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The Survant Coal Member of the Linton Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana: Geometry, Resources, and Properties

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The Survant Coal Member of the Linton Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana: Geometry, Resources, and Properties INDIANA GEOLOGICAL & WATER SURVEY INDIANA JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES ISSN 2642-1550, Volume 1, 2019 The Survant Coal Member of the Linton Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana: Geometry, Resources, and Properties Maria Mastalerz, Philip R. Ames, and Agnieszka Drobniak Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana E-mail: [email protected] Received 02/22/2019 Accepted for publication 02/25/2019 Published 08/08/2019 Suggested citation: Mastalerz, Maria, Ames, P. R., and Drobniak, Agnieszka, 2019, The Survant Coal Member of the Linton For- mation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana–geometry, resources, and properties: Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 1. DOI 10.14434/ijes.v1i0.26862 Erratum: Table 3 has some incorrect values listed; see replacement Table 3 at the end of this article. ABSTRACT This study attempts to advance the understanding of the geometry of the Survant Coal Member of the Linton Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana. We documented variability in the thickness and lateral extent of the coal beds present between the Mecca Quarry Shale Member of the Linton Formation and the Excello Shale Member of the Petersburg Forma- tion—two transgressive traceable marine horizons. Our study was based on the detailed examination of 1,240 petroleum geophysical logs and coal test borehole logs throughout Indiana and on previously collected data. The presence of multiple coal beds in the Survant Coal Member and variable thickness of the clastic partings create mapping challenges and difficulties in reliably evaluating coal resources, as well as stratigraphic uncertainties and confusion related to the nomenclature used for this coal. Because one to four coal beds occur between the Mecca Quarry Shale Member and the Excello Shale Member (namely, between the Colchester and Houchin Creek Coal Members of the Linton and Petersburg Formations), it is unclear which seams should be included in the Survant Coal Member. To better depict the complexity of the Survant Coal Member, we suggest that two additional locations be considered as reference sections. The first auxil- iary reference section is Indiana Geological and Water Survey drill core SDH-366 (Petro- leum Database Management System [PDMS] #150359) from Vanderburgh County (PDMS, 2018). This reference section represents the more southern part of Indiana where two coal benches are separated by a thick clastic interval. The second auxiliary reference section is drill hole SDH-235 (PDMS #157302) in Greene County, representative of the central part Indiana where two distinct coal benches are separated by a relatively thin clastic parting. These two additional sections together with the current reference section (SDH-306 [PDMS #115871] located in Pike County in southern Indiana) capture the complexity of the Survant Coal Member more comprehensively than the current reference section alone. This study provides new data on the geometry of the coal beds within the Survant Coal Member that will allow more reliable future resource and reserve evaluation of this coal. In addition, we have also compiled information about mining, resources, and properties of this coal to provide a comprehensive reference for the Survant Coal Member in Indiana. DOI 10.14434/ijes.v1i0.26862 INDIANA JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, V. 1, 2019 MASTALERZ AND OTHERS INTRODUCTION 26.0 m) (Hasenmueller and Ault, 1991, p. 6). The drill site is located in SE¼NE¼NW¼ sec. 2, T. 2 S., R. 7 W., The Survant Coal Member (Burger and Wier, 1970; Ault near the type section in Pike County (Hasenmueller and and Harper, 1986) marks the top of the Linton Forma- Ault, 1991). tion, and it is overlain by sandstone or gray shale at the base of the Petersburg Formation (Burger and Wier, The Survant Coal Member has been correlated 1970; Ault and Harper, 1986) (fig. 1). The type section throughout the Illinois Basin based on subsurface data for this coal is located in SW¼NE¼ sec. 2, T. 2 S., and palynology (Jacobson and others, 1985; Ault and R. 7 W., at the southern edge of the abandoned village of Harper, 1986). In Illinois, it had long been correlated Survant along the Patoka River in Pike County, Indiana with the Shawneetown and Lowell coals. In 1985, the (Burger and Wier, 1970; Ault and Harper, 1986). Illinois State Geological Survey formally adopted the A reference section for the Survant Coal Member name “Survant” for use in eastern and southern Illinois was designated as Indiana Geological Survey Drill (Jacobson and others, 1985). In Illinois, the Survant is Hole (SDH) 306 (Petroleum Database Manage- known to be mostly absent, thin, or to contain multiple ment System [PDMS] #115871) (IGNIS, 2018) where rock partings (Jacobson and Bengal, 1981); but, in the coal occurs at the depth of 83.3 to 85.2 ft (25.3– eastern Edgar County, Illinois, for example, where the ROCK UNIT LOCATION OF ROCKS AGE AT BEDROCK (feet) SIGNIFICANT PERIOD FORMATION GROUP THICKNESS SURFACE LITHOLOGY MEMBER (millions of years) Mattoon Fm. Livingston Ls. 150 Bond Fm. to Carthage Ls. McLeansboro 750 Vigo Ls. Patoka Fm. West Franklin Ls. Shelburn Fm. Danville Coal Hymera Coal Herrin Coal Alum Cave Ls. Dugger Fm. 300 Springeld Coal to Stendal Ls. Excello Shale Carbondale 450 Houchin Creek Coal Petersburg Fm. SURVANT COAL Mecca Quarry Shale Colchester Coal Linton Fm. Seelyville Coal Perth Ls. Staunton Fm. Minshall/ Bualoville Coal PENNSYLVANIAN 150 Upper Block Raccoon to Coal Brazil Fm. Creek 1000 Lower Block Coal Lead Creek Ls. Manseld Fm. 318 unconformity sandstone, conglomerate limestone bioturbation shale, mudstone, siltstone coal chert Note: Mixtures and interbedding of lithologies can occur. Figure 1. Stratigraphic position of the Survant Coal Member on the background of Pennsylvanian stratigraphy in Indiana (modified from Thompson and others, 2013). DOI 10.14434/ijes.v1i0.26862 INDIANA JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, V. 1, 2019 MASTALERZ AND OTHERS two benches of the Survant have merged, this coal has Greene, Sullivan, and Clay Counties; the area between been reported to be up to 6 ft (1.8 m) thick (Jacobson Terre Haute and Clinton, Indiana; a smaller area and others, 1985) and up to 8 ft (2.4 m) thick in Saline between Terre Haute and Seelyville, Indiana; and a County in southern Illinois (Willman and others, 1975). small area in northeast Knox County, Indiana (fig. 2). The name “Survant” was recommended to replace the These operations generated data about this coal, but name “Well coal” in Kentucky by Jacobson and others most of the information was proprietary and was lost, (1985, fig. 2). In Indiana, the Survant Coal Member with the exception of some mine maps. Later during the is highly variable in thickness (0.2–8 ft [0.1–2.4 m]), 1950s and 1960s, new information on coal in Indiana and has one, two, or more benches separated by part- became available as a result of field work carried out ings. The main shale parting is commonly less than a by researchers of the Indiana Geological Survey and few feet thick but is known to be up to 20 ft thick (6 graduate students. The results were published in a m) in southwestern Greene County and southeastern series of Preliminary Coal Maps, County Coal Maps, Clay County, and 30 ft thick (9 m) in northwestern geologic maps of select quadrangles, graduate disserta- Vigo County (Burger and Wier, 1970; Ault and Harper, tions, and bulletins and circulars (Frielinghausen, 1950; 1986). In some places, this coal seam is absent (Ault Friedman, 1954; Hutchison, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, and Harper, 1986). 1967; Kottlowski, 1954; Powell, 1968; Wier, 1952, 1953, 1957; and others). These maps and publications focused on the distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS OF THE in various counties and quadrangles in southwestern SURVANT COAL MEMBER IN INDIANA Indiana, and they addressed the occurrence and char- The Survant Coal Member was recognized in Indiana acteristics of the Survant Coal Member where it was by David Dale Owen at least as early as 1859. He encountered. stated that a coal of “superior quality” was mined near Few studies have specifically focused on the Survant Seelyville, Indiana (Owen, 1859, p. 50). The coal was Coal Member. Guennel (1952) analyzed fossil spores of formally recognized by Cox in 1876 when he introduced Desmoinesian Series coals in Indiana and determined a system of designating coal seams by letter, beginning that the dominant miospores of this coal belonged to with A for the lowest seam, through N for the highest Laevigatosporites and Lycospora. Of note, however, is (Cox, 1876). In that designation, the Survant was called that all the Survant coal samples studied by Guennel “Coal N.” Ashley (1899), having recognized problems (1952) were from the mining districts well to the north with the lettering system and resultant misidentifica- of the type section; no Survant samples from southern tion and miscorrelations of coal beds, introduced a new Indiana counties were studied palynologically. Neavel system for coal beds using Roman numerals I through (1961) examined petrographic and chemical character- VIII to name the main recognized seams, and Roman istics of one section of the Survant coal north of Linton, numerals followed by a lowercase letter (for example, Indiana. He divided the 39.5-inch-thick (1-m) section IIIa) to designate thinner or less persistent seams occur- into 30 layers of different brightness and analyzed each ring in the Pennsylvanian System in southwestern layer petrographically and chemically. The results of Indiana. Using his numerical classification scheme, the chemical analysis showed wide variation among Ashley (1899) initially designated the Survant as Coal these layers. On a dry, ash-free basis, fixed carbon VII but used the name “Survant” in describing expo- ranged from 45.8 to 62.0 percent; heating value (dry sures near the town of Survant in Pike County, Indiana basis) ranged from 11,110 to 14,680 Btu per pound.
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