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Le Vodou Asogwe Diasporique Transnational Ontologie Analogique Et Naturalisme Moderne Globalisé

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Le Vodou Asogwe Diasporique Transnational Ontologie Analogique Et Naturalisme Moderne Globalisé Le vodou asogwe diasporique transnational Ontologie analogique et naturalisme moderne globalisé Thèse en cotutelle Doctorat en anthropologie Hadrien Munier Université Laval Québec, Canada Philosophiae doctor (Ph. D.) et Université Lumière Lyon 2 Lyon, France Doctorat (Dr.) © Hadrien Munier, 2017 Le vodou asogwe diasporique transnational Ontologie analogique et naturalisme moderne globalisé Thèse en cotutelle Doctorat en anthropologie Hadrien Munier Sous la direction de : Francine Saillant, directrice de recherche Jorge P. Santiago, directeur de cotutelle Résumé Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur une forme contemporaine du vodou haïtien telle qu'elle est pratiquée dans la diaspora et plus particulièrement à Montréal. J'ai choisi de focaliser mon étude sur l'une de ses formes présentes en Haïti, appelée vodou asogwe. Ma thèse concerne ainsi l'étude d'une religion diasporique et transnationale dans le contexte de la globalisation. Les données empiriques de ma recherche amènent au constat que la pratique du vodou asogwe à Montréal repose autant sur des adaptations à son nouveau contexte que sur une continuité de sa logique profonde. J'ai élaboré ma méthodologie de manière à pouvoir saisir dans la mesure du possible le sens de la pratique de l'intérieur, en pratiquant régulièrement avec mes interlocuteurs. J'ai mené mes recherches de doctorat pendant deux ans au sein d'une famille spirituelle, tout en prenant également en compte le lignage religieux plus large dans lequel celle-ci s'inscrit. Cela m'a également amené à observer la ritualité et à faire des entretiens dans plusieurs lieux répartis entre Montréal et Haïti, connectés par ce lignage religieux transnational. L'analyse que je mène articule l'étude des religions transnationales à l'approche théorique de l'anthropologie ontologique. La démonstration vise alors à analyser la manière dont l'adaptation du vodou asogwe diasporique à la globalisation permet à celui-ci de se perpétuer tout en étant inséré dans la modernité mais en reposant toujours sur une ontologie distincte. Pour déployer cette analyse, la thèse est organisée autour de l'étude de la dynamique entre adaptations et continuités dans la pratique du vodou asogwe qui se manifeste notamment dans son inscription spatiale et ses processus de territorialisation. Mot-clés : Montréal, Haïti, diaspora, transnationalisation, religion, vodou asogwe, globalisation, ontologie. iii Abstract This Ph.D. thesis deals with a contemporary form of Haitian vodou practiced in the diaspora and especially in Montreal. I chosen to focus my study on one of its version existing in Haiti, called vodou asogwe. Thereby my thesis analyzes a diasporic and transnational religion in the context of globalization. Empiric data of my research expose that the practice of vodou asogwe in Montreal lies as on adaptations to this new context than a continuity of its deep logic. I designed my methodology to grasp the meaning of the religious practice from the inside, regularly practicing with my interlocutors. I led my Ph.D. fieldwork during two years into a spiritual family, while taking into account the wider religious lineage in which it is embedded. This drove me to observe the rituality and to conduct interviews in several locations spread between Montreal and Haiti, all of them connected by this transnational religious lineage. The analysis I develop combines the study of transnational religions to the theoretical lens of ontological anthropology. The demonstration aims to analyze the way in which adaptation of diasporic vodou asogwe to globalization allows it to perpetuate itself while being inside a modern context but still lying on a specific ontology. In order to unfold this analysis the thesis is structured by the study of the dynamic between adaptations and continuities in the practice of vodou which appears in particular in its spatial insertion and its territorialization process. Keywords : Montreal, Haiti, diaspora, transnationalization, religion, vodou asogwe, globalization, ontology. iv Table des matières Résumé.............................................................................................................................iii Abstract.............................................................................................................................iv Remerciements..................................................................................................................x Introduction générale.........................................................................................................1 Chapitre 1 – Vodou, mondialisation et migrations............................................................9 Introduction...................................................................................................................9 1.1 – Les cultures afro-américaines, produit des différentes phases de la mondialisation ............................................................................................................10 1.1.1 – Les multiples phases de la mondialisation.................................................10 1.1.2 – Mondialisation et modernité......................................................................15 1.1.3 – La formation des cultures afro-américaines...............................................20 1.1.4 – Les religions afro-américaines et la première mondialisation...................24 1.2 – Les migrations contemporaines : création d'espaces diasporiques et transnationaux dans le contexte de la globalisation ...................................................29 1.2.1 – L’importance des migrations contemporaines dans la globalisation..........31 1.2.2 – Migrations et diasporas..............................................................................39 1.2.3 – Migrations et réseaux transnationaux.........................................................45 1.2.4 – Diaspora et réseaux transnationaux............................................................48 1.2.4.1 – La métropolisation des diaspora ........................................................50 1.2.4.2 – Logiques spatiales des diasporas........................................................54 1.2.5 – Transnationalisation des religions afro-américaines..................................60 1.3 – La formation de la diaspora haïtienne de la mondialisation à la globalisation : spécificité historique ..................................................................................................65 1.3.1 – La formation d’Haïti comme culture afro-américaine...............................66 1.3.2 – Les migrations haïtiennes et la formation de la diaspora haïtienne...........75 1.3.3 – Le vodou haïtien dans la diaspora haïtienne .............................................78 Conclusion .................................................................................................................81 Chapitre 2 – Le vodou haïtien comme objet anthropologique: quelle altérité?...............83 Introduction.................................................................................................................83 2.1 – Socio-anthropologies du vodou haïtien.............................................................84 2.1.1 – Les courants de la littérature anthropologique sur le vodou haïtien .........84 2.1.2 – De l'indigénisme au noirisme : la valorisation politique et identitaire du vodou......................................................................................................................85 2.1.3 – Les Amériques noires : syncrétisme et créolité .........................................87 2.1.4 – Ésotérisme et valorisation ........................................................................90 2.1.5 – Approches sociologiques : vodou et politique ..........................................91 2.1.6 – Les nouvelles recherches dans la diaspora ................................................95 2.2 – Qu'est-ce que le vodou haïtien?.......................................................................103 2.2.1 – Les origines multiples du vodou haïtien..................................................103 2.2.2 – Les diffusions antérieures à la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle...............111 2.3 – L'approche ontologique : une lecture renouvelée du vodou ?..........................115 2.3.1 – Les apports du tournant ontologique pour (re)penser l'altérité................115 2.3.2 – Des chasseurs-cueilleurs aux Amériques noires.......................................120 2.3.3 – Le vodou haïtien : multiplicité, dividualité et analogisme.......................124 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................132 Chapitre 3 – Contexte de la recherche et méthodologie................................................134 Introduction...............................................................................................................134 3.1 – Contexte : le vodou, la diaspora haïtienne et Montréal ..................................135 3.1.1 – La communauté haïtienne de Montréal ...................................................135 v 3.1.2 – Population : famille religieuse et lignage religieux..................................139 3.1.3 – Le vodou à Montréal, Haïti et New York................................................142 3.2 – Méthodologie : ethnographie expérientielle d’une religion diasporique.........146 3.2.1 – De l’observation à la posture expérientielle : terrain et transformation ..147 3.2.1.1 – Expérience d'une initiation
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