Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil
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Carla Gheler-Costa, Maria Carolina Lyra-Jorge, Luciano Martins Verdade (Eds.) Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil Carla Gheler-Costa, Maria Carolina Lyra-Jorge, Luciano Martins Verdade (Eds.) Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalczyk Language Editor: Andrea Huston ISBN: 978-3-11-048084-9 e-ISBN: 978-3-11-048097-9 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. © 2016 Carla Gheler-Costa, Maria Carolina Lyra-Jorge, Luciano Martins Verdade (Eds.) and Chapters’ Contributors Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalczyk Language Editor: Andrea Huston www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: Fábio Henrique Comin Contents Preface XIV List of Contributors XVI Part I: Human Dimensions Luciano M. Verdade, Carla Gheler-Costa, Maria Carolina Lyra-Jorge 1 The Multiple Facets of Agricultural Landscapes 2 1.1 Agriculture and History 2 1.2 Agriculture and the Wilderness 4 1.2.1 Agricultural Impacts on the Wildlife 4 1.2.2 Wildlife Management in Agricultural Landscapes 6 1.3 Agriculture and the Future 8 Bibliography 9 Fábio Henrique Comin, Carla Gheler-Costa 2 The Role of Family Farms in Environmental Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Study Area 16 2.3 Development 18 2.4 Analytical Methodology 19 2.5 Results 20 2.5.1 Scientific Production in the Corumbataí River Basin 20 2.5.2 Family Farms: Socioeconomic and Environmental Characterisation 20 2.6 Discussion 22 2.7 Final Considerations 24 Bibliography 25 Alexandre Toshiro Igari, Leandro Reverberi Tambosi 3 Agribusiness and Socioeconomic Drivers of Land Cover Change in Brazil 28 3.1 Conceptual Framework of Economic and Social Drivers for Land Use Change 28 3.1.1 Population Growth, Industrialization and Agricultural Technology 28 3.1.2 Development-based Hypotheses for Forest Recovery 29 3.1.2.1 Forest Transition Hypothesis 29 3.1.2.2 Agricultural Adjustment Hypothesis 30 3.1.3 Caveats on Development-based Hypotheses 30 3.2 The Conceptual Framework in Brazil 31 3.2.1 Native Vegetation in Private Farms and the Forest Code 31 3.2.2 Agricultural Intensification and the Rural Credit Law 31 3.3 Confronting Development-based Hypotheses to Empirical Data 32 3.3.1 Empirical Data 33 3.4 Empirical Results 33 3.5 Alternative Approaches 36 3.6 Final Considerations 40 Bibliography 40 Milton Cezar Ribeiro, Renata de Lara Muylaert, Pavel Dodonov, Giordano Ciocheti, Marcelo Magioli, Felipe Martello, Alessandro Rocha, Bruno Defane Borges, Carolina Carvalho, Claudia Zukeran Kanda, Karen G. Rodriguez-Castro 4 Dealing with Fragmentation and Road Effects in Highly Degraded and Heterogeneous Landscapes 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.1.1 Urban-agroecosystem Gradients and Biodiversity 44 4.1.2 Road Ecology, Landscape Structure and Biodiversity 45 4.1.3 Overview of Edge Effects in Fragmented Landscapes 47 4.1.4 Understanding Landscape Effects on Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow 48 4.2 Case Studies 49 4.2.1 Stable Isotope Analysis and Functional Diversity: Potential Tools for Subsidize Mammal Conservation Strategies in a Landscape Perspective 49 4.2.2 Anthropogenic Effects on Bats 51 4.2.3 Roads and Bats in Heterogeneous Landscapes 52 4.2.4 Ants as Bioindicators of Fragmentation and Edge Effect in Neotropical Environments 53 4.3 Where Should We Go with Landscape Ecology within Agroecosystems? 54 Bibliography 56 Part II: Biodiversity Dimensions Dennis Goss-Souza, Clovis Daniel Borges, Lucas William Mendes, Acacio Aparecido Navarrete, Dilmar Baretta, Tsai Siu Mui 5 Exploring Diversity of Soil Microorganisms: A Multidimensional Approach 66 5.1 Introduction 66 5.2 Sampling and Data Retrieval of Soil Microorganisms: From Field to Laboratory 67 5.3 Assessing Diversity and Structure of Soil Microbial Communities by Molecular Tools 70 5.3.1 Sequencing Technologies 70 5.4 Biogeochemical Techniques for Evaluating Soil Quality and Fertility 72 5.4.1 Soil Microbial Biomass 73 5.4.2 Metabolic Quotient (qCO2) 73 5.4.3 Microbial Enzymatic Activity 74 5.5 Microbial Biogeography and Diversity in Soil: A Top-down Approach in Landscape Ecology 75 5.6 Integrating Soil Microbial Molecular Data with Environmental Parameters 77 5.6.1 Methods for Analysis in Soil Microbial Ecology 77 5.6.1.1 Linkage Methods 77 5.6.1.2 Ordination Methods 79 5.6.2 Selective Approach on Molecular and Environmental Dataset Analysis 81 5.7 Final Considerations 83 Bibliography 83 Eduardo A. Athayde, Leonardo F. Cancian, Leonor Patricia C. Morellato 6 The Value of Agricultural Landscape for Tropical Trees 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Material and Methods 89 6.2.1 Study Area 89 6.2.2 Sampling Design 91 6.2.3 Statistical Analyses 92 6.3 Results 93 6.3.1 Soil Analyses 93 6.3.2 Species Composition and Relationship with Environmental Variables 94 6.3.3 Vegetation Maps 96 6.4 Discussion 96 6.5 Final Considerations 99 Bibliography 100 Appendix 1 103 Giancarlo Conde Xavier Oliveira 7 Changes in Species and Genetic Diversity of Crops 112 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Historical Variation in Crop Species Diversity in Agricultural Systems at Several Geographic Scales 114 7.2.1 Material and Methods 114 7.2.1.1 The Diversity Index and Limitations of the Data Available 114 7.2.1.2 Planted Area Data at the National, Regional and State Levels 116 7.2.1.3 Planted Area Data at the State, Agricultural Region and Municipality Level in São Paulo State 116 7.2.2 Results and Discussion 118 7.2.2.1 Species Diversity and Richness at the National, Regional and State Levels 118 7.2.2.2 Species Diversity and Richness at the State, Agricultural Region and Municipality Level in São Paulo State 122 7.3 Historical Diversity Variation in Swidden Agriculture of São Paulo 127 7.4 Final Considerations 132 Bibliography 133 Cristina Yuri Vidal, Julia Raquel Mangueira, Fabiano Turini Farah, Débora Cristina Rother, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues 8 Biodiversity Conservation of Forests and their Ecological Restoration in Highly-modified Landscapes 136 8.1 Introduction 136 8.2 Conservation Management of Forest Remnants for Biodiversity 137 8.2.1 Forest Remnants and their Value for Conservation 137 8.2.2 Main Problems and Challenges Related to Conservation of Fragmented Forest Remnants 138 8.2.3 The Adaptive Management of Fragmented Forest Remnants 139 8.3 Ecological Restoration within Highly-modified Landscapes 141 8.3.1 Development of Ecological Restoration Techniques 141 8.3.2 Planning of Ecological Restoration within High-use Agricultural Landscapes 142 8.4 How to Enable the Conservation Management and Ecological Restoration of Fragmented Forest Remnants? 144 8.4.1 Social and Economic Aspects 144 8.4.2 Instruments and Initiatives for the Conservation Management and Restoration of Fragmented Forests 145 8.5 Final Considerations 146 Bibliography 146 Flavio de Barros Molina, Bruno de Oliveira Ferronato, Franco Leandro de Souza 9 Freshwater Turtles in Natural, Rural and Urban Ecosystems in São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil 151 9.1 São Paulo State Landscapes and its Native Turtle Species in Natural, Rural and Urban Environments 151 9.2 Turtle Invasive Species in Natural, Rural and Urban Environments in São Paulo State 155 9.3 Final Considerations 157 Bibliography 157 Rodney Kozlowiski de Azevedo, Vanessa Doro Abdallah 10 Fish Parasites and their Use as Environmental Research Indicators 163 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 A Brief History of the Parasitology of Fish in Brazil 166 10.3 Parasites as Bioindicators and Models for Studies of Ecology 167 10.4 Introduction of Species and their Deleterious Impacts 170 10.5 Fish Farming in Natural Environments 172 10.6 Final Considerations 174 Bibliography 175 Alex Augusto de Abreu Bovo, Katia Maria P. M. B. Ferraz, Luciano M. Verdade, José Roberto Moreira 11 Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Anthropogenic Environments: Challenges and Conflicts 178 11.1 Capybaras’ Natural History 178 11.2 Capybaras in Anthropogenic Environments 179 11.2.1 Adaptation 180 11.2.2 Conflicts with Humans 183 11.3 Final Considerations 185 Bibliography 186 Karina L. Silva-Brandão, Danilo Bandini Ribeiro, Mariana Monteiro de Brito, Alberto José Arab Olavarrieta, André V. L. Freitas 12 The Influence of Agricultural and Forest Landscapes on the Diversity of Lepidoptera 190 12.1 Introduction 190 12.2 Genetic Diversity of Lepidopteran Pests in Brazil 191 12.2.1 Lepidopterans-larval Host Plant Interactions and their Role in Genetic and Reproductive Incompatibility 191 12.2.2 Case Studies on Polyphagous Species 193 12.2.2.1 Spodoptera frugiperda 193 12.2.2.2 Heliothis virescens 194 12.2.2.3 Diatraea saccharalis 196 12.3 Diversity of Butterflies in Agricultural and Forest Ecosystems 196 12.3.1 Fruit-feeding Butterflies 196 12.4 Management of Agricultural Systems and Biodiversity 199 12.5 Final Considerations and Future Directions 199 Bibliography 200 Pedro Gerhard, Luciano M. Verdade 13 Stream Fish Diversity in an Agricultural Landscape of Southeastern Brazil 206 13.1 Introduction 206 13.2 Study Area 207 13.3 Methods 208 13.3.1 Study Design and Sampling Site Selection 208 13.3.2 Habitat and Fish Data Collection 209 13.3.3 Analytical Methodology 210 13.4 Results 211 13.4.1 Stream Fish Richness 211 13.4.2 Stream Fish Diversity 212 13.4.3 Stream Fish Diversity and LU 212 13.4.4 Indicator Species in LU Catchment Groups 214 13.5 Discussion 216 13.6 Final Considerations 219 Bibliography 220 Part III: Case Studies Paula C.