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Optimizing Mobile Games with Gameloft And Optimizing Mobile Games with Gameloft and ARM Stacy Smith Senior Software Engineer, ARM Adrian Voinea World Android Technical Lead, Gameloft Victor Bernot Lead Visual Effects Developer, Gameloft 1 ARM Ecosystem . My first role in ARM was in Developer Relations . Developers came to us to ask for help . We couldn’t share their problems with the world . We couldn’t help everyone on a one to one basis 2 Developer Education . Developer Education addresses that need . Since 2012 we’ve been sharing advice for graphical development . Developers working with Developer Relations have remained separate . Until now! 3 4 Today’s Agenda . Gameloft . Batching (Iron Man 3) . Culling and LOD (Gangstar Vegas) . Texture compression (Asphalt 8) . ARM (That’s me) . Entry level implementations . How to achieve similar results 5 Iron Man 3 Improving Draw Calls and Rendering Techniques 6 Sorting Objects Before Rendering . There is no good or bad way to determine which sorting method works best for a game . Sorting methods reduce overdraw and material changes at the cost of CPU . Sorting algorithms used for Iron Man 3: . Sorting by material . Sorting by distance 7 What Happens When No Sorting Is Applied? . Mid-range device: average 18FPS, constant micro-freezes . Over 35 program changes per frame . The skybox is rendered in the 27th draw call / 150 8 Sorting Objects Before Rendering . Every shader program change is costly . It will depend a lot on the number of programs your game has . Using a texture atlas will create the same materials, thus allowing better material sorting . Sorting front to back will reduce the overdraw 9 Material Sorting Results . Reduced program changes to an average of 16 . Micro-freezes are reduced. Average 22FPS, smoother gameplay 10 Material Sorting Results . But we still have a lot of overdraw… 11 Front to Back Sorting . And this is the desired result… 12 Front to Back Sorting . Sorting by distance . Front to back sorting will reduce the overdraw, skipping fragment shader execution for all the dropped fragments . The transparent objects must be drawn back to front for a correct ordering. The blending is done with what is already drawn in the color buffer . For OpenGL® ES 3.0, avoid modifying the depth buffer from the fragment shader or you will not benefit from the early Z testing, making the front to back sorting useless 13 Front to Back Sorting Results . Sorting first by material, objects with the same material then sorted front to back . Constant 24FPS . The skybox is rendered in the 82nd draw call / 135, being the last opaque object 14 Dynamic Batching . Objects that are not static batched and by nature require dynamic movement can be batched at runtime . Objects need to share the same material to be batched into one single draw call . Dynamic batched objects require new geometry and the duplication of all the vertex attributes, adding a constraint on the number of vertices 15 Dynamic Batching • Should be applied to dynamic objects that share the same material, with a constraint on number of vertices, like particles 16 Dynamic Batching • In order for objects to be batchable at runtime: . Objects need to use the same program . Objects require identical textures . Because of draw order constraint, objects require the same transparency property . Because of duplicating vertex attributes, dynamic batching on objects requires a lower number of vertices 17 Sorting Objects Before Rendering . Good approach to render your scene: . Sort all opaque objects based on material and distance from camera . This reduces scene overdraw . Reducing material change will help a bit on FPS, depending on the hardware, but also helps with micro-freezes . For every consecutive draw call that has the same material, dynamic batching is simple and easy to achieve . Reduces the actual number of draw calls . Reduced micro-freezes and gained ~6FPS by applying sorting algorithms 18 The Importance of Batching 19 Batching . Deferred immediate mode rendering . glDrawElements and glDrawArrays have an overhead . Less draw calls, less overhead . DrawCall class stitches multiple objects into one draw call . Macro functions in shaders make batching as simple as: vec4 pos=transform[getInstance()]*getPosition(); 20 Batching 21 Batching uniform mat4 transforms[4]; 22 Mixing up a Batch Mesh 1 [(1,1),(0,1),(0,0),(1,0)] Mesh 2 [(1,2),(0,2),(0,0)] Mesh 3 [(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)] Index1: [0,1,2,0,2,3] Index2: [0,1,2] Index3: [0,1,2] Attrib1:[(1,1),(0,1),(0,0),(1,1),(1,2),(0,0),(1,0),(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)] Attrib2:[0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2] Index: [0,1,2,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] 23 Serving up a Batch Vertex shader: uniform mat4 transforms[3]; attribute vec4 pos; attribute float id; void main(){ mat4 trans=transforms[(int)id]; glPosition=trans*pos; } GL Code: float transforms[16*instanceCount]; . /* Load matrices into float array */ . glUniformMatrix4fv(transID,4,false,transforms); 24 Scene Batching . Multiple geometries drawn in a single draw call: . drawbuilder.addGeometry(geo1); . drawbuilder.addGeometry(geo2); . drawbuilder.addGeometry(geo3); . drawbuilder.Build(); . Always draws in the same order from a start and end index. Unused objects can be scaled out to zero . Can lead to inefficiency of vertex shaders 25 Remixing a Batch Mesh 1 [(1,1),(0,1),(0,0),(1,0)] Mesh 2 [(1,2),(0,2),(0,0)] Mesh 3 [(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)] Index1: [0,1,2,0,2,3] Index2: [0,1,2] Index3: [0,1,2] Attrib1:[(1,1),(0,1),(0,0),(1,1),(1,2),(0,0),(1,0),(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)] Attrib2:[0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2] Index: [0,1,2,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] 26 Remixing a Batch Attrib1:[(1,1),(0,1),(0,0),(1,1),(1,2),(0,0),(1,0),(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)] Attrib2:[0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2] These IDs are the same Index: [0,1,2,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] But now the draw order is different Index: [7,8,9,4,5,6,0,1,2,0,2,3] 27 Remixing a Batch Attrib1:[(1,1),(0,1),(0,0),(1,1),(1,2),(0,0),(1,0),(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)] Attrib2:[0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,2] Index: [0,1,2,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] These vertices are still processed Index: [0,1,2,0,2,3,7,8,9] …But never get drawn 28 Object Instancing . Multiple geometries or single object instances: for(int i=0;i<50;i++) drawbuilder.addGeometry(geo1); drawbuilder.Build() . Can implement LOD switching when objects are sorted front to back and correctly culled . So let’s talk about culling 29 Batching / Draw Call Reduction Case Study: Gangstar Vegas 30 Challenges . Big map: ~16 km² . Move by foot / by car / by plane . Interior/exterior environments 31 Streaming . Constant streaming is needed : . Meshes / LODs . Streaming thread with second OpenGL® context . Textures . Same streaming thread as meshes . Lower mipmap level always available . Also streamed : . Animations . Sounds . Physics data 32 Reducing Draw Call Count & Cost . Draw calls are one of the major bottlenecks on mobiles . On a very powerful device, stay under 300 draw calls . On most devices => 100 to 200 at max . Techniques used to reduce draw call count: . Static batching . 2D grid culling . Near/far city . To reduce draw call cost: . Index & Vertex Buffer Objects (IBO / VBO) for static geometry 33 2D Grid Culling . Objects are linked to the cells of a grid . A simple 2D grid is used: . 128x128 cells . Cell size : 30m x 30m . An object can belong to one or more cells . Culling process: . Get cells visible by camera’s frustum 2D projection on grid . Middle cells: fully in frustum . Border cells: partially in frustum . Middle cell objects: directly added to render list . Border cell objects: AABBoxes are tested vs camera frustum . Grid is also used for streaming: . Radius Add (175m) / Radius Safe (205m) 34 Frustum & Grid 35 Middle Cells 36 Border Cells 37 Objects will be drawn directly 38 AABOX culling => culled 39 Outside frustum => directly culled 40 AABOX culling => visible Near/Far Cities . Two different city meshes are used: 1. Near city: . High resolution . Streamed 2. Far city . Low resolution . Not streamed 41 Cities Depth Slices . Each city version has its own « depth slice » . Using glDepthRange . Little overlapping zone between the two (20m). glDepthRange(0.0, 0.08); CamZnear = 0.2; CamZFar = 160; RenderHighresCity(); glDepthRange(0.08, 1); CamZnear = 140; CamZFar = 2000; RenderLowresCity(); 42 Full city: 77 draw calls 43 Near City : 48 draw calls 44 45 Top view, near city slice Near City Materials . Atlasing of albedo textures (batching & memory) . Lightmaps . Complex shaders (e.g. specular / reflection) 46 Full City: 77 draw calls 47 Far City: 29 draw calls 48 49 Top view: far city and full frustum Far City Materials . Heavy atlasing . Premultiplied Lightmaps . Low cost shaders 50 LODs and Culling 51 LOD in Batches 52 LOD in Batches 3 1 5 9 2 6 X 4 8 X 7 X 53 LOD in Batches 54 LOD in Batches X X 2 1 6 3 8 5 X 4 X 7 55 LOD in Batches X X X X 4 1 6 3 X 2 X 5 56 LOD in Batches 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 57 LOD in Batches X X 2 1 6 3 8 5 X 4 X 7 58 LOD in Batches X X X X 4 1 6 3 X 2 X 5 59 A View to a Cull 60 Scene Batching Timbuktu has 22 objects per environment layer S= Skipped R=Rendered X=Scaled out 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 R R R R R R R S S R R R X X X X X X R R X X X X X R X R S < - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - > S S R R R S S S S S S R R S S S S S R S R S < - > < > <> <> S S R R R S S S S S S R R S S S S S R X R S < - > < > < - > 61 Imposterable .
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