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Crouzon Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review

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10.2478/bjdm-2018-0001 Y T E I C O S L BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE A ISSN 2335-0245 IC G LO TO STOMA Crouzon Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review SUMMARY Chrystalla Kyprianou1, Athina Chatzigianni2 Crouzon syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal dominant 1 Dental practice, Thessaloniki, Greece inheritance. The underlying pathological process is premature synostosis 2 School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of of the cranial sutures with subsequent phenotypic alterations of the Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece affected person. A review of the literature has been conducted in order to resume the overall characteristics of Crouzon syndrome such as cranio- maxillofacial malformations, clinical features, dentoalveolar characteristics, aesthetic impairments, and psychological background, as well as, the different therapeutic procedures, which combine surgical and orthodontic interventions. Facial and functional malformations in individuals with Crouzon syndrome could be significantly improved after a series of surgical and orthodontic procedures in almost all cases. A multidisciplinary treatment approach would provide the best outcomes in affected patients. Key words: Crouzon, Crouzon Syndrome, Diagnosis, Multidisciplinary Approach, REVIEW PAPER (RP) Orthodontic Management, Surgical Management Balk J Dent Med, 2018;1-6 Introduction Clinical features The term “Crouzon syndrome” describes an Craniofacial and dentoalveolar characteristics autosomal disease, which results from hereditary mutations identified in specific genes in the human The syndromic patients are characterized by specific DNA chain.The molecular deformities most customarily craniofacial characteristics. The main feature of Crouzon occur in FGFR2 gene and, in rare instances, in the syndrome is the premature synostosis of craniofacial FGFR3 gene1-6. Moreover, recent studies have identified sutures, which leads to cranium deformity manifested mutations in FGFR1, MSX2, TWIST1, EFnB1, NELL1, as brachycephaly, scaphocephaly or oxycephaly with dolichofacial growth pattern13. Moreover, concave facial GLI3 and TCF12 genes7-9. These mutations result in profile appears due to midfacial hypoplasia with implied premature synostosis of several sutures of the craniofacial retropositioned zygomaticomaxillary complex, while complex. Specifically, the fusion of the sagittal and the exopthalmus and ocular proptosis are connected to coronal sutures begins, in the most of the cases, during shallow orbits14,15. Part of the midfacial discrepancy the first year of life leading to the growth inhibition at includes the deviated nasal septum, which results in the affected sutures and compensative growth at other beaked nose1,16. 10 sutures . It is one of the most frequent craniosynostosis The premature synostosis of several sutures of the syndromes, with estimated incidence of 1:60000 live middle third of the facial skeleton results in differentiation 11,12 births . of the intraoral anatomy in Crouzon patients. The The aim of this study was to investigate the available hypoplastic, narrow and high arched palate results in information on the general characteristics, the therapeutic decreased upper dental arch dimensions1,17. Also, severe needs and the existing management protocols of patients crowding of the primary and secondary dentitions, with Crouzon syndrome. anterior and posterior crossbite are usually diagnosed, 2 Chrystalla Kyprianou, Athina Chatzigianni Balk J Dent Med, Vol 22, 2018 as well as malformed teeth, delayed dental eruption accurate evaluation of fetal head, face and sutures, as and impactions18-20. High risk of maxillary canine and well as detailed visualization of the whole fetal anatomy premolar impactions is evident in patients who present which contributes to the differential diagnosis between severe lack of space in the upper arch. In some cases, craniosynostosis syndromes34,35. In addition, MRI can about 40% of the patients with Crouzon syndrome, be considered complementary to the above mentioned ectopic dental eruption of the upper first permanent methods and seems to have negative predictive value36. molars is observed and also dental agenesis, especially of The syndromic nature of craniosynostosis is, finally, the lower second premolars and upper lateral incisors21-23. confirmed by molecular diagnosis. Specifically, mutations Class III malocclusion and Class III skeletal discrepancy in FGFR1, FGFR2 or FGFR3 genes are investigated is observed in all patients18-20. by amniocenteses, chorionic villus sampling or pre- implantation diagnosis37. Functional impairment It is worth to mention that due to the less severe The above mentioned characteristics result in some phenotype of Crouzon syndrome in relation to other functional complications. Eye exposure, as a result of craniosynostosis syndromes the prenatal diagnosis is shallow orbits, can result in corneal abrasions, scarring, confoundedly difficult38. The postnatal diagnosis of exposure keratitis or luxation of the eyeballs in acute the Crouzon syndrome requires extensive clinical and cases24. Additionally, increased intracranial pressure radiological examination. Cephalometric analysis of the may lead to bilateral optic atrophy, which bring about anteroposterior and lateral radiographies and CT scans nystagmus, strabismus or even blindness if the condition confirm clinical findings and shows the premature suture is not treated25,26. Bilateral atresia of auditory meatus closure39,40. Patients are usually examined by geneticists often causes the deafness1. Factors contributing to the in order to detect the associate mutations. respiratory distress or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome would have included the retrusive location of the maxilla or a very long and fleshy soft palate, which is often observed in Crouzon syndrome28. These situations are usually linked to hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia Treatment management or cardiac arrest27. As a consequence of the class III Patients with Crouzon syndrome present complex malocclusion, patients feel discomfort over the masseter abnormalities, which require early clinical management region during eating. of multidisciplinary teams. These teams should consist General findings of craniofacial surgeons, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, Beside the functional problems, patients with neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons, ENT (ear, nose and throat) Crouzon syndrome show some general clinical features surgeons,, orthodontists, dentists, dental technicians, speech such as cervical spine anomalies, acanthosis nigricans, pathologists, psychologists, ophthalmologists, nurses, increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus and speech-language pathologists, anesthesiologists, geneticists, occasionally mild mental retardation29-31. Developmental pediatricians and radiologists41,42. delays can also occur. Surgical intervention in the craniofacial region The surgical treatment of the syndromic patients consists of two phases. The first phase takes place in the Diagnostic procedure first year of life and is limited to the correction of the cranium deformity and prevention of the cranial pressure 43-45 Craniosynostosis can be suspected prenatally increase and optic nerve damage . The midfacial based on indirect signs visualized using two or three advancement, the second phase, takes place in older dimensional ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging age. To achieve the desired result a combination of Le (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan32. Prenatal fort III osteotomy, or frontofacial Monobloc osteotomy 2D ultrasound diagnosis aims to visualize the cranium with distraction osteogenesis is required46,47. The use of shape, allowing the calculation of the cephalic index33 [CI: distraction osteogenesis overcomes the complications Cephalic Index expresses the relationship between the of the osteotomies, such as increased operative time, biparietal and occipto-frontal diameters]. Abnormal values relapse of midface protrusion, need for bone grafting of the CI correspond to patients with brachycephaly, and severe blood loss48,49. In cases of severe sleep scaphocephaly or dolichocephaly. Regarding to the apnea, tracheostomy may be required as additional differentiated face morphology, common characteristics intervention50. Interventions on the lid occlusal suture or of Crouzon syndrome, such as hypertelorism, ocular tarsorrhaphy are part of the ophthalmologic management, proptosis and beaked nose can be identified by ultrasound while plastic surgery is usually performed in adulthood to scan. Nowadays, 3D ultrasound scan provides more restore patients appearance51. Balk J Dent Med, Vol 22, 2018 Crouzon Syndrome 3 Several protocols have established through the (bimaxillary surgery). Rhinoplasty was performed in some years. McCarthy et al.51 published the parameters of care cases to refine the result. of craniosynostosis established in a multidisciplinary Won Lee et al.52 treated midfacial hypoplasia using meeting titled ‘‘Craniosynostosis: Developing Parameters dual midfacial distraction osteogenesis in 6 patients with for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management’’ in 2010. mean age 7.2 years. Le Fort III or frontofacial monobloc Generally, according to this protocol the surgical was permormed in these patients and a rigid distraction interventions are divided in six treatment periods. device was placed. The first period includes early operative treatment for In contrast with the above mentioned protocols, synostosis and for selected suture fusion, aiming to Mtihlbauer et al.53 suggested
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