INDIANA GEOLOGICAL & WATER SURVEY INDIANA JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES ISSN 2642-1550, Volume 1, 2019

The Survant Member of the Linton Formation () in Indiana: Geometry, Resources, and Properties

Maria Mastalerz, Philip R. Ames, and Agnieszka Drobniak

Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana

E-mail: [email protected] Received 02/22/2019 Accepted for publication 02/25/2019 Published 08/08/2019 Suggested citation: Mastalerz, Maria, Ames, P. R., and Drobniak, Agnieszka, 2019, The Survant Coal Member of the Linton For- mation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana–geometry, resources, and properties: Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 1. DOI 10.14434/ijes.v1i0.26862 Erratum: Table 3 has some incorrect values listed; see replacement Table 3 at the end of this article.

ABSTRACT This study attempts to advance the understanding of the geometry of the Survant Coal Member of the Linton Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Indiana. We documented variability in the thickness and lateral extent of the coal beds present between the Mecca Quarry Shale Member of the Linton Formation and the Excello Shale Member of the Petersburg Forma- tion—two transgressive traceable marine horizons. Our study was based on the detailed examination of 1,240 petroleum geophysical logs and coal test borehole logs throughout Indiana and on previously collected data. The presence of multiple coal beds in the Survant Coal Member and variable thickness of the clastic partings create mapping challenges and difficulties in reliably evaluating coal resources, as well as stratigraphic uncertainties and confusion related to the nomenclature used for this coal. Because one to four coal beds occur between the Mecca Quarry Shale Member and the Excello Shale Member (namely, between the Colchester and Houchin Creek Coal Members of the Linton and Petersburg Formations), it is unclear which seams should be included in the Survant Coal Member. To better depict the complexity of the Survant Coal Member, we suggest that two additional locations be considered as reference sections. The first auxil- iary reference section is Indiana Geological and Water Survey drill core SDH-366 (Petro- leum Database Management System [PDMS] #150359) from Vanderburgh County (PDMS, 2018). This reference section represents the more southern part of Indiana where two coal benches are separated by a thick clastic interval. The second auxiliary reference section is drill hole SDH-235 (PDMS #157302) in Greene County, representative of the central part Indiana where two distinct coal benches are separated by a relatively thin clastic parting. These two additional sections together with the current reference section (SDH-306 [PDMS #115871] located in Pike County in southern Indiana) capture the complexity of the Survant Coal Member more comprehensively than the current reference section alone. This study provides new data on the geometry of the coal beds within the Survant Coal Member that will allow more reliable future resource and reserve evaluation of this coal. In addition, we have also compiled information about mining, resources, and properties of this coal to provide a comprehensive reference for the Survant Coal Member in Indiana.

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INTRODUCTION 26.0 m) (Hasenmueller and Ault, 1991, p. 6). The drill site is located in SE¼NE¼NW¼ sec. 2, T. 2 S., R. 7 W., The Survant Coal Member (Burger and Wier, 1970; Ault near the type section in Pike County (Hasenmueller and and Harper, 1986) marks the top of the Linton Forma- Ault, 1991). tion, and it is overlain by sandstone or gray shale at the base of the (Burger and Wier, The Survant Coal Member has been correlated 1970; Ault and Harper, 1986) (fig. 1). The type section throughout the Illinois Basin based on subsurface data for this coal is located in SW¼NE¼ sec. 2, T. 2 S., and palynology (Jacobson and others, 1985; Ault and R. 7 W., at the southern edge of the abandoned village of Harper, 1986). In Illinois, it had long been correlated Survant along the Patoka River in Pike County, Indiana with the Shawneetown and Lowell . In 1985, the (Burger and Wier, 1970; Ault and Harper, 1986). Illinois State Geological Survey formally adopted the A reference section for the Survant Coal Member name “Survant” for use in eastern and southern Illinois was designated as Indiana Geological Survey Drill (Jacobson and others, 1985). In Illinois, the Survant is Hole (SDH) 306 (Petroleum Database Manage- known to be mostly absent, thin, or to contain multiple ment System [PDMS] #115871) (IGNIS, 2018) where rock partings (Jacobson and Bengal, 1981); but, in the coal occurs at the depth of 83.3 to 85.2 ft (25.3– eastern Edgar County, Illinois, for example, where the

ROCK UNIT LOCATION OF ROCKS AGE AT BEDROCK (feet) SIGNIFICANT PERIOD FORMATION GROUP THICKNESS

SURFACE LITHOLOGY MEMBER (millions of years)

Mattoon Fm. Livingston Ls. 150 Bond Fm. to Carthage Ls. McLeansboro 750 Vigo Ls. Patoka Fm. West Franklin Ls. Shelburn Fm.

Danville Coal Hymera Coal Herrin Coal Alum Cave Ls. Dugger Fm. 300 Springeld Coal to Stendal Ls. Excello Shale Carbondale 450 Houchin Creek Coal Petersburg Fm. SURVANT COAL Mecca Quarry Shale Colchester Coal Linton Fm. Seelyville Coal

Perth Ls. Staunton Fm. Minshall/ Bu‚aloville Coal PENNSYLVANIAN 150 Upper Block Raccoon to Coal Brazil Fm. Creek 1000 Lower Block Coal Lead Creek Ls. Manseld Fm.

318 unconformity sandstone, conglomerate bioturbation shale, mudstone, siltstone coal chert Note: Mixtures and interbedding of lithologies can occur.

Figure 1. Stratigraphic position of the Survant Coal Member on the background of Pennsylvanian stratigraphy in Indiana (modified from Thompson and others, 2013).

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two benches of the Survant have merged, this coal has Greene, Sullivan, and Clay Counties; the area between been reported to be up to 6 ft (1.8 m) thick (Jacobson Terre Haute and Clinton, Indiana; a smaller area and others, 1985) and up to 8 ft (2.4 m) thick in Saline between Terre Haute and Seelyville, Indiana; and a County in southern Illinois (Willman and others, 1975). small area in northeast Knox County, Indiana (fig. 2). The name “Survant” was recommended to replace the These operations generated data about this coal, but name “Well coal” in Kentucky by Jacobson and others most of the information was proprietary and was lost, (1985, fig. 2). In Indiana, the Survant Coal Member with the exception of some mine maps. Later during the is highly variable in thickness (0.2–8 ft [0.1–2.4 m]), 1950s and 1960s, new information on coal in Indiana and has one, two, or more benches separated by part- became available as a result of field work carried out ings. The main shale parting is commonly less than a by researchers of the Indiana Geological Survey and few feet thick but is known to be up to 20 ft thick (6 graduate students. The results were published in a m) in southwestern Greene County and southeastern series of Preliminary Coal Maps, County Coal Maps, Clay County, and 30 ft thick (9 m) in northwestern geologic maps of select quadrangles, graduate disserta- Vigo County (Burger and Wier, 1970; Ault and Harper, tions, and bulletins and circulars (Frielinghausen, 1950; 1986). In some places, this coal seam is absent (Ault Friedman, 1954; Hutchison, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, and Harper, 1986). 1967; Kottlowski, 1954; Powell, 1968; Wier, 1952, 1953, 1957; and others). These maps and publications focused on the distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS OF THE in various counties and quadrangles in southwestern SURVANT COAL MEMBER IN INDIANA Indiana, and they addressed the occurrence and char- The Survant Coal Member was recognized in Indiana acteristics of the Survant Coal Member where it was by David Dale Owen at least as early as 1859. He encountered. stated that a coal of “superior quality” was mined near Few studies have specifically focused on the Survant Seelyville, Indiana (Owen, 1859, p. 50). The coal was Coal Member. Guennel (1952) analyzed spores of formally recognized by Cox in 1876 when he introduced Desmoinesian Series coals in Indiana and determined a system of designating coal seams by letter, beginning that the dominant miospores of this coal belonged to with A for the lowest seam, through N for the highest Laevigatosporites and Lycospora. Of note, however, is (Cox, 1876). In that designation, the Survant was called that all the Survant coal samples studied by Guennel “Coal N.” Ashley (1899), having recognized problems (1952) were from the mining districts well to the north with the lettering system and resultant misidentifica- of the type section; no Survant samples from southern tion and miscorrelations of coal beds, introduced a new Indiana counties were studied palynologically. Neavel system for coal beds using Roman numerals I through (1961) examined petrographic and chemical character- VIII to name the main recognized seams, and Roman istics of one section of the Survant coal north of Linton, numerals followed by a lowercase letter (for example, Indiana. He divided the 39.5-inch-thick (1-m) section IIIa) to designate thinner or less persistent seams occur- into 30 layers of different brightness and analyzed each ring in the Pennsylvanian System in southwestern layer petrographically and chemically. The results of Indiana. Using his numerical classification scheme, the chemical analysis showed wide variation among Ashley (1899) initially designated the Survant as Coal these layers. On a dry, ash-free basis, fixed carbon VII but used the name “Survant” in describing expo- ranged from 45.8 to 62.0 percent; heating value (dry sures near the town of Survant in Pike County, Indiana basis) ranged from 11,110 to 14,680 Btu per pound. Ash (Burger and Wier, 1970). This and other early errors content on an as-received basis ranged from 1.6 to 44.7 in seam identification were promptly recognized and percent. corrected, including renaming the Survant “Coal IV,” Hutchison (2008) drilled 13 holes in the Survant coal at By 1909 the general stratigraphic scheme of coals in the Coal, Inc. IVth Vein Mine at Vicksburg, Indiana, to Indiana was established (Ashley, 1909). Since that time, document additional reserves for the operating mine. the only substantial change in naming coal seams was The Coal, Inc. holdings comprised a north-south- introduced in the 1960s, when the Indiana Geological trending body of coal approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) Survey (now Indiana Geological and Water Survey wide and 3 miles (4.8 km) long where the coal was more [IGWS]) designated coal seams as members of forma- than 4 ft (1.2 m) thick. He cored and examined 15 ft tions, replacing formerly used divisions. Ashley’s Coal (4.6 m) of roof rock, the coal, and 5 ft (1.5 m) of floor. IV became the Survant Coal Member of the Linton Megascopically, the coal was bright banded with no Formation. partings. The floor was a massive, sandy, well-devel- During the first half of the twentieth century, the oped paleosol or a fine-grained, slightly rooted, light Survant Coal Member was drilled and mined in

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gray sandstone. In the minable area, the coal ranged Hutchison (2008) discussed stratigraphic, geochem- from 3.8 to 4.4 ft (1.15–1.3 m) in thickness, but thinned ical, petrographic, and depositional characteristics rapidly and split outside the minable areas. Coal quality of the Survant Coal Member in an area in Vermil- was good, having heating values from 11,340 to 11,560 lion County, Indiana, and Edgar County, Illinois. That Btu/pound (on an as-received basis), ash content work was based on 16 holes drilled during the study ranging from 7.1 to 8.2 percent, moisture from 12.0 to combined with existing information about the Survant. 13.6 percent, and a low sulfur content, from 0.95 to 1.3 The study shows that, in that area, the Survant is percent, averaging 1.13 percent. Based on limited data, of high-volatile bituminous C rank, as indicated by we believe that the Survant in this area was deposited in vitrinite reflectance measurements and heating value a freshwater deltaic environment along a north-south- analysis. It is a low-sulfur, low-ash, high-Btu/lb, and trending distributary channel, removed from marine high-fusion-temperature coal with good slagging char- influence. acteristics. Hutchison also provided trace element data Harper (1985) detailed mining activities in Vigo including Hg, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Se, and V, all compa- County, Indiana. He addressed the major coal seams in rable to Illinois Basin averages. Hutchison (2008) noted Vigo County, the history of mines in those seams, and that Hg and Pb content was significantly reduced by associated geologic conditions and engineering prob- washing, similar to other Indiana coals (Mastalerz and lems encountered during mining. He published maps others, 2009). and discussed the Saxton group of mines in the Survant This literature review points out that Survant Coal Coal Member northwest of Terre Haute, the Glen Ayr Member data are rather spotty and limited to areas group, also in the Survant, east of Terre Haute, as well of mining interest. In these studies, it is well docu- as a complete survey of Vigo County mines in the other mented that the Survant has variable thickness and major seams (Harper, 1985). Similar reports followed often contains clastic particles. However, the data on Sullivan County (Harper, 1988a) and Knox County are limited to isolated areas and cannot easily be (Harper and Eggert, 1995). Harper (1988b) summarized extrapolated to the entire state of Indiana. The presence available information regarding geologic conditions of clastic intervals of varying thickness splitting the encountered during underground mining in the Survant seam makes it difficult to obtain a reliable distribution coal. He based the work on information from mine of the thickness of the coal and, consequently, to reli- maps and mine literature, while focusing on mapping ably evaluate its resources and reserves. The frequent past mines and geologic conditions encountered during presence of sandstones above and below the coal and mining. the absence of the coal in some areas complicate the Friedman (1989), while discussing the Pennsylvanian reconstruction of geometric relationships. Therefore, and coal stratigraphy in northern Vigo and southern the main objective of this study is to advance the under- Vermillion Counties, provided 50 thickness measure- standing of the geometry of the Survant Coal Member ments of the Survant and briefly discussed the split in based on detailed examination of 1,240 petroleum the Survant Coal Member in the western part of the geophysical logs and coal test borehole logs throughout study area. Three proximate analyses were included, Indiana; this will provide a more even and reliable data two from the Saxton Mine that operated from 1923 to distribution for evaluating the future resources and 1954, and one from an outcrop in T. 15 N., R. 8 W., reserves of this coal. We have also compiled informa- sec. 31, 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Clinton, Indiana. tion about the mining, resources, and properties of this Friedman (1989) also calculated original resources, coal to provide a comprehensive up-to-date reference reserves mined and lost in mining, and remaining for the Survant Coal Member in Indiana. reserves by township, based on average weighted To better understand the geometry of the Survant Coal thicknesses. Member, we studied its stratigraphic position relative Mastalerz and others (2004) provided a comprehen- to the underlying Mecca Quarry Shale Member and the sive summary of coal data publicly available in Indiana, marine black shale overlying the Houchin Creek Coal and included statewide maps of the extent, depth, thick- Member. In Indiana, this shale has not been formally ness, availability for mining, and areas unavailable for named. We propose that the formal name “Excello mining owing to technological or land use restrictions Shale Member” for this widely mappable stratigraphic for the Survant coal, as well as other Indiana coals. The unit be extended into Indiana’s part of the Illinois study also estimated total resources and summarized Basin as the “Excello Shale Member of the Peters- geochemical data for as many as 55 Survant samples burg Formation.” We designate SDH-306 (PDMS statewide. An update to that publication can be found in #115871) at the depth of 21.5 to 26.8 ft (6.5–8.2 m) in Mastalerz and others (2009). Pike County and SDH-366 (PDMS #150359) at the

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depth of 439.6 to 444.7 ft (134–135.5 m) in Vander- County boundary. The majority of past mining used burgh County as reference sections for this horizon in underground mining methods, and it was concentrated Indiana. These cores are available for inspection in the primarily in two areas—southern Vermillion County IGWS sample archive. Similar to its character in Illi- to northern Vigo County and eastern Sullivan County nois, in Indiana the Excello Shale Member is a black to western Greene County—where that coal was thick fissile shale ranging from 1 to 5 ft (0.30–1.5 m) thick. (>4.5 ft [1.37 m]). Mining terminated when these thick It directly underlies the Stendal Limestone Member and coal reserves were exhausted (Harper, 1988b). Past immediately overlies the Houchin Creek Coal Member, surface-mining operations were also concentrated in except locally where 1 to 3 ft (0.30–0.9 m) of gray shale two areas—western Greene and Pike Counties (fig. 2). separates them. Historically, the greatest amount of coal was produced from the Survant from 1910 to 1930 (fig. 3); since 1955, underground mining has been minimal. The Survant RESOURCES AND MINING OF THE has been mined by surface extraction techniques since SURVANT COAL MEMBER IN INDIANA 1990, with the sole exception of one short-lived under- While calculating coal resources in west-central ground mine in western Greene County (fig. 2). Indiana, Friedman (1989) also provided assessments Hutchison (2008) estimated, based on drilling in of the Survant Coal Member with regard to original Vermillion County, Indiana, and Edgar County, Illinois, resources, coal mined and lost in mining, remaining that about 15.5 million tons of the Survant were recov- resources, and recoverable reserves. Specifically, as of erable by underground mining methods in that area. 1985 he mentioned 119,980,000 short tons of remaining He estimated that roof and floor conditions generally resources and 60,490,000 short tons as recoverable would be favorable for mining, although, locally, prob- reserves in Vermillion County and 33,175,000 short lems could be expected because of the presence of a tons of remaining resources (with 16,589,000 short tons paleosol or slickensided shale and sandstone above of recoverable reserves) in Vigo County. the coal. Hutchison (2008) concluded that the main On a statewide scale, the original resources of the mining-related issue for the Survant coal is the rela- Survant Coal Member in Indiana are estimated at tively small size of the reserve and that the future 8.48 billion short tons and available resources at 1.30 viability of its extraction is a question of economics. billion short tons, 0.23 billion short tons of which He further stated that given the characteristics of the are available from surface mining and 1.11 billion Survant coal and the decreasing demand for low-sulfur short tons from underground mining (Mastalerz and coal (attributable to the installation of scrubbers at most others, 2009) (Table 1). The available surface-minable power plants), the prospect for substantial renewed resource accounts for 11 percent of the total original interest in the Survant coal was minimal. We concur surface-minable resource, and the available under- with Hutchinson’s assessment that the Survant coal ground resource accounts for 14 percent. We note, will not be a primary target of future mining operations however, that because of the poorly known geometry of except for a few remaining, relatively small surface this seam, this calculation of resources on a statewide minable reserves, primarily in Pike County. However, scale does not have a high confidence level. the Survant coal could be a good mining target as a As of 2016, one mine (surface mine) was active in secondary seam in larger surface mines where the prin- the Survant Coal Member (fig. 2) at the Pike/Dubois cipal targets are thick pods of the underlying Seely- ville Coal Member of the Linton Formation. In like

Table 1. Summary of the Survant Coal Member resources in Indiana (in billion short tons) (Mastalerz and others, 2009) Potential mining method* Survant Coal Member Surface Underground Total Original 2.10 7.68 8.48 Mined 0.06 0.25 0.31 Remaining 2.04 7.43 8.17 Technological restrictions 1.72 5.98 6.44 Land-use restrictions 0.09 0.34 0.43 Available 0.23 1.11 1.30 *Values of potential surface and underground mining do not add up to total because some resources can be mined by both surface and underground methods.

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31716C PARKE VERMILLION #27715C

#25525C QF-28

CLAY VIGO Jones CH-#3 Study area shown in gray

FMBG-1

SDH-235 SULLIVAN

GREENE Mined out by surface mining G-1-53 Mined out by underground mining Active surface mine SDH-347 Extent of the Survant Coal Member in Indiana Well DAVIESS Cross section KNOX

SDH-259A SDH-377

SDH-81 PIKE #164200 SDH-306 GIBSON SDH-379 DUBOIS SDH-380

SDH-285 SDH-366 WARRICK 0 10 20 mi VANDERBURGH SPENCER 0 10 20 km POSEY

Figure 2. Map of southwestern Indiana showing mining data for the Survant Coal Member (2015 data for areas mined out by underground mining; 2016 data for areas of active mining and areas mined out by surface mining). Locations of wells used for cross section (fig. 6) are indicated. For wells that are available in the Petroleum Database Management System (PDMS), ID numbers are indicated in the text.

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manner, deeper pods of thicker (>4 ft [1.2 m]) Survant COAL PROPERTIES Coal could conceivably be mined from slopes or shafts The coal quality parameters of the Survant are based extending to deep minable reserves of the Seelyville on data from the Indiana Coal Quality Database (Drob- Coal Member; this could maximize a mine’s reserve niak and Mastalerz, 2012). The average ash yield is 11.5 base or be used for blend coal to enhance the quality of percent and sulfur content is 2.6 percent, on a dry basis. the final mine product, should the economics of multi- An average heating value of 12,648 Btu/lb is typical seam materials handling and ground control issues of Indiana coals, but the Survant ranges from 5,202 prove favorable. to 13,943 Btu/lb, reflecting its variable mineral matter content. Major and trace element data are compiled in Table 3 (Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012). We note that 10 only a limited number of analyses are available for these elements; the same is true for the analyses for 8 oxides in coal ash (Table 4). 6 Data about the petrographic composition of the Survant Underground mining Coal Member are limited. Neavel (1961) examined 4 one section of the Survant north of Linton, Indiana, 2 Surface mining and found that the coal was composed of abundant anthraxylon and moderately bright or moderately dull

Annual production (million tons) 0 attritus. Hutchison (2008) analyzed several samples from Vermillion County (Table 5). These limited data 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 suggest that, on a mineral-containing basis, the coal has Figure 3. Annual production from the Survant Coal Mem- variable vitrinite and inertinite content, from ~60 to 80 ber (1900–1983 data from Harper, 1988b; no data for percent and ~5 to 18 percent by volume, respectively. 1916; 1983–2016 data estimated from Indiana Coal Coun- This variability is illustrated in photomicrographs cil, 2017). of this coal (fig. 4). Vitrinite reflectance ranges from 0.44 to 0.57 percent, placing the coal mostly in the high-volatile bituminous C rank.

Table 2. Survant Coal Member quality (raw coal) (Hutchison, 2008; Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012) (ar - as received basis)

Parameter Number Average Minimum Maximum Standard of samples deviation Moisture (ar, %) 76 11.2 1.0 22.2 3.8 Ash (dry, %) 78 11.5 5.5 58.8 6.6 Total sulfur (dry, %) 31 2.6 1.0 5.3 1.0 Heating value (dry, Btu/lb) 76 12,648 5,202 13,943 1,102.6 Volatile matter (dry, %) 65 39.4 21.8 46.9 3.9 Fixed carbon (dry, %) 65 49.2 19.4 68.3 6.0 Ultimate carbon (dry, %) 47 69.4 28.7 76.1 7.4 Ultimate hydrogen (dry, %) 47 6.1 2.9 7.8 1.1 Ultimate oxygen (dry, %) 46 18.1 5.6 41.0 7.1 Ultimate nitrogen (dry, %) 46 1.6 0.8 2.2 0.2 Ultimate sulfur (dry, %) 56 2.6 0.6 11.9 1.9

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Table 3. Elements in ppm (raw whole coal) in Survant Coal Member samples (Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012)

Element Element Number of Average Minimum Maximum Standard symbol samples deviation Ag Silver 12 0.14 0.03 0.36 0.11 Al Aluminum 7 9,828.57 7,900.00 13,000.00 1,978.82 As Arsenic 12 29.12 0.89 58.40 19.75 Au Gold 9 0.84 0.60 1.46 0.31 B Boron 9 99.63 84.68 150.00 20.64 Ba Barium 9 46.70 13.00 121.00 34.53 Be Beryllium 12 3.88 2.78 6.42 0.96 Bi Bismuth 9 1.25 0.24 2.30 0.64 Br Bromine 7 3.43 1.00 7.00 2.23 Ca Calcium 7 1,571.43 310.00 2,900.00 1,115.83 Cd Cadmium 12 0.30 0.04 1.63 0.44 Ce Cerium 7 14.71 9.00 21.00 5.15 Cl Chlorine 1 0.01 - - - Co Cobalt 12 6.99 2.80 24.82 6.15 Cr Chromium 12 15.85 9.30 25.00 5.64 Cs Cesium 9 1.31 0.80 2.54 0.52 Cu Copper 12 15.69 7.80 31.46 6.75 Dy Dysprosium 7 2.26 1.90 3.40 0.54 Er Erbium 7 0.79 0.60 1.20 0.23 F Fluorine 7 0.32 0.19 0.51 0.12 Fe Iron 10 101.20 0.01 232.00 74.33 Ga Gallium 7 24,428.57 19,000.00 32,000.00 4,276.18 Gd Gadolinium 9 4.84 3.40 7.30 1.25 Ge Germanium 7 2.29 0.70 4.50 1.18 Hf Hafnium 9 13.65 3.90 18.00 3.92 Hg Mercury 7 0.49 0.40 0.60 0.09 Ho Homium 7 0.48 0.41 0.72 0.11 In Indium 7 0.48 0.41 0.72 0.11 Ir Iridium 7 12.37 0.91 24.00 10.58 K Potassium 7 1,300.00 1,000.00 1,900.00 382.97 La Lanthanum 7 8.14 4.00 12.00 3.39 Li Lithium 12 15.52 5.40 33.50 9.59 Lu Lutetium 7 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.01 Mg Magnesium 7 528.57 330.00 690.00 135.70 Mn Manganese 9 23.49 8.70 35.09 8.82 Mo Molybdenum 12 2.90 1.10 7.30 1.77 Na Sodium 7 352.86 170.00 610.00 140.20 Nb Niobium 9 2.90 0.74 5.20 1.21 Nd Neodymium 7 12.17 3.20 18.00 6.24 Ni Nickel 12 23.27 9.50 51.10 12.86

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Table 3 (cont.). Elements in ppm (raw whole coal) in Survant Coal Member samples (Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012)

Element Element Number of Average Minimum Maximum Standard symbol samples deviation Os Osmium 7 0.70 0.60 1.00 0.14 P Phosphorus 7 262.43 33.00 740.00 297.91 Pb Lead 12 35.90 8.23 105.12 24.58 Pd Palladium 7 0.11 0.09 0.16 0.02 Pr Praseodymium 7 5.80 4.10 12.00 2.82 Pt Platinum 7 0.48 0.41 0.72 0.11 Rb Rubidium 9 15.37 10.00 24.20 4.52 Re Rhenium 7 0.70 0.60 1.00 0.14 Rh Rhodium 7 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.01 Ru Ruthenium 7 0.23 0.19 0.34 0.05 S Sulfur 7 961.43 630.00 1,400.00 285.10 Sb Antimony 12 1.73 0.69 4.30 1.04 Sc Scandium 9 3.85 2.50 6.86 1.45 Se Selenium 12 3.04 1.80 5.50 1.19 Si Silicon 7 14,428.57 12,000.00 19,000.00 2,878.49 Sm Samarium 5 1.88 0.90 2.70 0.66 Sn Tin 9 0.77 0.41 1.46 0.38 Sr Strontium 9 101.22 14.00 314.60 97.20 Ta Tantalum 7 0.11 0.07 0.14 0.03 Tb Terbium 7 0.24 0.15 0.39 0.08 Te Tellurium 2 0.27 0.24 0.29 0.04 Ti Titanium 7 528.57 420.00 740.00 114.52 Th Thorium 9 1.60 1.10 2.90 0.56 Tl Thallium 9 0.83 0.51 2.04 0.47 Tm Thulium 7 0.33 0.28 0.49 0.08 U Uranium 9 1.53 0.71 3.94 1.04 V Vanadium 12 25.54 7.10 50.82 13.33 W Tungsten 7 0.43 0.36 0.57 0.09 Y Yttrium 9 7.49 3.60 9.70 1.97 Yb Ytterbium 7 0.59 0.50 0.70 0.08 Zn Zinc 12 50.77 7.90 231.00 65.66 Zr Zirconium 9 31.87 7.70 71.00 18.28

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Table 4. Oxides in coal ash (in weight %) (Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012)

Parameter Number of Average Minimum Maximum Standard samples deviation

Ash Al2O3 12 21.16 15.00 28.70 4.34 Ash BaO 3 0.12 0.09 0.14 0.03 Ash CaO 12 2.67 0.50 6.60 1.96

Ash Fe2O3 12 29.65 6.42 49.00 14.36

Ash K2O 12 1.76 1.20 2.60 0.47 Ash MgO 12 0.82 0.37 1.10 0.23 Ash MnO 7 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01

Ash Na2O 12 0.79 0.24 2.22 0.60

Ash P2O5 12 0.80 0.08 2.49 0.80

Ash SiO2 12 36.42 25.00 47.90 8.13

Ash SO3 9 2.40 0.42 4.15 1.01 Ash SrO 3 0.23 0.03 0.44 0.21

Ash TiO2 12 0.98 0.65 1.40 0.23

Table 5. Petrographic characteristics of the Survant Coal Member samples (Hutchison, 2008; Drobniak and Mastalerz,

2012) (ICQD - Indiana Coal Quality Database; MM - mineral matter; VRo - vitrinite reflectance)

ICQD ID County Sample source Vitrinite Liptinite Inertinite MM VRo (vol %) (vol %) (vol %) (vol %) (%) ICQD-AB-342 Sullivan Core T-31 80.4 5.6 4.8 9.2 0.55 ICQD-AD-521 Posey IGWS SDH - 384 74.4 8.7 7.2 9.8 0.44 ICQD-AD-529 Posey IGWS SDH - 383 77.4 10.0 6.7 6.7 0.58 ICQD-AD-659 Vermillion Hutchison, 2008 61.0 3.0 13.0 23.0 0.53 ICQD-AD-661 Vermillion Hutchison, 2008 60.0 8.7 18.3 13.0 0.51 ICQD-AD-663 Vermillion Hutchison, 2008 64.0 3.6 17.2 15.2 0.57

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A B

C D

E F

G H

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of the Survant Coal Member from Vermillion County, Indiana. Reflected (A, C, E–H) and fluorescent (B, D) light. Oil immersion. A–D: vitrinite-rich coal with fluorescent liptinite (sporinite); E: inertinite (white) and vitrinite (gray) in coal; F: liptinite (cutinite) in coal; G: inertinite (white) surrounded by vitrinite and liptinite; H: iner- tinite-rich coal.

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GEOMETRY OF THE SURVANT COAL MEMBER borehole logs throughout Indiana to obtain a good data distribution so that we could understand the extent and Our analysis of the geometry of the Survant Coal stratigraphy of the two main Survant Coal seams and Member is based on: a) cross sections generated through determine their relationship to the type section of the the Indiana portion of the Illinois Basin from Edgar Survant Coal Member in Pike County (Hasenmueller County in the north (two wells from Illinois are included and Ault, 1991). In our cross sections, we use the over- to better understand the correlations across the Indiana/ lying Excello Shale Member (fig. 1) above the Houchin Illinois border) to Posey County in the south (figs. 2, Creek Coal Member as a datum time horizon (fig. 6), 5, 6), and b) mapping of the Survant Coal Member. because it is a transgressive marine shale (Coveney and Informal nomenclature is used in this study to distin- others, 1991) and easily traceable on both geophysical guish the multiple coal benches of the Survant Coal and borehole logs throughout the basin. The under- Member (fig. 5). Specifically, the main seam is given lying Mecca Quarry Shale Member (that overlies the a designation of upper bench of the Survant Coal— Colchester Coal Member), another well-defined trans- SV (UB); the underlying bench is designated the lower gressive marine horizon (Coveney and others, 1987), bench of the Survant Coal Member—SV (LB); and, is used as the base of our cross sections. We compiled locally, where one or two lenticular, discontinuous coal a master north-south cross section, which incorpo- benches are present, they are given the designations of rates mostly IGWS cores (signified by “SDH”) related rider coal of the Survant Coal Member—SV (R1)— to the observation of the geometry of the Survant Coal and upper rider coal of the Survant Coal Member—SV Member (fig. 6). (R2). In the northernmost part of the section in eastern Analysis of cross sections Illinois (fig. 6), there are four coal beds of the Survant In this study we carefully analyzed cores and geophys- Coal Member enclosed in fine-grained sediments. ical logs to cover geometric variability of the coal seams Lack of data to the north and west prevented us from identified as the Survant Coal Member. We exam- determining whether these multiple coal benches occur ined 1,240 petroleum geophysical logs and coal test proximal to a distributary channel. Within a short

N S SDH-306 Reference core

parting less than SDH-377 1 foot (30 cm)

SDH-347 SDH-366

QF-28 SV (UB)

#31716C SV (LB) SV (R2) SV (R1) Survant Coal Member (rider #2) - SV (R2) Survant Coal Member (rider #1) - SV (R1) SV (UB) Survant Coal Member (upper bench) - SV (UB) Survant Coal Member (lower bench) - SV (LB) SV (LB) Mapped as Survant Coal Member (upper bench) but includes the lower bench where the parting was less than 1 foot (30 cm)

Figure 5. Schematic representation of the nomenclature of the Survant Coal Member used in this study. When mapping the upper bench, we added the thickness of lower bench to the upper bench if the thickness of the parting separating them was less than 1 ft (30.48 cm), as shown in SDH-377 or QF-28.

DOI 10.14434/ijes.v1i0.26862 INDIANA JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, V. 1, 2019 MASTALERZ AND OTHERS S 810 770 870 760 780 790 820 850 830 840 890 880 860 800 900 SDH-285 [feet] Posey County, IN County, Posey Stendal Member Limestone 510 470 520 450 430 440 480 460 490 500 SDH- 366 [feet] Vanderburgh County, IN County, Vanderburgh ? Velpen Member Limestone 310 270 370 320 350 330 340 280 290 360 300 SDH- 380 [feet] ? County, IN Gibson County, 110 1 7 0 210 120 1 5 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 8 0 1 6 0 1 9 0 220 200 SDH- 379 [feet] County, IN Pike County, 0 70 20 50 30 40 80 60 90 110 140 120 130 100 SDH- 306 [feet] County, IN Pike County, Velpen Member Limestone 1 7 0 210 1 5 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 8 0 1 6 0 1 9 0 220 230 200 #164200 [feet] County, IN Pike County, ? Stendal Member Limestone 70 80 60 90 110 140 150 120 130 100 SDH-81 [feet] County, IN Pike County, ? 70 50 80 60 90 110 120 100 SDH-377 [feet] County, IN Daviess County, Stendal Member Limestone 610 570 530 550 520 590 540 560 620 580 630 6 5 0 640 600 [feet] SDH-259A County, IN Knox County, Velpen Stendal Member Member Limestone Limestone 310 370 380 350 330 360 320 290 340 300 SDH-347 [feet] County, IN Knox County, G-1-53 1 7 0 210 1 5 0 1 9 0 1 8 0 1 6 0 220 2 5 0 230 2 4 0 [feet] 200 County, IN Greene County, Stendal Member Limestone 70 20 50 30 40 80 60 90 110 120 130 100 SDH- 235 [feet] County, IN Greene County, ? FMBG-1 310 2 7 0 320 330 280 2 6 0 290 300 [feet] ? County, IN Sullivan County, Boundary between Petersburg and Linton Formations Wavy-bedded sandstone Flaser-bedded sandstone Siltstone Wavy-bedded siltstone Interlaminated/interbedded siltstone Lenticular-bedded siltstone Roots Slickensided 1 7 0 210 1 5 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 9 0 1 8 0 1 6 0 200 [feet] County, IN Vigo County, Jones Core Hole #3 Core Jones QF-28 [feet] 310 320 350 330 340 280 290 300 County, IN Vigo County, Stendal Member Limestone Reference well Proposed new reference core for the Survant Coal Member Coal Survant Coal Member Carbonaceous shale Shale Wavy-bedded shale Limestone Sandstone 370 410 350 330 360 3 9 0 320 3 8 0 340 400 #25525C [feet] County, IN Vigo County, 310 370 350 330 [feet] 280 2 6 0 290 2 7 0 320 300 360 340 #27751C County, IL Edgar County, N 310 #31716C [feet] 370 3 9 0 410 350 330 280 2 7 0 290 320 300 360 3 8 0 400 340 County, IL Edgar County, Member Colchester Member Excello Shale Coal Member Coal Member Houchin Creek

Mecca Quarry Shale Member

Survant Coal Survant

Petersburg Formation Petersburg

Linton Formation Linton

Figure6. Cross section from well #31716C well to SDH-285; see well locations on Figure 2. Note that coal beds may not be present between two adjacent wells; lines purposes. correlation for are section the on shown PENNSYLVANIAN

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distance, only one thick coal seam is present (fig. 6, (figs. 5, 6), yet in other locations, two and, locally, as 27751C), and the enclosing sediments are coarser grained. many as four seams are present. Consequently, it is Further south, in northern Vigo County, Indiana, two not obvious whether those additional seams should be seams in that zone (fig. 6, 25525C), are separated by a included in the Survant Coal Member. To better depict 15-ft-thick (4.6-m) sandstone of local nature; nearby in the complexity of this coal, we suggest adding two QF-28, the two seams appear to have coalesced into one more locations as reference sections for the Survant thick coal at the northern end of underground mining Coal Member. The first is SDH-366 (PDMS #150359) district in Vigo and Vermillion Counties. The coal in Vanderburgh County at a depth of 480.5 to 493.3 thins in central Vigo County (Jones Core Hole #3) and ft (146–150 m), which represents the southern part of disappears at the Vigo-Sullivan County boundary. The Indiana where two benches are separated by a thick presence of a 10-ft-thick (3-m) sandstone in FMBG-1 clastic interval (fig. 6). The second is SDH-235 (PDMS suggests either a thin coal was eroded or was not depos- #157302) in Greene County at a depth of 85 to 91 ft ited in this location. In a few areas of southern Vigo and (25.9–27.7 m), representative of the central part of the northern Sullivan Counties near borehole FMBG-1, the area studied where two distinct benches are separated thin interval between the Houchin Creek and Survant by a relatively thin clastic parting (fig. 6). These two Coal Members suggests that the Survant Coal Member additional sections, together with the current reference may have been eroded subaerially prior to Houchin section SDH-306 (PDMS #115871) (fig. 6), capture the Creek deposition. In Greene County, again, two coal complexity of the Survant Coal Member better than the seams in the Survant Coal Member are associated with current single reference section. sandstones in SDH-235 (fig. 6) and sandstones and silt- stones in G-1-53 (fig. 6). The thick coal area west of Mapping the benches of the Survant Coal Member Linton and Jasonville was the historic underground After carefully examining the data available in several mining district of western Greene and eastern Sullivan databases, we generated maps of the depth and thick- Counties (fig. 2). One thick coal occurs in SDH-259A in ness of the upper and lower benches and the thickness Knox County and SDH-377 in Daviess County (fig. 6); of the clastic interval between the lower and upper however, in some areas between them no coal occurs, bench. Note that, for the purpose of mapping the upper likely because of overlying sandstone cutouts (see bench, where the lower bench was close to the upper fig. 7). bench and the thickness of the parting separating them In Pike County, one discontinuous coal seam and a was less than 1 ft (30.48 cm), we added the thickness prominent sandstone component occur in the Excello of lower bench to the upper (fig. 5). The upper bench is Shale Member/Mecca Quarry Shale Member interval clearly dominant (fig. 7), and its thickness ranges from (fig. 6). SDH-306 in Pike County—the reference core less than 1 ft (30.48 cm) to more than 6 ft (1.8 m) locally. for the Survant Coal Member (Hasenmueller and Ault, Past underground mining in this seam targeted those 1991)—shows one coal seam overlain by sandstone. areas where the upper seam thickened or coalesced In the Gibson County core (fig. 6, SDH-380), the with the lower seam. The lower bench is more local- Survant Coal Member is absent, and the interval ized but appears to be thicker than the upper bench in between the Excello Shale and Mecca Quarry Shale the southernmost part of Indiana (fig. 8). The thickness Members is dominated by sandstone. It is difficult to of the interval between the upper and lower benches resolve whether the coal was originally present and of the Survant Coal Member ranges from 0 to 4 ft eroded or not deposited. In the southernmost part of (0–1.21 m) (fig. 9). There is no split in the underground the state (Vanderburgh and Posey Counties), two coal mining districts of Vigo and Vermilion Counties and seams may be present in the Survant Coal Member (fig. Greene and Sullivan Counties where the two benches 6). However, the lowest seam is discontinuous, likely merged to form the thick coal exploited by mining. because it was deposited in isolated localized basins, The depth of the Survant Coal Member (upper bench) thus, only the upper seam is present in some areas (figs. increases progressively from less than 100 ft (30.48 7, 8). m) at the basin margin to more than 900 ft (274.3 m) The presence of one to four coal seams (benches) and in Posey County (fig. 10), and the elevation of the coal the variable thickness of the clastic partings create bed ranges from +500 ft to -500 ft (+152.4–-152.4) mapping challenges and cause stratigraphic uncer- (fig. 11). To better understand the depositional setting tainties and problems with nomenclature used for this of the Survant Coal Member, we generated a thick- coal seam. As discussed above, the type section of the ness map of the interval between the Excello Shale Survant Coal Member is only a single seam between Member and Mecca Quarry Shale Member (fig. 12), the Colchester and Houchin Creek Coal Members two well-defined transgressive marine shales in Indiana that occur above and below the Survant Coal Member,

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respectively (fig. 1). In addition, we generated two 2) The thickest areas of the upper bench of the Survant maps: one covering the interval between the Excello Coal Member seem to coincide with the zones of the Shale and the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member thin underlying clastic interval between this coal and (fig. 13) and the other the interval between the upper the Mecca Quarry Shale Member. In the southern part bench of the Survant Coal Member and the Mecca of the state where the interval is thickest, the coal is Quarry Shale (fig. 14). Comparing the clastic intervals thin. This suggests that topography affected coal depo- above and below the Survant Coal, there is a major shift sition, namely, that the thickest coal was deposited in in the location of the thickest zones; below (before the the topographic low points. Variable pre-peat topog- deposition of the Survant), the thickest interval occurs raphy is also indicated by the presence of small coal in the southern part of the state and thins to the northern zones of the lower bench that were probably deposited part of the state by an average of about 20 ft (6 m) in isolated topographic lows. (fig. 14). The clastic interval above the Survant Coal 3) The change in the thickness patterns between (after its deposition) is considerably more variable in the Mecca Quarry/Survant and Survant/Excello thickness. Thicker clastic zones are located throughout clastic intervals is intriguing and not only related southwestern Indiana, separated by the zones of a much to sediment compaction. We suggest that some thinner interval (fig. 13). The variability of the thick- tectonic activity followed deposition of the Survant, ness of the clastic interval above the Survant Coal perhaps along fault lines (major faults are marked on Member appears to be a primary component in the vari- figs. 7–14), that modified the topography and caused the ability of the total thickness of the entire Mecca Quarry change in depositional patterns. Both clastic intervals Shale Member/Excello Shale Member interval (fig. 12). above and below the Survant Coal Member are domi- Inspection of the available core samples and geophys- nantly upward-coarsening, progradational sequences ical logs shows that both the subjacent and superjacent with some upward-fining channel-fill sequences. The Survant Coal Member clastic intervals are normally channel-fill sequences are more common and generally upward-coarsening, progradational sequences that thicker in the clastic interval above the Survant Coal occasionally show minor oscillations. Fining-upward Member. channel-fill sequences are also present in both inter- 4) The presence of one to four coal benches and the vals, but are more common and generally thicker in the variable thickness of clastic partings create mapping Excello/Survant (upper) interval, thus accounting for challenges and cause stratigraphic uncertainties and the increased variability of this interval noted above. problems with the nomenclature used for this coal seam. Because from one to four coal beds occur between the CONCLUSIONS Colchester and Houchin Creek Coal Members, it is Our detailed analysis of the thickness and the extent unclear which and how many seams should be included of the two main benches of the Survant Coal Member within the Survant Coal Member (sensu sticto). There- within the framework of the Mecca Quarry Shale fore, to better depict the complexity of the Survant Coal Member/Excello Shale Member interval suggests the Member, we suggest adding two locations as refer- following: ence sections: one (SDH-366 in Vanderburgh County) represents the more southern part of Indiana where 1) The Survant Coal Member is very discontin- two benches are separated by a thick clastic interval; uous. Although it is difficult to determine whether the second (SDH-235 in Greene County) represents the this discontinuity resulted from erosion (subaqueous central part of the study area where two distinct benches or subaerial) or nondeposition, the pattern of noncoal are separated by a relatively thin clastic parting. These intervals suggests that both processes contributed. The two additional sections, together with the current refer- upper bench of the Survant is much more extensive ence section (SDH-306), capture the complexity of the that the lower bench. This is, most likely, the part of Survant Coal Member and create a much more repre- the Survant that was described from the type section sentative view of this seam than the current single refer- of this coal, although further detailed biostratigraphic ence section alone. analysis and depositional systems mapping are required to verify this. The vast majority of the mining to date 5) The Survant Coal Member is limited as a resource has exploited the upper bench of the Survant. The lower for conventional mining. The main limiting issue is the bench was probably also mined where the two benches relatively small sizes of the potential reserve blocks, coalesced to form a thick seam. especially for underground mining. Any future mining of this coal is contingent upon whether the economics of any given reserve block are favorable at the time of assessment.

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Study area shown in gray

Thickness of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member No coal Less than 1 foot 1 to 2 feet 2 to 3 feet 3 to 4 feet 4 to 5 feet 5 to 6 feet 6 to 7 feet More than 7 feet

Mined-out areas Active mining Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 7. Thickness of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Thickness of the lower bench of the Survant Coal Member No coal Less than 1 foot 1 to 2 feet 2 to 3 feet 3 to 4 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 8. Thickness of the lower bench of the Survant Coal Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Thickness of the split between the upper and the lower bench of the Survant Coal Member No coal No split (one bench) Less than 1 foot 1 to 2 feet 2 to 3 feet More than 3 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 9. Thickness of the split between the upper and the lower bench of the Survant Coal Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Depth of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member No coal Less than 100 feet 100 to 200 feet 200 to 300 feet 300 to 400 feet 400 to 500 feet 500 to 600 feet 600 to 700 feet 700 to 800 feet 800 to 900 feet More than 900 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 10. Depth of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Elevation of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member No coal More than 500 feet 400 to 500 feet 300 to 400 feet 200 to 300 feet 100 to 200 feet 0 to 100 feet -100 to 0 feet -200 to -100 feet -300 to -200 feet -400 to -300 feet -500 to -400 feet Less than -500 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 11. Elevation of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Thickness interval between the base of the Excello Shale Member and the base of the Mecca Quarry Shale Member Mecca Quarry Shale Member absent Less than 50 feet 50 to 75 feet 75 to 100 feet 100 to 125 feet 125 to 150 feet 150 to 175 feet More than 175 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 12. Thickness interval between the base of the Excello Shale Member and the base of the Mecca Quarry Shale Member within the extent of the Survant Coal Member in Indiana. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Thickness interval between the base of the Excello Shale Member and the top of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member No coal Less than 10 feet 10 to 20 feet 20 to 30 feet 30 to 40 feet 40 to 50 feet 50 to 60 feet 60 to 70 feet 70 to 80 feet 80 to 90 feet More than 90 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 13. Thickness interval of the base of the Excello Shale Member and the top of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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Study area shown in gray

Thickness interval between the top of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member and the base of the Mecca Quarry Shale Member

No coal Less than 20 feet 20 to 30 feet 30 to 40 feet 40 to 50 feet 50 to 60 feet 60 to 70 feet 70 to 80 feet 80 to 90 feet More than 90 feet

Fault Well Cross section

0 10 20 mi 0 10 20 km

Figure 14. Thickness interval between the top of the upper bench of the Survant Coal Member and the base of the Mecca Quarry Shale Member. See Figure 2 for names of wells used in the cross section (fig. 6).

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C., 1958, Distribution, structure, and mined areas J. B., Eggert, D. L., Gray, H. H., Harper, D., Hasenmueller, of coals in Spencer County, Indiana: Indiana Geological N. R., Hasenmueller, W. A., Horowitz, A. S., Hutchison, H. Survey Preliminary Coal Map 8, scale 1:126,720. C., Keith, B. D., Keller, S. J., Patton, J. B., Rexroad, C. B., Hutchison, H. C., 1961, Distribution, structure, and mined areas and Wier, C. E., Compendium of Paleozoic rock-unit stra- of coals in Fountain, Warren, and northernmost Vermillion tigraphy in Indiana–a revision: Indiana Geological Survey Counties, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Bulletin 59, p. 152. Coal Map 9, scale 1:126,720. Burger, A. M., and Wier, C. E., 1970, Survant Coal Member Hutchison, H. C., 1964, Distribution, structure, and mined areas (IV), in Shaver, R. H., Burger, A. M., Gates, G. R., Gray, H. of coals in Dubois County Indiana: Indiana Geological H., Hutchison, H. C., Keller, S. J., Patton, J. B., Rexroad, C. Survey Preliminary Coal Map 10, scale 1:126,720. B., Smith, N. M., Wayne, W. J., and Wier, C. E., Compen- Hutchison, H. C., 1967, Distribution, structure, and mined areas dium of rock-unit stratigraphy in Indiana: Indiana Geolog- of coals in Martin County, Indiana: Indiana Geological ical Survey Bulletin 43, p. 174. Survey Preliminary Coal Map 11, scale 1:126,720. Coveney, R. M., Leventhal, J. S., Glascock, M. D., and Hatch, Hutchison, C., 1982, Report of drilling: Coal, Inc., IVth Vein J. R., 1987, Origins of metals and organic matter in Mecca Mine in-house report. Quarry shale and stratigraphically equivalent beds across Hutchison, C., 2008, Sedimentologic, geochemical, petrographic, the Midwest: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 915–933. and depositional characteristics of the Pennsylvanian Coveney, R.M., Lynn, W., and Maples, C.G., 1991, Contrasting Survant Coal Member of the Linton Formation, Vermillion depositional models for Pennsylvania black shale discern County, Indiana and Edgar County, Illinois: Bloomington, from molybdenum abundance: Geology, v. 19, p. 147–150. Indiana University, master’s thesis, 155 p. Cox, E. T., 1876, Seventh annual report of the Geological Survey Indiana Coal Council, 2017, Indiana Coal Production 1998-2016: of Indiana, made during the year 1875: Indianapolis, Indiana Coal Council website, http://www.indianacoal.com/ Sentinel Co., 601 p. indiana-coal-production.html, date accessed, Dec. 3, 2018. Drobniak, A., and Mastalerz, M., 2012, The Indiana Coal Quality Indiana Geologic Names Information System (IGNIS), 2018, Database–the database and interactive map: Indiana Survant Coal Member: Indiana Geological and Water Geological Survey Report of Progress 40, 25 p. Survey website, https://igws.indiana.edu/ignis/, date Friedman, S. A., 1954, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of accessed, Nov. 23, 2018. coals in Vanderburgh County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Jacobson, R. J., and Bengal, L. E., 1981, Vermillion and Edgar Survey Preliminary Coal Map 05, scale 1:126,720. Counties, pt 7 of Strippable coal resources of Illinois: Illi- Friedman, S. A., 1989, Geology and coal deposits of the Clinton nois State Geological Survey Circular 521, 24 p. area, west-central Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Jacobson, R. J., Trask, C. B., Ault, C. H., Carr, D. D., Gray, H. H., Special Report 42, 50 p. Hasenmueller, W. A., Williams, D., and Williamson, A. D., Frielinghausen, K. W., 1950, A geologic report of the Lewis 1985, Unifying nomenclature in the Pennsylvanian System quadrangle, Vigo County, Indiana: Bloomington, Indiana of the Illinois Basin: Illinois State Academy of Science University, master’s thesis, 20 p. Transactions, v. 78, p. 1–11. Fuller, M. L., and Ashley, G. H., 1902, Description of the Ditney Kottlowski, F. E., 1954, Geology and coal deposits of the Dugger quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas, Folio quadrangle, Sullivan County, Indiana: U.S. Geological 84, 8 p. Survey Coal Investigations Map C-11. Guennel, G. K., 1952, Fossil spores of the Alleghenian coals in Mastalerz M., Drobniak, A., Rupp, J., and Shaffer, N., 2004, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Report of Progress 4, Characterization of Indiana’s coal resource–availability of 40 p. the reserves, physical and chemical properties of the coal, Harper, D., 1985, Coal mining in Vigo County, Indiana: Indiana and present and potential uses: Indiana Geological Survey Geological Survey Special Report 34, 67 p. Open-File Study 04-02. Harper, D., 1988a, Coal mining in Sullivan County, Indiana: Mastalerz, M., Drobniak, A., Rupp, J. A., and Shaffer, Indiana Geological Survey Special Report 43, 48 p. N. R. 2009, Characterization of Indiana’s coal resource– availability of the reserves, physical, and chemical prop- Harper, D., 1988b, Underground mines in the Survant Coal erties of the coal and present and potential uses: Indiana Member (Pennsylvanian) of Indiana: Indiana Geological Geological Survey Special Report 66. Survey Special Report 41, 19 p.

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Neavel, R. C., 1961, Petrographic and chemical composition of Indiana coals: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 22, 81 p. Owen, D. D., 1859, Continuation of report of a geological recon- noissance of the State of Indiana, made in the year 1838: Indianapolis, John C. Walker, 69 p. Petroleum Database Management System (PDMS), 2018, Petro- leum Database Management System: Indiana Geological and Water Survey website, https://igws.indiana.edu/pdms/ WellSearch.cfm, date accessed, Dec. 3, 2018. Powell, R. L., 1968, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in Parke County and southern Vermillion County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map 13, scale 1:126,720. Thompson, T. A., Sowder, K. H., and Johnson, M., 2013, Gener- alized stratigraphic column of Indiana bedrock: Indiana Geological Survey Poster 6. Wier, C. E., 1952, Geology and mineral deposits of the Jasonville Quadrangle, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 6, 34 p. Wier, C. E., 1953, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in Pike County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map 2, scale 1:126,720. Wier, C. E., 1957, Distribution, structure, and mined areas of coals in Warrick County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Preliminary Coal Map 7, scale 1:126,720. Willman, H. B., Atherton, E., Buschbach, T. C., Collinson, C., Frey, J. C., Hopkins, M. E., Lineback, J. A., and Simon, J. A., 1975, Handbook of Illinois stratigraphy: Illinois Geological Survey Bulletin 95, 261 p.

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Table 3. Elements in ppm (raw whole coal) in Survant Coal Member samples (Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012)

Parameter Number of Standard symbol Parameter samples Average Minimum Maximum deviation Ag Silver 12 0.14 0.03 0.36 0.11 Al Aluminum 7 9,828.57 7,900.00 13,000.00 1,978.82 As Arsenic 12 29.12 0.89 58.40 19.75 Au Gold 9 0.84 0.60 1.46 0.31 B Boron 9 99.63 84.68 150.00 20.64 Ba Barium 9 46.70 13.00 121.00 34.53 Be Beryllium 12 3.88 2.78 6.42 0.96 Bi Bismuth 9 1.25 0.24 2.30 0.64 Br Bromine 7 3.43 1.00 7.00 2.23 Ca Calcium 7 1,571.43 310.00 2,900.00 1,115.83 Cd Cadmium 12 0.30 0.04 1.63 0.44 Ce Cerium 7 14.71 9.00 21.00 5.15 Cl Chlorine 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 - Co Cobalt 12 6.99 2.80 24.82 6.15 Cr Chromium 12 15.85 9.30 25.00 5.64 Cs Cesium 9 1.31 0.80 2.54 0.52 Cu Copper 12 15.69 7.80 31.46 6.75 Dy Dysprosium 7 2.26 1.90 3.40 0.54 Er Erbium 7 0.79 0.60 1.20 0.23 Eu Europium 7 0.32 0.19 0.51 0.12 F Fluorine 10 101.20 0.01 232.00 74.33 Fe Iron 7 24,428.57 19,000.00 32,000.00 4,276.18 Ga Gallium 9 4.84 3.40 7.30 1.25 Gd Gadolinium 7 2.29 0.70 4.50 1.18 Ge Germanium 9 13.65 3.90 18.00 3.92 Hf Hafnium 7 0.49 0.40 0.60 0.09 Hg Mercury 12 0.19 0.05 0.35 0.10 Ho Homium 7 0.48 0.41 0.72 0.11 Ir Iridium 7 12.37 0.91 24.00 10.58 K Potassium 7 1,300.00 1,000.00 1,900.00 382.97 La Lanthanum 7 8.14 4.00 12.00 3.39 Li Lithium 12 15.52 5.40 33.50 9.59 Lu Lutetium 7 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.01 Mg Magnesium 7 528.57 330.00 690.00 135.70 Mn Manganese 9 23.49 8.70 35.09 8.82 Mo Molybdenum 12 2.90 1.10 7.30 1.77 Na Sodium 7 352.86 170.00 610.00 140.20 Nb Niobium 9 2.90 0.74 5.20 1.21 Nd Neodymium 7 12.17 3.20 18.00 6.24 Ni Nickel 12 23.27 9.50 51.10 12.86

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Table 3 (cont.). Elements in ppm (raw whole coal) in Survant Coal Member samples (Drobniak and Mastalerz, 2012)

Parameter Number of Standard symbol Parameter samples Average Minimum Maximum deviation Os Osmium 7 0.70 0.60 1.00 0.14 P Phosphorus 7 262.43 33.00 740.00 297.91 Pb Lead 12 35.90 8.23 105.12 24.58 Pd Palladium 7 0.11 0.09 0.16 0.02 Pr Praseodymium 7 5.80 4.10 12.00 2.82 Pt Platinum 7 0.48 0.41 0.72 0.11 Rb Rubidium 9 15.37 10.00 24.20 4.52 Re Rhenium 7 0.70 0.60 1.00 0.14 Rh Rhodium 7 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.01 Ru Ruthenium 7 0.23 0.19 0.34 0.05 S Sulfur 7 961.43 630.00 1,400.00 285.10 Sb Antimony 12 1.73 0.69 4.30 1.04 Sc Scandium 9 3.85 2.50 6.86 1.45 Se Selenium 12 3.04 1.80 5.50 1.19 Si Silicon 7 14,428.57 12,000.00 19,000.00 2,878.49 Sm Samarium 5 1.88 0.90 2.70 0.66 Sn Tin 9 0.77 0.41 1.46 0.38 Sr Strontium 9 101.22 14.00 314.60 97.20 Ta Tantalum 7 0.11 0.07 0.14 0.03 Tb Terbium 7 0.24 0.15 0.39 0.08 Te Tellurium 2 0.27 0.24 0.29 0.04 Ti Titanium 7 528.57 420.00 740.00 114.52 Th Thorium 9 1.60 1.10 2.90 0.56 Tl Thallium 9 0.83 0.51 2.04 0.47 Tm Thulium 7 0.33 0.28 0.49 0.08 U Uranium 9 1.53 0.71 3.94 1.04 V Vanadium 12 25.54 7.10 50.82 13.33 W Tungsten 7 0.43 0.36 0.57 0.09 Y Yttrium 9 7.49 3.60 9.70 1.97 Yb Ytterbium 7 0.59 0.50 0.70 0.08 Zn Zinc 12 50.77 7.90 231.00 65.66 Zr Zirconium 9 31.87 7.70 71.00 18.28

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