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MAYBE AN ANSWER IS IN THERE: LIFE STORY IN DIALOGUE By Jennifer L. L. Carroll RECOMMENDED: a Advisory Committee Chair g/zf, Chair,^Department of Anthropology APPROVED: Interim Dean, College ofaiberalofaibei Arts InteKHTfDean of the Graduate School <2.; - 2^ 0 / 0 Date MAYBE AN ANSWER IS IN THERE: LIFE STORY IN DIALOGUE A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Jennifer L.L. Carroll, M.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2010 UMI Number: 3421512 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI 3421512 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This dissertation explores the ways in which Gwich'in women's lives have changed over the past century through the life story and historical and cultural reflections of Vera Englishoe, a Neets'qjj Gwich'in woman in her late 50s from Venetie and Fort Yukon. Vera's story illustrates one woman's pathway through changing times and provides an example of resilience in the face of family and community turmoil. This work also shows how Vera uses stories to sustain herself and others amid dialogues that challenge Gwich'in identity and how the Gwich'in approach to knowledge, understanding, and stories emphasize personal experience and accountability, promotes independent thinking on the part of the listener and acknowledges ambiguity and multiplicity in meaning. Through Vera's dialogue we see how stories of personal experience are offered to help others understand their own experiences and how putting stories into writing can be an extension of this tradition. Vera hopes her stories will remind people of the strength of Gwich'in culture and community and that they help others with similar experiences: that "maybe an answer is in there." In this work I employ a dialogic approach to reading Vera's stories because this comes closest to Vera's and Gwich'in ideas about how knowledge and understanding is gained and passed on through stories. Each person's experiences lead them to engage in the dialogue differently and thus find their own understanding. Offering a story acknowledges the ambiguity of understanding and the fluidity of storytelling and story listening. Through exploring multiple discourses and providing a "reading" instead of an interpretation of Vera's narrative I hope that "maybe something is in there" that will help others understand Vera's words. Vera's approach to her life story illustrates a way of using life stories not simply to record culture and history, but to engage others in a broader attempt to create and reinforce shared meaning and identity. This requires a way of looking at the collaborative process in the production of life histories that emphasizes continuing dialogues and negotiated meanings between all parties. V Table of Contents Page Signature Page.................................................................................................................................i Title Page........................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................1 1.1 The Partnership........................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 Theory and M ethod....................................................................................................11 2.1 Anthropology.............................................................................................................................11 2.2 Life History.................................................................................................................................18 2.2.1 Women and Life History.................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Anthropology and Life History..........................................................................................31 Chapter 3 Dialogics: Theory, Process, Product............................................................................39 3.1 Dialogics as a Theory of Cultural Emergence........................................................................39 3.2 Dialogics as Process..................................................................................................................44 3.3 Dialogics and Product...............................................................................................................45 3.4 Entering a River of Dialogue.................................................................................................... 51 3.5 Crossed Signals: The Academy in the Anthropologist............................................................ 57 3.6 Dialogues of Knowledge...........................................................................................................61 3.6.1 Western Knowledge/Gwich'in Knowledge.....................................................................64 Chapter 4 Constructing the Narrative.........................................................................................69 vi Page 4.1 Dialogues: Considerations for the Life History Genre......................................................... 70 4.1.1 Audience............................................................................................................................ 71 4.1.2 Purpose.............................................................................................................................. 74 4.1.3 Textualization....................................................................................................................77 4.2 The Collaboration.....................................................................................................................78 4.2.1 Collaboration: Audience.................................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 Collaboration: Purpose..................................................................................................... 80 4.2.3 Collaboration: Text............................................................................................................ 82 Chapter 5 A Brief History of Ethnographic Research among the Gwich'in................................ 89 5.1 The Generalists......................................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Language....................................................................................................................................92 5.3 Land Use and Economy............................................................................................................ 94 5.4 Social Change............................................................................................................................ 95 5.5 Ethnohistory............................................................................................................................. 96 5.6 Community Based Research and Self-Documentation.......................................................... 97 Chapter 6 "Maybe an Answer is in There": The Life Story of Vera Englishoe...........................100 6.1 Fort Yukon and Venetie: A Brief History of the Yukon Flats Region.................................. 100 6.2 Narratives about Family..........................................................................................................104 6.2.1 Mom - Maggie Erick....................................................................................................... 106 6.2.2 Dad-John Oliver Erick.................................................................................................... 117 6.2.3 Great-Grandparents Isaac and Rachel Erick................................................................. 125 6.2.4 Grandma Myra Robert.................................................................................................... 126 vii Page 6.2.5 Grandma Myra and Healing Practices...........................................................................134 6.2.6 Grandma Natalie Erick.................................................................................................... 138 6.3 Narratives of Place.................................................................................................................. 139 6.3.1 Alone with Dad.................................................................................................................139