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WE ARE EVERYWHERE a Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics

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WE ARE EVERYWHERE a Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics WE ARE EVERYWHERE A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics Edited by MARK BLASIUS and SHANE PHELAN Routledge New York London CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction PART I: PRE-HISTORY OF A GAY AND LESBIAN MOVEMENT A. ENLIGHTENMENT BACKGROUNDS 9 Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu, "Of the Crime Against Nature," from The Spirit of the Laws (1754) 10 Cesare Bonesana, Marchese di Beccaria, "Crimes Difficult To Prove," from On Crimes and Punishments (1764) 12 Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet), "The Love Called 'Socratic,'" from the Philosophical Dictionary (1764) 13 Sir William Blackstone, from Commentaries on the Laws of England Book IV, Chapter 15 (1769) 15 Jeremy Bentham, from "Offenses Against Oneself: Paederasty" (ca. 1785) 32 Jeremy Bentham, from "Offenses Against Taste" (1814-16) B. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: SEXUAL LIBERATION AND POLITICAL SPEECH 37 Anonymous, "Les Petits Bougres au Manege, or The Little Bugger-go-Round" (1790) 40 Charles, Marquis de Villette, "The Children of Sodom Before the National Assembly, or Delegation of the Order of the Cuff Before the Representatives of all Other Orders of All Sixty Districts of Paris and Versailles" (1790) 44 Anonymous, "Liberty, or Miss Raucour" (1791) 48 Comte Donatien-Alphonse-Francois, Marquis de Sade, from "Dialogue the Fifth" from Philosophy in the Bedroom (1795) 50 Comte Donatien-Alphonse-Francois, Marquis de Sade, "Yet Another Effort, Frenchmen, If You Would Become Republicans" from Philosophy in the Bedroom (1795) PART II: THE BEGINNINGS OF A GAY AND LESBIAN MOVEMENT A. THE THIRD SEX THEORY AND THE CREATION OF POLITICAL SUBJECTS 63 Paragraph 175 of the German Imperial Penal Code 63 Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, "Araxes" (1870) 65 Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, from Critical Arrow (1879) TABLE OF CONTENTS V 67 Karoly Maria (Kertbeny) Benkert, from "An Open Letter to the Prussian Minister of Justice" (1869) 79 Walt Whitman, from "Democratic Vistas" (1871) 82 Walt Whitman, from the Preface to Leaves of Grass (1876) 84 Sir Richard Francis Burton, from the "Terminal Essay" of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1886) 91 John Addington Symonds, from "A Problem in Modern Ethics" (1891) 111 From the trial of Oscar Wilde (1895) 114 Edward Carpenter, from The Intermediate Sex (1894-1907) B. THE EMERGENCE OF A GAY AND LESBIAN POLITICAL CULTURE IN GERMANY 1. THE SCIENTIFIC-HUMANITARIAN COMMITTEE 135 Magnus Hirschfeld, "Petition to the Reichstag" (1897) 138 Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, "The Social Problem of Sexual Inversion" (1903) 143 Anna Rueling, "What Interest Does the Women's Movement Have in the Homosexual Question?" (1904) 2. CULTURAL CRITIQUE: THE COMMUNITY OF THE SPECIAL 152 Benedict Friedlander, from "Memoir for the Friends and Contributors of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in the Name of the Secession of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee" (1907) 161 Benedict Friedlander, "Seven Propositions" (1908) 163 Adolf Brand, from "What We Want" (1925) 3. LEGAL REFORM: KURT HILLER AND THE ACTION COMMITTEE 170 Kurt Hiller, "Declaration of the Action Committee for the Repeal of Paragraph 175" (1921) 172 Kurt Hiller, from "On the State of the Struggle: Brash Thoughts" (1923) 4. COMBINING POLITICAL AND CULTURAL WORK: THE LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 175 Friedrich Radszuweit, "Penal Law Reform" (1931) 176 Friedrich Radszuweit, "Paragraph 175 as the Focus of Political Struggle" 178 Paragraph 175 (Nazi version) (1935) C. BRITAIN AND FRANCE 179 The British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology (1914) 186 F. W. Stella Browne, from "The Sexual Variety and Variability Among Women and their Bearing upon Social Reconstruction" (1915) 189 F. W. Stella Browne, from "Studies in Feminine Inversion" (1923) 191 Natalie Clifford Barney, "Predestined for Free Choice" (1910) 194 Selections from Inversions (1925) vi TABLE OF CONTENTS D. FROM LIBERALISM TO THE NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS OF SOVIET SOCIALISM 199 V. V. Rozanov, from People of the Moonlight (1911) 214 Great Soviet Encyclopedia, "Homosexuality" (1930,1951), with fragments of speeches by Maxim Gorky (1934) and N. V. Krylenko (1936) E. SUBCULTURE, CENSORSHIP, AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES 218 The Well of Loneliness: People v. Friede (1929) 220 Parisex (Henry Gerber), "In Defense of Homosexuality" (1932) 228 New York City Police Report, "Commercialized Amusement" (1928) 229 The San Francisco Spokesman, "Prejudice Against Homosexuals" (1932) 230 Robert Duncan, "The Homosexual in Society" (1944) 233 James Baldwin, from "Preservation of Innocence" (1949) PART III: THE HOMOPHILE MOVEMENT 1950-1969 A. CONTEXT 241 U.S. Senate, "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in the U.S. Government" (1950) 252 The U.K. Parliamentary Committee on Homosexuality and Prostitution, from the Wolfenden Report (1957) 274 ACLU, "Homosexuality and Civil Liberties" (1957) 275 Donald Webster Cory, "The Society We Envisage," Chapter 21 of The Homosexual in America (1951) B. THE MATTACHINE SOCIETY 283 Mattachine Foundation/Mattachine Society, Mission Statement and Membership Pledge (1951) 285 Ken Burns, "The Homosexual Faces a Challenge" (1956) 290 Anonymous, "An Open Letter to Senator Dirksen" (1955) 292 Ward Summer, "On the Bisexuality of Man" (1955) 293 MacKinneth Fingal, "The Homosexual Veteran" (1955) 296 James (Barr) Fugate, "A Homosexual Looks at the Child Molester" (1956) 299 Robert Anton Wilson, "Sexual Freedom: Why it is Feared" (1962) 302 R. E. L. Masters, "Sex Offenses: An Obsolete Concept" (1962) 306 Franklin Kameny, Letter to Members of the U.S. House of Representatives (1962) C. ONE 309 ONE, Statement of Beliefs and Purposes (1953) 310 Dale Jennings, "To Be Accused, is to Be Guilty" (1953) TABLE OF CONTENTS vii 312 David Freeman, "The Homosexual Culture" (1953) 315 Jeff Winters, "A Frank Look at the Mattachine: Can Homosexuals Organize?" (1954) 319 Mattachine Newsletter, "Preamble to Constitution Changed Over Objection of Some Members" (1953) 320 Lyn Pederson (Jim Kepner), "The Importance of Being Different" (1954) 323 Hollister Barnes (Dorr Legg), "I Am Glad I Am a Homosexual" (1958) D. DAUGHTERS OF BILITIS 328 Daughters of Bilitis, "Statement of Purpose" (1955) 328 Anonymous, "What About the DOB?" (1959) 331 Dorothy L. (Del) Martin, "The Homosexual Vote" (1962) 332 Anonymous, "The Philosophy of DOB: The Evolution of an Idea" (1963) 335 Franklin Kameny, "Does Research into Homosexuality Matter?" (1965) 339 Leo Ebreo, "A Homosexual Ghetto?" (1965) 343 Shirley Wilier, "What Concrete Steps Can Be Taken to Further the Homophile Movement?" (1966) 346 Dorothy L. (Del) Martin, "The Lesbian's Other Identity" (1968) 347 Rita Laporte, "Of What Use is NACHO?" (1969) 349 Wilda Chase, "Lesbianism and Feminism" (1969) 352 Dorothy L. (Del) Martin, "If That's All There Is" (1970) 355 Rita Laporte, "The Butch/Femme Question" (1971) 364 Anita Cornwell, "From a Soul Sister's Notebook" (1972) 366 Franklin Kameny, "Gay is Good" (1969) PART IV: GAY LIBERATION AND LESBIAN-FEMINISM 380 Carl Wittman, "A Gay Manifesto" (1969-1970) 389 The Red Butterfly, "Comments on Carl Wittman's 'A Gay Manifesto'" (1970) 391 Martha Shelley, "Gay is Good" (1970) 394 Chicago Gay Liberation Front, "A Leaflet for the American Medical Association" (1970) 396 Radicalesbians, "The Woman-Identified Woman" (1970) 400 Third World Gay Revolution, "The Oppressed Shall Not Become the Oppressor" (1970) 402 Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention, "Statement of the Male Homosexual Workshop" and "Demands of the Lesbian Workshop" (1970) 404 Huey Newton, "A Letter from Huey to the Revolutionary Brothers and Sisters About the Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements" (1970) viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 406 "Letter From Cuban Gay People to the North American Gay Liberation Movement" (1970) 408 Cuban First National Congress on Education and Culture, "Declaration" (1971) 409 Responses by Gay Liberation Party and the Gay Committee of Returned Brigadistas (1971) 411 Venceremos Brigade, "Policy on Gay Recruitment" (1972) 412 Guy Hocquenghem, "Capitalism, the Family, and the Anus" (1972) 420 Charlotte Bunch, "Lesbians in Revolt" (1972) 424 Robin Morgan, "Lesbianism and Feminism: Synonyms or Contradictions?" (1973) 435 Steven Dansky, John Knoebel, and Kenneth Pitchford, "The Effeminist Manifesto" (1973) 438 Mario Mieli, "The Gay Revolutionary Project" (1977) 443 Martin Duberman, "The Anita Bryant Brigade" (1977) 450 Harvey Milk, "The Hope Speech" (1978) 454 Michel Foucault, "Questions for Michel Foucault" (1978) 459 North American Man-Boy Love Association, "The Case for Abolishing the Age of Consent Laws" (1980) 468 National Organization for Women, "Resolution on Lesbian and Gay Rights" (1980) 469 OIKABETH, Lambda Homosexual Liberation Group, and Homosexual Revolutionary Action Front (Mexico), "Message From Mexico: Questions for Cuba" (1980) 472 Audre Lorde, "I Am Your Sister: Black Women Organizing Across Sexualities"(1980) 476 Vickie M. Mays, "I Hear Voices But See No Faces: Reflections on Racism and Woman-Identified Relationships of Afro-American Women" (1981) 481 Irena Klepfisz, "Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian/Feminist Movement" (1981) 485 Michael Denneny, "Gay Politics: Sixteen Propositions" (1981) 498 Marilyn Frye, "Lesbian Feminism and the Gay Rights Movement" (1981) 511 John Preston, "Goodbye to Sally Gerhart" (1981) 521 Pat Califia, "Feminism and Sadomasochism" (1981) 529 Dennis Altman, "Sex: The New Front Line for Gay Politics" (1982) 535 Sarah Lucia Hoagland, "Sadism, Masochism, and Lesbian-Feminism" (1982) 542 Joan Nestle, "The Fern Question" (1982)
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