DOCSLIB.ORG

Wortel2000.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wortel2000.Pdf Subduction and Slab Detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian Region M. J. R. Wortel, et al. Science 290, 1910 (2000); DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5498.1910 This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. If you wish to distribute this article to others, you can order high-quality copies for your colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here. Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this infomation is current as of September 20, 2011 ): A correction has been published for this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5503/437.full.html Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5498/1910.full.html A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: on September 20, 2011 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5498/1910.full.html#related This article cites 87 articles, 7 of which can be accessed free: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5498/1910.full.html#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 384 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science This article has been cited by 77 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5498/1910.full.html#related-urls www.sciencemag.org This article appears in the following subject collections: Geochemistry, Geophysics http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/geochem_phys Downloaded from Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2000 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS. S CIENCE’ S C OMPASS ● REVIEW REVIEW: GEOPHYSICS Subduction and Slab Detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian Region M. J. R. Wortel* and W. Spakman* cm/year in the Hellenic trench region, whereas Seismic tomography models of the three-dimensional upper mantle velocity structure the overall Africa-Eurasia convergence rate is of the Mediterranean-Carpathian region provide a better understanding of the litho- only 5 to 10 mm/year (22). The same land- spheric processes governing its geodynamical evolution. Slab detachment, in partic- locked basin setting, albeit on a smaller scale, is ular lateral migration of this process along the plate boundary, is a key element in the assumed for the region now occupied by the lithospheric dynamics of the region during the last 20 to 30 million years. It strongly Pannonian Basin and Carpathians (Fig. 1) (23, affects arc and trench migration, and causes along-strike variations in vertical mo- 24): an oceanic embayment which has disap- tions, stress fields, and magmatism. In a terminal-stage subduction zone, involving peared due to subduction. In contrast with the collision and suturing, slab detachment is the natural last stage in the gravitational Mediterranean case, however, this disappear- settling of subducted lithosphere. ance is complete. Studying the Mediterranean region in close combination with the Car- pathian-Pannonian region is useful because the mong the geological features in the role of seismicity in the early stages of plate regions show similarities and differences, the Mediterranean region that continue to tectonics, the occurrence of intermediate- study of which provides a more complete pic- A capture Earth scientists’ attention are depth and deep earthquakes provided the first ture of the underlying processes. the arcuate mountain belts of the Betics, the clue toward interpreting the Mediterranean Subduction plays a central role in most Maghrebides, the Apennines, the Alps, the (6–8) and Carpathian (9) regions in the new current models about the geodynamics of the Carpathians, and the Dinarides-Hellenides framework, with subduction as an important region. Here, we summarize and discuss on September 20, 2011 (Fig. 1). In particular, in view of the evidence element. The higher temperatures in the west- some recent and ongoing developments in for collision in the Alps, the geodynamical ern Mediterranean basins (5) were associated studies of the evolution of this process in the evolution of the region has generally been with spreading activity in the wake of the region, and of its relation to geological pro- considered in the context of the convergence moving continental blocks of Corsica, Sardi- cesses at or near Earth’s surface. We focus on of Europe and Africa. In spite of convergence nia, and (parts of ) Italy (10–12), for the the step from structure and kinematics to acting as the primary plate tectonic process, rotation of which paleomagnetic evidence dynamics. In doing so, we concentrate on the several regions exhibit large-scale extension, was accumulating (13, 14). The growing geo- Apennines-Maghrebides arc and Hellenic arc such as the Alboran Sea, the Algero-Proven- logical and geophysical data sets, and newly in the western and eastern Mediterranean, c¸al and Tyrrhenian Sea basins, the Pannonian developing ideas, were gradually integrated respectively, and the Carpathian arc (Fig. 1). www.sciencemag.org Basin, and the Aegean region. These are lo- into tectonic reconstructions. By the mid to cated inside the arcuate belts (Fig. 1). The late 1980’s, the various reconstructions had Seismic Velocity Structure extension started about 30 million years ago converged toward a small set of rather similar Seismic tomography models of parts, or all (Ma) (1). The combination of convergence, reconstructions (15–17). A noteworthy as- of the Mediterranean and surrounding re- with expected compression, and extension pect is that they showed great similarity with gion (25–38) have been fundamental for has been a long-standing enigmatic feature of the ideas formulated by Argand as early as locating and delineating the subducted the region (2, 3). 1922 (18). They describe, in a kinematic way, lithosphere involved in its Cenozoic evolu- Understanding these complexities re- the Mediterranean region as a plate boundary tion. Two important early observations are Downloaded from quires the recognition that the Mediterranean zone, involving collision and migrating sub- that (i) much more slab is imaged than is Sea region exhibits important lateral varia- duction zones accompanied by extension. reflected by seismicity, implying that seis- tions in crustal and upper mantle structure. The eastern Mediterranean basins (such as micity is a poor indicator for the amount of Early studies of the deep structure (4) and Ion, Adr, and Lev; Fig. 1) are part of the subducted lithosphere and the period of heat flow (5) revealed distinct differences African plate and were formed in the Meso- subduction involved (25–27) and that (ii) between the crust and upper mantle in the zoic. The western basins (A-P and Tyr; Fig. not all slabs in the Mediterranean region western-central Mediterranean [such as the 1) constitute a deformed plate boundary re- seem to be connected to the lithosphere at Algero-Provenc¸al and Tyrrhenian Sea basins gion of the Eurasian plate and were created the surface, which has been interpreted as (Fig. 1)] and those in the eastern Mediterra- by back-arc extensional activity in the Late an indication for slab detachment (25, 26, nean. With the advent of plate tectonics, at- Oligocene to recent times. 29–31). We will briefly review mantle tempts were made to interpret the structure The concept of a land-locked basin setting structure using results from a recent tomog- and to formulate the evolution of the Medi- (19) provided a basis for a dynamical analysis raphy model of P-wave velocity heteroge- terranean region in terms of plate tectonic of the region. The land-locked basin setting neity (39). Subducted slabs appear as pos- concepts. In agreement with the prominent of the Mediterranean region leads, by slab itive seismic velocity anomalies (40). roll-back (20), to the consumption of the The depth slices at 200 and 600 km depth oceanic lithosphere between Africa and Eu- presented in Fig. 2, A and B, show structural Vening Meinesz Research School of Geodynamics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Buda- rope and to extension in the lithosphere above features (41) which were also detected in pestlaan 4, 3584CD, Utrecht, Netherlands. the subduction zone (21). In a kinematic many earlier tomographic models. At 200 km *E-mail: [email protected] (M.J.R.W.); [email protected]. sense, the slab roll-back process also ac- depth, slab structures are found below the nl (W.S.) counts for the relative motions of about 3 Betic-Alboran region (27, 29, 30, 35, 38), the 1910 8 DECEMBER 2000 VOL 290 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org S CIENCE’ S C OMPASS Calabrian arc (27, 29, 32–34, 36, 37), the pathian arc. The Vrancea portion of the Car- From Structure and Kinematics to Aegean region (26, 29, 34, 35), and the east pathian slab seems continuous down to about Dynamics Carpathians (Vrancea) (29, 34, 42). In the 350 km. The seismic velocity structure is like a snap- western Mediterranean, the Betic-Alboran Patterns of detached slab below the western shot of a possibly still-moving object: it rep- slab is rather isolated in the mantle and is Mediterranean and the Pannonian regions are resents the present-day structure of a part of only seismically active at depths of about similar. A different slab structure, however, is the dynamic Earth. In the present context, we 640 km (43). The Apenninic-Calabrian slab found in the mantle below the Aegean, where discuss two ways of using this information in is the dominant feature in the central Med- the slab penetrates into the lower mantle (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glacial Rebound and Plate Spreading: Results from the First Countrywide GPS Observations in Iceland
    Geophys. J. Int. (2009) 177, 691–716 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04059.x Glacial rebound and plate spreading: results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland ∗ T. Arnad´ ottir,´ 1 B. Lund,2 W. Jiang,1 H. Geirsson,3 H. Bjornsson,¨ 4 P. Einarsson4 and T. Sigurdsson5 1Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjav´ık, Iceland. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavagen¨ 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 3Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjav´ık, Iceland 4Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjav´ık, Iceland 5National Land Survey of Iceland, Akranes, Iceland Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/177/2/691/2023257 by guest on 30 September 2021 Accepted 2008 December 10. Received 2008 December 5; in original form 2008 June 12 SUMMARY Iceland is one of the few places on Earth where a divergent plate boundary can be observed on land. Direct observations of crustal deformation for the whole country are available for the first time from nationwide Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns in 1993 and 2004. The plate spreading across the island is imaged by the horizontal velocity field and high uplift rates (≥10 mm yr−1) are observed over a large part of central and southeastern Iceland. Several earthquakes, volcanic intrusions and eruptions occurred during the time spanned by the measurements, causing local disturbances of the deformation field. After correcting for the largest earthquakes during the observation period, we calculate the strain rate field and find that the main feature of the field is the extension across the rift zones, subparallel to the direction of plate motion.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland Is Cool: an Origin for the Iceland Volcanic Province in the Remelting of Subducted Iapetus Slabs at Normal Mantle Temperatures
    Iceland is cool: An origin for the Iceland volcanic province in the remelting of subducted Iapetus slabs at normal mantle temperatures G. R. Foulger§1 & Don L. Anderson¶ §Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K. ¶California Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory, MC 252-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, U. S. A. Abstract The time-progressive volcanic track, high temperatures, and lower-mantle seismic anomaly predicted by the plume hypothesis are not observed in the Iceland region. A model that fits the observations better attributes the enhanced magmatism there to the extraction of melt from a region of upper mantle that is at relatively normal temperature but more fertile than average. The source of this fertility is subducted Iapetus oceanic crust trapped in the Caledonian suture where it is crossed by the mid-Atlantic ridge. The extraction of enhanced volumes of melt at this locality on the spreading ridge has built a zone of unusually thick crust that traverses the whole north Atlantic. Trace amounts of partial melt throughout the upper mantle are a consequence of the more fusible petrology and can explain the seismic anomaly beneath Iceland and the north Atlantic without the need to appeal to very high temperatures. The Iceland region has persistently been characterised by complex jigsaw tectonics involving migrating spreading ridges, microplates, oblique spreading and local variations in the spreading direction. This may result from residual structural complexities in the region, inherited from the Caledonian suture, coupled with the influence of the very thick crust that must rift in order to accommodate spreading-ridge extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoproterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: Toward a Comprehensive Model
    Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: toward a comprehensive model. Pierre Trap, Michel Faure, Wei Lin, Nicole Le Breton, Patrick Monié To cite this version: Pierre Trap, Michel Faure, Wei Lin, Nicole Le Breton, Patrick Monié. Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: toward a comprehensive model.. Precambrian Research, Elsevier, 2012, 222-223, pp.191-211. 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.09.008. insu-00628119 HAL Id: insu-00628119 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00628119 Submitted on 2 Jan 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: Toward a comprehensive model Pierre Trapa, Michel Faureb, Wei Linc, Nicole Le Bretonb, Patrick Moniéd UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray a 25030 Besançon Cedex, France Institut des Sciences de la Terre d‟Orléans, CNRS, Université d‟Orléans (UMR 6113), b 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, c Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Géosciences Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5243, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier d Cedex 5, France Abstract In this contribution we present a reconstruction of the overall lithotectonic architecture, from inner zones to external ones, of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Orogen, within the North China Craton.
    [Show full text]
  • Plate Tectonics Review from Valerie Nulisch Some Questions (C) 2017 by TEKS Resource System
    Plate Tectonics Review from Valerie Nulisch Some questions (c) 2017 by TEKS Resource System. Some questions (c) 2017 by Region 10 Educational Service Center. Some questions (c) 2017 by Progress Testing. Page 2 GO ON A student wanted to make a model of the Earth. The student decided to cut a giant Styrofoam ball in half and paint the layers on it to show their thickness. 1 Which model below best represents the layers of the Earth? A B C D Page 3 GO ON 2 A student is building a model of the layers of the Earth. Which material would best represent the crust? F Grouping of magnetic balls G Styrofoam packing pellets H Bag of shredded paper J Thin layer of graham crackers 3 Your teacher has asked you to make a model of the interior of the Earth. In your model, how do the thicknesses of the lithosphere and crust compare? A The lithosphere is thinner than the crust. B The lithosphere is exactly the same thickness as the crust. C The lithosphere is thicker than the crust. D The lithosphere is thicker than the oceanic crust, but thinner than the continental crust. 4 Sequence the layers of the Earth in order from the exterior surface to the interior center. F Lithosphere, mantle, inner core, outer core, crust, asthenosphere G Inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, crust H Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core, asthenosphere, lithosphere J Crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, inner core Page 4 GO ON 5 The tectonic plate labeled A in the diagram is the A Eurasian Plate B Indo-Australian Plate C Pacific Plate D African Plate Page 5 GO ON 6 The tectonic plate labeled B in the diagram is the — F Eurasian Plate G Indo-Australian Plate H Pacific Plate J North American Plate Page 6 GO ON Directions: The map below shows Earth's tectonic plates; six of them are numbered.
    [Show full text]
  • The Timing and Location of Major Ore Deposits in an Evolving Orogen" the Geodynamic Context
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 26, 2021 The timing and location of major ore deposits in an evolving orogen" the geodynamic context DEREK J. BLUNDELL Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK (e-mail: d. blundell@gl, rhul.ac, uk) Abstract: Although it is possible to identify the potential controls on mineralization, the problem remains to identify the critical factors. Very large mineral deposits are rare occurrences in the geological record and are likely to have resulted from the combination of an unusual set of circumstances. When attempting to understand the mineralization processes that occurred to form a major ore deposit in the geological past, especially the reasons why the deposit formed at a particular time and location within an evolving orogenic system, it is instructive to look at mineralization in modern, active subduction complexes. There it is possible to measure and quantify the rates at which both tectonic and mineralizing processes occur. In a complex subduction system, regions of extension develop. For example, subduction hinge retreat is a process that creates extension and generates heat from the upwelling of hot asthenosphere ahead of the retreating slab, producing partial melting, magmatism and associated mineraliza- tion. Seismic tomography not only images mantle as it is now, but subduction slab anomalies can be interpreted in terms of the past histo12¢ of subduction. This can be used to test tectonic plate reconstructions. Tectonic and magmatic events occur rapidly and are of short duration so that many are ephemeral and will not be preserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Azores and Iceland
    13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2369 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STRONG GROUND MOTION IN TWO VOLCANIC ENVIRONMENTS: AZORES AND ICELAND Carlos S. OLIVEIRA1, Ragnar SIGBJÖRNSSON2, Simon ÓLAFSSON3 SUMMARY The objective of this paper is to present the main results of a comparative study of strong ground motion on the Azores and Iceland. These islands are a super-structural part of the Mid Atlantic Ridge, which marks the boundary between the North-American Plate and the Eurasian Plate and creates a north-south oriented belt of seismic and volcanic activity. The tectonic environments are described and compared emphasising the similarities in the geological structure, including surface geology and its effects on strong ground motion. Furthermore, the seismicity of the Azores and Iceland is compared based on earthquake catalogues using statistical analysis. The strong-motion networks on the islands are described along with the strong-motion data used in the subsequent analysis. The strong-motion data are compared using statistical analysis. The main emphasis is put on attenuation of strong-motion data, characterised by root mean square acceleration and peak ground acceleration. The attenuation is also compared to some of the common attenuation relationships, used by the engineering community in Europe and America. The main findings are that there are significant similarities between the tectonic environments of the Azores and Iceland. Furthermore, the similarities found in seismicity are statistically significant. The attenuation is characterised by rapid decay with increasing distance and high acceleration in the near source area. It is found that the same ground motion estimation models can be applied on the Azores and in Iceland.
    [Show full text]
  • Plate Tectonics Passport
    What is plate tectonics? The Earth is made up of four layers: inner core, outer core, mantle and crust (the outermost layer where we are!). The Earth’s crust is made up of oceanic crust and continental crust. The crust and uppermost part of the mantle are broken up into pieces called plates, which slowly move around on top of the rest of the mantle. The meeting points between the plates are called plate boundaries and there are three main types: Divergent boundaries (constructive) are where plates are moving away from each other. New crust is created between the two plates. Convergent boundaries (destructive) are where plates are moving towards each other. Old crust is either dragged down into the mantle at a subduction zone or pushed upwards to form mountain ranges. Transform boundaries (conservative) are where are plates are moving past each other. Can you find an example of each type of tectonic plate boundary on the map? Divergent boundary: Convergent boundary: Transform boundary: What do you notice about the location of most of the Earth’s volcanoes? P.1 Iceland Iceland lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, a divergent plate boundary where the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate are moving away from each other. As the plates pull apart, molten rock or magma rises up and erupts as lava creating new ocean crust. Volcanic activity formed the island about 16 million years ago and volcanoes continue to form, erupt and shape Iceland’s landscape today. The island is covered with more than 100 volcanoes - some are extinct, but about 30 are currently active.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquake Risk Transfer for Greece
    Earthquake Risk Transfer for Greece Overview Figure 59. Hash circles represent current Earling undercover regions. Greece is located at the complex boundary zone in the eastern Mediterranean between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The northern part of Greece lies on the Eurasian Plate while the southern part lies on the Aegean Sea Plate. The Aegean Sea Plate is moving southwestward with respect to the Eurasian Plate at about 30 mm/yr while the African Plate is subducting northwards beneath the Aegean Sea Plate at a rate of about 40 mm/yr. The northern plate boundary is a relatively 64 Earling Natural Risk Transfer Platform More; https://acircularworld.com diffuse divergent boundary while the southern convergent boundary forms the Hellenic arc. These two plate boundaries give rise to two contrasting tectonic styles, extension on east-west trending fault zones with strike-slip tectonics on SW-NE trending fault zones throughout west and central Greece, Peloponnese and the northern Aegean and contractional in the southern Aegean, continuing around to the Ionian islands. The south Aegean is the location of the volcanic arc and is characterized by extension. To the east of Crete along the Hellenic Arc, strike-slip tectonics with some extension become important. Earling can issue accurate earthquake preparedness alert especially for North of Greece. EPA Effect on Greece Insurance Loss Longterm Loss Millions $3,500 $1,300 $130 $600 Total Loss Insured Loss EPA Effect Figure 60. EPA effect on Sep 7, 1999, Greece earthquake (Higgins, 2016). 65 Earling Natural Risk Transfer Platform More; https://acircularworld.com EPA Effect on Greece Insurance Penetration Rate 38% 36% 33% 30% 28% 25% 23% 21% 17% 18% 15% 13% 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Figure 61.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquake Risk in Bangladesh
    STUDENT VERSION Earthquake Risk in Bangladesh PASSAGE ONE Background A major earthquake can destroy any town. Imagine the damage it could do to a huge city, where millions of people live in poorly made buildings. Now imagine this city is also threatened by natural hazards like flooding and rising sea levels. These are the dangers that face Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Scientists predict a major earthquake in the region. It’s been more than 100 years since the last one so Dhaka is not prepared. Today, a team of scientists is investigating the active geology behind earthquakes in Bangladesh. The project is led by Michael Steckler and Leonardo Seeber from Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, and includes international and local scientists. These scientists represent a range of specialties, such as seismology (earthquakes), structural geology (rocks and tectonic forces), and the center sedimentology (sediments and past environments). Together, they of the action Bangladesh is a country in South Asia are studying the country’s past and present geological events — bordered by India, Bhutan, and Myanmar. It sits on the Bay of Bengal and its capital from shifting faults to changing river patterns — to help people in city, Dhaka, is located in the Bengal Delta. ©AMNH / Google Earth Bangladesh prepare for the next major earthquake. nepal bhutan bangladesh china dhaka myanmar india thailand laos cambodia amnh.org/education/bangladesh © 2013 American Museum of Natural History. All Rights Reserved. Page 1 Earthquake Risk STUDENT VERSION in Bangladesh CONTINUED Background Bangladesh: A Land of Extremes Bangladesh is a small country in south Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Collisional Mantle Delamination in the Dinarides Implied
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Post‑collisional mantle delamination in the Dinarides implied from staircases of Oligo‑Miocene uplifted marine terraces Philipp Balling1*, Christoph Grützner1, Bruno Tomljenović2, Wim Spakman3 & Kamil Ustaszewski1 The Dinarides fold‑thrust belt on the Balkan Peninsula resulted from convergence between the Adriatic and Eurasian plates since Mid‑Jurassic times. Under the Dinarides, S‑wave receiver functions, P‑wave tomographic models, and shear‑wave splitting data show anomalously thin lithosphere overlying a short down‑fexed slab geometry. This geometry suggests a delamination of Adriatic lithosphere. Here, we link the evolution of this continental convergence system to hitherto unreported sets of extensively uplifted Oligocene–Miocene (28–17 Ma) marine terraces preserved at elevations of up to 600 m along the Dinaric coastal range. River incision on either side of the Mediterranean‑Black Sea drainage divide is comparable to the amounts of terrace uplift. The preservation of the uplifted terraces implies that the most External Dinarides did not experience substantial deformation other than surface uplift in the Neogene. These observations and the contemporaneous emplacement of igneous rocks (33–22 Ma) in the internal Dinarides suggest that the Oligo‑Miocene orogen‑wide uplift was driven by post‑break‑of delamination of the Adriatic lithospheric mantle, this was followed by isostatic readjustment of the remaining crust. Our study details how lithospheric delamination exerts an important control on crustal deformation and that its crustal signature and geomorphic imprint can be preserved for millions of years. Te infuence of deep-seated processes on deformation patterns and rates in collisional orogens is unequivo- cally accepted, yet challenging to quantify.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Subduction Zone Models
    Subduction III Regional subduction zone modeling Thorsten W Becker University of Southern California Short course at Universita di Roma TRE April 18 – 20, 2011 Reading • King, S. (Elsevier Treatise, 2007) • Billen, M. (Ann Rev, 2009) • Becker & Faccenna (2009) Jarrard (1986) King (2007) Pre - Plate Tectonics Internal deformation of subducted lithosphere. - Isacks & Molnar, 1969 Deep planar fault zone - Elsasser, 1968 Lithospheric thrusting - Plafker, 1965 Mantle Convection Mega-shear to 700 km Crustal-scale thrusting - Holmes, 1944 - Benioff, 1954 - Hess, 1962 1940s 1950s 1960s • Subduction into the mantle was one of the last pieces of the plate tectonics puzzle. Slide courtesy of M. Billen Plate Tectonics: in the SZ Steady-state slab dip: * Newtonian - Stevenson & Turner,1977 * Non-Newtonian Linking slab temp. to - Tovish et al., 1978 mineralogy & petrology * Layered mantle visc. - Peacock, 1990 - Yokokura, 1981 Dynamic topography Corner-flow model. from corner-flow Slab thermal structure - McKenzie, 1969 - Sleep, 1975 -Toksov, 1971; 1973 1960s 1970s 1980s 1970s 1990s • Early analytic models capture major processes. – Force balance on slab. – Slab thermal structure. Slide courtesy of M. Billen Kinematic Slab - Dynamic Wedge 3D, anisotropy implication - Kneller & van Keken, 2007 Non-linear viscosity - Kneller et al., 2007 Compositional & phase: density & viscosity - Gerya & Yuen, 2003 Low viscosity wedge - Honda & Saito, 2003 Wedge/back arc flow Convection in the wedge - Bodri & Bodri, 1978 - Ida, 1983 Temperature-dep. visc. - Toksov & Hsui, 1978 - Honda, 1985 - Eberle, 2001 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s • Slab & mantle wedge thermal/min./pet. structure. • Fluid transport • Seismic anisotropy. Slide courtesy of M. Billen Observations Plate kinematics & characteristics - Mueller et al., 1997 - Lallemand et al., 2005 Seismic anisotropy - Russo & Silver, 1994 - Fischer et al., 1998 - Long & Silver, 2008 Plate kinematics & characteristics - Jarrard, 1986 Seismic tomography - e.g., van der Hilst, 1997 Arc curvature, slab dip, subduction velocity.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area Geological Society Special Publications Series Editors
    Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area Geological Society Special Publications Series Editors A. J. HARTLEY R. E. HOLDSWORTH A. C. MORTON M. S. STOKER Special Publication reviewing procedures The Society makes every effort to ensure that the scientific and production quality of its books matches that of its journals. Since 1997, all book proposals have been refereed by specialist reviewers as well as by the Society's Publications Committee. If the referees identify weaknesses in the proposal, these must be addressed before the proposal is accepted. Once the book is accepted, the Society has a team of series editors (listed above) who ensure that the volume editors follow strict guidelines on refereeing and quality control. We insist that individual papers can only be accepted after satisfactory review by two independent referees. The questions on the review forms are similar to those for Journal of the Geological Society. The referees' forms and comments must be available to the Society's series editors on request. Although many of the books result from meetings, the editors are expected to commission papers that were not presented at the meeting to ensure that the book provides a balanced coverage of the subject. Being accepted for presentation at the meeting does not guarantee inclusion in the book. Geological Society Special Publications are included in the ISI Science Citation Index, but they do not have an impact factor, the latter being applicable only to journals. More information about submitting a proposal and producing a Special Publication can be found on the Society's web site: www.geolsoc.org.uk.
    [Show full text]