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Field Incidence of Mosquito Pathogens and Parasites in Central Alberta

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Field Incidence of Mosquito Pathogens and Parasites in Central Alberta JUNE 1987 Moseutro PnrnocpNs AND PARASITES 23r FIELD INCIDENCE OF MOSQUITO PATHOGENS AND PARASITES IN CENTRAL ALBERTA MARK S, GOET'TELI Department of Entomolngt, (Jniuersity of Aherta, Edrnonton, Aherta, T6G 2E3 ABSTRACT. Ten pools and ponds were monitored on a weekry basis _for pr-esence-9f mosquito Microsporidia '""ap"ifrog"* "na parasites over a tlree year period near Edmonton, Alberta-.-Acari, fungi, p""tit.i.ftida were found associatei witlh mosquitoes. Percentage of collections with pathogens and in parentheses 'iestimated'%o".urii". tpt"ralence) followed by the mean percintage infection within the samples, incidence) for the three year period were as follows: Coelnmom-yces-psorophnrae uar. psoroDhnrac0.9(0.01-0.02), Culicirnmycis claiisporus 1.2(0.09-0.2),Saprolegniales 50-1(15), Smittium- !r. zf.otnf . Uiciosporidia'i0.9(0.6-1.4), Peritricliida 43.4(30)and Acari 3.2(0.04).The high incidgnce of S'"otoiumi"i.. -"y b. a resuli of attack on stressed individuals under laboratory conditions.. S-e-v.9r$ ["It ""& ."""try records are reported. It is concludedthat pathogensand parasites generally had little effect on the mosquito populations' visu- INTRODUCTION pae) were brought back to the laboratory, ally examined for presenceof pathogels or -par- Recently there has been much interest in use asites, counted and placed into Bates' medium of pathogensand parasites as control agents of S (Mclintock 1952) in trays or 500 ml plastic mosquitoes.Many potential control agentshave containers.Immatures were rearedat 20'C until been identified (see Jenkins 1964, Roberts and emergenceor death. Dead larvae were removed Castillo 1980,Roberts and Strand 1977,Roberts daily, identified to speciesusing the key of Wood et al. 1983), however, most of these represent et ai. (19?9),and then examinedmicroscopically limited collectionsand very little is known about for sigrrsof pathogens and parasites. At times, their epizootiology.Very few studies have been dead immatures were stored at 4'C for 24-48hr parasite made to determine fluctuations in ac- prior- to examination. tivity or the long term incidence of parasites. PathngenI parosite identificatinns/ isol'ations' Such studies are required in order to better Pupae parasitized by mites were removed and evaluate pathogens and parasites as potential plaied in a separatecontainer until adult emer- biological control agents of mosquitoes' The gence.Adults were then examined for mite in- present study was made to determine impor- festation. Mites preserved in 70Voalcohol were tance and seasonalincidence of naturally occur- sent to Dr I. M. Smith, BiosystematicsResearch ring mosquito pathogens and parasites in 10 Centre, Ottawa for identification. selectedpools in central Alberta. Microsporidian-infected immatures were kept at 4'C in sterile water and sent to Dr A. H. Animals MATERIALS AND METHODS Undeen, Insects Affecting Man and ResearchLaboratory, Gainesville, FL, for iden- Larual rnonitoring an'd'd.iagnasis. Ten pools tification. Whole cadavers with Coelnmotnyces and ponds 4 km NW of Devon, Alberta infections were mounted on slides in lactofuch- (114"47'W, 53'23'N) were regularly monitored sin and identified using the key of Couch and between June 1982 and September 1984. In Bland (1985). Immatures infected with fungi 1982, monitoring began June 15; in 1983 on other than Coelomom.yceswere bathed for 5 min April 28; and in 1984 on May 6. Five to 120 in 50 pg/ml chloromycetin before being placed (usually 10-30) samples were taken from each on the surface of Sabouraud dextrose agar sup- pool on a weekly basis using a 350 ml dipper. plemented with 60 pg/ml penicillin and 30 pS/ During each field trip, pool parameters such as ml streptomycin. Hyphal growth on the agar water temperature (taken 10 cm below the water was subcultured until pure cultures were ob- surface),pH and conductivity were monitored. tained. Saprolegrriaceousfungi were subcultured Dippers and the collectors' boots were rinsed in onto 2.5% V8@juice with 2% agar and sent for 5% householdbleach aft'ercollection at eachsite identification to Dr D. J. S. Barr, Biosystematics in order to minimize the possibility of spreading ResearchCentre, Ottawa. -pathogens between study sites. Initial attempts were made to isolate pure Field-collectedimmatures (i.e., larvae and pu- cultures of most fungal pathogens.However, due to the high incidence of fungi in the order Sap- and difficulties associatedin isola- 1Present address:Insect Pathology ResourceCen- rolegniales this was discontinued ter, Boyce Thompson Institute, Tower Road, Cornell tion and identification, only University, Ithaca, NY 14853. after the first few months. Subsequently JounNer,oF THEAnrnnrclx Moseurro CoNrnol AssocrATroN Vol.3, No.2 Culicirwmyces clguisporus Couch, Romney and All other sites were monitored for the entire Rao was isolated;details are presentedelsewhere study period as long as they contained water. (Goettel et al. 1984). No attempts were made to Properties of the water were generally similar at isolate trichomycete fungi. These were preserved all sites. Temperatures of bitween B and 5.C in lactofuchsin on slides and were sent for iden- were recordedin early spring. The highest tem- tification to Dr R. W. Lichtwardt, Department perature recordedwas 2b"C at sites H and I. At of Botany, The University of Kansas, iawrence. the other sites, the highest temperaturesranged "be- Peritrichida were not identified. No attempts between 20 and 24"C. Conduciivity ranged were made to identifu or isolate possible bacle- tw-een105 and 1710pmhos/cm and pH bitween rial pathogens. 6.0 and 9.2. In 1982 and 1983,the total rainfall Percent inri.d,ence estimates.Since large num- betwee.nJune and August was approximately B0 bers of mosquitoes were unaccounted f6r while cm while in 1984 during the sameperiod it was reared under laboratory conditions and only 5.5 cm (Environment Canada,Edmonton Inter- dead immatures were examined for pathogens national Airport 14 km SE of the study area). and parasites,three methods *ere .rred to 6sti- As a result, in 1984most pools were dry by late mate infection rates of field-collected mosqui- summer. toes as follows: Mosquitoes.In general, pools were first colo- nized- Minimum estimated Voincidence by spring Aedes species.Specimens col_ (1) lected included: Aedes cataphy[ta Dyar, Ae. : numbbr infected/total collected x 100. eu<d,esHoward, Dyar and Knab, Ae. excrurians (Walkeil Ae. fitchii (Felt and young), Ae. In this calculation, it is assumedthat none fla_ of uescerw(Mriller), Ae. mercurator Dyai, Ae. pion_ the missing immatures were infected and there- ips Dyar, Ae. purwtor (Kirby), and.Ae. riparius fore it estimatesthe absoluteminimum infection Dyar and Knab. In early June, pools wer'egen_ rate possible.This calculation was used for Coe- erally colonizedby Culisetaataskaensis (Ludiow) lamomyces, Culi.cirnmyces and Microsporid.ia. followed later in the For Acari only the number pupae summer by Cs. inarnata of mosquito (Williston), Cs. rninncsotae wereused in this calculation. Barr, Cs. morsitans (Theobald), and,Culex territans Walker. Aedes Maximum estimated % incidence uexons (Meigen) colonized sites A. I and J in early to mid-summer. : estimated number (2) In the present study identifications were at- lsmpted with specimens infected/total collected x 100. that had died and were generally in the process of deterioration. Be- The estimated number infected was determined cause 4th-instar specimensin excellent condi- by multiplying the proportion of accounteddead tion are required for proper identification of immatures with infection by the total number spingAedes species,the identifications are ten- collected,less the number of adults emerged.In uous. Therefore, no attempts are made at estab- this calculation, it is assumed that thJ same lishing new host records for these species. proportion of missing immatures were infected Many field-collected immatures disappeared as those that were accounted for. This calcula- while held in the laboratory. This occurred tion also takes into accountthe number ofadults mainly when earlier instars were collected. Of emerging. This method was used for Coelamn- 37,462 immatures collected in BB9 collections. rnyces,Culicirwrlyces and Microsporidia. 45Vo werc unaccounted for from the time of collection to the time the last Estimated % incidence individual either (3) 4ied or emerged as an adult. This was probably : number infected/number dead x 100. due to rapid decomposition and cannibalism oi immatures held in the laboratory. predators In this calculation, it is assumedthat the same were also accidentally introduced with the sam- proportion of all immatures collected were in. ple in somecases. Of the E5%of immaturesthat fected as those that died and were accounted were accounted,for, 67Vo(19,742\ died and were for. This calculation was used for Saprolegrri- diagnosed microscopically for pathogens and ales,Smittium and Peritrichida. parasites. Pathogensand Parasites.Acari, fungi, Micro- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sporidia and Peritrichida were found associated with mosquitoes (Table 2). The most prevalent Habitats. Details of the L0 study sites are (i.e.,.occurring in most collections) were sapro- summarizedin Table 1. Sites A, B, G and I were legniaceousfungi followed by commensal Feri- not monitored in 1982. Sites C and D were drv trichida and Trichomycetes, and then in micro- 1984as a result ofdrainage operationsnearby. sporidian pathogens. Ectocommensal peritri- JUNE1987 Mosqurro Parnoonns lNo Plnlsrrss 233 Table 1. Descriptions of pools in central Alberta monitored for mosquito pathogensand parasitesbetween June 1982and September1984. Sit€ Habitat description Vegetationr Size (m) A Shallow, semipermanentpool in Carex.sp. (d) 15x34 partially wooded area Populus spp, Salir sp. (e) Typln latifoli.a (s) Shallow, temporary roadsideditch Calthasp.(s) 1x8 ScJr.rsp. (s) Typlw latifolia (s) Deep, semipermanent roadside pool Iamrn rninnr 25x50 with seepagefrom adjacent lake Solir sp. (s) Typha latifolia (s) D Same as C Sameas C 3UX40 E Shallow, temporary roadsideditch Carer sp. (d) 2x25 Typlwlatifolia (s) F Large shallow marsh fed by stream Caltlwsp. 210x 210 Corer sp. (d) P opul.us balsamif er a (s) Salrr sp.
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