Guide to Further Reading

This short list of books is not intended to be fully comprehensive, but aims to assist the reader in finding his way to a number of recent works, neither cited in the text nor specifically restricted to Britain, which contain abundant references to more specialised systematic fields. BRUCE, J. P., and CLARK, R. H. (1966). Introduction to Hydrometeorology, Pergamon, Oxford. CmLDs, E. C. (1969). Introduction to the Physical Basis of Soil Water Phenomena, Wiley, Chichester and New York. DAVIES, D. (1967). Fresh Water, Aldus Books, London. DE WIEST, R. J. M. (1965). Geohydrology, Wiley, New York. OVERMAN, M. (1968). Water, Aldus Books, London. PENMAN, H. L. (1963). Vegetation and Hydrology, Commonwealth Agri- cultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal. RAIKES, R. (1967). Water, Weather and Prehistory, Baker, London. TODD, D. K. (1959). Groundwater Hydrology, Wiley, New York. TwEEDm, A. D. (1966). Water and the World, Nelson, Melbourne. WIESNER, C. J. (1970). Hydrometeorology, Chapman and Hall, London. WISLER, C. 0., and BRATER, E. F. (1959). Hydrology, Wiley, New York.

218 References

1. The Global Context BARRY, R. G. (1969). The world hydrological cycle, Water, Earth and Man, (ed. R. J. Chorley), Methuen, London. BENTON, G. S., BLACKBURN, R. T., and SNEAD, V. O. (1950). The role of the atmosphere in the hydrologic cycle. Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 31, 61-73. CHORLEY, R. J., and KATES, R. W. (1969). Introduction, in Water, Earth and Man, (ed. R. J. Chorley), Methuen, London. ISAAC, P. C. G. (1965). Water, waste and wealth. An inaugural lecture, University of Newcastle-on-Tyne. LEOPOLD, L. B., and DAVIS, K. S. (1966). Water, Life Science Library, New York. MAUNDER, W. J. (1970). The Value of the Weather, Methuen, London. NACE, R. L. (1960). Water Management, Agriculture and Groundwater Supplies, u.S. Geol. Survey, Circular 415. ---(1969). World water inventory and control, in Water, Earth and Man, (ed. R. J. Chorley), Methuen, London. ROWNTREE, N. A. F. (1968). The problem of future water supplies. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 72, 505-10. SELLERS, W. D. (1965). Physical Climatology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. SHAW, E. M. (1962). An analysis of the origins of precipitation in northern England, 1956-60. Q. Jt. R. met. Soc., 88, 539-47. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1967). Water for Peace, USGS, Washington. VALLENTINE, H. R. (1967). Water in the Service of Man, Penguin, Har• mondsworth. WALTON, W. C. (1970). The World of Water, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.

2. Historical Background BATEMAN, J. F. (1846). Observations on the relation which the fall of rain bears to the water flowing from the ground. Mem. Proc. Manchr. lit. phil. Soc. 2nd Series, 7, 157-90. BEARDMORE, N. (1850). Manual of Hydrology, Waterlow, London. BINNIE, A. R. (1892). On mean or average rainfall and the fluctuations to which it is subject. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 109, 89-172. 219 220 Water in Britain BISWAS, A. K. (1970). History of Hydrology, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-London. CENTRAL ADVISORY WATER COMMITIEE (1959a). Sub-Committee on the Growing Demand for Water, HMSO, London. ---(1959b). Sub-Committee on Information on Water Resources, HMSO, London. ---(1960). Sub-Committee on the Growing Demand for Water, HMSO, London. ---(1962). Sub-Committee on the Growing Demand for Water, HMSO, London. CRUICKSHANK, A. B. (1965). Water-resource development in the Campsies of Scotland. Geogrl. Rev., 55,241-64. DALTON, J. (1802a). Experiments and observations to determine whether the quantity of rain and dew is equal to the quantity of water carried off by the rivers and raised by evaporation; with an enquiry into the origin of springs. Mem. Proc. Manchr. lit. phil. Soc., 5, 346-72. ---(1802b). Experimental essays on the constitution of mixed gases; on the force of steam or vapour from waters and other liquids in different temperatures, both in a TorriceIIian vacuum and in air; on evaporation; and on the expansion of gases by heat. Mem. Proc. Manchr. lit. phI. Soc., 5, 535-602. DOBSON, D. (1777). Observations on the annual evaporation at Liverpool in Lancashire, and on evaporation considered as a test of the dryness of the atmosphere. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Land.), 67, 244-59. HALLEY, E. (1687). An estimate ofthe quantity of vapour raised out of the sea by the warmth of the sun: derived from an experiment shown before the Royal Society, London, at one of their late meetings. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Land.), 16, No. 189, 366-70. ---(1691). An account of the circulation of the watery vapours of the sea and the cause of springs. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Land.), 16, No. 192,468-73. HEBERDEN, W. (1769). Of the different quantities of rain, which appear to fall at different heights, over the same spot of ground. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Land.), 59, 359-62. H.M. GOVERNMENT (1962). Water Conservation, England and Wales, Cmnd 1693, HMSO, London. HUOLESTON, F. (1933). A summary of seven years' experiments with rain• gauge shields in exposed positions, 1926-32, at Hutton John, Penrith. Br. Rain! 1933, 274-81. JEVONS, W. S. (1861). On the deficiency of rain in an elevated raingauge as caused by wind. Land. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag. 22, 421-33. KEEN, B. A. (1931). The Physical Properties ofthe Soil, Longmans, London. KLEIN, L. (1962). River Pollution; Vol. 2, Causes and Effects, Butterworths, London. LLOYD, J. G. (1968). River Authorities and their work. J. Instn. Waf. Engrs., 22, 343-402. References 221 MANNING, R. (1891). On the flow of water in open channels and pipes. Trans. Instn. civ. Engrs. (Ireland), 20, 161-207. MILLER, J. F. (1849). On the meteorology ofthe Lake District of Cumber• land and Westmorland; including the results of experiments on the fall of rain at various heights above the earth's surface, up to 3166 feet above the mean sea level. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.), Parts 1 and 2, 73-89 and 319-29. PATERSON, M. M. (1896). Compensation Discharge in the Rivers and Streams of the West Riding, Spon, London. PENMAN, H. L. (1948). Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc. R. Soc. (Lond.) Series A, 193, 120-45. ---(1950). The water balance of the Stour catchment area. J. Instn. Wat. Etigrs., 4, 457-69. RISBRlDGER, C. A. (1963). Compensation water, re-use of water and waste prevention. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 97-106. RODDA, J. C. (1963). Eighteenth Century evaporation experiments. Weather, 18, 264-69. SCHOFIELD, R. K. (1935). The pF of the water in the soil. Trans. 3rd Internat. Congo Soil Sci., 2, 37-48. SHEPPARD, T. (1917). William Smith: his maps and memoirs. Proc. Yorks. geol. Soc., 19, 75-253. STRAHAN, A. et al. (1909). Report of progress in the investigation of rivers. Geogrl. J., 34, 622-50. SYMONS, G. J. (1889). On the amount of evaporation. Br. Rainf. 1889, 18-42. THOMSON, D. H. (1921). Hydrological conditions in the chalk at Compton, W. Sussex. Trans. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 26, 228-61. ---(1938). A 100 years record of rainfall and water-levels in the chalk at Chilgrove, West Sussex. Trans. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 43, 154-96. THORNTHWAITB, C. W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classifica• tion of climate. Geogrl. Rev., 38, 55-94. Topus, F. et al. (1878). National water supply - suggestions for dividing England and Wales into watershed districts. J. Soc. Arts, 27,696-804. TOWNELEY, R. (1694). Observations on the quantity of rain falling monthly for several years successively. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.), 18,51-58. WATER POWER REsoURCES CoMMI1TEE (1920). Second Interim Report, Cmnd 776, Board of Trade, London. 3. Hydrological Networks and Data BLEASDALE, A. (1961). Rainfall records and maps: Conference on surface water resources and the drought of 1959. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 15, 153-58. BLEASDALE, A. et al. (1963). Study and assessment of water resources, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp.121-36. 222 Water in Britain BOULTON, A. G. (1967a). The measurement of flow, in River Management, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. ---(1967b). Surface water survey and modernisation: Informal dis• cussion of the Hydrological Group. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 36, 909-13. GILMAN, C. S. (1964). Rainfall, in Handbook of Applied Hydrology, (ed. V. T. Chow), McGraw-Hill, New York. GRAY, D. A. (1964a). Groundwater conditions of the chalk of the Grimsby area, . Water Supply Papers of the Geological Survey, Research Report No. 1. DSIR, London. ---(1964b). Instrumentation in groundwater studies. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 68,185-88. HAND, D. W. (1968). An electrically-weighed lysimeter for measuring evaporation rates. Agric. Met., 38, 269-82. HARRISON, A. J. M. (1965). Some problems concerning flow measurement in steep rivers. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 19,469-77. HARRISON, A. J. M. and OWEN, M. W. (1967). A new type of structure for flow measurement in steep streams. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 36, 273-96. HOLLAND, D. J. (1967). Evaporation, Br. Rainf. 1961, HMSO, London, 3-34. INESON, J. (1966). Groundwater: principles of network design, Int. Ass. Sci. Hydrol. Pub. No. 68 (Quebec), pp. 476-83. INESON, J., and DOWNING, R. A. (1964). The groundwater component of river discharge and its relationship to hydrogeology. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 18, 519-41. LAPWORTH, H. (1965). Evaporation from a reservoir near London. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 19, 163-81. MAIDENS, A. L. (1965). New Meteorological Office raingauges. Met. Mag., 94,142-44. METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE (1956). Handbook of Meteorological Instruments. Part 1, HMSO, London. ---(1968). The Directorate of Services - Special Topic: Hydro• meteorology. Annual Report of the Meteorological Office 1967, HMSO, London, pp. 1-16. PENMAN, H. L. (1948). Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc. R. Soc. (Lond.) Series A., 193, 120-45. ROBINSON, A. C., and RODDA, J. C. (1969). Rain, wind and the aero• dynamic characteristics of raingauges. Met. Mag., 98, 113-20. RODDA, J. C. (1970). On more realistic rainfall measurements and their significance for agriculture, in The Role of Water in Agriculture, (ed. J. A. Taylor), Pergamon, Oxford. SHARP, R. G. (1970). The hydrometric data system of the Water Resources Board, Paper presented to Instn. Civ. Engrs., Scottish Hydrological Group, Glasgow, 23 January, 9 pp. (duplicated typescript). SMITH, K. (1966). Percolation, groundwater discharge and stream flow in the Nidd Valley. J. Instn. Waf. Engrs., 20, 459-71. STRANGEWAYS, 1. C, and MCCULLOCH, J. S. G. (1965). A low-priced References 223 automatic hydrometeorological station. Bull. Int. Ass. Sci. Hydrol., 4, 57-62. THORNTHWAITE, C. W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classifica• tion of climate. Geogrl. Rev., 38, 55-94. WATER REsoURCES BOARD (1971). Seventh Annual Report - Year Ending 30th September, 1970, HMSO, London. WILSON, J. K. C. (1965). Measurement of surface water flows: Informal discussion of the Hydrological Group. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 31, 322-24. 4. An Outline of British Hydrology BALClllN, W. G. V. (1964). Hydrology, in The British Isles: A Systematic Geography, (eds. J. Wreford Watson and J. B. Sissons), Nelson, London. BLEASDALE, A. (1963). The distribution of exceptionally heavy daily falls of rain in the United Kingdom. 1863 to 1960. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 17, 45-55. BLEASDALE, A. et a!. (1963). Study and assessment of water resources. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp.121-36. BUCHAN, S. (1963). Geology in relation to groundwater. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 17, 153-64. GLASSPOOLE, J. (1924). Fluctuations of annual rainfall: three driest con• secutive years. Trans. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 29, 83-101. ---(1949). Seasonal weather sequences over England and Wales. Met. Mag., 78, 193-98. GRAY, D. A. (1964). Groundwater conditions of the chalk of the Grimsby area, Lincolnshire. Water Supply Papers of the Geological Survey, Research Report No.1, DSIR, London. GRAY, D. A. et al. (1969). The groundwater hydrology of the Ouse river basin. Water Supply Papers of the Institute of Geological Sciences, Hydrogeological Report No.4, NERC, London. GREEN, F. H. W. (1964). A map of annual average potential water deficit in the British Isles. J. appl. Eco/., 1, 151-58. ---(1970). Some isopleth maps based on lysimeter observations in the British Isles in 1965, 1966 and 1967. J. Hydro!., 10, 127-40. GREGORY, S. (1957). Annual rainfall probability maps of the British Isles Q. J!. R. met. Soc., 83, 543-49. GRINDLEY, J. (1960). Calculated soil moisture deficits in the dry summer of 1959 and forecast dates of first appreciable runoff. Int. Ass. Sci. Hydrol., Pub. No. 51 (Helsinki), 109-20. ---(1967). The estimation of soil moisture deficits, Met. Mag., 96, 97-108. HOLLAND, D. J. (1967). Evaporation, Br. Rain/, 1961, HMSO, London, pp.3-34. lNESON, J. (1962a). Some aspects of groundwater hydrology and hydro• geology. Wat. and Wat. Engng., 66, 333-38. 224 Water in Britain INESON, J. (1962b). A hydrogeological study of the permeability of the chalk:. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 16,449-63. ---(1966). Groundwater: principles of network design. Int. Ass. Sci. Hydrol., Pub. No. 68 (Quebec), 476-83. INESON, J., and DOWNING, R. A. (1965). Some hydrogeological factors in permeable catchment studies. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 19,59-80. LACY, R. E. (1951). Observations with a directional raingauge. Q. Jf. R. met. Soc., 77, 283-92. LAMB, H. H. (1964). The English Climate, English Universities Press, London. LAW, F. (1957). Measurement of rainfall, interception and evaporation losses in a plantation of Sitka spruce trees. Int. Ass. Sci. Hydrol. (Toronto), 397-411. LLOYD, D. (1963). Contribution to discussion of C. H. Dobbie and P. O. Wolf, The Lynmouth flood of August 1952. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 2, 522-88. LoVELOCK, P. E. R. et af. (1967). Groundwater levels in England during 1963. Water-Supply Papers of the Geological Survey, Research Report No.3, NERC, London. MACDONALD, A. T., and KENYON, W. J. (1961). Runoff of chalk streams. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 19, 23-38. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FisHERIES AND FOOD (1962). Irrigation, Bulletin No. 138, HMSO, London. PARDE, M. (1955). Fleuves et Rivieres, Armand Colin, Paris. PEOo, R. K., and WARD, R. C. (1971). What happens to the rain? Weather, 26,88-97. PENMAN, H. L. (1949). The dependence of transpiration on weather and soil conditions. J. Soil Sci., 1, 74-89. ---(1950). The water balance of the Stour catchment area. J. Insln. Wat. Engrs., 4, 457-69. REYNOLDS, G. (1969). Rainfall, runoff and evaporation on a catchment in West Scotland. Weather, 24, 90-98. RIsBRIDGER, C. A., and GODFREY, W. H. (1954). Rainfall, runoff and storage: Elan and Claerwen gathering grounds. Proc.Instn. Civ. Engrs., 3,345-88. RODDA, J. C. (967). A country-wide study of intense rainfall for the United Kingdom. J. Hydrol., 5, 58-69. SMITH, K. (1964). A long-period assessment of the Penman and Thorn• thwaite potential evapotranspiration formulae. J. Hydrol., 2, 277-90. ---(1971). Some features of snowmelt recession in the upper Tees basin. Wat. and Wat. Engng., 75, 345-46. THORNTHWAITE, C. W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classifica• tion of climate. Geogrl. Rev., 38, 55-94. WALTERS, R. C. S. (1936). The Nation's Water Supply, Nicholson and Watson, London. WARD, R. C. (1967). Principles of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, London. References 225 WARD, R. C. (1968). Some runoff characteristics of British rivers. J. Hydro/., 6,358-72.

5. Floods and Droughts ANDREWS, F. M. (1962). Some aspects of the hydrology of the Thames basin. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 21, 55-90. ATKINSON, B. W. (1968). A preliminary examination of the possible effect of London's urban area on the distribution of thunder rainfall 1951-60. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 44, 97-118. ---(1969). A further examination of the urban maximum of thunder rainfall in London 1951-60. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 48, 97-119. BARRETI, E. C. (1964). Local variations in rainfall trends in the Manchester region. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 35, 55-71. BLEASDALE, A., and DOUGLAS, C. K. M. (1952). Storm over Exmoor on August 15, 1952. Met. Mag., 81,353-67. BOOTH, R. E. (1961). Rainfall in England and Wales during the five months July to November 1960, with special reference to southern England. Met. Mag., 90, 93-101. BRIERLEY, J. (1964). Flooding in the Exe Valley 1960. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 28, 151-70. BROOKS, C. E. P. and GLASSPOOLE, J. (1928). British Floods and Droughts, Benn, London. CONWAY, V. M., and MILLAR, A. (1960). The hydrology of some small peat-covered catchments in the northern Pennines. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 14,415-24. DOBBIE, C. H., and WOLF, P. O. (1953). The Lynmouth flood of August 1952. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., 2, 522-88. DOUGLAS, C. K. M. (1953). Gale of January 31, 1953. Met. Mag., 82, 97-100. EDMONDS, D. T., PAINTER, R. B., and ASHLEY, G. D. (1970). A semi• quantitative hydrological classification of soils in north-east England. J. Soil Sci., 21, 256--64. GLASSPOOLE, J., and ROWSELL, H. (1947). Absolute droughts and partial droughts over the British Isles 1906-40. Met. Mag., 76, 201-205. ---(1950). Absolute drought of August 1947. Met. Mag., 79, 260-62. HANWELL, J. D., and NEWSON, M. D. (1970). The Great Storms and Floods of July 1968 on Mendip. Wessex Cave Club, Occasional Publica• tions, Series I, No.2, Pangbourne. HARDING, D. M., and PORTER, E. A. (1969). Flood loss information and economic aspects of flood plain occupance: Introductory note for Informal Discussion of Hydrological Group. Instn. of Civil Engineers, November 1969, (duplicated typescript). HARRISON, A. J. M. (1961). The 1960 Exmouth Floods. The Surveyor, 120, 127-32. 226 Water in Britain HARVEY, A. M. (1971). Seasonal flood behaviour in a clay catchment. J. Hydrol., 12, 129-44. HOLLIS, G. E. (1970). The estimation of the hydrologic impact of urbanisa• tion: an example ofthe use of digital simulation in hydrology. Occasional Papers in Geography, No.5 University College, London. HOWE, G. M., SLAYMAKER, H. 0., and HARDING, D. M. (1967). Some aspects of the flood hydrology of the upper catchments of the Severn and Wye. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 41, 33-58. INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY (1969). Record of Research, 1968, NERC London. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (1967). Flood studies for the United Kingdom. Report of the Committee on Floods in the UK, Institution of Civil Engineers, London. NIXON, M. (1959). A study of the bank-full discharges of rivers in England and Wales. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 12, 157-74. ---(1963). Flood regulation and river training in England and Wales. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 137-50. PARRY, M. (1956). An urban rainstorm in the Reading area. Weather, 11, 41-48. REYNOLDS, E. R. C. (1967). The hydrological cycle as affected by vegeta• tion differences. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 322-30. RODDA, J. C. (1970). Rainfall excesses in the United Kingdom. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 49, 49-60. SKEAT, W. O. (ed.) (1961). Manual of British Water Engineering Practice, (3rd edn), Heffer, Cambridge. STEERS, J. A. (1953). The east coast floods January 31-February 1, 1953. Geogr!. J., 119, 280-95. STUBBS, P. (1971). Is London still changing it? New Scientist, 50, No. 754, p.552. SURFACE WATER SURVEY (1960). Dry weather flows. Surface Water Survey, Tech. Note 10, London. SUTCLIFFE, J. V. (1964). Hydrological forecasting in Britain. Methods of Hydrological Forecasting for the Utilisation of Water Resources, U.N. Water Resources Series, 27, 162-64. WALLING, D. E., and GREGORY, K. J. (1970). The measurement of the effects of building construction on drainage basin dynamics. J. Hydro!., 11,129-44. WILSON, E. M. (1969). Engineering Hydrology, Macmillan, London. WOLF, P. O. (1952). Forecast and records of floods in Glen Cannich in 1947. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 6, 298-324. ---(1966). Comparison of methods of flood estimation in River Flood Hydrology, The Institution of Civil Engineers, London. WRIGHT, C. E. (1970). Catchment characteristics influencing low flows. Waf. and Wat. Engng., 74, 468-71. References 227 6. Public Water Supply ANONYMOUS (1966). Grafham Water and associated works of the Great Ouse Water Authority. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 70, 321-41. ---(1967). The Afon Alaw scheme of the Anglesey County Council Water Department. Waf. & Wat. Engng., 71, 3-14. ---(1971). Loch Lomond Water Supply, Central Scotland Water Development Board. AYLWIN, E., and WARD, R. C. (1969). Development and Utilisation of Water Supplies in the East Riding of Yorkshire, Occasional Papers in Geography, No. 10. University of Hull. BALCIDN, W. G. V. (1958). A water use survey. Geogrl. J., 124,476-93. BALDWIN, A. B. (1961). The Yorkshire River Derwent Scheme, Waterworks Office, Sheffield. BRADFORD CORPORATION WATER DEPARTMENT (1955). Centenary Handbook 1855-1955, Waterworks Office, Bradford. ---(1957). Annual Report ofthe Water Committee 1957, Waterworks Engineer's Office, Bradford. DARBY, H. C. (1967). The recreational and amenity use of water. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 225-31. EVANS, R. J. (1950). The Victorian Age 1815-1914, Arnold, London. GREGORY, S. (1958a). Conurbation water supplies in Great Britain. J. Tn. Plann. Inst., Lond., Sept.-Oct., 250-54. ---(1958b). The contribution of the uplands to the public water supply of England and Wales. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 25, 153-65. ---(1969). Water resources and regional economic development in England and Wales. Tijdschr. econ. soc. Geogr., Mar.-Apr., 122-31. LoCKYER, A. G. (1957). A study of water supply in . E. Midld. Geogr., 8, 32-44. MINISTRY OF HEALTH (1949). Interim Report of the Committee on Causes of Increase in the Consumption of Water, HMSO, London. MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (1956). Re-grouping of Water Undertakings, Circular No. 52/56, HMSO, London. PRICKETT, C. N. (1963). Use of water in agriculture. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 15-29. RISBRIDGER, C. A. (1963). Compensation water, re-use of water and waste prevention. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 97-106. ROWNTREE, N. A. F. (1963). River control and the development of surface• water resources in England and Wales. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 155-59. SHARP, R. G. (1967). Estimation of future demands on water resources in Britain. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 232-49. SHEFFffiLD CITY WATER CoMMITTEE (1961). The Water Supply of Sheffield, Waterworks Office, Sheffield. SKEAT, W. O. (ed.) (1961). Manual of British Water Engineering Practice, (3rd edn), Heffer, Cambridge. 228 Water in Britain SMITH, K. (1966). The Water Resources of Nidderdale, Research Papers in Geography, No.4. University of Liverpool. ---(1967). The availability of water on Teesside. J. Br. Wat. Wks. Ass., 49, 481-89. STERN, W. M. (1955). Water supply in Britain: the development of a public service. J. Br. Watwks. Ass., 37, 14-21. WILKINSON, D., and SQUIRE, N. (eds.) (1970). Water Engineer's Handbook 1970, Fuel and Metallurgical Journals Ltd., London. 7. The Non-domestic Demand for Water ArrKEN, P. L. (1963). Hydro-electric power generation, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 34-42. AYLWIN, E., and WARD, R. C. (1969). Development and Utilisation of Water Supplies in the East Riding of Yorkshire, Occasional Papers in Geography, No. 10, University of Hull. BALCIDN, W. G. V. (1958). A water-use survey. Geogrl. J., 124,476-93. BAXTER, G. (1961). River utilisation and the preservation of migratory fish life. Proc. Instn. civil Engrs., 18, 225--44. ---(1963). Preservation of fish life, amenities and facilities for recreation, Conservation of Water Resources. Institution of Civil En• gineers, London, pp. 59-65. BODDINGTON, T. J. (1967). River management in relation to river flow, (and discussion), in River Management, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. BRAYSHAW, J. D. (1967). The effects of river discharge on inland fisheries, in River Management, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. BRfTISH WATERWAYS BOARD (1964). The Future of the Waterways, Interim Report of the Board, HMSO, London. CALVERT, N. H. (1967). The conservation and use of water resources in the U.K., with particular reference to the Water Resources Act 1963. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 203-209. CLARK, D., and ENGLAND, G. (1963). Thermal power generation, Con• servation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp.43-51. COOPER, J. A., and SMITH, L. G. (1960). The utilisation and conservation of water in the chemical industry. Proc. Instn. civ. Engrs., 17, 1-14. DARBY, H. C. (1967). The recreational and amenity use of water. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 225-31. GIBSON, J. R. (1958). The paper industry of north-west England: Part 2 - Influence of water-supply and efHuent disposal on location. Paper Mkr., Lond., Oct., 64-6. GRIFFITHS, E. R. (1954). Farm water supplies in the mid-Cheshire area. J. Insln. Waf. Engrs., 8, 373-410. HoPTHRow, H. E. (1963). Utilisation of water in industry. Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 30-33. References 229 INSTITUTION OF WATER ENGINEERS (1963). Report on the recreational use of waterworks. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 17,71-92. KAvANAGH, N. J. (1968). The economics of the recreational uses of rivers and reservoirs. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 72,401-408. LEA, C. (1967). Water use in industry. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 216-21. MARSH, C. M. (1963). Use of water for navigation, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 52-58. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES (1954). The Calculation of Irrigation Need, Tech. Bull. No.4, HMSO, London. MINISTRy OF AGRICULTURE, FIsHERIES AND FOOD (1962). Irrigation, Bulletin No. 138, HMSO, London (3rd edn). MORE, R. J. M. (1964). A geographical analysis of irrigation use in S.E. England, with particular reference to the Great Ouse Valley, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool. NATURAL REsoURCES (TECHNICAL) CoMMfITEE (1962). Irrigation in Great Britain, HMSO, London. O'RIORDAN, T. (1970). Spray irrigation and the Water Resources Act 1963. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 49, 33-47. PENMAN, H. L. (1967). Water use in agriculture. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 222-24. PRICKEIT, C. N. (1963). Use of water in agriculture, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 15-29. ---(1970). Current trends in the use of water for agriculture, in The Role of Water in Agriculture, Pergamon, Oxford. REES, J. A. (1969). Industrial Demand for Water: A Study of south-east England, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. SAXTON, K. J. H. (1969). The recreational use of Grafham Water. i. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 23, 425-32. SMITII, K. (1970). Water resource management and the needs of agricul• ture, in The Role of Water in Agriculture, Pergamon, Oxford. SPEIGHT, G. E., and DAVIS, C. M. (1970). Review of water-supplies and effluent disposal, Management of Water in the Iron and Steel Industry, The Iron and Steel Institute, London, pp. 1-6. WATER REsoURCES BOARD (1966). Water SupplieS in south-east England, HMSO, London. 8. Effluent Disposal and Pollution Control AsHBY, E. (Chairman) (1971). Royal Commission on Environmental Pollu• tion: First Report, HMSO, London. BRIGGS, R., MELBOURNE, K. V., and EDEN, G. E. (1967). The monitoring of water quality, in River Management, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. CJ!NTRAL ADVISORY WATER CoMMfITEE (1949). Prevention of River Pollu• tion, HMSO, London. ---(1971). The Future Management of Water in England and Wales, HMSO, London. 230 Water in Britain

DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT (1971). Report of a River Pollution Survey of England and Wales, 1970, Vol. 1, HMSO, London. HOUGHTON, G. U. (1967). River water quality criteria in relation to water• works requirements, in River Management, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. INSTITUTION OF WATER ENGINEERS (1970). Evidence submitted by the Institution of Water Engineers to the Central Advisory Water Committee, Published at the Offices of the Institution, London. KLEIN, L. (1962). River pol/ution: Vol. 2, Causes and Effects, Butterworth, London. LAW, K. K. (Discussion on HOATHER, R. C.) (1966). Chemical character• istics of river waters. Proc. Soc. Wat. Treat. Exam., 15,43-49. LESTER, W. F. (1967a). Management of river water quality, in River Management, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. ----(1967b). Pollution in the and its tributaries, and related problems of regeneration. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 261-74. LLOYD, R., and JORDAN, D. H. M. (1963). Predicted and observed toxicities of several sewage effluents to rainbow trout. J. Inst. Sew. Purif., 2, 167-73. LOVETT, M. (1957). River pollution: general and chemical effects, in The Treatment of Trade-waste waters and Prevention of River Pol/ution, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Newcastle-on-Tyne. MARSH, C. M. (1963). Use of water for navigation, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 52-58. MERCER, D. (1967). The effects of abstractions and discharges on river water quality, in River Management, (00. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. NIXON, M. (1967). Planning of water resources in the Trent River Author• ity area. J. lnstn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 291-96. ROYAL COMMISSION ON SEWAGE DISPOSAL (1912). Standards and Tests for Sewage and Sewage Effluents Discharging into Rivers and Streams, Eighth Report, 1, HMSO, London. SOUTHGATE, B. A. (1969). Water: Pollution and Conservation, Thunderbird Enterprises Ltd., London. TEBBUTT, T. H. Y. (1971). Principles of Water Quality Control, Pergamon, Oxford. TOWNEND, C. B., and LOVETT, M. (1963). Prevention of pollution: sewage and effluent disposal, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 89-96. TRENT RIVER AUTHORITY (1970). Annual Report for year ended 31 March 1969, Head Office, . WATER RESOURCES BOARD (1968). The Surface Water Year Book of Great Britain 1964-65, HMSO, London. WORKING PARTY ON SEWAGE DISPOSAL (1970). Taken for Granted, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, HMSO, London. References 231 9. Problems and Policies ANONYMOUS (1967). Thames Conservancy river flow augmentation scheme. Wat. & Wat. Engng., Vol. 71, pp. 100--102. ---(1968a). The Clywedog reservoir. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 72, 323-26. ---(1968b). Thames Conservancy river flow augmentation scheme. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 72, 141-44. ASHBY, E. (Chairman) (1971). Royal Commission on Environmental Pollu• tion, First Report, HMSO, London. Bow, C. J., HOWELL, F. T., PAYNE, C. J., and THOMPSON, P. J. (1969). The lowering of the water-table in the Permo-Triassic rocks of south Lancashire. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 73,461--63. CALVERT, N. H. (1967). The conservation and use of water resources in the United Kingdom, with particular reference to the Water Resources Act 1963. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 203-209. CAMPBELL, R. M. (1961). The pattern of existing water use. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 65, 24-28. CENTRAL ADVISORY WATER CoMMITTEE (1959). Sub-Committee on the Growing Demand for Water, First Report, HMSO, London. ---(1971). The Future Management of Water in England and Wales, HMSO, London. COLLINGE, V. K. (1967). Research on river management, in River Manage• ment, (ed. P. C. G. Isaac), Maclaren and Sons, London. DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT (1971). Reorganisation of Water and Sewage Services: Government Proposals and Arrangements for Consulta• tion. Circular 92/71, HMSO, London. DOWNING, R. A., and WILLIAMS, B. P. J. (1969). The groundwater hydro• logy of the Lincolnshire Limestone with special reference to the ground• water resources. Water Resources Board, Pub. No.9, HMSO, London. FORDHAM, A. E., CocHRANE, N. J., KRETSCHMER, J. M., and BAXTER, R. S. (1970). The Clywedog reservoir project. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 24, 17-48. GOODE, W. (1965). Water resources in England and Wales. National Provincial Bank Review, 71, 9-17. ---(1969). Planning water resources: Paper presented to Conference of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England, 25-27 September 1969. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 73, 415-18. INESON, J. (1970). Development of groundwater resources in England and Wales. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 24,155-77. INESON, J., and ROWNTREE, N. A. F. (1967). Conservation projects and planning. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 275-90. INSTITUTION OF WATER ENGINEERS (1970). Evidence Submitted by the Institution of Water Engineers to the Central AdVisory Water Committee, Published at the Offices of the Institution, London. KRONBERGER, H. (1967). Desalination developments in the U.K. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 297-304. 232 Water in Britain LITTLE, G. (1961). Scotland's water resources. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 65, 53-56. MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND LocAL GOVERNMENT (1960). Ri"er Great Ouse Basin: Hydrological Survey, HMSO, London. PUGH, N. J. (1963). Water supply, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, pp. 8-14. REES, J. A. (1969). Industrial Demand for Water: A Study of south-east England, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. RISBRIDGER, C. A. (1963). Compensation water, re-use of water and waste prevention, Conservation of Water Resources, Institution of Civil Engin• eers, London, pp. 97-106. SAVAGE, R. (1971). Water conservation in the non-ferrous metal industry. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 75, 19-23. SHARP, R. G. (1967). Estimation of future demands on water resources in Britain. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 21, 232-49. SILVER, R. S. (1969). The possibilities of desalination as a contribution to the solution of water supply problems: Paper presented to Conference of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England, 25-27 September 1969. Wat. & Wat. Engng., 73, 418-19. SKEAT, W. O. (ed.) (1969). Manual of British Water Engineering Practice, Vol. 2, Engineering Practice (4th edn), Heifer, Cambridge. SOUTHGATE, B. A. (1969). Water: Pollution and Conservation, Thunderbird Enterprises Ltd., London. SPEIGHT, H. (1966). Britain's water resources, Tn. etry. Plann., June, pp. 314-22. TAYLOR, L. E. (1964). The problem of groundwater recharge, with special reference to the London basin. J. Instn. Wat. Engrs., 18, 247-54. WATER RESOURCES BOARD (1966a). Morecambe Bay Barrage, Desk Study: Report of Consultants, HMSO, London. ---(1966b). Water Supplies in south-east England, HMSO, London. ---(1967). Third Annual Report, Year ending 30 September 1966, HMSO, London. ---(1969). Report on Desalination for England and Wales, HMSO, London. ---(l970a). Sixth Annual Report, Year ending 30 September 1969, HMSO, London. ---(1970b). Water Resources in the North, HMSO, London. ---(1971). Seventh Annual Report, Year ending 30 September 1970, HMSO, London. WELSH ADVISORY WATER CoMMITTEE (1961). Report on the Water Resources of Wales, HMSO, London. WORKING PARTY ON SEWAGE DISPOSAL (1970). Taken for Granted, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, HMSO, London. Name Index

Aitken, P. L. 160 Davis, K. S. 1 Andrews, F. M. 112 Dobbie, C. H. 110 Ashby, E. 178,215 Dobson, D. 11 Atkinson, B. W. 113 Douglas, C. K. M. 109 Aylwin, E. 126, 157 Downing, R. A. 62, 63, 95, 203

Balchin, W. G. V. 88, 137, 151 Edmonds, D. T. 104 Baldwin, A. B. 142 England, G. 161 Barrett, E. C. 112 Evans, R. J. 128 Barry, R. G. 5 Bateman, J. F. 16, 128 Field, R. 14 Baxter, G. 166 Fordham, A. E. 195 Beardmore, N. 17 Benton, G. S. 5 Binnie, A. R. 17 Gibson, J. R. 152 Biswas, A. K. 10 Gilman, C. S. 42 Bleasdale, A. 37,39,65,68 Glasspoole, J. 65,68, 108, 122, 123 Boddington, T. J. 166 Godfrey, W. H. 93 Booth, R. E. 106 Goode, W. 192, 215 Boulton, A. G. 52,56 Gray, D. A. 61, 89, 98 Bow, C. J. 199 Green, F. H. W. 71, 77, 79 Brayshaw, J. D. 167 Gregory, K. J. 112 Brierley, J. 106 Gregory, S. 68, 132, 133, 134, 135 Briggs, R. 169 Griffiths, E. R. 154 Brooks, C. E. P. 108, 122 Grindley, J. 81 Bruckner, E. 17 Buchan, S. 88 Halley, E. 10, 11 Hand, D. W. 47 Calvert, N. H. 160, 190 Hanwell, J. D. 109 Campbell, R. M. 207 Harding, D. M. 115 Chadwick, E. 128 Harrison, A. J. M. 56, 107 Chorley, R. J. 7 Harvey, A. M. 105 Clark, D. 161 Hawkesley, T. 16 Collinge, V. K. 197 Heberden, W. 11, 14 Conway, V. M. 113, 114 Holland, D. J. 46,73 Cooper, J. A. 151 Hollis, G. E. 112 Cruickshank, A. B. 26 Hopthrow, H. E. 150 Houghton, G. U. 173 Dalton, J. 11, 12, 15 Howe, G. M. 111 Darby, H. C. 140, 164 Hoyle, T. 12 Davis, C. M. 151 Hudleston, F. 19 233 234 Water in Britain Ineson, J. 61, 62, 63, 88, 89, 90, 95, Pegg, R. K. 81 199, 200, 201, 222 Penman, H. L. 20, 48, 50, 71, 73, 75, Isaac, P. C. O. 3 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 154, 155 Porter, E. A. 115 Jevons, W. S. 14 Prickett, C. N. 140, 154, 157, 158 Jordan, D. H. M. 179 Pugh, N. J. 191

Kates, R. W. 7 Rees, J. A. 152, 153, 192 Kavanagh, N. J. 165 Reynolds, E. R. C. 114 Keen, B. A. 19 Reynolds, o. 91 Kenyon, W. J. 86 Reynolds, O. 17 Klein, L. 24, 170, 172, 174, 175 Risbridger, C. A. 27,93, 131, 193 Kronberger, H. 206 Robinson, A. C. 39, 40 Rodda, J. C. 12, 39, 40, 41, 70, 102 Lacy, R. E. 65 103, 110, III ' Lamb, H. H. 64 Rowntree, N. A. F. 9, 143,202 Lapworth, H. 45 Rowsell, H. 122, 123 Law,F.98 Law, K. K. 178 Savage, R. 191 Lea, C. 149 K. H. Leopold, L. B. 1 Saxton, J. 165 Lester, W. F. 180, 183, 184 Schofield, R. K. 19 Sellers, W. D. 4 Little, O. 207 Sharp, R. 55, 137, 139, 193 Lloyd, D. 98 O. Sheppard, T. 16 Lloyd, J. O. 34 Silver, R. S. 191 Lloyd, R. 179 Lockyer, A. O. 130 Skeat, W. O. 120, 140, 194 Lovelock, P. E. R. 86 Smith, K. 63,73,95, 131, 145, 158 Smith, L. O. 151 Lovett, M. 170, 171 Smith, W. 16 McCullogh, J. S. O. 38 Southgate, B. A. 173, 178, 179 215 Speight, O. E. 151 ' MacDonald, A. T. 86 MacLean, W. N. 18, 20 Speight, H. 215 Maidens, A. L. 39 Squire, N. 133, 141 Strahan, 18 Manning, R. 17 A. Marsh, C. M. 162, 163, 184 Strangeways, I. C. 38 Steers, J. A. 109 Maunder, W. J. 8 Stem, 127 Mercer, D. 180 W. M. Stubbs, P. 109 Millar, A. 113, 114 Sutcliffe, J. V. 117 Miller, J. F. 14 More, R. J. M. 156 Symons, O. J. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,44,46

Nace, R. L. 4, 6, 7 Taylor, L. E. 202 Newson, M. D. 109 Tebbutt, T. H. Y. 168 Nixon, M. 100, 114. 115, 118, 119, 184 Thomson, D. H. 19 Thomthwaite, C. W. 20, 47 73 74 75, 76, 77 ' , , O'Riordan, T. 158 Owen, M. W. 56 Toplis, F. 28 Towneley, R. 11, 14 Parde, M. 91 Townend, C. B. 170 Parry, M. 113 Paterson, M. M. 27 Vallentine, H. R. 7 Name Index 235 Walling, D. E. 112 Williams, B. P. J. 203 Walters, R. C. S. 89 Wilson, E. M. 116 Walton, W. C. 1, 2 Wilson, J. K. C. 54 Ward, R. C. 81,91,92, 126, 157 Wolf, P. O. 107, 108, 110 Wilkinson, D. 133, 141 Wright, C. E. 125 Subject Index

Absolute drought 120 Catchment area Agricultural effluent 174-5 effect on floods 103 growth of 174 effect on runoff 93-5 toxic substances in 174-5 Catchment shape Agricultural water use 153-8 effect on floods 104 for dairying 154 Catchwaters 131 for irrigation 155-8 Central Advisory Water Committee for livestock 154 establishment of 20-1,29-30 Angling 165-7 reports of 31-2, 136, 139, 164, 175, in Trent basin 184 179, 189,216 Aquifers (see also Groundwater) Compensation water areal distribution of 86-8 allocation of 27, 131 artificial recharge of 202-3 continuous flow of 26-7 leakage between 58, 63 Cone of depletion 89 natural recharge of 56, 58, 63, Cooling water 83-5 as effluent 175-6 overdevelopment of 89-90, 199- quality of 150-1 200 quantity of 151-3 regulation of 200-3 in Trent basin 182-4 saline intrusion in 89-90, 200 use in power-stations of 160-1 types of 56, 58-60 Crump weir 53-4 Current meters 52 Bank storage 83 Current resource administration 215-7 Baseftow (see also Dry weather flow) 82-3,91 Desalination 8,205-7 effects of geology on 95-8 advantages of 205 importance for floods 117 cost of 206 Biochemical oxygen demand 168 disadvantages of 206-7 as pollution index 180-1 methods of 206 in Trent basin 185-7 Dilution gauging methods 54-5 British hydrology Dissolved oxygen content history of 10-23 factors affecting 171-3 British Rainfall Organisation 13,15,18 of rivers 171-3 Bulk supplies 132, 141-2 in shallow lakes 173 Drainage networks Canals effect on floods of 104 for angling 166-7 Drought prediction 125 for boating 167 Droughts 120-5 early construction of 24 areal variation of 122-4 pollution in 176-7 atmospheric causes of 122 as water sources 153, 162-3 definition of 120 236 Subject Index 237 Droughts (contd.) Flooding (contd.) effect on water sU'pply of 124-5 in eastern England 107, 109 effect on water yteld of 190 in Scotland 107-8 frequency of 122-4 in Thames basin 108-9 seasonal variation of 124 Floods 100-19 Dry spell 120 accuracy of measurement of 52, Dry weather flow (see also Baseflow) 100-1, 110-11 contribution of groundwater to definition of 100-1 95-8,200 forecasting of 116-17, 197 definition of 120-2 man's effects on 17, 110-15 effect of drought on 120 natural causes of 101-10 interaction with pollution of prediction of 116 176-7 probable maximum 116 man's effect on 121-2 problems of risk assessment of regulation of 144, 194 115-16 role in electricity generation of protection from 117-19, 196-7 160-1 seasonal incidence 105-6 role in fisheries of 166 Flumes 53 Frozen ground Effluent seepage (see Baseflow) 82 effect on floods of 108 Estuaries as cooling water source 151 Geology navigation in 162 effect on drou~ts of 125 pollution in 166,175-7,179 effect on floodS of 104 river drainage to 95 effect on runoff of 95-6 Estuary barrages 203-5 Groundwater (see also Aquifers) 83- advantages of 203 90, 198-203 disadvantages of 203-5 contribution to dry weather flows integration with other sources of of 95-8,200 205 early understanding of 16, 19 Evaporation natural recharge of 83-5 mean annual 188 occurrence of 88-9 suppression of 8 records of 22-3 Evaporation measurement regulation of 200-3 early experiments in ll-12, 14-16 as supply source 199 by open-water tanks 45-6, 73 Groundwater measurement 56-63 Penman's method of 20 Thornthwaite's method of 20 Evapotranspiration 45 Hydro-electric power 145, 160, 196 Evapotranspiration mesaurement 44, Hydrographs 46,47-50 of floods 101-2, 113, 119 Evapotranspirometer 48-50 of rivers 83-4, 95-7 Extractive industrial effluent 175 of wells 60-1,80,85-6 Hydrological cycle 3-4 Field capacity 48, 155-6 artificial modification of 7-9, Fish 112-15 effect of pollution on 176, 179 Hydrological measurement effect of riverflow on 166-7 accuracy of 36 as pollution index 181-2,215 automatic logging systems for Flood forecasting 116-17 38-9, 55, 117 Flooding computer processing of 38-9 in Devon 106-7, 109, 110 networks and data of 36-63 238 Water in Britain Hydrological Research Unit (see In• Overland flow 82 stitute of Hydrology) 21 Oxygenation Hydrosphere 3 in shallow lakes 173 of streams 171-3 Industrial effluent 173-4 toxic substances in 174-9 Partial drought 120 treatment of 173-4 Percolation 85 in Trent basin 184 Percolation gauges 46 Industrial water use early use of 15-16 for cooling 150-3, 160-1 use for groundwater assessment demand on undertakings of 139- 62-3 40, 145-7 Piezometric surface 58-9 for electricity generation 158, barometric pressure effects on 59 160-1 Potential evapotranspiration quality of 150-1 annual variability of 71-2 quantity of 151-3 definition of 47 for processing and production Penman's formula for 48, 71, 150, 152-3 73 for steam raising 149-50, 152-3 seasonal concentrations of 73 Infiltration capacity Thomthwaite's formula for 73-4 effects on flooding of 104-5 Potential evapotranspiration measure• Influent seepage 82 ment 47-50 Inland Water Survey 19-20 by evapotranspirometers 48-50 Institute of Hydrology 22, 99 by formulae 47-8 Interflow 82-3 Precipitation Irrigation 2, 155-9 areal determination of 42 areal distribution of 158-9 areal distribution of 9, 64-6, 68-9 effect on crop yield of 156 extreme daily falls of 68, 70-1, expansion of 157-8 110-11 principles of 155-6 mean annual values 17,65-7,69, sources of 156 188 water required for 157 origins of 5-6 probable maximum 116 Land drainage variability of annual 64-5, 67, 69, effect on flooding of 113-15 124 Meteorological Office variability of seasonal 68, 124 functions of 22, 46, 48, 50, 81, Precipitation measurement 117, 120 data processing of 38 Meteorology early experiments in 11-14 role in droughts of 122 instruments for 39-44 role in floods of 112-13, 116 networks of 37, 41-2 Metering of supplies Public water supply 126-47 domestic 136, 192-3 deficiencies of 127-8, 131-2 for industry 136 growth of domestic demand for 136-8 Nature Conservancy 49-50 industrial demand for 139-40, Navigation 161-3 145-7 in canals 24, 167 limitation through pollution of in estuaries 162 177-9 in Trent basin 184 municipal impounding schemes Nitrate accumulation for 128-30 in groundwater 175 river abstractions for 141-7, 194 Subject Index 239 Public water supply (contd.) River Authorities (contd.) sources of 133, 140, 199 powers and functions of 32-4,81, in Trent basin 182 153, 158, 166, 169,215 River Boards (see also River Author• Rainfall intensity 102-3, 106-7 ities and River Purification Raingauges Boards) 20-2, 30-1 Meteorological Office Mk 2 39 River Purification Boards (see also networks of 37, 41-2 River Authorities and River non-recording types of 39 Boards) 30, 32 recording types of 42-4 River training works 118 Rainmaking 8 Root constant 75, 77 Recreation Runoff (see Streamflow) effect of pollution on 166, 179 Runoff measurement (see Streamflow growth of water-based 164 measurement) reservoir-based 164-5, 196 use of rivers and canals for 165-7 Saline intrusion 89-90, 200, 202-3 in Trent basin 184 Self-purification Re-cycling of water of rivers 171-3 in industry 193-4 of shallow lakes 173 in power-stations 161 in Trent basin 182, 185 Regional resource development 190, Sewage disposal 171, 178,215-16 207-214 Sewage effluent 170-3 in north of England 208-11 definition of 170-1 in Scotland 207 quality of 178 in south-east England 210-14 quantity of 170-1 in Wales 207-8 standards of 180-1 Relief in Trent basin 184-5 effect on floods of 103 untreated discharges of 179 effect on runoff of 95 Slope Reservoirs, direct-supply effect on floods of 104 early establishment of 26-8 Snow early yield estimation of 130-1 contribution to streamflow of 82, effect of afforestation on 98-9 91,95-6 opposition to 140, 143 duration and distribution of 71 recreational use of 164-5 effect on floods of 105, 107-8 role in flood protection of 118-19, measurement of 44 196 water equivalent of 44 role in river regulation of 194-5 Soil moisture Reservoirs, pumped-storage balance of 74-5 for hydro-electric power 160 effects on flooding of 104-5 for river regulation 195 methods of measurement of 50 Reservoirs, river regulating Soil moisture deficit 74-7, 79, 81 opposition to 197-8 effect on floods of 105, 117 role in flood protection 118-19, general applications of 81 143-5 in irrigation 155-6 role in water supply 143-7 variations of 79 in Severn basin 195-7 Springs 62-3, 86, 200 River Authorities (see also River Stage-discharge relationship 52 Boards and River Purification Statutory water undertakings Boards) early establishment of 127 creation of 22-3, 32 fragmentation of 132 240 Water in Britain Statutory water undertakings (contd.) Waste in distribution 137-8, 193 industrial supplies from 139-40, Water balance 73-81 145-7 general applications of 73 regional co-operation of 130, Penman's approach to 75-8, 80 141-3 Thomthwaite's approach to 74-7 regrouping of 133-5, 141 variations in 77-80 sources of supply to 133, 140-7 Water closet 7, 193 Storm sewage 178, 185 Water conservation Streamflow 82-3, 90-9 contemporary problems of 214-17 factors affecting 90-9 history of 23-35 catchment 93-9 Water consumption (see Water use) climatic 90-3 Water pollution 168-87 importance as resource of 90 absence of 23 regional variations in 91-2 beginning of 24 riparian ownership of 23-4 biological 172 seasonal regime of 91, 93 chemical 174-5 sources of 82-3 definition of 170 Streamflow measurement expenditure on control of 177 accuracy of 37, 50-1 extent of 176-7 early data on 17-18 legislative control of 24-25, 27, methods of 51-6 30-1 networks of 55-7 organic 171-4 records of 22-3 physical 175-6 Surface runoff 101-2 in Trent basin 182, 184-7 Water Power Resources Committee 28 Telemetry 117 Water pricing Thermal pollution domestic 192-3 in estuaries 175 industrial 191-2 in rivers 161, 175 Water quality in Trent basin 184 continuous measurement of 169 Thunderstorms in dairying 154 effect on flooding of 109, 112-13 definition of 168-70 effects of urbanisation on 112-13 improvement of 177,215 Tidal forces natural variations of 169 effect on floods of 109 standards of 180-1 Time of concentration 103-4 in Trent basin 182, 185-7 Transpiration Water rate 135, 192 from crops 2 Water Research Association 21 definition of 45 Water Resources Act 1963 32-4, 44, 61, 143, 164, 196,215 Urbanisation Water Resources Board effect on floods of 112-14 attitude to water costs of 191-2 expansion on to floodplains of creation of 22, 34 114-15 estimated desalination costs by 206 Vegetation functions of 23, 34-5, 61, 197 effect on evapotranspiration of 75, reports of 42, 48, 153, 169, 189, 77 190, 199, 204, 205, 208, 209, effect on floods of 104, 114-15 210,211,212,213,215 effect on PE of 47 Water storage effect on runoff of 98 in aquifers Velocity-area method 51-3 advantages of 198-203 Subject Index 241 Water storage (contd.) Water use (contd.) geological effects on 88 definition of 148-9 saline intrusion in 88-9, domestic 136-7 199-200 for electricity power 158, 160-1 variations of 80-1 industrial 24, 139-40, 145-7, in atmosphere 5 149-53 as ice and snow 4-6 intensification of 2, 24, 136-8, in lakes 7 190 in ocean basins 4-5 licensed abstractions for 189 in reservoirs 7-8, 24 limitation of 191-4 in rivers 7 for navigation 24, 161-3 in soil 6,46 for recreation 164-7 Water-table artificial depression of 89-90, in Trent basin 182 199-202 Weighing Iysimeters 4fi-7 fluctuations of 56, 58-60, 80-1, Weirs 53-4 83,85 Wells Water use hydrographs of 60-1, 80 in agriculture 153-8 Wilting point 155-6