ensaio THREE REFORMERS AGAINST VIOLENT JIHAD TRÊS REFORMADORES CONTRA O JIHAD VIOLENTO Peter Demant 1 “Point n’est besoin d’espérer pour entreprendre, ni de réussir pour persévérer.” ǡDz dzǡͳͷ͵͵ǦͳͷͺͶ YouTube ʹͲͳͷ ǣ their religion is from Dz ǯdzǤ Ǥthose people are ǡ living among us ǡ ǡǤ ǯǯǡ2 The surprise isǣ immense. ǫ Ǥ Dz dz Dzdz Ǥ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǯǡ ǯǦ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǤ ǫ ǫ Ǧ ǡ ǯǤ ǡ ǣDzǯ ǫdz Ǥ 1 ǡ ǡ ǡ ǦǡǡǤ GrupoǤǤ de Trabalho Oriente Médio e Mundo Muçulmano ȋǡͳͻͺͺȌǡDzǦ dz ȋǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ Malala ȋ ǡ Ȍ×ȋȌǡǦǦ Dz dzȋǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȌǤǤǯ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ϐ ǡǡǤ ǣ2 ǣȀȀǤ ǤȀʹ͸ͲͶͷͻͶͷ͹ͺ͹ͳͷͶ͸ͷǤ ǣ̷ǤǤ DzǣǤhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5LDxI79XEwǤdzȋ ǣǣ 2018) ǯǣ ǤȋȌ ǤͶǦͳʹǦʹͲͳͷǤ ǣ ȋ ͵ǦͳǦ MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 29 ensaio ͵ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǡDz dzǡ ϐ ǦǦ Ǥ Ǥ ʹͲͲͺ 4 ȋ Ȍ ϐ ǯ ǦǤ ǣ Ǥ ǯ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ ȌǦǦ Islamists Ǥ ǦǦ ǫ reformists ) ǡ ǡ Ǧȋ secular Muslims ǡ and apostates ȋ Ȍmiddle ǣ Ǥ Ǥ among Muslim Ǥ minorities in ǡ the West. ǡ A considerable part of the ϐ latter consists even in ǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǡǡ Islamic reformers . Ǥ ϐϐ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ȃ ǫȂ ǯ Dzdzǡ E.g. ǣȀȀǤϐǤ ȀǦȀǦǦ Ǥ ǦǦ̴̴ͳͺͺͻͻͳǤ html͵ ; Informed Comment https:// Ǥ Ǥ ȀʹͲͲͷȀͲ͹ȀǦǦǦǦǦǤ ; https:// muslimscondemn.com ; ͻǦ͹ǦʹͲͲͷǡThe Guardian ǡ Dz dzǣhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/ ȀʹͲͳ͹ȀȀʹ͸ȀǦ ǦǦ 4 John L. Esposito and Dalia Mogahed, Who Speaks ʹ͸Ǧ͵ǦʹͲͳ͹ǣ For Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press, 2008. Cf. Ǥȋ ͵ǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus- ̴̴̴ ǡͷͲ ͺͺΨ Ǥȋ ͳǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌ 30 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio ǣ ǫ ǯ ǫǦ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȋȌǣ Ǧǡ ȋȌ ȋȌǫ ǫǡ ǡǫ Who may decide these dilemmas, and on what criteria? ǡ Ǥ 5 ǯ Ǥǡǯ ǡϐǤ Ǥ ǡ prima facie reading. 6 ǡǤǦǮǡ ǡ ǣ the ǯ ǯ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡǣ ǡǤ go several steps further and demand͹ a fundamental reformation of the faith. 8 At the Ǥ Ǧ ǡ 9 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȍ Ǥǯ Dzdzȋ͵ǣͳͲͶȌǤ Ȃ one encounters something similar in other monotheistic religions e.g. in the Thora 10 but ǡ Ǥ ǯϐǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ 5 Ramadan, (2004) Western Muslims and the future of Islam 6 Ǥ Ǥǡ ǤǣǤ Dz ǦǦǯdzslam and the Future of Tolerance:ȋ ǡͳʹǦ͵ǦʹͲͳͲȌǤ ǣǣȀȀǤ A Dialogue. editionǤ Ȁ ǫα͵ ȋ ͳʹǦʹͲͳͷȌ͹ (October 6, 2015). 8 ǡ Heretic: Why Islam needs a Reformation Now Ǣͳ 9 Why I Am Not a Muslim. Prometheus, 1995. 10 ǡ Leviticus Ǥǡ Ǥǣ ǡʹͲͳͷǤ ǡ ͳͻǣͳ͹ǣDzǣǡ ǤdzMALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 31 ensaio Ǥ ǡ ȋǡȌ Ǥ Dz dzǤ ǡ ϐ ǡȋ Ȍ ͳͷͲ Ǥǡ ǣ ȋ Ȍ ǡ DzdzǤ DzdzDzdz Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ lever Ǧ to bring about their ȋǡ Ȍǡ ǣ Ǥ11 ǡ ǡDz dzǡ Dz dzǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǣ Dz ǫdzǢ Dz ǫdzǤ ǯ ǡ ǡ ǫ Ǥ 12 ǣ ǡǡ Ǥ Ǥ Three examples The Satanic Verses Ǧ ǡ ǯ ǡ ͳͻͺͺǯǤ 11 Middle East Report & Information ǡ ȋ ȌͳͲǡͺͺȋͷȀ͸ǦͳͻͺͲȌDzǣǮ ǯǤ ǣ12 Reason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam: Essential writings of --. Translated, edited, ǣȀȀǤǤȀȀͺͺȀǦǦǦ ǦǦǦȋ ʹǦͳǦʹͲͳͺȌ ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǣǡʹͲͲͲǤ 32 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio ȋ ǡ ǡ ȌǤ Ǥǡ Muslims. Dz ͳ͵ Ǥdz Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǯ ǣ ǯ ǡ messages. Ǥ14 ǡǡempowering her personal and ǡ contrarian attitudes. ǯ ǡ Ǧǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ϐ ϐǣϐ ǡǦ Ǧǡ Ǥ Ȁ ǣ ǦǤ ȋͳȌǦǮ ȋͳͻͶ͸ǦȌthe Ǥ ǡ Ǯ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡϐǦ Ǯǡ ͳͻͺͲ ǮǤ ͳͻͺͷǡ ϐ ǤǮǡϐ Tabari, Ta’rikh The Ideaǡǯ of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam From Polemicͳ͵ to History. The Satanic Verses: ǡͳͳͻʹǡǣ ǤǤ ǡ a Novel 14 ǡǣǡͳͻͻͻǤǤͳ͵ͳǦͳ͵ʹǤǡ ǤǣǡʹͲͲͺȋͳͻͺͺǡͳǤȌ Dz ǣDzǥ ǫdz ǣDz ǡǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǡ ǡDz dzǤ ǡDzǡǡdzǤ ǡ Transcript: Irshad Manji on IslamophobiaǤ ǣȀȀǤǤ ȀȀ ȀʹͲͳ͸ȀͲͳȀ ǦǦǦʹͳǡ͹Ǥdz Ǧͳ͸Ͳͳʹ͵Ͳ͹ͷʹʹͻͲͷʹǤ 2018) ǡ Ǥ ǣ ȋ ͷǦͳǦ MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 33 ensaio ǡ Ǥ Ǯ ǤǤ ǤǦ ǡǡ ϐ Ǥ Ǯ Ǥ ǯȋȌ ǡ ǣ Ǥ pace capriciousǤ and omnipotent sultan. ǡ Ȃ ǯ ǡǮ Ǥ ǫǮ Ǥ ǡǡ ǦǤǤ 15 ǡ Ǥ ǮDzdzǤ ǡǡ ϐ ǣ ϐ Ǥ ǡ Ǯ ǯDz dz ǡ ǡϐ ǤǮǡǡǯ ǤǡǮ ǯǤ ǡ ǤǮnaskh ϐ ǤǤ ǯǤǡ harsher Dzdzȋ ones. Ȍǡ ǡ Dzdz 16 happen Ǯ through gradual internal cultural transformation, such as Ǥ he promotes through his Ǥ ϔ ϔ . The ǤǮǯ ǣ responsibleǡ for the end result. Na‘im is a long term optimist because he believes that ǡ ǣǡ 15 Islam and the secular State: Negotiating the future of Shari‘a Ǥ ǦǮǡ Global Policy Ǥǡ ǣ ǡʹͲͲͺǢǦǮǡ16 Dz ǡǣ Ǥdz ǣ ͶǡͶȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤͶͲͳǦͶͲͺǤ ǦǮ Dzǥ ǤǤ Ȍ ǣ ǮǯȋȌIslam, ǯǤǯ Democracy, and Cosmopolitanism: At Home and in the World dzǤ ǣ ±ǡ ǤǣǡʹͲͳͶǤͳ͸͹Ǥ 34 MALALA, São Paulo v. 6, n. 9, jul. 2018 ensaio Ǯϐ ǡ ǡ ϐǡ ǯǤ ǤHizmet òȋ ϐǡ Ȍǡ ǯ ǡ ȋDz dzȌ Hizmet’s ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡLe Monde ǡǤ Ǥ ò Ǥ ʹͲͳͷ Ǥ ǣDzͳ͹ ǡ Ǥdz ȋʹȌ ǡ ǦǦ ijtihad , i.e.