the Lachlan River. The soil is black and heavy. Large eucalypts cluster near the river. To the north, the red soil country is very flat, probably enhanced by the long years of intensive irrigation. Large areas are completely cleared of trees, which were ringbarked during the nineteenth century and then cut down to supply the huge boiler which fuelled the pumps. Several men were employed to cut and transport this timber during the 1930's (5). The photograph held by Lake Cargelligo Historical Society (Fig. BB26) shows the light rail system built to

BlO Report BB3 facilitate the smooth flow of material to the boiler. Large scale intensive cropping has been practiced here for about 100 years. Many crops have been tried, including cotton in the last 20 years ( 6), but intensive grazing has dominated. Little native vegetation survives except for trees in pockets on the watercourses and grasses on the extensive dry land grazing areas ..

NOTES Oral Informants 1. Mr. E. Mcinnes and Mrs. J. Nixon (Lake Cargelligo Historical Society). 2. Mrs. J. Nixon. 3. Mr. Don Higgins, from station records which include original purchase and shipping details. 4. The late Mr. Jack Edwards, local stockman. 5. Mrs. J. Nixon. 6. Mr. Don Higgins.

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Fig. BB3: Booberoi Homestead. From the east. Shows the grape trellis over the path from the gate to the verandah. In tbe foreground is a corner of the vera.ndab of the cottage used for staff housing. The front gable bas a ventilator to cool the roof space.

B13 --

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Fig. BB4: Booberoi Homestead. The ·wooden cover to the large cement un derground rainwater storage tank. Original hand pump has been replaced by a modern system.

Fig. BB5: Booberoi Homestead Complex. From the northeast. The stockmen's quarters and the wire-gauzed meat house, at the rear of the l1ouse yard. Note the kelpie sheltering from the 45 C degree heat in the shade of the house (bottom right).

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Fig. BB6: Booberoi Homestead Complex. The drop-log stable from the north. The door to the loft is intact and the structure is used for storage.

Fig. BB7: Booberoi Homestead Complex. Detail of the western wall of the drop log stable showing the posts and battens used to bold the cypress logs and the method of attaching the verandah roof

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Fig. BBB: Booberoi Woolshed from the east. Now covered in corrugated iron, this was originally a weatherboard shed. Half-hipped roof resembles the McFadzea.n sheds at Naradba.n, Uabba and Wooyeo. Roof has ventilators and skylights. Note the wooden frames for drying wet wool in tl1e foreground .

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Fig. BB9: Booberoi Woolsl1 ed from the south. Ta.nks for storing roof water and fuel stand beside the shed.

B16 '·

Fig. BBlO: Booberoi v''oolshed fJ·om the west. The small room added to the side is the engine room to accommodate first the stea.m engine and later diesel ones. Note that the floor of the board area is low but still somewhat higher than that of the wool room (at the right of the frame) which is flush with the ground.

Fig. BBll: Booberoi Woolshed area. The long and narrow sheep shelter shed that connects the woolshed to the large shelter shed. Note awnings to provide ventilation and protect the unglazed windows from rain. From the west.

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Fig. BB12: Booberoi Woolshed area. The large sbeep shelter shed showing tbe curious angle of abutment with the connecting shed, from the south.

' ~ _,.,-. ~· " ...... • ,_ ...... I J ..______.... - .... IP I ,..,.. : . •- I . ~...... -.~ c· , - '---- - •&.. •• 7'1 ., .. 1 - • - - - - - Fig. BB13: Booberoi ~!oolshed area. The shearers huts, often used for staff accommodation throughout the year. From the nortb.

B18 •

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Fig. BB14: Booberoi Woolshed, interior. From the southeast. Along tbe shearing board toward the sheep-pen end of the shed.

Fig. BB15: Booberoi Woolshed. Shearing stands looking from the boa.rd. Very sturdy posts support the shearing ma.chines while skylights provide ample ligl1t.

B19 Fig. BB16: Booberoi Woolshed. A shearing stand showing the exterior of the catching pens with their slatted floor, and tbe chute to the counting-out pen with the shelf for the shearer's tools.

Fig. BB17: Booberoi Woolshed. Inside the catching pens towards the sweating pens with a myriad of gates to control the Bow of sheep.

B20 Fig. BB18: Booberoi Woolshed. From the board looking across the woolclassing tables and wool bins to the wool room at ground level below.

Fig. BB19: Booberoi Woolshed. From inside tl1e wool room looking back to the board. The woolpress is in the foreground. The large posts and plates of tbe framework of the roof are in the strong "box" shape.

B21 Fig. BB20: Booberoi Vi.""eir on the Lachlan River. Built in 1902 by the Dept. of Public Works, tbis was tbe first such weir built in the state of New South Wales. It controls the flow of water into the Booberoi Creek on which landholders along its course depend for supplies of water for stock a.nd other uses.

Fig. BB21: Booberoi H~ir. Restraining terraces on the northern bank of the Lachla.n nea.r the weir to prevent the water undercutting the banks.

R22 < Fig. BB23: Booberoi Pumping Station. From tbe southwest showing tbe older sections of tbe building and tbe recently added roof which shel- ters the modern pumps wbicb draw tbe water from the Lachlan into tbe con crete splash pan in the foreground.

Fig. BB24: Booberoi Pumping Station from the north. The boiler bouse bas a suspended verandah using steel cables. v

B24 Fig. BB27: Booberoi Pumping Station. The four drive wheels from the east. These wheels are set in two separate pits and were used to drive the pumps. They have not been used for some time and much small and connecting machinery has gone. The scale rod bas 10 em divisions.

Fig. BB28: Booberoi Pu1nping Station. The row of four drive wheels from the south, showing them extending into the pits and the different types and sizes of the wheels. The diameter of each wheel, from the left, is: 1.87 m, 1.85 m, 0.9 m, and 3 m respectively.

B26 Fig. BB29. Booberoi Pumping Station. Three of the drive wheels in tbe brick lined pit that houses them. Tbe large wheel on the right has a cliameter of 3 m with six wide spokes. Its rim holds belt trays for the five v-belts that took power from the engine. The small central wheel is obscured. The metal wbeel on the left with two ro1vs of spokes 1-vas used to drive a pump. B27 < Fig. BB30: Booberoi Pumping Station. The firebox of the boiler from the north. The boiler is connected to the chimney by an underground flue.

Fig. BB31: Booberoi Pumping Station. Tbe brick wall housing tbe boiler from the west. The double row of posts beside the boiler suggests tbat the extension of the build ing overlapped this area. v

B28 0 0 0 0 0 0 1& I 2 r ~ . 0 0 I 0 011 ~ ~ LJ I 0 0 ~~ I 0 0 t I I 0 0 I. I 211 L I ' I I J • 3 I ' u I

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22 9 7 24 t-----· KEY: 1. Homestead ~. Original kitchen 7 g 3. Oil shed 4. Staff housing 8 5. M~at bouse _. 6. Office 7. Shed 8. Cottage 9. Garage 0,, 10. JackAroo's quarters 11. ~table 7 12. Shack 13. Stockyards 14. Petrol bowser 15. Tank 16. Underground tank ·- 17. Loading stsge 7 18. Traces of men's huts • 11 19. Traces of Chinese garden 20. Trellis with vine 21. Hedge 1' 3 22. Driveway 23 . Picket fence 24. Rail fence

Fig. BB32: Schema tic plan of the Booberoi Homestead Complex.

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~ ~ 0 0 0 6 [ KEY: 0 0 I 1 8 0 0 1. Slatted fl oor 2. C onnecting sheep shed 3. Shearing board D C) 0 4. Counting out pens 9 " 5. Diesel engine room 6. \Vool bins C) 0 0 0 7. Wool classing table 8. Ferrier ''"ool press 9. \Vool room k> () 0 cl 10. Shet'p yards

Fig. BB33: Schematic plan of Booberoi Woolshed.

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Fig. BB34: Schematic plan of the buildings at the Booberoi Woolshed Complex.

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-- @ KEY: ~ ~ ~ 1. Wbeel area. 2. \Vheel pit 3. Diesel pum 4. Diesel engil room 5. Drive shaft 7 6. ¥leU 7. Broken con, ete and footing! 8. Boiler 9. Chimney 10. Awning 11. Lachlan R er ~ @ @ 0 Supporting posts ® ~ @ ® ~

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Fig. BB35: Booberoi Pumping Station; schematic plan of layout.

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KEY: , 1. Barrier 2. Three-pl&nk bridge 3. Splash p&n 4. Pumping house wall 5. Pump shelter

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Fig. BB36: Booberoi Pumping Station; schematic plan of the splash pan and offtake channel to the irrigation works.

B33 Site BL : Summary

Name of Property: Boorithumble Town/ district: Euabalong West LGA: Cobar Location: About 7 km south west of Euabalong on the bank of Booberoi Creek Map: 35 I 36 (homestead), 38 I 36 (shearing shed) on the Euabalong 8131-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BL1 Owner: Mr. K. and Mrs. M. Worthington Sites: Homestead complex : Site BL Report 1 Shearing Shed: Site BL Report 2 Features: Wooden house with unusually detailed finish for the area. Eight rooms completely covered in decorative pressed metal in a rich array of patterns. Poison shed of drop-log with blocks of wood hammered into the ground, making a cobble-like floor. Stable of drop-log. Shearing shed dating to the 1880's or earlier, with a wooden shingle roof surviving under the galvanized iron. Parts of the lifting equipment to hoist wool to the storage loft can still be seen at the front of the building. Landscape: Along the Booberoi Creek is a belt of soft fertile country with box and eucalypt cover. Clearing has been extensive here so the present landscape is open plain with scattered clumps of trees. It quickly merges into a scrub and pine belt with a dense cover of medium sized trees and scrub with little grass. This in turn gives way to sandy red soil plains with thick mallee. Photographs: Figs. BL2 - BL19 Diagrams: Figs. BL20 - BL21 Published Sources: 1. Report of the Royal Commission to enquire into the Condition of the Crown Tenants in the Western Division of New South Wales. 1901. Part 11. Page 852. Return showing Owners' Name, the Number of Stock on each Holding in the Sheep District of Condobolin ( ~'estern Division) on 1st Jan in each year from 1882 to 1990 Inclusive, as per Owners Returns. (See Table at end of Site BL Report 1 ). 2. Nixon, J., 1973, "The Dusts of Time". Unpublished Sources: Oral informants : 1. Present owners, K. and M. Worthington 2. Mr. E . Mcinnes, former resident of the property, now living in Lake Cargelligo

B34 Site BL: Report 1

Name: Boorithumble Homestead Complex District: Euabalong West LGA: Cobar Location: About 7 km south west of Euabalong on the banks of Booberoi Creek Map: 35/36 on the Euabalong 8131-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BL1 Photographs: Figs. BL2 - BL11 Diagrams: Fig. BL20 Date of Site Visit: February and August 1981 Recording Circu1nstances: The owners were pleased by the interest shown in the old structures on their property and made themselves available to show us around and to answer questions where possible. They have lived on the property for over ten years and grew up on nearby stations and so have extensive local connections and knowledge. The survey of this property is only a preliminary one and does not attempt detailed recording of the standing structures, but is intended to establish in a general way what is present, its general condition and its relation to the landscape. Structures: vVooden homestead Sheds Stable HOMESTEAD Set on the north bank of Booberoi Creek, this old homestead presents a somewhat poignant atmosphere with its recent abandonment leaving it in a fairly good state of preservation but in great isolation. It was built about 1914 by W. Bland (1). Bland also built several other houses on the property at this time. A total of four houses from this property have been moved elsewhere in the area for further use, providing a graphic illustration of the changing waves of land use and work patterns in the area. Three of the houses are in the town of Lake Cargelligo and the other on a farm nearby. All are still in use. An interesting connection is the fact that Mrs. Mcinnes was the daughter of the well known shearing-shed builder McFadzea.n, who was a partner of Bland in Narrandera, (see 1 the photograph in Freeman ). While there is no suggestion that McFadzean was involved in the construction of this homestead, some of his tradition of fine workmanship survives intact in the harmonious plan of the structure and its fine finish. Boorathumble is a wooden house on a sawn timber frame with a galvanized iron roof but it has an unusually detailed finish for the area. In particular, eight large rooms are covered completely, including all walls and ceilings, in pressed metal sheeting in a rich array

B35 Report BLl of patterns, few of which are alike (Fig. BL5 ). Another embellishment is the decorative wooded frame in the hallway (Fig. BL4). The effect is slightly melancholy given the isolation of the house and the arid landscape surrounding it (Fig. BL2). Coloured glass and ornate fireplaces add to the atmosphere. Corrugated iron water tanks to store rain-water surround the house (Fig. BL2) which was also able to draw on water from the nearby Booberoi Creek. The present condition of the structure is quite sound but the roof has started to lift in parts and this allows water and wind to penetrate (Fig. BL3) so that deterioration will accelerate now that it is now longer used as a homestead. POISON SHED The shed is thought to date to the 1870's (2). The roof is of shingles on round battens. Walls are of drop-log in panels of approximately 2 m length (Figs. BL6, BL7 ) which was a common size for pine in the area. The floor is of blocks of wood hammered end-on into the ground giving a cobbled pattern. The shed is in a very fragile condition. As it was used for both the storage of chemicals, including arsenic, and the mixing of various potent agricultural poisons on the bench shown in Fig. BL9, re-use was never a possibility and nature has been allowed to take its course. STABLE Of similar construction to the poison shed , the stable is even more fragile, having lost most of its walls. Recent use by cattle and sheep in search of shelter is threatening the stability of the structure: clear signs of pressure from resting animals is present on the badly leaning timbers (Figs. BLlO and BLll ). ORIGINAL ERRYBENDRY HOMESTEAD Approximately opposite the Boorithumble homestead, on the southern bank of Booberoi Creek, stand the few remaining traces of the original Errybendry homestead. Located in a hollow which was frequently flooded throughout this century, only a few fragile wooden footings remain. A stand of exotic trees, including several large mulberry trees, are the main physical indicators of a former habitation. Oral reports from a former Boorithumble resident (3) and other long term residents of the area ( 4) are of a weatherboard house that was abandonded for ma.ny years a.nd left to disintegrate. Landscape: On a straight stretch of Booberoi Creek with large box trees and sufficient water to allow the cultivation of exotics and fruit trees, the house looks out onto a plain of red soil supporting a range of grasses with eucalypts scattered widely. A band of scrub and mallee are on the horizon.

B36 Report BLl

TABLE : BOORITHUMBLE : STOCK RETURNS

From the Report of the Royal Commission to enquire into the Condition of Crown Tenants in the Western Division, 1901. Part 11. Page 852. Return showing Owners' Name, the Number of Stock on each Holding in the Sheep District of Condobolin (Western Division) on 1st Jan. in each year, as per Owners' Returns. Wm. Bailey, MOUNT BOORITHUMBLE YEAR SHEEP CATTLE HORSES 1882 15,000 80 30 1883 13,000 80 30 1884 10,000 70 30 1885 10,000 50 30 1886 14,300 60 30 1887 14,000 60 29 1888 17,616 150 40 1889 20.600 150 40 1890 12,366 97 40 1891 15,917 126 55 1892 15,699 140 65 1893 4,901 85 56 1894 5,324 80 56 1895 7,550 64 59 1896 6,300 77 68 1897 4,868 32 47 1898 2,514 53 54 1899 no return 1900 no return

Notes:

References 1. Freeman, P. 1980. The Woolsbed: A Riverina Anthology, 0>..-ford University Press, Melbourne. Oral Informants

1. Mr. E. Mcinnes, now of Lake Cargelligo, whose family owned Boorithumble for about 80 years and who grew up in this house. 2. Mr. E. Me Innes. 3. Mr. E. Mcinnes. 4. Mr. N. Graham and Mrs. J. Nixon.

B37 Site BL: Report 2

Name: Boorithumble Shearing Shed District: Euabalong LGA: Cobar Location: About 1 km from the old homestead on a bend of Booberoi Creek, reached by an internal station road Map: 38/36 on the Euabalong 8131-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BLl Photographs: Figs. BL12 - BL19 Diagrams: Fig. BL21 Date of Site Visit: February 1981 Recording Circumstances: Shearing was in progress at the time of the visit. The opportunity to observe this "wool fac tory" in operation outweighed the problems of access which were a consequence. Weather was very hot and dry so the sheep were ready to shear on arrival at the shed. They were held in the adjoining yards, then taken into the shed in batches waiting at first in the long race and then in the small holding pens behind the board. Shearing was done on the four-stand board and the sheep left the shed via the sloping chutes to the holding yards. Structures: SHEARING SHED Thought by the previous owners (1) to date from the 1880's or earlier, the shearing shed now has four stands and is clad in sawn timber heavily reinforced with galvanized iron (Fig. BL12). It is a rectangular shed with the woolroom located at the end of the board. The original layout and workflow has been retained. Very heavy timbers are used in the roof which is of galvanized iron covering the original wooden shingles which are visible from below (Fig. BL16). The roof is very high and steeply sloped. Skylights are set high in the roof for light and ventilation (Figs. BL14, BL15). Originally, there were stands for eight blade shearers but only four have been retained and converted to machine operation. The sheep pens are wooden (Fig. BL16) and most are of round timber. The wool bins are of cut timber and a paling type barrier separates the board from the woolroom (Fig. BL15). At the south end, above the entrance door, is a doorway and the remains of lifting equipment (Fig. BL12). This was used to lift bales of wool into a loft in the roof area as the isolation of the area often resulted in long delays in transporting the clip to market (2). The floor of the loft has been removed but the bracing of the shed with cross-ties to withstand the weight of the stored wool are still in situ (Fig. BL17). Outside, at the northern end of the shed, a shelter to keep sheep dry has been built above part of the associated sheep yards (Figs. BL13, BL14). The yards are of the traditional design of heavy round posts with cypress logs for rails, with both holding and forcing yards. A corrugated iron tank (Fig. BL14) is located in the engine room which

B38 Report BL2 was added to the woolshed to accommodate a steam enginea.nd used to house later petrol eng1nes• . Landscape: The shed is located near Booberoi Creek which provided water for sheep as well as for the steam engine and dip. The creek is now often dry because of irrigation upstream so that the shed area is very dusty in summer. A thin ribbon of large eucalypts remains along the course of the creek and a range of native grasses cover the open areas. No saltbush remains. To the north and west, red soil plains support pine a.nd scrub but soon merge into thick mallee, little of which has been cleared. Notes:

Oral Informants 1. Mr. E. Mcinnes, who grew up on Boorithumble. 2. Mr. E. Mcinnes.

B39 I • i I J •• I ' ------. 4 ""; 0 H L L L 0 't-""' · --t- A • L -t- -- l j ' - ----i ~-- , 1 - I • •

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Fig. BL2: Boorithumble homestead, from the northwest. The weatherboard house stands in isolation on a slight rise near Booberoi Creek. The associated service buildings are on tbe north side of the station road.

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' & . ·~ .. -

Fig. BL3: Booritbumble homestead, from tbe north. This is the front of the house, facing away from the Creek. Curved barge-boards trim the verandah. The missing roof iron is beginning to allow water penetration.

B4J Fig. BL4: Boorithumble homestead. Decorative wooden hall frame painted several different colours to contrast with tbe pressed metal sheeting on the walls and ceiljng.

Fig. BL5: Boorithumble homestead. A corner of the living room showing the range of different pressed metal patterns used on walls a.nd ceilings.

B42 Fig. BL6: Booritbumble poison shed from the east. It is located to the north of the station road opposite the homestead. The drop-log walls remain intact but the shingle roof is disintegrating.

Fig. BL7: Booritbumble poison shed. Detail of drop-log wall. Building has developed a slant because of the pressure of farm animals sheltering under the verandah and leaning against the posts and walls.

B43 < Fig. BLB: Boori thum- • ble poison shed. Interior, showing drop-log panels ...... -~

(

)

Fig. BL9: Boorithumble poison shed. The "bench" f for mixing poisons. The lid opens to allow poi soned grain to be prepared for rabbit baits. v

-- -- B44 Fig. BLl 0: Boorithumble stable, from the south. The drop-log wall at the back remains intact, but the other walls are fragmentary. The shingle roof is also fragmentary.

Fig. BLll: Booritbumble stable from the southeast. The north end has partially collapsed and the roof now leans against the wall. This was a large stable with carefully adzed stalls.

.,., ,t e: .t)•+•) •

... t • -- -~

Fig. BL12: Boorithumble woolshed, from the southeast. Tbe doorway to the loft area is still present in the upper wall. Part of the associated lifting equipment also remains in situ.

B46 _, -· ./

___.~.., • -

Fig. BL13: Boorithumble woolshed, from the northeast. The roof over the sheep yard to provide shelter for sheep awaiting shearing adjoins the end of the woolshed.

Fig. BL14: Boorithumble woolshed, from the west. The lean-to structure at the side of the woolsbed was to house the steam engine. The water tank is still in place.

B47 < Fig. BL15: Boorithum- ble woolsbed. Wool bins stand in a row in front of the woolroom. The origi nal shingle roof is clearly visible.

Fig. BL16: Booritbum ble woolsbed. Sheep pens built of round timber witb sawn timber for the plate supporting the roof tim bers. v

P48 Fig. BL17: Boorithumble woolshed. The cross ties of tbe roof from the south end of the sbed. Shingle roof and skylights are clearly visible.

Fig. BL18: Boorithumble woolshed. Detail of the roof showing the shingles, now covered with corrugated iron, and the round cypress timber frame.

B49 Fig. BL19: Boorithumble woolsbed. The southeast corner of the woolroom show ing the weatherboard cladding over tbe round timber frrune. A circular template for marking the wool bales hangs on a post.

Bf:!l 7 6

."'...... 5 ...... _ ...... ~ ....-...... - ...... ·----· .. -..-.._ - ...... -- .....

1 3

l I I ,_ ... I I 2

KEY: • 1. Homestead 8 2. Water tank 3. Water tank • 4. Water tank •• 5. Road • 6. Stable 7. Poison hut · 8. Site of old Boorithumble house 9. Footings of Errybendry homestead 10. Booberoi Creek

-. -' - .. N ' , • •

._. . • -.~I •• . • '- Not to Scale • 9

Fig. BL20: Sketch plan of the Boorithumble homestead area.

'P~l ~- r I ' I • I I I I I I I I I' I I 1 I I ' I

I I I 11 I I I I I I • • ~ 6 8 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .... ~ 9 5 0 ~ 7 e • 8 ~ • 9 . 0 ~

~ ~ 0 6 8 9 • • • ------KEY: 10 4 1. Woolroom \.. 2. \Vool press 3. Wool bins 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 4. v.·ool table .1:: 5. Shearing board [!] 6. Catching pens 1 7. Race 8. Sweating pens 9. Counting-out pens I j I .... --,-.... I 10 . Engine room "~ 11. Covered ramp

Not to Scale

Fig. BL21 : Schematic plan of the Boorithumble wool shed.

B52 Site BY : Sumn1ary

Name of Property: Brotheroney Town/ district: Euabalong LGA: Lachlan Location: On the Lake Cargelligo to Condobolin road, 10 km up stream from Euabalong Map: 71 /40 on the l(iacatoo 8231-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BY1 Owner: Mr. Colin Marsh Sites: Homestead : Site BY Report 1 Features: Large brick homestead with detached kitchen block, by the same contractor as Hyandra (Site Summary HY). Wooden windmill lOOm west of the house On the fringe of the survey area but included because of the house with its stylistic similarity to Hyandra and because it adjoined the original Wooyeo lease. Landscape: Beside the Lachlan, on rich black soil. Large river gums line the banks and scattered stands of large eucalypts dot the rolling plains to the east. Photographs: Figs. BY2 - BY14 Published Sources:

~ixon, J. 1973. The Dusts of Time Unpublished Sources: Budd Jnl.

B53 Site BY: Report 1

Name: Brotheroney Homestead District: Euabalong LGA: Lachlan Location: About 200 m from the roadway on the southern Lake Cargelligo to Condobolin road about 10 km from Euaba long Map: 71/40 on the Kiacatoo 8231-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. BY1 Photographs: Figs. BY2 - BY14 Date of Site Visit: August 1983 Recording Circun1stances: The recorders first spoke with the owners in their new house about 2 km from the old homestead. Vve discussed the background of the old homestead a.nd they gave permission to us to visit and record it. They were aware of the parallels with Hyandra, but were unable to provide any additional detail. Structures: HOMESTEAD The main house is of thick double brick which gave protection from the fierce heat of summer. The roof is of galvanized iron. It is a large imposing house on an isolated bend of the Lachlan River which was the focus of a large lease last century. Local opinion is that it was built by the same contractor as Hyandra which is the only other large brick house in the area (1 ). This is plausible as the detail of the style is very similar, for example, the twelve-pane windows with wide sills and "eyebrows, above at Hyandra (Site HY Report 1), the doors and many interior details such as the wooden mantel on the fireplace and the wooden ceiling boards. The house has not been occupied for some years as the family have built a new house nearby. Most of the verandah has been removed because of the danger of iron flying about in strong wind, so the bricks are now exposed to the elements. This is unfortunate as the bricks are locally made and rather fragile. The site of manufacture is not known but on Hyandra the bricks were made on the property, so perhaps a contractor and a team of brickmakers moved through the district in the 1870's. In the main block the walls are of double brick with sharply defined mortar. It is built in mainly English bond with some colonial bond towards the top of the wall (Fig. BY9) and in another band at the bottom of the wall. Inside, they are covered with plaster. The ceilings are of grooved boards and the floors are 14 em wide boards. All ceilings are high at 3.5 m and three rooms use polished boards for the ceiling. Two rooms have fireplaces, while one former bedroom has a kitchen stoYe set into the fireplace providing a hint of a late, informal, occupance. The separate kitchen block also has brick walls. They are whitewashed inside. The roof is of wooden shingles on cut rafters. A large bread oven dominates the room

B54 Report BYl

(Figs. BYll to BY13). The scale and fittings of the kitchen suggest a large everyday household and professional kitchen staff. Landscape: On rolling plains on the comparitively gentle southern banks of the Lachlan River on rich black soil. Large box trees line the watercourse with scattered clumps elsewhere. Much of the area has been cleared for cropping and intensive grazing. Notes:

Oral Inforn'lants 1. Mrs. Milthorpe, in Nixon, J. 1973. The Dusts of Time, p.103.

B55 ·MsN JO vwo JO d-ew =>~rrd-e.zjodo~ ooo'og:r ~rr1 JO Jfdo=>o1oqd -e s! d-e.w · p-e~1s~woq JC~uo.r~rr1o.rg ju~Moqs d-em uo!~t?=>O'J :r.Afi ·j!JI

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/W i t NntOONO::> Fig. BY2: Brotheroney homestead, from the northeast. The main block of the homestead with part of the separate kitchen block visible on the left side of the photograph near to the water tank.

Fig. B¥3: Brotheroney homestead, from the northeast. The main block with the holes where the verandah was once attached visible along the upper wall. The line of the floor edge may be seen among the grass. French windows open onto the verandah.

B57 < Fig. BY4 : Brotberoney homestead. Tbe west wall of tbe main block from tbe northwest. Holes to take tbe verandah beams are - visible.

' ~51 ...

Fig. B¥5: Brotheroney homestead. The back ve randah of tbe main block from tbe southwest. Tbe verandah remains in place on tbis side of the house. v

T"> r- n .u;.Jl.) < Fig. B¥6: Brotberoney homestead. Interior, a window in the sitting room. The delicate twelve pane window is in a wide cedar frame.

Fig. B¥7: Brotheroney homestead. Interior, a Ere place in the main block. The wooden surround and mantel closely resemble those at Hyandra. v

B59 •

Fig. BYB: Brotheroney homestead. A window in the main block. There is an "eyebrow" type lintel above and a wide masonary sill as at Hya.ndra.

B60 _ oc.

Fig. BY9: Brotheroney homestead. The Front door to the main block with a fan above as well as the "eyebrow" type surround.

B61 Fig. BYlO: Brotheroney homestead. Main block and separate kitchen block behind from the northeast. The verandah has been removed from the kitchen and this probably obscures the old covered connection between the two blocks .

•

Fig. BYll: Brotheroney homestead. Tbe brick kitchen block showing some miss ing roof iron as well as the lack of a verandah which exposes the hand-made bricks to weathering.

B62 < Fig. B¥12: Brotheroney homestead. Interior of kitchen block showing tbe back of tbe large free standing chimney. Tbe shingle roof is in good con dition.

Fig. B¥13: Brotheroney homestead. The large • open £replace and the baker's oven in the kitchen .. block. - · v ~· ·

• • - .. •

J•-c.....1. ~ "{-1 •

C:·) B \. ,1 ~ Fig. B¥14: Brotheroney homestead area. The wooden windmill tower on the bank of the nearby Lachlan River, about 100 metres from the homestead.

B64 •

Site CN : Summary

Name of Property: Coan Downs Town/ district: Mount Hope LGA: Shire of Cobar Location: On Coan Downs station about five km from the homestead which is about twelve km from Mt. Hope township. Map: 85/81 on the Mount Allen 8032, 1:100,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. CN1 Owner: Mr. Bruce Cullen-Ward Sites: Shearing Shed Features: A very large structure, the original sections of which are clad entirely in cypress drop-log, with a galvanized iron roof. Commenced before 1874, it was built to accommodate 76 hand shearers. The shed was originally 180 feet long but has been reduced to 140 feet. This shed has many local and regional associations. It is, for instance, mentioned in the traditional song ''Flash Jack from Gundagai. " 2 Landscape: On a flat plain cleared of the cypress pine trees that once heavily covered it, now supporting coarse native grasses and scattered pine and eucalypts. Low hills surround the plain and provide some water catchment. Soil is red and sandy. Photographs: Figs. CN2 - CN7 Diagra1ns: Fig. CN8 Published Sources:

1. Freeman, P. 1980. The Woolshed: A Riverina Anthology, Oxford University Press Melbourne. 2. Freeman, P. 1982. The Homestead: A Rj,·erina Anthology, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. 3. Gormly, J. 1921. Exploration and Settlement in Australia: Embracing the Early History of Wagga Wagga. Sydney. 4. Franklin, Miles. 1944. Joseph Furp}Jy- the Legend of a Man and His Book, Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Unpublished Sources: 1. F.E. Vandeleur, Report on "Cowan Downs" Station, 1908. For the AML&F Co., by Vandeleur, a company inspector. Held by Mr. Cullen-Ward. 2. Budd, W. Journal. An account of early life in the area by a local resident. Original held by the Lake Cargelligo Historical Society. Extracts were published in The Lake News during 1968 and 1969.

B65 Site CN: Report 1

Name: Coan Downs Woolshed District: Mount Hope LGA: Shire of Cobar Location: About 5 km from the homestead, about 12.5 km from the village of Mt. Hope Map: 85/81 on the Mount Allen 8032, 1:100,000 topographic map ( CMA of NSW). Fig. CN 1 Photographs: Figs. CN2 - CN7 Diagrams: Fig. CN8 Date of Site Visit: December 1981 Recording Circumstances: The owner, Mr. Bruce Cullen-Ward, provided background information at the home stead and then accompanied the recorders on a short visit to the woolshed, where he provided much detailed information about the shed, its history as known to him, a.nd the way changes had been made over the past century. The weather was hot and dry, as it was December, so the surrounding plain was bare of grass and there were no sheep activities at the woolshed. Structures: Freeman has made a detailed architectural study of this station and had commented that "Coan Do~rns homestead is neither particularly historic, nor does it possess much 1 architectural merit" . While much debate could arise from this evaluation, and the values that it assumes, the fact that a recent measured survey of the homestead had been completed made it pointless to attempt are-measure of these rambling buildings. A general inspection of the area was then made and the remark of Freeman's that "the result is satisfying: an homogeneous collection of ordinary buildings strung together in splendid isolation,2 seems to sum up the situation very well. Time at this remote station was limited, therefore, the available time was spent at the woolshed. THE WOOLSHED About five kilometres from the homestead, on the dry, flat plain at the centre of the run, with some large shade trees for shelter, stands the cypress drop-log woolshed (Fig. CN2). A long, low structure, Coan Downs shed has the traditional box frame of heavy posts supporting the central span over the shearing board. Freeman noted that the tie beams support purlin struts which themselves support the rafters. A rectangular shed appears on a map of 18743 , providing a date of commencement for the main structure. It remains in good condition and is used regularly, though the station is now much smaller than 250~000 acres held in the nineteenth century. The walls are of the local pine, dropped between sturdy posts (Figs. CN4, CN5). 11 uch of the original Gospel Oaks "Three Crowns" galvanized iron roof is still in place.

B66

• Report CNl

A central board area originally held 76 stands but now only ten remain in use. The owner is convinced that the shed originally extended symmetrically about its axis to the 180 feet needed to allow the 76 stands. The forty feet now lost were probably removed during repairs early this century, when the station passed through a number of hands. In the middle of the back, east, wall is an unusually placed central entry to the shed, (Fig. CN 6), probably for convenience because of the large size of the structure. Usually, entrances to a shed are located at either end, through the woolroom and engine-room, and via the sheep ramps. The wooden pediment above the door is the only example of such ornamentation of a station structure in the study area. The shed is low and provides no shelter for sheep beneath it, but the chutes from the board run beneath the floor to the counting-out pens. The sheep accommodation inside the shed would be adequate for the reduced number of shearers now using it. The woolroom was built some time after the woolshed, of weatherboard and gal vanized iron. In addition there was a separate wool storage building nearby with a light rail system to facilitate the transfer of the wool bales from the main shed. Landscape The woolshed is in the centre of a large plain where the original cypress pine has been cleared by ringbarking leaving a few scattered shade trees in a sea of coarse native grasses. In his Journal about the area, Budd4 claimed that "I have seen grass in paddocks so thick and high almost preventing sheep to be seen in it, and yet these sheep were dying of starvation. The dry nature of this grass was almost like sticks and lacked proper stimulants." Like others at the time Budd beleived that "by stock deposit .. . these blocks were wearing away from their native garb, producing a closer and more nourishing growth of stock fodder" 5 . The closer management following the introduction of the Western Lands Act of 1901 also contributed to the changes in grass cover which have allowed the station to support grazing flocks in considerable numbers since then. In the distance are the blue ridges of Mt. Hope and Mt. Allen where copper has been mined since the 1860's, but the mark that they have left on the landscape is local and has had little impact on Coa.n Downs. NOTES References 1. Freeman, P. 1982. The Homestead: A Riverina Anthology, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, p. 146. 2. Freeman, The Homestead p. 146. 3. Freeman, P. 1980. The Woolshed: A Riverina Anthology, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, p. 212. 4. Budd, William. Journal. A personal account of life on the Lachlan by a local resident. The Journal is held by the Lake Cargelligo Historical Society. Some extracts were published in a series in The Lake News during 1968 and 1969, p. 53(1 ). 5. Budd, p. 53( 1 ).

B67 '(MSN JO VWO) d'em =>!t[dt!~odo1 000'00C:I '~e08 uauy 1unow JO 1.red JO £do:>o1oqd :dt!JV ·paqsrooM sU/rioa r.reoo jur111oqs dt!w uor1-e=>o7 =rNO ·jrd

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r I r • ' . • • I t r • • ,.:\ • I ,. .. tNS - . - • • . '· • ~ \. • c ' I • ; n.u) I • I 1 • t • ~ I T)r • I ~ .. , • I • I • \ • I ' I • / l , \ I I ,< • ___... __ ..1 ..... ,...... • ' ' ) I ' ' ...__ I I .. _ _ I • •I \ • ' I l \ ---- I ' ; \ I \__ I \ • I • • ' . 'I..,. I • --- • I I I I I - • -· ' I I ,, • 1 fiNJ 11/lllfAIS 1 • ..... • I ' ,t • ' ' . I • . • • -- - - .. - .,...,I __ ' ~ I I ' • Fig. CN2: Coan Downs woolsbed. The northeast approach to the long drop-log woolsbed which stands in the centre of an extensive plain in great isolation.

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Fig. CN3: Coa.n Downs woolshed. The western side of the shed, with tbe central doorway sheltered by a tree. Reinforcements of galvanized iron are scattered about tbe walls.

B69 • • -•

• • • - - -

Fig. CN4: Coan Downs woolshed. The southern end of the sbed wbicb bas been shortened by about forty feet since it was built to suit the operating requirements of the modern station. •

Fig. CN5: Coan Downs woolshed. Tbe northern end of tbe shed where the sheep ramp enters the structure.

B70 Fig. CN6: Coan Downs woolshed. Northwest corner of the counting-out pens on the western side of the shed sl1owing the heavy posts and top-rails of these very substantial yards.

Fig. CN7: Coan Downs woolshed. The owner of the station outside the main central entrance on the western side of tbe woolshed. The portico is a most unusual formality for a woolsbed in the area.

B71 8

• • • 0

• • • • 0

• • • • 0 6 6 0 • • • • • • • • 6 • • • • • • 0 • • • tD • • • • • •[II • • • • ~ • • • • • en • • • • • 5 • • • • 7 7 • • • • • • • • N • • • • Not to Scale

Fig. CNB: Schematic plan of Coan Downs woolshed.

B72 Site EB : Summary

Name of Property: Euabalong Town/ district: Euabalong LGA: Cobar Location: On an internal station road, beside Booberoi Creek. Sta tion is on Lake Cargelligo to Euabalong road Map: 49/ 29 on the Euabalong 8131-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. EB1 Owner: Mr. Kevin Thompson (in 1990) Sites: Drop-slab structure : Site Report 1 Features: The only extant drop-slab structure in the study area. A similar structure on "Coonanga" in the Numurkah District is referred to by Freeman1 Landscape: On a slight rise near the Lachlan River, so the structures are located on rich black plains. Most of the original heavy band of eucalypt along the river and the mixed bimble box and cypress pine on the plain has been cleared for intensive production but some box remains along watercourses. Photographs: Figs. EB2 - EB12 Diagrams: Fig. EB13 Published Sources: 1. Nixon, J ., 1973, The Dusts of Time. 2. Report of the Royal Comn1ission to enquire into the Condition of the Crown Tenants in the Western Division. 1901. Part 11. Return showing Owners' Names, the Number of Stock on each Holding in the Sheep District of Condobolin (Western Division) on 1st Jan. in each year from 1882 to 1890 inclusive, as per Owners' Returns. See Table at end of Site EB Report 1. 3. NSWGG, 8 September 1885. Listed as Pastoral Holding No. 311. Lease: 25,624 acres, Rent £1.10. Rate per acre- 0.75 pence. Holder: Samuel McCaughey Unpublished Sources: 1. Budd Jnl. 2. Oral sources in area, especially the owner at time of site visit, Mr. Neville Gra ham who is now resident in Lake Cargelligo. J. Cannon of Hyandra has memories of Euabalong beginning in the 1940's. Details in report. Note 1. Freeman, P. 1982. Tbe Homestead: A Riverina Anthology, Oxford University Press, ~I elbourne, p. 282.

B73 Site EB: Report 1

Name: Euabalong Slab Hut District: Euabalong LGA: Co bar Location: On a private internal dirt road on Euabalong station, be side the Lachlan River The structure collapsed during the Lachlan floods of 1990. Map: 49/29 on the Euabalong 8131-1 & 4, 1:50,000 topographic map (CMA of NSW). Fig. EB1 Photographs: Figs. EB2 - EB 12 Diagrams: Fig. EB13 Date of Site Visit: 28 May 1986 to make a preliminary assessment of the site. Follow-up visit to complete oral record on 2 October 1990. Floods prevented access to the structure at this time and its recent collapse was noted Recording Circumstances: At the time of the preliminary site visit in 1986, the owner of the property was Mr. Neville Graham, the third generation of his family to own the station. He first gave us an inspection tour of the modern homestead and associated work areas, including the aircraft hanger and workshop. Three aircraft were present, including an ultralight. The property is host to an official Emergency Rural Airstrip. Mr. Graham then accompanied the recorders to the site of the slab hut and remained with them during the recording process which was subject to tight time constraints. As the structure was of such early date a photographic record was made at once and the major details were recorded. A further visit to make a detailed survey was planned but the structure collapsed before that was possible. Mr. Graham was able to recall the role of the structure during most of this century because of his family connection with the property for three generations, but had no knowledge about its origns. A second visit was made to Mr. Graham, in 1990, at his house in Lake Cargelligo where he has lived since selling Euabalong. At this time he supplied some background information and context for the structure. A sketch plan he made shows how the slab hut related to the large homestead which once stood nearby on the site now occupied by the modern shearers' quarters. He also reported a bark harnass room nearby. Note: At this visit the recent collapse of the slab hut was reported by Mr. Graham. A site visit was not possible because of the extensive flooding in the area by the Lachlan. Close measurement of this structure was not possible on either occassion. Structures: DROP-SLAB STRUCTURE The first record of this property was as Erebelongs run leased by Joseph 11oulder in 1865.

B74 Report EBl

The only surviving example of this type of drop-slab construction in the study area, this structure was probably one of the first buildings on the lease. It shows its long use and evolution in a series of repairs and additions. The hut is made of sturdy red gum slabs set horizontally into a shallow trench in the ground with no foundation. 1 Lewis , notes that in the case of vertical slab structures, "their upper ends were tied or nailed to a horizontal member ... the lower ends would commonly rest directly on or in the ground". A similar system was used here with the bottom slab forming the bed-log. The slabs are held to the upright posts by small battens forming a groove (Figs. EBB ,Fig. EBll). Handmade nails secure them to the horizontal member at the top. Part of the galvanized iron roof is missing. Most of the roof timbers are round but various replacements, as well as an extension thought to be pre-1920's, have sawn elements (Fig. EB3). Window openings are unglazed and are irregular both in size and placement and they are surrounded by a small wooden frame (Fig. EB 11). Doors are framed by posts and topped by slabs (Figs. EB6, EB7, EB9, EB12). A door of wide boards held by hand made nails has been re-hung with metal hinges (Fig. EB 12). The early role of the structure is not certain, but it has been used for a service purpose for most of this century. It is feasible that it was the original shelter on the lease. Sited near the modern shearers' huts, it has most recently served as a "cook house"(!). The hut is of three rooms, the main one containing the remains of a large brick chimney and oven. The locally made bricks show irregular firing and have no frog marks. The mortar is reddish. The bond used is unclear because of the extent of collapse and the cracking of the bricks. Decaying floorboards which were supported on small bearers are in situ (Fig. EB9). The slabs themselves are in almost perfect condition and belie the disintegration around them (Fig. EB 10). The hut is on the bank of the Lachlan and is near to the modern woolshed. The original woolshed was sited some distance away near to the present town of Euabalong and was destroyed by fire, although old sheep yards were still standing at the site in living memory (2). Unlike most properties in the area, Euabalong always produced crossbred sheep rather than merinos (3) so the emphasis was on meat production rather than on wool growing. In recent years a new, recreational, use of the structure was made by people fishing and camping beside the Lachlan. Nearby, on the bank of the river, is a steam engine , stamped : "Jaques Bros, Richmond, Melbourne". It is thought by Mr.Graham to have arrived on the station in 1925. Used for irrigation purposes, it took two men with a horse and dray to supply it with fuel. It pumped 1200 gallons per minute and watered 45 acres of summer stock feed, usually "saccalene", a sweet cereal, which was cut green and put into pits and covered to mature. It looked and tasted like molasses. Landscape: Right on the banks of the Lachlan River, on rich black soil subject to flooding. Now

B75

• Report EBl much cleared but large eucalypts remain along watercourses. Property was owned by (Sir) Samuel McCaughey, the pioneer of irrigation in the Riverina who was also in volved to some extent with the massive irrigation operations on the adjoining Booberoi. Between the clearing and the irrigation operations huge changes have been made to the landscape over more than a century of intense use.

TABLE : EUABALONG 1 : STOCI< RETURNS From Royal Commission to enquire into the Condition of the Crown Tenants in the Western Division of New South Wales, 1901. Part 11. Return Showing Owners' Name, the Number of Stock on each Holding in the Sheep District of Condobolin (Western Division) on 1st January in each year, as per Owners' Returns. S. McCAUGHEY. EUABALONG. YEAR SHEEP CATTLE HORSES 1882 4,500 40 10 1883 8,320 - - 1884 7,000 - 3 1885 5,990 1886 7,000 2 8 1887 7,078 4 8 1888 11) 115 13 19 1889 12,100 6 10 1890 no return 1891 Included In• North Whoey 1892 11 '100 16 16 • 1893 Included lfl North Whoey 1894 8,037 15 13 1895 8,805 16 19 1896 5,255 12 14 1897 4,490 8 11 1898 4,075 8 12 1899 3,466 8 11 1900 4,549 10 11

NOTES References 1. Lewis, M. 1977. Victorian Primitive, Greenhouse, Melbourne. Oral Infon1ants 1. Mr. N. Graham, owner of Euabalong station at the time of the site visit. 2. J. Cannon of Hyandra who grew up in the area. 3. N. Graham

B76 LLH.

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• Fig. EB2: Euabalong. Slab but from the south. The pile of bricks at the end was a brick fireplace and chimney. The tank stand has disintegrated leaving the tank unsupported.

Fig. EB3: Euabalong. The slab but from the west, showing the extension for a washroom at the end.

B78 <

~ 1 Fig. EB4: Euabalong slab but. Detail of a wall show ing tbe metbod of fitting tbe adzed slabs in to tbe uprights.

Fig. EB5: Euabalong slab but witb tbe later staff housing visible behind it, from tbe east. v !Lt.... ~.; .... :!,.. ~ " --- ~ -.._..._:, !J",..r- I';&,.J-,! • + , • • A .,!,~~ -. ~ ,J!-~'V)~.{;!!._t w,r .. •r !. . ...=..l

B79 < Fig. EB6: Euabalong slab hut. Interior, show ing doorway with round timber frame and bed log as doorstep. Battens to hold the slabs adjoin tbe uprights.

Fig. EB7: Euabalong slab hut. Interior, northern end of the structure, showing a doorway with an in built table nearby. v

B80 Fig. EBB: Euabalong slab but. Interior, showing a dividing wall made of a panel of slabs dropped horizontally into a frame of round uprights and secured with small battens. The upright posts are clamped to tbe plate.

B81 •

Fig. EB9: Euabalong slab hut. A doorway in the western wall opening onto the verandah, witb a morticed lintel and a bed log doorstep.

B82 Fig. EBlO: Euabalong slab hut. A slab from the collapsed section of the structure wbicb shows precise adze work and little deterioration despite long exposure to the elements.

B83 Fig. EBll: Euabalong slab hut. An external wall on the eastern side of the structure showing tbe posts, plate and a cross beam. The window is framed by a narrow sawn board.

B84 Fig. EB12: Euabalong slab hut. A doorway to the verandah with an original door still in place. Metal hinges have replaced the original leather ones. Graffiti on the walls recalls the many workers who have used tbe building.

B85 KEY: 1. DroJrsla.b hut 2. Cookhouse 3. Main room 4. Collapsed fireplace 5. Wa.shroom 6. Shea.rers quarters 7. Site of origin a.! house 8. Shed 9. Lachlan River

_ .... _ ... ___ r------• I I I I I I I 7 I

'I 'I I I I I ...... _ ~ ,_ ------I ~--- -'

6 5

1 3

Not to Scale •

Fig. EB13: Sketch of the slab hut area on Euabalong station. The shearers buts are built on the site of the original homestead. The original bark but for storing harnass and saddles bas been replaced by the wooden shed.

B86 Al:l'dl:i8Il A3NOAS .:1 AliSl:l3/\INn f-