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Dysmorphology Dysmorphism
Dysmorphology Carolyn Jones, M.D., PhD Dysmorphism Morphologic developmental abnormalities. This may been seen in many syndromes of genetic or environmental origin. 1 Malformation A recognized dysmorphic feature. A structure not formed correctly. This can either be the cause of genetic factors or environment. 2 Deformation An external force resulting in the inability of a structure to form correctly. Example: club feet in a woman with oligohydramnios, fibroid tumors or multiple gestation. Disruption Birth defect resulting from the destruction of a normally forming structure. This can be caused by vascular occlusion, teratogen, or rupture of amniotic sac (amniotic band syndrome). 3 Common Dysmorphic features Wide spacing between eyes, hypertelorism Narrow spacing between eyes, hypotelorism Palpebral fissure length Epicanthal folds Common Dysmorphic Features Philtrum length Upper lip Shape of nose 4 Syndrome A number of malformations seen together Cause of Syndromes Chromosomal aneuploidy Single Gene abnormalities Teratogen exposure Environmental 5 Chromosomal Aneuploidy Nondisjuction resulting in the addition or loss of an entire chromosome Deletion of a part of a chromosome Microdeletion syndromes (small piece missing which is usually only detected using special techniques) 6 Common Chromosomal Syndromes caused by Nondisjuction Down syndrome (trisomy 21) Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) Turner syndrome (monosomy X) Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) Clinical Features at birth of Down syndrome Low set small ears Hypotonia Simian crease Wide space between first and second toe Flat face 7 Clinical Features of Down Syndrome Small stature Congenital heart defects (50-70%) Acquired and congenital hearing impairment. Duodenal atresia Hirshprungs disease Trisomy 13 Occurs in 1/5000 live births. -
Imaging in Craniosynostosis: When and What?
Child's Nervous System (2019) 35:2055–2069 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-019-04278-x REVIEW ARTICLE Imaging in craniosynostosis: when and what? L. Massimi1,2 & F. Bianchi1 & P. Frassanito1 & R. Calandrelli3 & G. Tamburrini1,2 & M. Caldarelli1,2 Received: 17 May 2019 /Accepted: 25 June 2019 /Published online: 9 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose Currently, the interest on craniosynostosis in the clinical practice is raised by their increased frequency and their genetic implications other than by the still existing search of less invasive surgical techniques. These reasons, together with the problem of legal issues, make the need of a definite diagnosis for a crucial problem, even in single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC). Although the diagnosis of craniosynostosis is primarily the result of physical examination, craniometrics measuring, and obser- vation of the skull deformity, the radiological assessment currently plays an important role in the confirmation of the diagnosis, the surgical planning, and even the postoperative follow-up. On the other hand, in infants, the use of radiation or the need of sedation/anesthesia raises the problem to reduce them to minimum to preserve such a delicate category of patient from their adverse effects. Methods, results and conclusions This review aims at summarizing the state of the art of the role of radiology in craniosynostosis, mainly focusing on indications and techniques, to provide an update not only to pediatric neurosurgeons or maxillofacial surgeons but also to all the other specialists involved in their management, like neonatologists, pediatricians, clinical geneticists, and pediatric neurologists. Keywords Craniosynostosis . -
Mutations Within Or Upstream of the Basic Helixð Loopð Helix Domain of the TWIST Gene Are Specific to Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
European Journal of Human Genetics (1999) 7, 27–33 © 1999 Stockton Press All rights reserved 1018–4813/99 $12.00 t http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/ejhg ARTICLES Mutations within or upstream of the basic helix–loop–helix domain of the TWIST gene are specific to Saethre-Chotzen syndrome Vincent El Ghouzzi, Elisabeth Lajeunie, Martine Le Merrer, Val´erie Cormier-Daire, Dominique Renier, Arnold Munnich and Jacky Bonaventure Unit´e de Recherches sur les Handicaps G´en´etiques de l’Enfant, Institut Necker, Paris, France Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (ACS III) is an autosomal dominant craniosynostosis syndrome recently ascribed to mutations in the TWIST gene, a basic helix–loop–helix (b-HLH) transcription factor regulating head mesenchyme cell development during cranial neural tube formation in mouse. Studying a series of 22 unrelated ACS III patients, we have found TWIST mutations in 16/22 cases. Interestingly, these mutations consistently involved the b-HLH domain of the protein. Indeed, mutant genotypes included frameshift deletions/insertions, nonsense and missense mutations, either truncating or disrupting the b-HLH motif of the protein. This observation gives additional support to the view that most ACS III cases result from loss-of-function mutations at the TWIST locus. The P250R recurrent FGFR 3 mutation was found in 2/22 cases presenting mild clinical manifestations of the disease but 4/22 cases failed to harbour TWIST or FGFR 3 mutations. Clinical re-examination of patients carrying TWIST mutations failed to reveal correlations between the mutant genotype and severity of the phenotype. Finally, since no TWIST mutations were detected in 40 cases of isolated coronal craniosynostosis, the present study suggests that TWIST mutations are specific to Saethre- Chotzen syndrome. -
Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine in the United States of America
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by George Washington University: Health Sciences Research Commons (HSRC) Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, The George Washington University Health Sciences Research Commons Pediatrics Faculty Publications Pediatrics 7-1-2017 Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease. Carlos R Ferreira George Washington University Debra S Regier George Washington University Donald W Hadley P Suzanne Hart Maximilian Muenke Follow this and additional works at: https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/smhs_peds_facpubs Part of the Genetics and Genomics Commons APA Citation Ferreira, C., Regier, D., Hadley, D., Hart, P., & Muenke, M. (2017). Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease.. Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine, 5 (4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.318 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pediatrics at Health Sciences Research Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pediatrics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Health Sciences Research Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GENETICS AND GENOMIC MEDICINE AROUND THE WORLD Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease Carlos R. Ferreira1,2 , Debra S. Regier2, Donald W. Hadley1, P. Suzanne Hart1 & Maximilian Muenke1 1National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 2Rare Disease Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia Correspondence Carlos R. -
Prenatal Ultrasonography of Craniofacial Abnormalities
Prenatal ultrasonography of craniofacial abnormalities Annisa Shui Lam Mak, Kwok Yin Leung Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China REVIEW ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.18031 pISSN: 2288-5919 • eISSN: 2288-5943 Ultrasonography 2019;38:13-24 Craniofacial abnormalities are common. It is important to examine the fetal face and skull during prenatal ultrasound examinations because abnormalities of these structures may indicate the presence of other, more subtle anomalies, syndromes, chromosomal abnormalities, or even rarer conditions, such as infections or metabolic disorders. The prenatal diagnosis of craniofacial abnormalities remains difficult, especially in the first trimester. A systematic approach to the fetal Received: May 29, 2018 skull and face can increase the detection rate. When an abnormality is found, it is important Revised: June 30, 2018 to perform a detailed scan to determine its severity and search for additional abnormalities. Accepted: July 3, 2018 Correspondence to: The use of 3-/4-dimensional ultrasound may be useful in the assessment of cleft palate and Kwok Yin Leung, MBBS, MD, FRCOG, craniosynostosis. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can facilitate the evaluation of the palate, Cert HKCOG (MFM), Department of micrognathia, cranial sutures, brain, and other fetal structures. Invasive prenatal diagnostic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gascoigne Road, techniques are indicated to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Molecular analysis for some Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China syndromes is feasible if the family history is suggestive. Tel. +852-3506 6398 Fax. +852-2384 5834 E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Craniofacial; Prenatal; Ultrasound; Three-dimensional ultrasonography; Fetal structural abnormalities This is an Open Access article distributed under the Introduction terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non- Craniofacial abnormalities are common. -
Patients with Noonan Syndrome Phenotype: Spectrum of Clinical Features and Congenital Heart Defect S
Article PATIENTS WITH NOONAN SYNDROME PHENOTYPE: SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL FEATURES AND CONGENITAL HEART DEFECT S. Nshuti1,*, C. Hategekimana1,*, A. Uwineza2,, J. Hitayezu2, J. Mucumbitsi4, E. K. Rusingiza5, L. Mutesa2,# *These authors contributed equally to this work 1 Faculty of Medicine, National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; 2 Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; Center for Human Genetics, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Belgium; 4 Department of Pediatrics, King Faysal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; 5 Department of Pediatrics, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, National University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; ABSTRACT Mutations in components of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway have been reported to result in an expression of Noonan phenotype. This is actually a wide-spectrum-phenotype shared by Noonan syndrome and its clinically related disorders namely, the Cranio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Costillo syndrome as well as LEOPARD syndrome. Patients with Noonan Syndrome (NS) have mutations in PTPN11 gene in majority of cases. Recently, mutations in SOS1, RAF1, MEK1 and KRAS genes have been reported to cause NS as well. Objective: To report patients with a Noonan phenotype followed in Rwandan University Teaching Hospitals, and to show the importance of the clinical diagnosis and challenges of making the diagnosis in resource limited settings where karyotype is almost the only genetic investigation accessible. Patients and Methods: Here we are reporting 5 patients, all with relevant NS symptoms, whose morbidity is directly related to the severity of their congenital heart disease. Van der burgt et al diagnostic criteria have been used for the clinical diagnosis, karyotype studies have been performed to exclude chromosomal aberration disorders and patients DNA extraction for mutation studies have been obtained in some cases. -
Craniosynostosis Precision Panel Overview Indications Clinical Utility
Craniosynostosis Precision Panel Overview Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, often resulting in abnormal head shape. It is a developmental craniofacial anomaly resulting from a primary defect of ossification (primary craniosynostosis) or, more commonly, from a failure of brain growth (secondary craniosynostosis). As well, craniosynostosis can be simple when only one suture fuses prematurely or complex/compound when there is a premature fusion of multiple sutures. Complex craniosynostosis are usually associated with other body deformities. The main morbidity risk is the elevated intracranial pressure and subsequent brain damage. When left untreated, craniosynostosis can cause serious complications such as developmental delay, facial abnormality, sensory, respiratory and neurological dysfunction, eye anomalies and psychosocial disturbances. In approximately 85% of the cases, this disease is isolated and nonsyndromic. Syndromic craniosynostosis usually present with multiorgan complications. The Igenomix Craniosynostosis Precision Panel can be used to make a directed and accurate diagnosis ultimately leading to a better management and prognosis of the disease. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the genes involved in this disease using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to fully understand the spectrum of relevant genes involved. Indications The Igenomix Craniosynostosis Precision Panel is indicated for those patients with a clinical diagnosis or suspicion with or without the following manifestations: ‐ Microcephaly ‐ Scaphocephaly (elongated head) ‐ Anterior plagiocephaly ‐ Brachycephaly ‐ Torticollis ‐ Frontal bossing Clinical Utility The clinical utility of this panel is: - The genetic and molecular confirmation for an accurate clinical diagnosis of a symptomatic patient. - Early initiation of treatment in the form surgical procedures to relieve fused sutures, midface advancement, limited phase of orthodontic treatment and combined 1 orthodontics/orthognathic surgery treatment. -
Cranio-Facial Dysostosisin a Dorset Family
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.41.218.375 on 1 August 1966. Downloaded from Arch. Dis. Childh., 1966, 41, 375. Cranio-facial Dysostosis in a Dorset Family DAVID G. VULLIAMY and PETER A. NORMANDALE From the West Dorset Medical Society for Postgraduate Education and Research, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester Crouzon (1912), whose name has been given to basis oftheir associated congenital anomalies or have the combination of developmental anomalies which been given eponyms. In Apert's disease (acro- he described as hereditary cranio-facial dysostosis, cephalosyndactyly) there is a high pointed skull due presented his first two cases to the Societe Medicale to early fusion of coronal and usually part of the des H6pitals de Paris. The patients, a mother sagittal and lambdoid sutures, in association with aged 29 years and her son aged 21 years, had variable degrees of syndactyly (Park and Powers, a malformation of the cranial vault consisting of 1920). It is the associated malformation rather protrusion in the region of the bregma, widening than the precise extent of the craniosynostosis which transversely, and shortening antero-posteriorly. is the guiding factor in differential diagnosis The outstanding facial features were bilateral between Apert's disease and Crouzon's disease, the exophthalmos, a beaked nose, a hypoplastic facial features of the latter being distinctive. From maxilla, and a narrow arched palate. the description of Crouzon's original cases it seems Descriptions of other similar cases followed (e.g. probable that there was synostosis mainly of the Debre and Petot, 1927), and the skull malformation coronal sutures, the protrusion in the region of the was shown to be due to premature fusion of cranial anterior fontanelle being due to the fact that fusion copyright. -
Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine in the United States of America
Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, The George Washington University Health Sciences Research Commons Pediatrics Faculty Publications Pediatrics 7-1-2017 Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease. Carlos R Ferreira George Washington University Debra S Regier George Washington University Donald W Hadley P Suzanne Hart Maximilian Muenke Follow this and additional works at: https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/smhs_peds_facpubs Part of the Genetics and Genomics Commons APA Citation Ferreira, C., Regier, D., Hadley, D., Hart, P., & Muenke, M. (2017). Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease.. Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine, 5 (4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.318 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pediatrics at Health Sciences Research Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pediatrics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Health Sciences Research Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GENETICS AND GENOMIC MEDICINE AROUND THE WORLD Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the United States of America. Part 1: history, demographics, legislation, and burden of disease Carlos R. Ferreira1,2 , Debra S. Regier2, Donald W. Hadley1, P. Suzanne Hart1 & Maximilian Muenke1 1National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 2Rare Disease Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia Correspondence Carlos R. Ferreira, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 10C103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1851. -