ensaio

THREE REFORMERS AGAINST VIOLENT JIHAD TRÊS REFORMADORES CONTRA O JIHAD VIOLENTO

Peter Demant 1

“Point n’est besoin d’espérer pour entreprendre, ni de réussir pour persévérer.”

––”‹„—–‡†–‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡ǡDz–Š‡ƒ ‹–—”dzǡͳͷ͵͵ǦͳͷͺͶ YouTube

Žƒ–‡ʹͲͳͷƒ ‘˜‹‡™‡–˜‹”ƒŽ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ†ǣƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›’ƒ••ƒ–•‹ƒ•–”‡‡– ™‡”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ˆ‡™ „Ž‘‘†–Š‹”•–› ˜‡”•‡• ”‡ƒ† ˆ”‘ ƒ „‘‘their ™‹–Š religion ƒ ‰”‡‡ is ‘˜‡” from ‹’”‹–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘‹‘—• –‹–Ž‡ Dz ‘Ž› —”ǯƒdzǤ Š‡ “—‘–‡• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡š‡ —–‹‰ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ •Žƒ—‰Š–‡” ‘ˆ Š‘‘•‡š—ƒŽ•Ǥthose people are Šǡ living ›‘— • ‡‡among Š‘™ us ˆƒ” —•‡•–‡”‡”•ǡ„›•–ƒ†‡”•”‡ƒ –‡†ǡ‘–™‹–Š‘—–ƒ–‹‰‡‘ˆ’‹–›Ǥ ‘‡ǯ•‹†ǯ•‡›‡ǡ‘‡2 The surprise isƒŽ‘•–•ƒ™–Š‡‹”–Š‘—‰Š–ǣƒ† immense. ǫŠ‡–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡” ”‡‘˜‡•–Š‡ˆƒŽ•‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ†”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ––Š‡“—‘–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹„Ž‡Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡ ‡– –—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz •Žƒ †‡„ƒ–‡dz Šƒ• ”‡†‡”‡† –‘’‹ ƒŽ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ Dz‘Ž†ˆƒ•Š‹‘‡†dz–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ –ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹„‡–™‡‡ •Žƒƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ‹• ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ• ‡˜‹†‡– ‘” ƒ• ‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ• ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†Ǥ Š‡ —”ǯƒ ‹ Ž—†‡•ǡ Œ—•– Ž‹‡–Š‡‹„Ž‡ǡ•‡˜‡”‡˜‡”•‡•ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡‡••ƒ‰‡•Ǥ –Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǯ‹†ǡ –Š‹• ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ ‘ˆ—•‹‘Š‘™–‘—†‡”•–ƒ† ‘†ǯ•™‘”†Ǧƒ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ•‘Ž†ƒ• —†ƒ‹•ǡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ ƒ† •Žƒ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ  ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡”ǡ –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ †‹˜‹†‡• –‘†ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–ǡ—•Ž‹•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘™–‘†‡’‘Žƒ”‹œ‡–Š‹• ‘–”‘˜‡”•›ǫŠ‹ Š”‘Ž‡ †‘ •Žƒ‹ –Š‹‡”•’Žƒ›‹–Š‹•ǫ‡–—•ˆ‘”‘ ‡•Š‹ˆ–‘—”‰ƒœ‡ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ƒ–‹Ǧ‡•–‡” •Žƒ‹•–•™Š‘–Š”‘—‰Š™‘”†ƒ††‡‡†ƒ––”ƒ –’Ž‡–›‘ˆ‡†‹ƒƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ–‘ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆƒˆ‡™‘ˆ •Žƒǯ•—‡”‘—•”‡ˆ‘”‡”•Ǥ ˆ–‡”ƒ›–‡””‘”ƒ––ƒ ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ”‰‡Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ ‘‘’Žƒ ‡ǣDzŠ›†‘‡•ǯ––Š‡ •—’’‘•‡†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—ŽƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ—•Ž‹•™Š‘”‡Œ‡ ––‡””‘”‹•‡˜‡”ƒ‡‹–•˜‘‹ ‡Š‡ƒ”†ǫdz Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘„‡–”ƒ›•ƒ„Žƒ–ƒ–‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‘‡˜‡”‰‘‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–”‘—„Ž‡–‘ Š‡  1 ‹–ǡ™‹ŽŽ‡ ‘—–‡”—‡”‘—• ‘†‡ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–‡””‘”‹•ǡ ‘‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ™‹†‡‰ƒ—–‘ˆ  ‡–‡” ‡ƒ– ‹• ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ƒ† –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Žƒ–‹‘• • Š‘Žƒ” •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹††Ž‡ ƒ•–‡”ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ–Š‡ •”ƒ‡ŽǦƒŽ‡•–‹‡‹••—‡ǡ–Š‡—•Ž‹™‘”Ž†ǡƒ†‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‡•–Ǥ ‡‘„–ƒ‹‡† GrupoŠ‹•ŠǤǤ‹‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹•–‘”›ƒ–•–‡”†ƒ‹˜‡”•‹– de Trabalho Oriente Médio e Mundo Muçulmano ›ȋ˜ǡͳͻͺͺȌǡƒ†–Š‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆDz‹˜”‡Ǧ‘ ‡–‡dz‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹•–‘”›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘ƒ—Ž‘ȋǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘—†‡”ȋʹͲͲͺȌƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ Malala ȋ ǡ‹††Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ† •Žƒ‹ ‘”Ž†‘”‹‰ ”‘—’Ȍ‘ˆƒ„‘”ƒ–×”‹‘†‡•–—†‘•†ƒ •‹ƒȋ•‹ƒ–—†‹‡•‡–‡”ȌǡŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†”‡ƒ‹•‡†‹–‘”Ǧ‹Ǧ Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ‹–•Œ‘—”ƒŽDz dzȋŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ”‡˜‹•–ƒ•Ǥ—•’Ǥ„”ȀƒŽƒŽƒȌǤ”‘ˆǤ‡ƒ–ǯ•”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ •Žƒƒ† •Žƒ‹•ǡ–Š‡ •”ƒ‡ŽǦƒŽ‡•–‹‡ ‘ϐŽ‹ –ǡ—•Ž‹‹‘”‹–‹‡•‹—”‘’‡ǡƒ†–‡””‘”‹•Ǥ ƒ––‡•ǣ2 Š––’ǣȀȀŽƒ––‡•Ǥ ’“Ǥ„”Ȁʹ͸ͲͶͷͻͶͷ͹ͺ͹ͳͷͶ͸ͷǤ‘–ƒ –ǣ’”†‡ƒ–̷—•’Ǥ„”Ǥ

Dzš’‡”‹‡–ǣ‡‹Œ„‡Ž‡–†‡ƒˆ–˜ƒ†‡‘”ƒǤ‘https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5LDxI79XEw‘”‘‘”†‡Ž‡‡‡†‡‘˜‡”Šƒ†Ǥdzȋ‹—– Šǣš’‡”‹‡–ǣ 2018)‹„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—”ǯƒǣ’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡–ƒ‡•‘˜‡”Ǥ”‹‰‹ƒŽ—’Ž‘ƒ†ȋ™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Š•—„–‹–Ž‡•Ȍ‘ˆŠ‡ ‘Ž›—”ƒš’‡”‹‡–ǤͶǦͳʹǦʹͲͳͷǤ ǣ ȋƒ ‡••͵ǦͳǦ MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 29 ensaio

͵ •Žƒ‹  —””‡–•Ǥ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”•–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡Šƒ•‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡’‘‹– ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ•–‡Ž–‹–•‹–Š‡•Š”‹‹‰‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡œ‘‡„‡–™‡‡ •Žƒ‹ –ƒ–‡‘–Š‡ ‘‡Šƒ†ǡƒ†‘ƒŽ†”—’ǡƒ”‹‡Ž‡‡ǡƒ†DzŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡”ƒ›dz‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ ƒ”‡„Ž‡ƒ Š‡†‘—–„›–Š‡ϐ‹‡” ‡”„Žƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧ™Š‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ™‹‰•ǤŠ‹•ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ •Žƒ‹•––‡””‘”‹•–•‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡„—–’”‘†— ‡•ƒ†‹•–‘”–‡†‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ

’‹‹‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹ʹͲͲͺ„›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–• ‘Š•’‘•‹4 –‘ƒ†ƒŽ‹ƒ‘‰ƒŠ‡†ȋ„›‘ ‡ƒ• •Žƒ‘’Š‘„‹ Ȍ ‘ϐ‹”‡† –Šƒ– Ž‡•• –Šƒ ‘Ž› ‘‡ –‡–Š ‘ˆ —•Ž‹• ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ •›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡† ™‹–Š •ƒƒ „‹ ƒ†‡ǯ• ƒŽǦƒ‡†ƒǤ  Šƒ– ‹• ‘Ž› ‹Ž†Ž› ”‡ƒ••—”‹‰ǣ –Šƒ– ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•–‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ˜‡•‘˜‡”‘‡Š—†”‡†‹ŽŽ‹‘—•Ž‹•›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”•‘ˆ–‡””‘”ǤŠ‹Ž‡™‡ †‘ǯ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ‘Š‘™–‡†‡ ‹‡•Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•‹ ‡ǡ‹–•‡‡•—Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ– –Š‡‡•–‡”‘†‡ŽŠƒ•„‡ ‘‡‘”‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ ™‘”Ž†‹–Š‡„ƒƒ‡”ƒǡ‘” •‹ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆƒ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ—•Ž‹•ȋ Ž‘•‡–‘ƒ“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆ ™‘”Ž†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ†‘Ǧ—•Ž‹•™‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†‘Š‘™–Š‡‘Ǧˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–ƒŒ‘”‹–› Islamists ™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǥ Œ‹Šƒ†‹• ‘™–‘ Žƒ••‹ˆ›‘”ƒ†‹ ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧƒ–‹Ǧ‡•–‡” •Žƒǫ ˆ™‡ ‘•‹†‡”reformists ) ƒ•–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‡†‹‰Š–™‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ ™‘”Ž†ǡ™‹–Š˜‹‘Ž‡– ƒ•–Š‡‡š–”‡‹•– ‘—–Ž‹‡”ǡ’”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ •Žƒƒ†‘ˆ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡™‹–Š‘Ǧ—•Ž‹•ȋ secular Muslims™‘—Ž†ƒ‡—’–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ ‡ˆ–ǡ™‹–Š–Š‘•‡—•Ž‹•™Š and apostates ‘Šƒ˜‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›„”‘‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Šȋ„—–‘–™‹–Š–Š‡ •Žƒ‹  ‘—‹–›‘”‹†‡–‹–›Ȍmiddle ƒ•–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡‡š–”‡‡ǣ Ǥ „‡–™‡‡„‘–Š ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰–‡†‡ ‹‡•™‡ƒ›–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‡ƒ ˜ƒ•–„—–Ž‹––Ž‡‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ œ‘‡Ǥ‹‡‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡‡•–‡” ™‘”Ž† –Š‹• ƒŒ‘”‹–› •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ƒ—‰Š– —’ ‹ ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒ† ’ƒ‹ˆ—Ž –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ among–‘™ƒ”†• Muslim ‘†‡”‹–›Ǥ minorities ‡”‡ in ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ the West. ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ A considerable ƒ† •–‹ paŽŽrt ‘–Š‡” of the †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘• latter consists ‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ even in ‹†‡–‹–› ‘’‡–‡ˆ‘”Ž‘›ƒŽ–›ǡ„‘–Š‹—•Ž‹ƒŒ‘”‹–›•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•‹–Š‡Š‹”†‘”Ž†ƒ†

‘–˜‡”›”–Š‘†‘š—•Ž‹•™Š‘ǡ™‡”‡–Š‡‡•––‘ƒŽŽ‘™‹–ǡ‹‰Š–™‡ŽŽƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡‹ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”–™‘ǤŠ‹•‹•Ž‡•••—”’”‹•‹‰‹ˆ‘‡”‡ ƒŽŽ•–Šƒ–‘Ž›ŠƒŽˆƒ ‡–—”›ƒ‰‘ǡ‘•– ˜‹‡™‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•—”ǡƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š‹ǡ‡”„‡”ǡ‡”•‹ƒ‘””ƒ„”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•—•Ž‹ǡ Islamic–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Žƒ„‡Ž„‡‹‰‹ƒ› ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡ ‡–‹†‡ reformers . –‹–›„ƒ†‰‡Ǥ‡–™‡‡–Š‹•—‡”‘—• ‹††Ž‡‰”‘—’ƒ†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ†‡ˆ‡ –‘”•™‡–Š—•ϐ‹†–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ •ǡ —•Ž‹• Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡” „‡‡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† ˆ”‘ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‘Ž›  ”‹’–—”‡ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ• ‹ ‘–Š‡” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǡ ‘†ǯ• ™‘”† ‹• •—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”ǯƒ Ȃ ‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘” •’‹”ƒ–‹‘ǫȂ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›™Š‘ ‘•‹†‡”•‹– ‘†ǯ•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ™‘”†ˆ”‘ƒ‹‘”‹–› ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‹–‹ƒ‘”‡Dz‘†‡”dzǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ ‹œ‹‰‘”ƒ E.g. Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠ—ˆϐ‹‰–‘’‘•–Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ”ƒǦ’ƒ•ŠƒȀ–Š‡Ǧ„‹‰ǦŽ‹‡ŽŽ‡‰‘”‹ ™ƒ›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”†‹• —••‹‘•’‡”–ƒ‹Ǧƒ„‘—–Ǧ—•Ž‹̴„̴ͳͺͺͻͻͳǤ ͵html ; Informed Comment https:// ™™™ǤŒ—ƒ ‘Ž‡Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͲͷȀͲ͹Ȁˆ”‹‡†ƒǦ™”‘‰Ǧƒ„‘—–Ǧ—•Ž‹•Ǧƒ‰ƒ‹Ǧƒ†ǤŠ–Ž ; https:// muslimscondemn.com ;  ͻǦ͹ǦʹͲͲͷǡThe Guardian —ƒ ‘Ž‡ǡ Dz ”‹‡†ƒ”‘‰„‘—–—•Ž‹•‰ƒ‹dzǣhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/ •Š‘”– —–•ȀʹͲͳ͹Ȁƒ”Ȁʹ͸Ȁ—•Ž‹•Ǧ ‘†‡Ǧ–‡””‘”‹•Ǧ•–ƒ–• 4 John L. Esposito and Dalia Mogahed, Who Speaks ʹ͸Ǧ͵ǦʹͲͳ͹ǣ For Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press, 2008. Cf. Ǥȋƒ ‡••͵ǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus- Ž‹̴ƒ––‹–—†‡•̴–‘™ƒ”†̴–‡””‘”‹• †ƒ–ƒˆ”‘‘–Š‡”ƒ†‘”‡”‡ ‡–’‘ŽŽ•“—‘–‡†‹ ™Š‹ Š†‘ —‡–•—•Ž‹”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–‡””‘”‹•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ͷͲ –‘ͺͺΨ†‡’‡†‹‰‘’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–‹‡Ǥȋƒ ‡••ͳǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌ 30 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio

–‘–Š‡™‘”†•ƒ†ƒ –•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’Š‡–ǣƒ”‡–Š‡›ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ”‡’‘”–•‘”‡†‹ˆ›‹‰ ‘ˆƒ„—Žƒ–‹‘•ǫ ‘—Šƒƒ†ǯ•‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘‹––Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”‘”‘–ǫ‘‘Ǧ—•Ž‹•–Š‡•‡“—‡•–‹‘• ƒ›•‡‡ƒ” ƒ‡Ǥ‡–ƒ›•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡—•Ž‹•ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•†‡’‡†•‘Š‘™‡ƒ Š‰”‘—’”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–•‘ˆ‹–•ˆƒ‹–Šƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ •‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡ǡ™Šƒ–‹•ƒ–‹••—‡ƒ”‡“—‡•–‹‘••— Šƒ•ȋƒ‘‰ƒ›‘–Š‡”•Ȍǣ†‘ ‘Ǧ—•Ž‹•ǡŽ‹˜‹‰‹—•Ž‹ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘—–”‹‡•ȋ‘”‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ȌŠƒ˜‡ƒ”‹‰Š––‘‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹”‘™ȋ—Ȍ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‡˜‡™Š‡”‡‹–‘ˆˆ‡†•—•Ž‹•‡•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǫ•Š‘—Ž† ‘˜‹ –‡†–Š‹‡˜‡• Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”Šƒ† —–‘ˆˆǫƒ›ƒ—•Ž‹‰‹”Žƒ””›ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒǡ ‡™ǡ‘”‹Šƒǫ Who may decide these dilemmas, and on what criteria?

 •— Š “—‡•–‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ ‰ƒ—– ‘ˆ ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡

”‡ˆ‘”‡”• ƒ ‡’– –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡5 —”ǯƒ „—– ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ ‹–• ‘”‡ –‘Ž‡”ƒ– ˜‡”•‡•Ǥƒ”‹“ƒƒ†ƒǡ’‡”Šƒ’•—”‘’‡ǯ•„‡•–‘™ƒ††‘—„–Ž‡••‘•–˜‹•‹„Ž‡—•Ž‹ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǡ‡š‡’Ž‹ϐ‹‡•–Š‹•Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ —–ƒ›‰‘ˆ—”–Š‡”ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ƒ ‡™”‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡‘Ž†Š‘Ž›–‡š–ǡ‘” ‘•‹†‡”‹–ƒ•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†ƒ†Š‡ ‡ prima facie reading. 6 ‘–—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ›˜ƒŽ‹†ǡ‰‘‘‡•–‡’ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥ„†—ŽŽƒŠ‹ƒǦƒǮ‹ǡ†‹• —••‡†„‡Ž‘™ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‹• —””‡–ǣ–Š‡†‡‡’‡”‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡”•‡ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘‹–• the ‘”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ˜‘‹ ‡•ƒ›‘–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Š‡—”ǯƒ‹• ‘†ǯ•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ†‹‡””ƒ– ™‘”†ƒ†›‡–˜‹‡™ •Žƒƒ•ƒȋ‘” Ȍ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‘”•ƒ†‘ˆ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”•Šƒ† ƒŒ‹ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‹•’ƒ–ŠǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ‰ƒŽƒš›‘ˆˆ‡‹‹•–—•Ž‹ƒ•ǣ–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‡ ƒ›‡ƒ•‘‡–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡–Šƒ‹–•‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‘–‡–ǡ‘”‡˜‡„‡‘„•‘Ž‡–‡Ǥ ‘”‡””ƒ†‹ ƒŽ• go several steps further and demand͹ a fundamental reformation of the faith. 8 At the •— Šƒ•ƒƒŒ‹†ƒ™ƒœƒ”‰—‡Ž‹‡™‹•‡Ǥ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‘”‡šǦ—•Ž‹••— Šƒ•›ƒƒ ‹”•‹Ž‹

‡š–”‡‡ƒ”‰‹•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‹•–•’‡ –”—‘‡‡ ‘—–‡”•‘˜‡”–ƒ’‘•–ƒ–‡•ǡ•— Šƒ• „9 ƒ””ƒ“ǡ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ˆ––Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘ˆ •Žƒƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘–Š‡”•–‘†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ„ƒ†‘‹‰–Š‡ •Žƒ‹  ‘—‹–›‹ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‹†‡–‹–›•‡•‡Ǥ Š‘‡˜‡””‡ƒ†•–Š‡—”ǯƒ•‘‘‘–‹ ‡•–Šƒ––Š‘•‡ƒ’‘†‹ –‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ˆƒ˜‘”‡† „› •Žƒ‹•–•ȋƒ† •Žƒ„ƒ•Š‡”•™Š‘—•‡–Š‡–‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡‹–•’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘Ȍƒ‡—’‘Ž›ƒ ‹‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–ǤŠ‡—”ǯƒ ‘ƒ†•–‘Dz‡Œ‘‹”‹‰Š–ƒ†ˆ‘”„‹†‡˜‹Ždzȋ͵ǣͳͲͶȌǤ  ˆƒ ––Š‹•‹•ƒ‘”†‡”–‘‹’”‘˜‡Š—ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›Ȃƒ—†‡”Ž›‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ—–‘’‹ƒ one encounters something similar in other monotheistic religions e.g. in the Thora 10 but –Šƒ–‘˜‡• •Žƒǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–•‘‡–‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‹–‘–‘–ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ—–

ƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡”‘’Š‡–•ǯϐ‹‡”›•‡”‘•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”‹–—ƒŽ‹•ǡŠ›’‘ ”‹•›ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥ–‹ŽŽ‹– ‹•Šƒ”†–‘†‡›–Šƒ– •ŽƒŠƒ•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘•‡–„‡‡ƒ‘”‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘–Šƒ‘•–ǤŠ‹• 5 Ramadan, (2004) Western Muslims and the future of Islam •–”‘‰‡”ˆ‘ —•‘•‘ ‹‡–›‡š’Žƒ‹•„‘–Š‹–••— ‡••6 ƒ†‹–• —””‡–’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›‘ ƒ”‹“ Ǥšˆ‘”†ǡ‡– Ǥǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ Dz‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š ‹•–‘”›Ǧ„†—ŽŽƒŠ‹Š‡†Ǧƒǯ‹dzslam and the Future of Tolerance:ȋ ƒ””›”‡‹•Ž‡”ǡͳʹǦ͵ǦʹͲͳͲȌǤ ǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ A Dialogue. ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α‰͵Š† ”ȋƒ ‡••ͳʹǦʹͲͳͷȌ͹edition (October 6, 2015). 8 ƒ ƒ””‹•ƒ†ƒƒŒ‹†ƒ™ƒœǡ Heretic: Why Islam needs a Reformation Now  ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǣͳ 9 Why I Am Not a Muslim. Prometheus, 1995. 10 ›ƒƒ ‹”•‹Ž‹ǡ Leviticus Ǥ‡™‘”ǡ‡– Ǥǣ ƒ”’‡”‘ŽŽ‹•ǡʹͲͳͷǤ „ƒ””ƒ“ǡ ͳͻǣͳ͹ǣDzŠ‘—•ŠƒŽ–‘–Šƒ–‡–Š›„”‘–Š‡”‹–Š‹‡Š‡ƒ”–ǣ–Š‘—•ŠƒŽ–‹ƒ›™‹•‡”‡„—‡–Š›‡‹‰Š„‘—”ǡ MALALA,ƒ†‘–•—ˆˆ‡”•‹—’‘Š‹Ǥdz São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 31 ensaio

”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‘‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›•‡‡•–‘„‡‹—‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”ƒ†‹ ƒŽƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡–”‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆƒš‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ––Š‡‘•‡–™‡”‡ˆƒ‹”ƒ†Š—ƒ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ–Šˆ”‘‹–”‘˜‡”–‡†ƒ† ”‡•‹‰‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–›–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȋ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ˜‹‘Ž‡–Ȍƒ –‹˜‹•‹•’‡”Šƒ’••Š‘”–‡”‹ •Žƒ –Šƒ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ ’ƒ•– ‡–—”‹‡• •ŽƒŠƒ••—ˆˆ‡”‡†”‡’‡ƒ–‡††‡ˆ‡ƒ–•ƒ––Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡ƒ” ‡•–dzǤ ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Š‹––‹‰‹–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–•‹†‡ǡ„—–‘Ž‡••–‘–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘••‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ–Š‘‡ǡƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆȋ•‘‡–‹‡•’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹œ‡†Ȍ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–• Šƒ•‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–ͳͷͲ›‡ƒ”•‡‡”‰‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ††Ž›ǡˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–ƒ† ‘†‡”‹•– —””‡–•‹ •Žƒ•Šƒ”‡‹’ƒ”––Š‡•ƒ‡‘”‹‰‹•ǣ‹‡‹–Š‡” ƒ•‡ȋƒ†•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ ‡ƒ‹••ƒ ‡ƒ†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‡•–Ȍ–Š‡ƒ‹™ƒ•–‘„”‡ƒ–Š‡‡™Ž‹ˆ‡‹ˆƒ‹–Šƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ”‡„‹”–Š„›”‡–—”‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ–‡–‹“—‹–›”‘‘–•ƒ†–‘• ›–Š‡ †‘™ƒŽŽ–Š‡™‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”›Dz‹††Ž‡ƒ‰‡•dzǤŠ‡ƒ‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡Ž‹‡•‹™Šƒ– ‡Ž‡‡–DzŽ‹„‡”ƒŽdzƒ†Dz’—”‹–ƒdz”‡ˆ‘”‡”•’‹ —’ƒ•‘•–ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹–Š‡‹””‡ ‘˜‡”‡† Ž‡‰ƒ ›Ǥ†‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‘”‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ —””‡–•ǡ–Š‹‰•Šƒ˜‡ƒ––‹‡•‰‘––‡‘—– ‘ˆŠƒ†Ǥ —•–Ž‹‡–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ†—••‹ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘™”‡•–‡†–ƒ–‡’‘™‡”ˆ”‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‘ƒ” Š›‹‘”†‡”–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ„—– –Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡†–Š‹•–ƒ–‡’‘™‡”‹–Š‡ lever•‡”˜‹ ‡‘ˆ™‹†‡Ǧ”ƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –• to bring about their –Šƒ–•‘‘–—”‡†‰Šƒ•–Ž›ȋ–Š‡‡””‘”ǡ –ƒŽ‹‹•Ȍǡ–Š—• •Žƒ‹•–•™ƒ––‘ ‘“—‡”–Š‡–ƒ–‡–‘—•‡‹–•‘‘’‘Ž›‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ•ƒ —–‘’‹ƒǣƒ•‘ ‹‡–›’—–‘•–”‹ –”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ‘‘–‹‰Ǥ11  ‡ ‡Š‘‡‹‹ǡ –Š‡‡‹‘ˆ–Š‡ ”ƒ‹ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ‹•‹•–‡†‹‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒDz •Žƒ‹ ”‡’—„Ž‹ dzǡ‘–ƒ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›‘”‡˜‡ƒDz •Žƒ‹ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡’—„Ž‹ dzǤ • ‹ ‡˜‡”› ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ‹ •Žƒ‹• –‘‘ ‡š ‡•• „”‘—‰Š– †‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ ƒ† †‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡–ǡ ”‡’—‰ƒ ‡ ƒ† ”‡–Š‹‹‰ǣ DzŠƒ– ™‡– ™”‘‰ǫdzǢ Dz ‘™ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Šƒ–‡š––‹‡ǫdz™‹–Š‘—––Š”‘™‹‰ƒ™ƒ›–Š‡„ƒ„›™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ–Š™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‘™–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ •‘ ‹‡–›–”—‡–‘ ‘†ǯ•’”‘‹•‡™‹–Š‘—–‹–†‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ†‹ –ƒ–‘”•Š‹’–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‡†—’ Šƒ•‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘’ƒ”–›ǡ Š—” Šǡ‘”‘•“—‡ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡„‡ ‘‡†‹•‰—•–‡†™‹–Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǫ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› •Žƒ‹  ”‡ˆ‘”‡”• ”‡‹† ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ”š‹•– ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ• –”›‹‰ –‘ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ›ŽŽƒ‘ˆ™‹Ž† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†–Š‡Šƒ”›„†‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ —Žƒ‰Ǥ ‡ ‡

”ƒ‹ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”„†‘Žƒ”‹‘”‘—•Š ”‡Œ‡ –•–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ •–ƒ–‡ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ12 ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǣ–Š‡‹š‘ˆˆƒ‹–Šƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹•‘–Œ—•–„ƒ†ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡•ǡ„—– ‘””—’–• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ‹•ƒ––‹–—†‡‹••Šƒ”‡†„›ƒ›”‡ˆ‘”‡”•Ǥ Three examples The Satanic Verses

‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†‘ˆ ƒ•–Š‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘ –Šƒ–‰ƒ‹‡†”‹–‹•ŠǦ †‹ƒƒ—–Š‘”ƒŽƒ—•Š†‹‡ƒ†‡ƒ–Š•‡–‡ ‡ˆ”‘Š‘‡‹‹ǡ–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ ”ƒǯ• •Žƒ‹ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Šƒ‘™–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ •Žƒ‹ ™”‹–‡”Ž‹‡†Š‹• ͳͻͺͺ‘˜‡Ž–‘ƒˆ‡™˜‡”•‡•‘–‘”‹‘—•Ž›†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—”ǯƒǤŠ‡•–‘”›‰‘‡•–Šƒ– –‘ƒ‡–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡Š‡™ƒ•’”‡ƒ Š‹‰‘”‡’ƒŽƒ–ƒ„Ž‡–‘11 Middle East Report & Information –Š‡•–‹ŽŽ’‘Ž›–Š‡‹•–‹ ‡ ƒ•ǡ

ȋ ȌͳͲǡͺͺȋͷȀ͸ǦͳͻͺͲȌDzŠ‘‡‹‹ǣǮ‡ŠƒŽŽ‘ˆ”‘––Š‡‘”Ž† ™‹–Š—” †‡‘Ž‘‰›ǯǤ‡’”‘†— ‡†‹ǣ12 Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam: Essential writings of --. Translated, edited, Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡”‹’Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡”Ȁ‡”ͺͺȀŠ‘‡‹‹Ǧ™‡Ǧ•ŠƒŽŽǦ ‘ˆ”‘–Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǧ‘—”Ǧ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ȋƒ ‡••ʹǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌ „†‘Žƒ”‹‘”‘—•Šǡ ƒ†™‹–Šƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹–”‘†— –‹‘„›ƒŠ‘—†ƒ†”‹ƒ†Š‡†ƒ†”‹Ǥšˆ‘”†ǡ‡– Ǥǣšˆ‘”†ǡʹͲͲͲǤ 32 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio

–Š‡ ”‘’Š‡– Šƒ† •—‰‰Ž‡† ‹ ƒ ’ƒ••—• ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ”ƒ„ †‡‹–‹‡• ȋ™Š‘•‡ •Š”‹‡•ǡ ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ Ž‘–• ‘ˆ ’‹Ž‰”‹•ǡ ™‡”‡ ƒ „‘ƒœƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ –‘—”‹•ȌǤ ‘† „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ‰”› –Šƒ––Š‡”‘’Š‡–Šƒ†‘—–‘ˆ‘’’‘”–—‹•–ƒ’‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Š‘Ž›”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡’‡–ƒ–ǡ —Šƒƒ† •—’’‘•‡†Ž› „Žƒ‡† –Š‡ ‡˜‹Ž ˆ‘” ˆ”ƒ‹‰ Š‹ ƒ† “—‹ Ž› ”‡‘˜‡† –Š‡•‡ Muslims. Dzƒ–ƒ‹ ͳ͵ ˜‡”•‡•Ǥdz —•Š†‹‡ ”‡™‘”‡† –Š‡•‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” • ‡‡• ‹ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ –‘ ƒ›

—– ‘– –‘ ƒŽŽǤ ‡ŽŽ‘™ •Žƒ‹  ”‡ˆ‘”‡” ”•Šƒ† ƒŒ‹ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ —•‡• –Š‡ —Šƒƒ†ǯ••Š‘”– ‘‹‰‹–Š‹••ƒ‡‹ ‹†‡–ƒ•–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ†‡’ƒ”–—”‡‘ˆŠ‡”‘™ ”› ‘ˆ’”‘–‡•–ǣ‹ˆ‡˜‡ ‘†ǯ•”‘’Š‡–†‘‡•‘–‡• ƒ’‡’”‡••—”‡•‘ˆŠ‹•‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ–Š‡‹–‹• messages. Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡„•Ǥ—•14 Ž‹•‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ•Š‡•ƒ›•ǡ—•–Ž‡ƒ”empowering her personal and –‘•–ƒ†—’–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹” ‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•–•ǡƒ††ƒ”‡–‘‡š’”‡••—’‘’—Žƒ” contrarian attitudes.Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†•–Š‡Š‡–‡”‘†‘š•–‘”›–Š—•ƒ• ‡š–”‡‡Ž›Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹‡”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†—•‡•–Š‡—”ǯƒ‹–•‡Žˆ–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›Š‡”

ƒŒ‹‹•‘Ž›‘‡ƒ‘‰ƒ•‹œƒ„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆƒ˜ƒ–‰ƒ”†‡—•Ž‹–Š‹‡”•™Š‘ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹‡–Š‘†ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǦ’‘Ž‹–‹ƒŽ’”‡‹•‡•ǡƒŽŽ•Šƒ”‡ƒ ‘‹–‡– –‘ „”‹†‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ •Žƒ ƒ† ‘†‡”‹–›ǡ †‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ ƒ† Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ Š‹• ’Ž—”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ •Žƒƒ›„‡ ‘‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”‹ˆ™‡„”‹‡ϐŽ› ‘’ƒ”‡Š‘™–Š”‡‡ ˜‡”›†‹˜‡”•‡ϐ‹‰—”‡•™”‡•–Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Šǣƒ—ϐ‹Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–••’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡƒˆ‡‹‹•–†‘Ǧ ‹–Ǧ›‘—”•‡Žˆ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒǡƒ†ƒ”‡ ƒ–‡†Œ‹Šƒ†‹•–Ǥ‡•‡Ž‡ ––Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡–Š‹‡”•Ȁƒ –‹˜‹•–•ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹˜‡’—”’‘•‡•ǣƒ— Š™‹†‡”‰ƒ—–‡š‹•–•‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”‡”•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹•–•™Š‘•‡•‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡•‡Žˆ•ƒ‡ •Žƒ–Šƒ–‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆƒ•ƒƒ„‹ƒ†‡‘”ƒ „”ƒŠ‹ ƒŽǦƒ‰Š†ƒ†‹Šƒ†–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹•–”—‡–‘ˆ‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ ȋͳȌ„†—ŽŽƒŠ‹ƒǦƒǮ‹

ȋͳͻͶ͸ǦȌ‹•ƒ—†ƒ‡•‡—‹–Š‹‡”™Š‘Šƒ•„‡‡Ž‹˜the ‹‰ ‹†‡ˆ‘”†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Žƒ†ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆƒ™ƒ–‘”›‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒǮ‹Šƒ•‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘””‡Œ‡ –‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒȋƒ†ƒˆ‘”–‹‘”‹ Ȍ •Žƒ‹  –ƒ–‡Ǥ ‹•–‡ƒ Š‡”ǡ–Š‡•‘ˆ–•’‘‡—ϐ‹Ǧ‹•’‹”‡†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒŠ‘—†‘Šƒ‡†ƒŠƒ ‰‘–‹–”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š ƒǮˆƒ”—‡‹”‹ǡ–Š‡†‹ –ƒ–‘”™Š‘‹–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•†”‡ƒ‡†‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ —†ƒ‹ƒ•Šƒ”‹Ǯƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ ͳͻͺͷǡƒŠƒ™ƒ•Šƒ‰‡†‹’—„Ž‹ ˆ‘”†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ †‘ –”‹‡ǤƒǮ‹‰‘––Š‡Š‹–ǡƒ†ϐŽ‡†–‘–Š‡™Š Tabari, Ta’rikh The Idea‡”‡ǡ–ƒ‹‰ƒŠƒǯ•‹†‡ƒ•ƒ•Š‹••–ƒ”–‹‰ of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam From ͳ͵Polemic to History. The Satanic Verses: ǡͳͳͻʹˆˆǡ“—‘–‡†‹ǣ ǤǤ ƒ™–‹‰ǡ a Novel 14 ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ‡™‘”ƒ†‡Ž„‘—”‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡͳͻͻͻǤ’Ǥͳ͵ͳǦͳ͵ʹǤƒŽƒ—•Š†‹‡ǡ Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ†‘ǡʹͲͲͺȋͳͻͺͺǡͳ•–ǤȌ Dz‡Š†‹ ƒ••ƒǣDzǥŠƒ–‹•–Š‡–”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š •Žƒ–‘†ƒ›‹›‘—”˜‹‡™ǫdz ”•Šƒ†ƒŒ‹ǣDz ƒ™‘”†ǡ—•Ž‹•Ǥ‡ƒ”‡–Š‡–”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š •Žƒ–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–”‹„ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ –‘ ‘Ž‘‹•‡–Š‡ˆƒ‹–Š‘ˆ •ŽƒǤ—––Š‡‰‘‘†‡™•‹•ƒ›‹‰–Š‹•‹•–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–™‡ ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›†”ƒ™‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‘—”‘™• ”‹’–—”‡ǡˆ”‘–Š‡—”ƒ‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡ˆ‘” ‘—”Š‡ƒ”–•ǡ‘—”•’‹”‹–•ƒ†‘—”„‡‹‰•Ǥ†‘‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”‡ǡ‹•–Š‡ ‘‡–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡•ǡDz„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ‘†— –›‘—”•‡Žˆ™‹–ŠŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†„‡ƒ”–”—‡™‹–‡••„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘†dzǤ†Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›’ƒ”–ǡDz‡˜‡‹ˆ‹–„‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–›‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ›‘—”’ƒ”‡–•ǡ‘”›‘—””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•dzǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ ƒŽŽˆ‘”‘”ƒŽ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ ƒŽŽ–‘•–ƒ†—’™Š‡‘–Š‡”•™ƒTranscript: Irshad Manji on Islamophobia–›‘—–‘•‹–†‘™Ǥ†‹–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ‡• •ŽƒŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒŽŒƒœ‡‡”ƒǤ ‘Ȁ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ȁƒ•ƒ Š‡ƒ†–‘Š‡ƒ†ȀʹͲͳ͸ȀͲͳȀ–”ƒ• ”‹’–Ǧ‹”•Šƒ†ǦƒŒ‹Ǧ‹•Žƒ‘’Š‘„‹ˆƒ‹–Š”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‹–Š‡ʹͳ•–‡–—”›ǡ‘–Œ—•–‹–Š‡͹–ŠǤdz ƒǦͳ͸Ͳͳʹ͵Ͳ͹ͷʹʹͻͲͷʹǤŠ–Ž 2018) ‡ƒ†–‘ ‡ƒ†ǡ Ǥ ǣ  ȋƒ ‡•• ͷǦͳǦ MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 33 ensaio

’‘‹–ǡ Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† Š‹• ‘™ •Žƒ‹  Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒǮ‹ ”‡Œ‡ –• •Žƒ‹• ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘””ƒ†‹ ƒŽ •ŽƒǤ–‹Ǧ‡•–‡”ˆƒƒ–‹ •ƒ”‡ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡•ǡ— Š‘”‡‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡†„› –Š‡‡•––Šƒ–Š‡›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‡–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •Žƒ„‘””‘™•‹•‡šƒ –Ž›™Šƒ–ƒǮ‹”‡ —•‡•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡”‡Œ‡ –‹‰–Š‡‡•–ǯ•ȋ‡‘Ȍ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ†‘‹ƒ ‡ǡ •Žƒ‹•–•Šƒ˜‡‡’–ƒ‡›‡•–‡” ƒ ‘„‹ ‘ ‡’–ǣ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘–ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ–ƒ–‡Ǥ— Šƒ•–ƒ–‡Šƒ•‘„ƒ•‹•‹ •Žƒ‹ pace Š‹•–‘”›ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡––‘ƒ’‹”‡‹‹–•Š‡›†ƒ›™ƒcapricious and omnipotent sultan. •Šƒ”†Ž›ƒ™ƒŽ‘˜‡”ǡ’”‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ —•Ž‹”‡ƒŽ•™‡”‡‘•–”‘‰–ƒ–‡•‹ƒ‘†‡”•‡•‡Ȃ ”‹‡–ƒŽ‹•–•ǯ‹ƒ‰‡”›‘ˆ–Š‡

‹‡ƒ›‘†‡”ƒ–‡—•Ž‹‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•ǡƒǮ‹‘’–•ˆ‘”•‡ —Žƒ”†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ—–‹• –Šƒ––Š‡‘–ƒ‘–Š‡”‡•–‡”‹’‘”–ǫƒǮ‹”‡’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ– •Žƒ†‘‡•‘–‘’’‘•‡ƒ„•‘”„‹‰ ‰‘‘†‹†‡ƒ•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ ‘Ž†‡‰‡‹–•‡Žˆ™ƒ•ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡƒ’”‘–‘–›’‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‘••Ǧˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‹•ƒƒ†‹••‹‘‘ˆ™‡ƒ‡••ǤŠ‹Ž‡

‹– ‹• Žƒ—†ƒ„Ž‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ ƒŒ‘”‹–› –‘ ˜‘–‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ ˆƒ˜‘”15 ‘ˆ •Žƒ‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘—‰Š––‘”‡ƒ‹”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž›‡—–”ƒŽ™‹–Š’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•ˆ‘”†‹••‹†‡– ‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ –Š‹• ‘–‡š–ƒǮ‹†‡ˆ‡†•–Š‡Dz”‹‰Š––‘Š‡”‡•›dzǤ  —ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡŠ‡’‘•‹–•ǡ ƒ”‡‘–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›‡•–‡”„—–—‹˜‡”•ƒŽǣ‹—•Ž‹•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡Œ—•–‹ϐ‹‡† •Žƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ  –Š‡ ˆ‘‘–•–‡’• ‘ˆ —‡”‘—• —•Ž‹ • Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ† ‡•–‡” •Žƒ‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ ƒǮ‹„—‹Ž†•Š‹• ƒ•‡„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›—”ǯƒ˜‡”•‡•Dz†‡• ‡†‹‰dz–‘—Šƒƒ† ™Š‡Š‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽƒ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†’”‡ƒ Š‡”‹‡ ƒǡˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡”‘‡•–Šƒ–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡‹Š‹• •‡ ‘†’‡”‹‘†ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‘’Š‡–™‹–ŠŠ‹••ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’‘ˆˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ϐ‹”•– •Žƒ‹ ’‘Ž‹–›‹‡†‹ƒǤƒǮ‹ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽ•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡—”ǯƒ‹ ˜‡”•‡•‹–‡”• ‘ˆ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡”‰”‘—’‘ˆ˜‡”•‡•‹•‘”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽƒ†–‘Ž‡”ƒ–ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ƒǮ‹–Š‡•‡ ”‡’”‡•‡– •Žƒǯ•—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ–”—–ŠǤŠ‡•‡ ‘† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‹•‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡ǡ‹–‘Ž‡”ƒ–ƒ† ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›„‡ŽŽ‹ ‘•‡ǤƒǮ‹ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ––‡”naskh ‰”‘—’ϐ‹––‡†–Š‡•‡˜‡–Š ‡–—”›ǤǤ ‘†‹–‹‘•„—–†‘‡•‘–„‹†–‘†ƒ›ǯ•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•Ǥ›–—”‹‰‹–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–•‡ŽˆǡŠ‡–Š—•ƒ‡• “—‹ ™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡Dzƒ„”‘‰ƒ–‹‘dzȋharsher ones. Ȍ•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‘•–‘”–Š‘†‘š—•Ž‹• ƒ†„‡Ž‘˜‡†‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ™Š‘ƒ’’Ž›‹––‘ ƒ ‡Ž‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†Dz•‘ˆ–‡”dz˜‡”•‡•„›Žƒ–‡” 16

happen ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒǮ‹ ‘††‘‡•‘–ƒ –‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†„—– through gradual internal cultural transformation, such as–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ—ƒƒ‰‡ ›Ǥ he promotes through his Š‹•’—–•ƒ„—”†‡‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘–Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‡”•‘ˆ—•ƒŽŽǤ—–Š‡–‹  Šƒ‰‡ ƒ‘Ž› ‹ϔŽ—‡ ‹‰–Š‡‹ϔŽ—‡ ‡”• . The ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǤƒǮ‹ǯ•’ƒ–Š‹•–Š—•–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆŠ‹•”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‘’’‘‡–•ƒ˜‹†ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ‹–›ǣ ‹–‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ž›‹˜‹•‹„Ž‡ǡ’ƒ–‹‡–ƒ†ƒ–Ž‹‡responsible for the end result. Na‘im is a long Žƒ„‘”‘ˆ term optimist because he believes that ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–Šƒ•ƒ†—–›–‘„‡ƒ•’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡ƒ•Š‡ ƒǡ„—– ƒ‘–„‡Š‡Ž†

”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‹ ‹‰‹•‘”‡”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ –Šƒ–”›‹‰–‘‹’‘•‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǣƒ˜ƒ‹ƒ––‡’–ǡƒ•’‘™‡” 15 Islam and the secular State: Negotiating the future of Shari‘a ‡š‹•–•‘Ž›‹–Š‡‡›‡•‘ˆ–Š‡„‡Š‘Ž†‡”Ǥ „†—ŽŽƒŠ‹Š‡†ƒǦƒǮ‹ǡ Global Policy Ǥƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ ƒ†‘†‘ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”†ǡʹͲͲͺǢ„†—ŽŽƒŠ‹Š‡†ƒǦƒǮ‹ǡ16 Dz —ƒ‹‰Š–•ǡ‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǣ Š‡ ””‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆŠƒ”‹ƒǤdz ǣ ͶǡͶȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ’’ǤͶͲͳǦͶͲͺǤ ǦƒǮ‹•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ– Dzǥ–Š‡†‹˜‹‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡‘Ž› ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰Š‡”‡—‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹Ǥ‡Ǥ•‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ—ƒƒ‰‡ ›ǣ ǮŠ‡—”ǯƒ†‘‡•‘–•’‡ƒ„—–ȋ‡ƒ†™‘‡Ȍ•’‡ƒIslam, ˆ‘”–Š‡—”ǯƒǤǯ –ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ‘–•’‡ƒ‘ˆDemocracy, and Cosmopolitanism: At Home and in  –Š‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‡•‘‡˜‡”‡‹‰–›‘ˆ ‘†™Š‡™‡‘™–Šƒ–the World ‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘„‡‡š‡” ‹•‡†„›‡dzǤ —‘–‡†‹ǣŽ‹‹”•‡’ƒ••‹ƒ†ƒ†† ”ƒŠƒ ‡”±‡ǡ Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡʹͲͳͶ’Ǥͳ͸͹Ǥ 34 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio

ƒǮ‹‡š‡’Ž‹ϐ‹‡•ƒ—†‡” —””‡–™‹–Š‹’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ •Žƒ™Š‹ Š‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ‰‡• Šƒ• „‡‡ ‡š’‘—†‡†ǡ ’”‘‘–‡†ǡ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ —ϐ‹•ǡ —•Ž‹ ›•–‹ • ™Š‘ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ƒ‰‡•Šƒ˜‡•–”‡••‡†–Š‡‡•‘–‡”‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡—”ǯƒǤ‘”‘—•Š –‘‘•–ƒ†•™‹–Š‹–Š‹•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ‘†‘‡•—”‹•Š‡Hizmetš’ƒ–”‹ƒ–‡–‡ƒ Š‡” ‡–Š—ŽŽƒŠ òŽ‡ȋƒ ’—’‹Ž‘ˆ—”‹•Š—ϐ‹ƒ•–‡”ƒ‹†—”•‹ǡƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‘”‡ˆ‘”‡”‘ˆ •ŽƒȌǡ‘™ƒ†ƒ›• ”‡•‹†‡– ”†‘‰ƒǯ• ’”‹‡–‹‡ —Ž’”‹–ǡ ™Š‘•‡  ȋDz‡”˜‹ ‡dzȌ ‘˜‡‡– ”—•Hizmet’s –‡• ‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡„—–‡†Ž‡••Ž›—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡ǣ• Š‘‘Ž•ǡ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ǡ ‘—‹–›‘—–”‡ƒ Š ‡–‡”•ǡŠ—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹Le Monde –‡”˜‡–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡Ǥ ƒ –‹˜‡•—’’‘”–‡”•ƒ”‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘—„‡”ƒ–ƒˆ‡™‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ ‘” òŽ‡‘ƒ—–Š‡–‹ —•Ž‹ ƒ„‡–‡””‘”‹•–Ǥ ʹͲͳͷŠ‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ ƒ”ƒœ‘”•Šƒ”’ ‘†‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ”‹•ƒ––ƒ •Ǥ ‹•‘’‡‹‰•‡–‡ ‡™ƒ•–‡ŽŽ‹‰ǣDzͳ͹ —•Ž‹•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‹‡™‘—” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ •ŽƒǤdz ȋʹȌ ”•Šƒ†ƒŒ‹  › –‡’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ† •–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”ǡ ƒƒ†‹ƒǦ‰ƒ†ƒǦƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š‹ ƒ—–Š‘” ‹•–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡”ƒ†•‘‡™Šƒ–’”‘ijtihad , i.e.ˆ‡••‘”ƒŽƒǮ‹ǤŠ‡‹• free and individual ˆ—›ǡ‡š–”ƒ˜‡”–‡†ǡ‹””‡’”‡••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‡•’‹–‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡‹”‘’‹‹‘•ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ–Šƒ– ˆƒ”ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ‡–”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒŒ‹‹•–Š‡‡†‡ƒ˜‘”–‘”‡Žher The trouble with Islam today ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ •Žƒǡ†‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹ŽŽ‡‹—Ǥ ʹͲͲͶƒŒ‹‰ƒ‹‡†‘–‘”‹‡–›™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†‹•‘‰›‹•–‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹ •Žƒ •— Š ƒ• ‰‡‹–ƒŽ —–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‡† ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ Š‘‘” ‹ŽŽ‹‰•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ȋ‘” ”‡‡‡”‰‡–Ȍ•Žƒ˜‡”›ǡ•‡š—ƒŽ‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡƒ†—•Ž‹ƒ–‹Ǧ‡‹–‹•Ǥƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ”‡Œ‡ – –Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ•Š‡ƒ”‰—‡•ǡ—•Ž‹•—•– ‘‡–‘–‡”•™‹–ŠŠ‹‘”Š‡”Ǧƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ –‘†ƒ›ǯ• ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‡Ž•‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‡” „‘‘ ȋ™Š‹ Š „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ „‡•–•‡ŽŽ‡”Ȍ‹•ƒƒ––ƒ ‘–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡—”ǯƒǣ„› ‘–”ƒ•–ƒŒ‹’Ž‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡–‡š–‹‹–•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǡƒ†”‡ƒ†‹‰‹‹– 18 : after such a –Š‡•›„‘Ž‹ ƒŽ‡••ƒ‰‡•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘‘—”‘†‡”‡‡†•Ǥ Dzǥ  ”‡ˆ—•‡ –‘ Œ‘‹ ƒ ƒ”› ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘ƒ–‘• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ŽŽƒŠǤdz ‘ˆ‡••‹‘‹–Šƒ”†Ž›•—”’”‹•‡†–Šƒ–ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡”‘™ ‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡƒŒ‹ˆƒ‹–ŠŠƒ‰• ‘ ƒ •‹Ž‡ ‘”†Ǥ † •‘ †‘‡•–Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ȋ‘ǦŠ‡ƒ†• ƒ”ˆ †‘‹‰Ȍ —•Ž‹ƒ ™Š‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ†‡ Žƒ”‡†Ž‡•„‹ƒƒ –‹˜‡‹†‡ˆ‡†‹‰‰ƒ›”‹‰Š–•Ǥ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–”–Š‘†‘š consensus—•Ž‹•™Š‘ Ž‹‰–‘–Š‡‹” ‘•‡•—ƒŽǡŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ† to be infallible) 19 Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡†‡š‡‰‡•‹•‘ˆ –Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‘ˆˆƒ‹–Šȋƒ†”‡ ƒŽŽ–Šƒ––Š‡”‘’Š‡–Šƒ•Š‹•‡Žˆƒˆϐ‹”‡†–Š‡—ƒǯ• Le Monde ; ǡ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ —•Ž‹• ’‘‹– ‘—– ˜‡”•‡• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ —”ǯƒ ‹–•‡Žˆ ͳ͹ Musulmans, procédons à un examen critique de notre compréhension de la foi http:// ͳ͹ǦͳʹǦʹͲͳͷǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ”—‹ˆ‘”—Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‰—Ž‡ǦŽ‡‘†‡Ȁ ‡–Š—ŽŽƒŠ òŽ‡ǡ ™™™ǤŽ‡‘†‡Ǥˆ”Ȁ‹†‡‡•Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡ȀʹͲͳͷȀͳʹȀͳ͹Ȁ—•—Žƒ•Ǧ’”‘ ‡18 The Trouble with Islam Today: A Wake-up Call †‘•ǦƒǦ—Ǧ‡šƒ‡Ǧ ”‹–‹“—‡Ǧ†‡Ǧ‘–”‡Ǧfor Honesty and Change 2004. ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘Ǧ†‡ǦŽƒǦˆ‘‹̴Ͷͺ͵ͶʹͲͷ̴͵ʹ͵ʹǤŠ–Žȋƒ ‡••ͷǦͳǦʹͲͳͺ Ȍ 19  ”•Šƒ†ƒŒ‹ǡOn the idea that the consensus of the umma is infallible cf Ǥ–Ǥƒ”–‹ǯ•”‡••ǡ

Ǥˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Šƒ†‹–Šǣ ‘•‡•—• ‘•–‹–—–‡••Šƒ”Ǯ‹’”‘‘ˆǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡—ƒŠƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‹•‹ˆƒŽŽ‹„Ž‡ ƒ†–Šƒ–‹– ƒ‘–ƒ‰”‡‡‘‹•‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•‹•’”‘˜‡„›–Š‡–‡š–•‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒŠǤ–Ǧ‹”‹†Š‹ȋʹͳ͸͹Ȍ ƒ””ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ „Ǯƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡‡••‡‰‡”‘ˆŽŽƒŠȋ„Ž‡••‹‰•ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡‘ˆŽŽƒŠ„‡—’‘Š‹Ȍ•ƒ‹†ǣDzŽŽƒŠ ™‹ŽŽ‘– ƒ—•‡›—ƒŠȂ‘”–Š‡—ƒŠ‘ˆ—Šƒƒ†ȋ„Ž‡••‹ Islam Question and Answer 202271: Consensus (ijmaa‘) and analogy‰•ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡‘ˆŽŽƒŠ„‡—’‘Š‹ȌȂ–‘ (qiyaas) and their application in the modernƒ‰”‡‡‘‹•‰—‹†ƒ ‡Ǥdz context. ǣ MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n.Š––’•ǣȀȀ‹•Žƒ“ƒǤ‹ˆ‘Ȁ‡ȀʹͲʹʹ͹ͳȋƒ ‡••ͷǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌ 9, jul. 2018 35 ensaio

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‡‡’•‘’‡‹–•‘™ƒ„‹‰—‹–›Ǥ  ˆƒ ––Š‡—”ǯƒ‹•ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ‘’‡‹‰•ƒ†“—‡•–‹‘‹‰•Ǥ Allah liberty & love ‘†ǯ•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡–”—–Š”‡ƒ‹•Š‹††‡–‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–•‘Ž‡••–Šƒ–‘—•Ǥ ƒŒ‹ǯ••—„•‡“—‡– ȋʹͲͳͳȌ•Š‘™••–”‘‰‡”ˆƒ‹–Šǡ„—–•–‹ŽŽ’—–• ’”‹ƒ ›‘ˆ ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘you ƒŒ‹ǡ ‘†Šƒ••Š‘™ ‹•–”—•–‹ —•„›•‡†‹‰—•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”ǣDz‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ŽŽƒŠǫdz„—–DzŠƒ–ƒ”‡ †‘‹‰–‘†‡•‡”˜‡ŽŽƒŠǯ•ˆƒ‹–Š‹›‘—ǫdz‹‡ ”ƒ‹ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› Ž‹Šƒ”‹Ǯƒ–‹„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡”ǡƒŒ‹’”‘’‘•‡•–‘”‡ƒ†–Š‡—”ǯƒƒ•ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘–”‡ƒ–‹•‡Ǥ ‘™–‘

†‘–Šƒ–ǫŠ‡‡˜‡”•Š‡‹•ƒ––ƒ ‡†ˆ‘”Š‡”‘’‹‹‘•ǡ21 Š‡”ƒ•™‡”‹•ǣDzǥ›‘—ƒ••—‡ •‡‡ ›‘—”ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽǤ †‘ǯ–ǤŠ‡‘Ž›ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”•–‘ ‘‡•ˆ”‘› ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ† ›”‡ƒ–‘”Ǥdz ‡ ƒ‘–†‡›Š‡”ƒ‹‡•‡†‘•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–ƒ„‘‘•Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‘”ƒŽˆ‘”–‹–—†‡‹†ƒ”‹‰–‘”‡•‹•––Š‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›ƒ†‹–•ϐ‹ˆ–Š ‘Ž—‹–Š‡‡•–‹•ƒƒ––‹–—†‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ–Š‡‘”›ǤƒŒ‹ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡•Š‡”‘™ •Žƒ‹  ‘—‹–› ˆ‘” ‘– ”‡ˆ‡””‹‰ –‘ ‘† ƒ• —‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ› Ž‘˜‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Œ‡ –• —Ž–‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•ǣ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒŽ –‘ Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›dz ‹• •—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ †‡ƒ† ”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”•‘ˆƒ‡–Š‹ ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ȋ•ƒ›ǡ •Žƒ‹ Ȍ‹‘”‹–›ǡ™Šƒ––Š‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ™‡ƒ‡”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Šƒ–‰”‘—’ǫ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘””‡ –’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡•’‡”‹–ƒ–”‹„ƒŽ •Žƒȋ™Š‹ Š ˆ‘”ƒŒ‹‹•‘––Š‡–”—‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȍ–‘‘’’”‡•• ‘ ”‡–‡—•Ž‹•ǤƒŒ‹ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”—•Ž‹• –‘‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’ƒ–”‹ƒ” ŠƒŽ‡–ƒŽ‹–›Ǧƒ•‹ •Šƒ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹††Ž‡ ƒ•–‡” —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ‰”‘—’–Š‹ƒ†‰”‘—’Š‘‘” ‘†‹–‹‘‡†‘™‘‡ǯ•‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ ƒ‹–Š ƒ†‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ”ˆ”‘‡š Ž—†‹‰‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡƒ›•–”‡‰–Š‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǩ 22 ”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž›ǡƒŒ‹ǯ•™‡ŽŽǦ‹–‡–‹‘‡†’‘•‹–‹‘•’”‘˜‘‡†ƒ‰‘‘††‡ƒŽ‘ˆ ‘‘–‹‘Ǥ

ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒŠƒ•„ƒ‡†Š‡”Žƒ–‡•–„‘‘Ǥ  †‘‡•‹ƒŠ‡”Ž‡ –—”‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘˜‹‘Ž‡–”‹‘–‹‰Ǥʹ͵ – Š‡” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ •–‡”†ƒ ‹ ʹͲͳͳ ‡š–”‡‹•–• †‡ƒ†‡† Š‡” ‡š‡ —–‹‘Ǥ  —– –Š‡•‡ƒ†•‹‹Žƒ”‹ ‹†‡–•ƒ”‡‹ˆƒ –’”‘‘ˆ‘ˆŠ‘™— Š •Žƒ‹•‹‡‡†‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”ǨŠƒ– ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ••— Šƒ•ƒŒ‹ǡƒŽƒ—•Š†‹‡ǡ›ƒƒ ‹”•‹Ž‹‘” „ƒ””ƒ“‡‡†’‘Ž‹ ‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‹ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‡• –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǯ• –‘–ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ †”‹ˆ–Ǥ  –—” •Žƒǯ• ˆ”‡“—‡– ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‹„‡”–›‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†–‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡‹•‰”‹•––‘–Š‡ •Žƒ‘’Š‘„‡•ǯ‹ŽŽǤ‘”‹•‹– ‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽ–Šƒ–‘•– •Žƒ‹ ”‡ˆ‘”‡”•ƒ›Ž‹˜‡ƒ†™‘”‹–Š‡‡•–ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ‘•––‡š–•‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ—•Ž‹•ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹‰Ž‹•Š‘” ”‡ Š„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰‹ƒ›‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Muslimsȋƒ›‡˜‡”ƒ‡‹––‘”ƒ„‹ ȌǤ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒ than the Middle East. ŽDz’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘””‡ –dz ‡•—”‡ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‡•‘”•Š‹’ǡ ‘ „ƒŽƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‡•– ”‡ƒ‹• ˆƒ” ‘”‡ Š‘•’‹–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡ˆ‘”Ǧ‹†‡† 20

—”ǯƒ͵ǣ͹ǣDz ‡‹•–Š‡‡Š‘Šƒ•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–‘›‘—–Š‡‘‘Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ‹–•˜‡”•‡•ƒ”‡†‡ ‹•‹˜‡Ǧ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ –Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘Ǧ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘•‡Š‡ƒ”–•ƒ”‡‹ˆ‡ –‡†™‹–Š†‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡ƒŽŽ‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”––‘‹•Ž‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ƒ†–‘‰‹˜‡‹––Š‡‹”‘™‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‡‡‹‰ˆ‘”‹–•Š‹††‡ ‡ƒ‹‰•ǡ„—–‘‘‡‘™•‹–•Š‹††‡‡ƒ‹‰•‡š ‡’–The Qur’an in English Translation ŽŽƒŠǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ‰”‘—†‡†‹‘™Ž‡†‰‡ •ƒ›ǣDz‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹‹–Ǣ‹–‹•ƒŽŽˆ”‘‘—”‘”†Ǥdz‘ ‡™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡Š‡‡†‡š ‡’––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥdz Ǥ‘’Ž‡–‡‹‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ˆ‘”ƒ–™‹–ŠŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ„ƒ ‰ ”‘—†Ǥ‡˜‹•‡†‡†Ǥǡ 21ƒ›ǡʹͲͳͳǤ †ƒ’–‡†ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡†„›‹†ƒ•–‡„ˆ‘”‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡Allah, Liberty & Love Ǥ ǣ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹†‡ƒ•–™‡„Ǥ‘”‰ ȋƒ ‡••ͶǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌ 22  ”•Šƒ†ƒŒ‹ǡ Ǥ‘”‘–‘ǣƒ†‘ ‘—•‡ƒƒ†ƒǡʹͲͳͳǤŽ‡ –”‘‹ ‡†‹National Post–‹‘Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ͳͳͺ ‘ˆʹͶ͵ȏƒ ‡••‡†ͷǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȐ Dz ”•Šƒ†ƒŒ‹„‘‘–‘—”‹ †‘‡•‹ƒ”—•‹–‘–”‘—„Ž‡™‹–Š •Žƒ‹ Ǯ–Š—‰•ǯdzǤ ǣ ȋƒƒ†ƒȌͳͲǦ ͷǦʹͲͳʹǣ Š––’ǣȀȀƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘•–Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ ƒƒ†ƒȀ‹”•Šƒ†ǦƒŒ‹Ǧ„‘‘Ǧ–‘—”Ǧ‹Ǧ‹†‘‡•‹ƒǦ”—•Ǧ‹–‘Ǧ–”‘—„Ž‡Ǧ ™‹–ŠǦ‹•Žƒ‹ Ǧ–Š—‰•ȋƒ ‡••ͶǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌʹ͵ DzŠƒ”‹ƒͶ‡Ž‰‹—†‹•”—’–• ”•Šƒ†ƒŒ‹dzȏ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͳǤ ǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α ͸ ›’ͺ 36 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio

ȋ͵Ȍ ƒƒŒ‹†ƒ™ƒœ

ƒ‹•–ƒ‹”‹–‹•Š ”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ–Š‹”†–›’‡‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”‡”ǡƒ†’‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡‘•–’”‘‹•‹‰ǣ–Š‡‡šǦ–‡””‘”‹•–ǨŠ”‡ƒ–‡‡†„›‰Ž‹•Š‡‘Ǧƒœ‹Š‘‘Ž‹‰ƒ•ǡƒ™ƒœ ˆ‘—†ƒ•ƒ›‘—‰‘—–•‹†‡”Š‹•’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡‹†‡–‹–›‹ ‹œ„ƒŽǦƒŠ”‹”ȋƒ”–›‘ˆ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ ƒ •Žƒ‹•–•‡ –ƒ•’‹”‹‰ǡŒ—•–Ž‹‡ ǡ–‘—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ƒŽ‹’Šƒ–‡Ǥ ‹•ƒ –‹˜‹•Žƒ†‡†Š‹‹ ƒ‰›’–‹ƒ ‡ŽŽǤ‘‰–‘”–—”‡ǡ‹•–”‡ƒ–‡–„—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡŠ‡

”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡‹•‹‰Š––Šƒ–˜‹‘Ž‡–Œ‹Šƒ†‹•‘––Š‡•24 –”ƒ‹‰Š–’ƒ–ŠǤˆ–‡”Š‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ƒ†„ƒ ‹ –Š‡‹–‡†‹‰†‘ǡƒ™ƒœˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡—‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒͳͻ–Š ‡–—”› ”‹–‹•Š ‘˜‡”––‘ •ŽƒǤ —‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ––‡’–•–‘ ‘—–‡”ƒ –”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ›‘—‰—•Ž‹•Ǥ ƒ™ƒœ‘™•„›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Šƒ–„‡Š‹†ƒ› ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ž‹‡•Š‹††‡ƒ•–‘”›‘ˆ‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡• umma•ƒ”–Ž›‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†„›ƒ”‡ ”—‹–‡”Ǥ ‡–Š‡”‡ ”—‹–‡” ƒ””‹‡•–Š‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ •Žƒ‹•–‘˜‡”–Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”™‹ŽŽ‹–‡”’”‡–‡˜‡”›ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ȂŠ‹•‘™ƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡ Ȃ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‰”‘—’ǯ•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽϐ‹Ž–‡”ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹‰ˆ”‘•‡ –ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ •—’’‘”–‡”ǡƒ†ˆ”‘•—’’‘”–‡”–‘’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”‘ˆ–‡””‘”‹•‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ”‘ƒ†‘––ƒ‡‘•– –‹‡•ǡ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ› ‘‡–‘‘Žƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ‹œ‡†’‡”•‘Ǥ Š‹–‡”ƒ ‹•–•†”‘˜‡ƒ™ƒœ‹–Š‡Œ‹Šƒ†‹•–•ǯƒ”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ™ƒœ™ƒ”•–Šƒ–‘– ‘Ž›–Š‡ ƒ”‹‰Š–‹•–Š‡‡‡›‘ˆ—•Ž‹‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ25 Progressive Western intellectualdomDz‡‰”‡••‹˜‡dz‡ˆ–‹•–‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ• has not been a friend ™Š‘‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆƒˆ‡–‹•Š‹œ‡†Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›dzŽ‘ —•Ž‹•‹–Š‡‹”‘™ ‘—‹–›ǡ ƒ›„‡‘Ž‡••–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰Ǥ ‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡—•Ž‹•Ǥ”—‡ǡ–Š‡‡ˆ–†‡ˆ‡†•Dz‹–•dz—•Ž‹‹‘”‹–‹‡•ǡ›‡–‹†‘‹‰•‘ ‹–•ƒ ”‹ϐ‹ ‡•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹‘”‹–‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Šƒ–‹‘”‹–›Ȃ™‘‡ǡŠ‘‘•‡š—ƒŽ•ǡƒ†‡šǦ —•Ž‹•Ȃ–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒƒ†‘ˆ–‡Ž‡–ŠƒŽ†‡Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ‡ŽŽǦ‡ƒ‹‰ ‡•–‡”‡”• •Š‘—Ž† •—’’‘”– •Žƒ‹  ”‡ˆ‘”‡”• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ Ȃ ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹•–ƒ‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ ‘‹‰ƒ ”‘••ƒ•†‹•”‡•’‡ –ˆ—Ž–‘ •Žƒ‹  —Ž–—”‡Ȃ“—ƒ”ƒ–ƒ‹‡–Š‡ƒ•Dz‹ƒ—–Š‡–‹ dz‘” Dz ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†dzǤ •Žƒ‹ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡ƒ•”‹‰‹†ƒ•‹–‹•–‘†ƒ›Ǥ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– —””‡– †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡‘˜‡”ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ†›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Šƒ•ƒ†Š‡”‡–•—–‹Ž–‘†ƒ›ǤŠ‡—Ǯ–ƒœ‹Ž‹–‡•Š‡Ž† –Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒ› ‘‡ˆ”‘ ‘†ǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‡ƒ‡‘ˆ‹–‹•‡˜‡”‘”‡–Šƒ –Šƒ–ǣƒŠ—ƒ™‘”Ǥ –Š‡‹”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Dz ”‡ƒ–‡†—”ǯƒdzǡ–Š‡”‡ ƒ‘–‡š‹•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘‡Š‘Ž›„‘‘™‹–Š‘‡‹ˆƒŽŽ‹„Ž‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡˜‡”—–‘— Šƒ„Ž‡‡š‡‰‡•‹•Ǥ ‘—”†ƒ›‘”‘—•Š †‡ˆ‡†•ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥƒ›’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Š‹Ǥ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ‘—”Ž‹‹–‡†Š—ƒ ™‹•†‘ǡ –Š‡› ƒˆϐ‹”ǡ ‡š–”‡‹•– ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ •Žƒ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ† –‘ Œ‹Šƒ†‹• ƒ‘– ’”‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡„‡––‡”–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•Ǥƒ™ƒœ‹•‹•–•–Šƒ–‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆϐ‹š‡† ”‹–‡”‹ƒ –‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆƒ›•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•‹•–Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ƒ†•‡ —Žƒ”‹•™‹ŽŽ—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž›‰”‘™‘—–‘ˆ‹–Ǥ this —–ǡ‘‡‹‰Š–‘„Œ‡ –ǡ†‘‡•–Šƒ–‘–‹’Ž›–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›”‹‰Š–ǫ not ˆ‘’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™‹• ‘””‡ –ǡ‹•–Šƒ–‘–ƒŽ•‘–”—‡‘ˆ ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™ǫ ”‘™‹–Š‹•— Š a priori political or cultural attitudes ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•–‹ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ǡ™Š‘‹•–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ– •Žƒ‹ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–•Šƒ˜‡ ‰‘–‹–”‹‰Š–ǫ ‹‰Š– ‘– ‘†‡”ƒ–‹‘ •–‡ ˆ”‘ ‡š–”ƒǦ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”–”‹‡•–‘„‘Ž•–‡”™‹–Š• ”‹’–—”ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–•ȋ™Š‹ Šǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡ –‡š–ǯ•’‘Ž›˜ƒŽ‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ǡƒ›ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ˆ‘—†Ȍǫ24 Radical: My journey from Islamist extremism to‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”Œ‹Šƒ†‹ ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ǡƒ› a democratic awakening 25 Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue 2015,ƒƒŒ‹†ƒ™ƒœǡ 1st. ǤǤ ǤŽŽ‡ǡʹͲͳʹǤ ƒ ƒ””‹•ƒ†ƒƒŒ‹†ƒ™ƒœǡ Ǥ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 37 ensaio

‘‡‘–ƒ••‡”––Šƒ–”‡ˆ‘”‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘ϐŽ‹ –‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•˜ƒ”‹•Š –‘–Š‡‹”†‘—„–•ǫ‡ˆ”‡•Š‹‰Ž›ǡƒ™ƒœ†‘‡•‘–•Š‹”•— Š• ‡’–‹ ‹•Ǥ ‡ˆƒ˜‘”•†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ™‹–Šƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ƒ†ƒ–Š‡‹•–•ǡ„—–™‹–Š‘—–•‘—†‹‰–Š‡—•—ƒŽ†‡ˆ‡•‹˜‡ –—‡Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•Šƒ•Dz•‘‡–Š‹‰dz–‘†‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ •Žƒ‹•ǣ›‡– –Š‡”‡’Ž‡–›‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•–‘‘Ǥ— Š ”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆ—•Ž‹•ǯ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ™ƒœƒ†‹–•ǡ‹• Œ—•–‹ϐ‹‡†ǣ‹–‹•†—„–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡ •Žƒ„ƒ•Š‡”•–Š‡‘‘’‘Ž›‘ˆ‹–Ǥ Perspective

‡™ ™‹ŽŽ †‘—„– –Šƒ– ƒ –‹˜‹•–• •— Š ƒ• ƒǦƒǮ‹ǡ ƒŒ‹ǡ ƒ† ƒ™ƒœ ™ƒ‰‡ ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ „ƒ––Ž‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡”–Š‡›•ƒ–‡‘–Š‹–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹ ‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ‘‘”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‹–‹“—‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘”‡”•ǯ ƒƒŽ›œ‡• ƒ”‡ •—’‡”ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† • ƒ†ƒŽ‘—•Ǥ ‘– ƒŽŽ —”ǯƒ ˜‡”•‡•

Ž‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘‘†‡””‡”‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡƒ†–Š‡‘‘†‘‡•‹ Ž—†‡„‡ŽŽ‹ ‘•‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•26 ‘†‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ›ϐ‹†Šƒ”†–‘ ‘’‡™‹–ŠǤ ‘™‹•‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”†‡”•‡ ‘†‡•–‘ †‡ƒ–Š’ƒ‰ƒ•™Š‹Ž‡‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡—”ǯƒ†‡ Žƒ”‡•–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡”‡‹•‘ ‘’—Ž•‹‘‹”‡Ž‹‰‹‘dzǫ ‘ ‘†‡ƒ•—Ǧ •Žƒ‹ ƒ›–‡””‘”‹•–˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡–Šƒ– Ž‘ƒ•‹–•‡Žˆ‹–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡‘ˆ •Žƒ‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•›ƒ†‹•—ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ‘Dz”‡ƒ†–Š‡—”ǯƒ™‹–Š‘‡ǯ•‘™‡›‡•ƒ† ‘‡–‘‘‡ǯ•‘™ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•dzƒ›Œ—•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡Œ‹Šƒ†‹•–”‡ƒ†‹‰•Ǥ‘†‡”ƒ–‡••‡‡ –‘‘”‡ ”‡†‡ ‡–‘–Š‡•‘ˆ––Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ •Žƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ‹–•ˆƒ”–‘‘‘ˆ–‡ ”—‡Ž’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ –‹• •‘‡–‹‡••—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–Œ‹Šƒ†‹•ƒ”‡‹Š‹Ž‹•–•ǡ‘”’•› Š‘ƒ–Š•Ǥ‘”‡‘ˆ–‡–Š‘—‰Šǡ–‡””‘”‹•–• ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘ƒ –”ƒ–Š‡””ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™•’‡ ‹ϐ‹  ‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡‡›“—‡•–‹‘‹•–Š—•ǣ™Š‘†‘Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ •Žƒ‹ –Š‹‡”•ƒ††‘‡”•”‡’”‡•‡–ǫŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹” ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡ǫ ‘™•–”‘‰‹•–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‹„‡”–ƒ”‹ƒ—•Ž‹•ǫ‘–Š‡›’‘‹––‘ ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ‘”†‘–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ„—„„Ž‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘ǫ ‡ƒ› ‘’ƒ”‡•— Š†‘—„–•™‹–Š–Š‘•‡‘–Š‡”ȋƒ†„‡––‡”‘™Ȍ ”‹–‹ ‹••–Šƒ– ƒ††”‡•• •”ƒ‡Žƒ†ƒŽ‡•–‹‹ƒ•Ǥ ‘ ‡†‡˜‘–‡†–Š‡„‡•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ›‡‡”‰‹‡•–‘ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡„‡–™‡‡„‘–Š ‘–‡†‹‰‰”‘—’•Ǥ™‡–››‡ƒ”•†‘™–Š‡Ž‹‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘ϐŽ‹ –‹• ‘”‡Š‘’‡Ž‡••–Šƒ‡˜‡”Ǥ ”‡–”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ†‘—„–•‡‡•Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ǣ™Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ—Ž–‹–—†‡ net‘ˆ‡ ‘—–‡”•ǡ™‘”‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡•ǡ†‡‘•–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†• result of an idealistic endeavor has been negative, does‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›‡‡–‹‰•›‹‡Ž†‡†ǫ‹† prove neither that it had to be –Š‡‹”•—–‘–ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡ƒ›–Š‹‰ƒ–ƒŽŽǫ ‘™‡˜‡”Ǧƒ†–Š‹•‹• ”— ‹ƒŽǦǡ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡

–Š—•‘”–Šƒ––Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•Š‘—Ž†ˆ”‘ƒ‘”ƒŽ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘–Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡—†‡”–ƒ‡ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–‡””‘”ƒ†„Ž‘‘†•Š‡†ǡ”ƒ„ƒ† ‡™‹•Š”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡—Ž‡ƒ•Š‡† ƒ ˜‹ ‹‘—• ‹” Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ ƒ† ‘—–‡”˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘ ‡ Dz‡ƒ ‡ ƒ’dz ‹• ‘™ƒ†ƒ›• ”‡†— ‡†–‘ƒ’‹–‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‡Ž†‡”Ž›Ǥƒ•–Š‹•‘—– ‘‡’”‡†‡•–‹‡†ǫ †™‹ŽŽƒ•‹‹Žƒ”†‹•‹ŽŽ—•‹‘‡–ƒ™ƒ‹––Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”‡”•‘ˆ •Žƒǫ Š‡ –”—–Š ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹•ƒ•–”‘—• –—” ‘ˆ ‡˜‡–• –Šƒ– —ˆ‘Ž†‡†ǡ –Š‘—‰Š ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡’‡••‹‹•–‹ • ‡ƒ”‹‘ǡ™ƒ•‡˜‡”ƒˆ‘”‡‰‘‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǤŠƒ•–‘–Š‡’‡ƒ ‡ ƒ –‹˜‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ •”ƒ‡ŽǦƒŽ‡•–‹‡ ‘ϐŽ‹ –ǡ ‹ –Š‡ „‡•– ›‡ƒ”• ’‡”Šƒ’• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‡” ‡–• ‘ˆ „‘–Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡ǡ‹‘‡™ƒ›‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǣƒ˜ƒ‰—ƒ”† 26 ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ–‹–• ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–Dz‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡dz ‘’”‹•‡†’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘™‡”‡–Š‡‹”‡“—ƒŽ• (forces of Satan) —”ǯƒʹǣʹͷ͸ǣDzŠ‡”‡‹•‘ ‘’—Ž•‹‘‹”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǤWhose hand-hold you”—‡‰—‹†ƒ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ†‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‹•–‹ –ˆ”‘‡”” have grasped, ‘”Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™Š‘‡˜‡””‡‘— ‡•Ǯƒ‰Š—–ǯ ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‹ŽŽƒŠŠƒ•‰”ƒ•’‡†–Š‡ϐ‹”Šƒ†Ǧ Š‘Ž†–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡”„”‡ƒǤŽŽƒŠǡ Š‡ƒ”•ƒŽŽƒ†‘™•ƒŽŽǤdzȋ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‹ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹†‡ƒ•–™‡„Ǥ‘”‰ȋƒ ‡••ͶǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌȌ 38 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio

™‹–Š ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†™‹–Š•Šƒ”‡†Š‘’‡•ǤŽ›‡š–”‡‡˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡•— ‡‡†‡† ‹„Ž‘™‹‰—’–Š‡•‡Žƒ„‘”‹‘—•Ž› ‘•–”— –‡†„”‹†‰‡•Ǥ‡ ƒƒ••—‹ ‹†‡ƒ––ƒ ‘”‘‡ ‡š–”‡‹•–•‡––Ž‡”‘—–”ƒ‰‡†‹†‘–†‘–Š‡Œ‘„ǣ‘Ž‡••–ŠƒŠ‘’‡‹–•‡Žˆǡ†‡•’ƒ‹”‡‡†‡†ƒ ‘’Ž‡š ‘ϐŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ —”‡’‡ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‹• Š‘’‡ǡ ƒ† ‘˜‹ ‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡‘–Š‡”dz‘–Š‡ˆƒ”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒŽŽ”‡ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ–‘‡ǯ•†‡•–”— –‹‘ǥ –Šƒ–Š‘’‡™ƒ•‘‘”‡–Šƒƒ‹””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡‹ŽŽ—•‹‘Ǥ  •”ƒ‡Ž‡š–”‡‹•–•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ’–—”‡† ‹‘‹•ˆ”‘™‹–Š‹ǡƒ†‹ƒŽ‡•–‹‡‘†‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ž‘•–‰”‘—†–‘–Š‡‹”‘”‡ hope”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ„”‡–Š”‡ǤŠ‡•‡‘—– ‘‡• ‘””‡•’‘†‡†–‘‘ that a parallel openness of outcome, and concomiŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽDzŽƒ™dz„—–”‡•—Ž–‡†ˆ”‘tant potential impact of human ‹–‡”ƒŽ•–”—‰‰Ž‡•™Š‹ Š‹‰Š–Œ—•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡™‘Ǥƒ›„‡‹–‹•‘––‘‘— Š–‘

ƒ‰‡ ›ǡ‹•ƒŽ•‘˜ƒŽ‹†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡„‡–™‡‡ •Žƒƒ†–Š‡‡•–ǫ ˆ•‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡—–”ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ϐŽ‹ –ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘‹•‡†ƒ†ƒ›Š‘Ž†Ž‡••‘•ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™‹†‡” ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹• „‡–™‡‡ —•Ž‹• ƒ† ‡•–‡”‡”•Ǥ ‘” ‹• Dz •Žƒ ƒ† –Š‡ Dz‡•› ‘–Dz ‡™•˜•Ǥ”ƒ„•dz‡Žƒ”‰‡†ƒŠ—†”‡†ˆ‘Ž†ǡ™‹–Š„‘–Š•‹†‡• ‘˜‹ ‡†–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡Œ—•–‹ ‡ ‘–Š‡‹”•‹†‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡‘––‘„‡–”—•–‡†ǫ „‘–Š ‘ϐŽ‹ –•ǡ–Š‡‡š–”‡‡•–”›–‘ ’—ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ†‘—„–‡”•–‘‹–• ƒ’ǣ‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•‹‘‡ǯ•‘™ ‘—‹–› Žƒ‹–Šƒ––‘•—”˜‹˜‡Dz™‡—•–†‡ƒŽ— Š‘”‡ˆ‘” ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡›dzǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡„—–•‘‡–‹‡•‹‰‡—‘—•Dz•‘ˆ–ˆ‘” ‡•dz’‘•‹––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†˜‡”•ƒ”› Š‡”‹•Š‡•‹–• ‘™ƒ†‘Ž‡••’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‘Ž›„›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘™ƒŽ‹–Š‡†‡•’‹•‡† ‘–Š‡”ǯ••Š‘‡•ƒ›™‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ˜‡”– ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡Ǥ „‡–™‡‡„‘–Š•–ƒ†ǡƒ‘‰—•Ž‹• ƒ†ƒ‘‰‘Ǧ—•Ž‹•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ†—†‡ ‹†‡†‹††Ž‡‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‡™ƒ‰‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡˜‹Ž ˆ‘” ‡•dz‹•–Š”‘—‰Šȋ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽȌ–‡””‘”–‘—Ž‡ƒ•Š•— Šƒƒ••‹˜‡„ƒ Žƒ•Šƒ•–‘–‡ƒ”ƒ’ƒ”– ƒ†’‹–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ˆƒ–‡†–‘Ž‹˜‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Šƒ••Š”—‘—” ™‘”Ž†ǡƒ†‹–‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒ›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘” ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†Ǥ •Žƒ‹•– ƒ† •Žƒ‘’Š‘„‡ ‡š–”‡‹•–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” „ƒ ™ƒ”†ǦŽ‘‘‹‰ —–‘’‹ƒ ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” •—’”‡ƒ › ‘” •‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡– ™‡ ƒ”‡ ™‹–‡••‹‰‡˜‡” Ž‡ƒ”‡”‘‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•‹•–‡””‘”‹•ǯ•‹”‘Ž‘‰‹ ǣƒŒ‘”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ Dz‘Ž†dz ȋ‡šǦȌŠ”‹•–‹ƒ —”‘’‡ ƒ† ‘ˆ —”‘’‡ǯ• Dz‡™dz —•Ž‹• ™‘—Ž†ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ ‘’––‘Ž‹˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‹˜‡•‹ƒ•’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒƒ‡”Ǥ‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›ƒ›‘–„‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ˆ‘†‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ„—–‹•‘––‡””‹„Ž›„‘–Š‡”‡†„›–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’‡‹–Š‡”ǤŠ‡•‡ ƒ••‡•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š™ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ „”‹†‰‡Ǧ„—‹Ž†‡”•ǡ†‘‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›•—’’‘”–’Žƒ›‹‰ Šƒ”†„ƒŽŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‡‹‰Š„‘”•ǤŽ›™Š‡–Š‹•Žƒ”‰‡‹††Ž‹‰‰”‘—’ˆ‡‡Ž•–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†‹ ‹–•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ǡ™‹ŽŽ‹– —–‹–•Ž‘••‡•ƒ†ƒ ‡’––‘•‡‹œ‡–Š‡”‹ϐŽ‡ǤŠ‡•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ †›ƒ‹ •™‡•‡‡ƒ–™‘”‹—”‘’‡ƒ”‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘–•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡‹‡”‹ ƒǡ —••‹ƒǡ †‹ƒ‘”ˆ”‹ ƒǤ Š‡†‡‡’‡”–Š‡’‘Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡™‘”•‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‹‰ ‡˜‡ˆ—”–Š‡”Ǥš–”‡‹•–• ƒ‘–„‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†„›ˆ‘” ‡ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡”•ǡ—•Ž‹ƒ†‘Ǧ —•Ž‹ ƒŽ‹‡ǡ Š‘’‡ ƒ† ‘‹– –‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• –‘ ™‹–Š•–ƒ† ‡š–”‡‹•– ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ‘–—–‹Ž–Šƒ–Šƒ•’ƒ‹†‘ˆˆ‡‘—‰Š–‹‡•™‹ŽŽƒ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‰”‘™‹‰Ǧ–‘‰‡–Š‡” Šƒ˜‡ƒ Šƒ ‡Ǥ •–Šƒ–—–‘’‹ƒǫ‡”Šƒ’•ǤŽ‡••™‡–”›™‡•ŠƒŽŽ‡˜‡”‘™Ǥ

Aprovado para publicação em: 04 de Fevereiro de 2018 ‡š–‘”‡ ‡„‹†‘‡ǣͲͻ†‡ ƒ‡‹”‘†‡ʹͲͳͺ

MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 39