Horizons in Human Geography Horizons in Human Geography
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Horizons in Human Geography Horizons in Human Geography Edited by Derek Gregory and Rex Walford ~ MACMIllAN Introduction, selection and editorial matter © Derek Gregory and Rex Walford 1989 Individual chapters (in order) © Michael J. Clark, Alan Wilson, R. J. Johnston, Derek Gregory, John Eyles, Denis Cosgrove, Linda McDowell, Roger Lee, Keith Bassett and John Short, Richard Dennis, Ian Douglas, Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan, John Harriss and Barbara Harriss, Nigel Thrift and Michael Taylor, Peter Taylor, Graham E. Smith, Stuart Corbridge, Judith Rees, Tim O'Riordan, W. R. Mead 1989 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1989 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-39612-4 ISBN 978-1-349-19839-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19839-9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 14 13 12 II 10 9 8 7 6 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 Contents Preface XIV Acknowledgements xvi Notes on the Contributors xvii Introduction: Making Geography 1 Derek Gregory and Rex Walford PART I BEYOND THE QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION 9 Introduction 11 1.1 Geography and Information Technology 14 Michael 1. Clark Information and a changing world 14 Geographical knowledge and information technology 16 Data acquisition - more of the same? 16 New scales, new worlds 17 Temporal resolution and the prospects for real time knowledge 19 Approaches to the creative handling of multivariate information 21 Some interim conclusions: what role for the geographer now? 21 Power from information 23 What price power? 25 A provisional balance sheet 26 Notes and references 28 Further reading 1.2 Mathematical Models and Geographical Theory 29 Alan Wilson Introduction 29 Location and interaction in geographical theory 30 The contribution of the classical theorists 31 Agriculture 32 Industrial location 32 Residential location 32 Services 32 vi Contents Settlement patterns 32 The limitations of the classical theorists 35 Mathematical models and better theory 37 The range of methods 37 Spatial interaction and location 37 Application of spatial interaction concepts 38 Structure and dynamics 39 Applications in different fields of geographical theory 41 Implications for geographical teaching and research 41 Notes and references 47 Further reading 47 1.3 Philosophy, Ideology and Geography 48 R. J. Johnston Knowledge and society 48 A starting-point 49 From description to scientific explanation 50 Are physical and human geography commensurate? 53 The problem of membership laws 54 The problem of functional laws 56 The empirical, the actual and the real 57 And ideology? 61 Geographers in debate 64 Notes and references 65 Further reading 66 1.4 Areal Differentiation and Post-Modern Human Geography 67 Derek Gregory Post-modernism 67 Geography and political economy 72 The limits of capital 73 Spatial divisions of labour 75 The contours of political economy 76 Geography and sociology 78 The time-space constitution of social life 79 The dissolution of the social 83 Geography and anthropology 85 Ethnography and writing cultures 85 Experiments in ethnography 87 Post-modernism? 91 Notes and references 92 Further reading 95 Contents vii PART II PEOPLE AND PLACES, SOCIETIES AND SPACES 97 Introduction 99 2.1 The Geography of Everyday Life 102 John Eyles The nature of everyday life 102 The parameters of everyday life 104 Change in everyday life 106 Place in everyday life 108 Time and space in everyday life 111 Behaviour and time-space routines 111 Meanings and symbolic landscapes 112 Context and constraints in everyday life 113 Conclusions 115 Notes and references 116 Further reading 117 2.2 Geography is Everywhere: Culture and Symbolism in Human Landscapes 118 Denis Cosgrove Meanings and landscapes 118 Landscape 121 Culture 122 Culture and consciousness 123 Culture and nature 123 Culture and power 124 Symbol 125 Reading symbolic landscapes 126 Decoding symbolic landscapes: some examples 127 Landscapes of dominant culture 128 Alternative landscapes 131 Notes and references 134 Further reading 135 2.3 Women, Gender and the Organisation of Space 136 Linda McDowell Hidden from geography? 136 Why now? 137 Add women and stir? 140 Welfare geography: access to facilities 140 Women and urban land use 142 Women and the changing shape of the labour market 144 Vlll Contents Feminist geography 147 Doing feminist geography 149 Notes and references 150 Further reading 151 2.4 Social Relations and the Geography of Material Life 152 Roger Lee Down the Telegraph Road: a naive historical geography 153 Beyond the Telegraph Road 155 Social relations and societal development 155 Social relations and geography 157 Social relations and the state 162 The geographical shape of contemporary society 164 Industrialisation and urbanisation 164 The world-economy 167 Notes and references 168 Further reading 169 PART III EXPLORATIONS IN THE CITY 171 Introduction 173 3.1 Development and Diversity in Urban Geography 175 Keith Bassett and John Short Contexts of change 175 Theoretical approaches 1965-1985 176 The first wave 178 The ecological approach 178 The new urban economics 178 The behavioural approach 179 The second wave 180 Neo-Marxist approaches 180 The neo-Weberian approach 186 Humanist approaches 188 Which way for urban geography? 189 Growth and fragmentation 189 The excavation of philosophical underpinnings 190 Integration into the social science mainstream 190 The uncertain status of urban geography 190 The future: convergence or complementarity? 192 Notes and references 192 Further reading 193 Contents ix 3.2 Dismantling the Barriers: Past and Present in Urban Britain 194 Richard Dennis Introduction 194 The past in the present 196 Understanding the past 197 An example: housing and mobility 198 Experiencing the past 200 Social structure and spatial structure 202 Housing classes 206 Afterword 212 A note on sources 212 Notes and references 212 Further reading 214 3.3 The Rain on the Roof: A Geography of the Urban Environment 217 Ian Douglas The future urban geography 217 The urban habitat 218 Urbanisation and the environment 219 Control and the urban physical system 221 The evolution of the urban environment: the case of Manchester 224 Phases of system modification 228 A programme for urban physical geography 228 Micro-scale 229 Meso-scale 229 Macro-scale 232 Mega-scale 233 The historical dimension 233 Conclusion 236 Further reading 238 PART IV LANDSCAPES OF PRODUCTION 239 Introduction 241 4.1 Spatial Divisions of Labour in Britain 244 Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan Introduction 244 Spatial divisions of labour: some underlying principles 245 From industrialisation to decline 247 Industrial Revolution and sectoral spatial concentration 247 The Depression and uneven development 248 Post-war rounds of investment 249 x Contents The last twenty years 251 Decline and decentralisation 251 Changing forms of inequality 255 Further reading 257 4.2 Agrarian Transformation in the Third World 258 John Harriss and Barbara Harriss Peasant production and economic development 258 Structural transformation and the dissolution of peasant production 259 Commercialisation and peasant production 260 The process of differentiation 262 The Green Revolution and the differentiation of the peasantry 263 The logic of peasant production and its survival in Western and Eastern Europe 267 Pauperisation and the peasantry in the Third World 269 Merchant capital 270 The economic growth linkages of agriculture 272 Production and reproduction 272 Food crises 273 Conclusion 274 Notes and references 275 Further reading 278 4.3 Battleships and Cruisers: The New Geography of Multinational Corporations 279 Nigel Thrift and Michael Taylor Introduction 279 Why are multinational corporations so important? 281 Economic power 281 Political power 283 The reactions of multinational corporations to the world economic crisis 284 How the war was won 286 Strategies 286 Outcomes 287 From battleship to cruiser: global corporations 289 The costs for local economies 291 Conclusion: export and survive? 294 Notes and references 294 Further reading 297 Contents xi PART V REGIONAL GEOGRAPHIES AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 299 Introduction 301 5.1 The Error of Developmentalism in Human Geography 303 Peter Taylor Geography and the global perspective 303 The world is not a ladder 304 Optimism and the social sciences 304 Developmentalism and modernisation 305 Critique and crisis in the social sciences 306 Ladders in human geography 308 Transport networks 309 Primate cities 310 The mobility transition 310 Neither snakes nor ladders but tadpoles 311 Wot, no ladders! 313 An example: urbanisation and world systems 314 Conclusion 317 Notes and references 318 Further reading 319 5.2 Privilege and Pla('e in Soviet Society 320 Graham E. Smith Regional geographies and world systems 320 Territorial power and the Soviet state 323 The transition to socialism 325 The territorial administration of privilege 328 Educational