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Geography and Vision Geography and Vision Vision and visual imagery have always played a central role in geographical under- standing, and geographical description has traditionally sought to present its audience with rich and compelling visual images, be they the elaborate cosmo- graphic images of seventeenth century Europe or the computer and satellite imagery of modern geographical information science. Yet the significance of images goes well beyond the mere transcription of spatial and environmental facts and today there is a marked unease among some geographers about their discipline’s association with the pictorial. The expressive authority of visual images has been subverted, shifting attention from the integrity of the image itself towards the expression of truths that lie elsewhere than the surface. In Geography and Vision leading geographer Denis Cosgrove provides a series of personal reflections on the complex connections between seeing, imagining and representing the world geographically. In a series of eloquent and original essays he draws upon pictorial images – including maps, sketches, cartoons, paintings, and photographs – to explore and elaborate upon the many and varied ways in which the vast and varied earth, and at times the heavens beyond, have been both imagined and represented as a place of human habitation. Ranging historically from the sixteenth century to the present day, the essays include reflections upon geographical discovery and Renaissance landscape; urban cartography and utopian visions; ideas of landscape and the shaping of America; widerness and masculinity; conceptions of the Pacific; and the imaginative grip of the Equator. Extensively illustrated, this engaging work reveals the richness and complexity of the geographical imagination as expressed over the past five centuries. It will appeal to all scholars with an interest in geography, history, art, landscape, culture and environment. Denis Cosgrove is Alexander von Humboldt Professor of Geography at the University of California Los Angeles. A founding editor of the Journal Ecumene (now Cultural Geographies), his previous books include The Palladian Landscape (1993), Social Formations and Symbolic Landscape (2nd edn 1998), Mappings (editor, 1999) and Apollo’s Eye (2001), which received the Association of American Publishers Professional and Scholarly Publishing Award in Geography and Earth Sciences. He is co-editor, with Veronica della Dora, of High Places: Cultural Geographies of Mountains and Ice (I.B.Tauris, forthcoming). Geography and Vision Seeing, Imagining and Representing the World Denis Cosgrove Published in 2008 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin’s Press 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2008 Denis Cosgrove The right of Denis Cosgrove to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Human Geography: Volume 12 ISBN: 978 1 85043 846 5 (HB) ISBN: 978 1 85043 847 2 (PB) A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Typeset in Baskerville by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements x Introduction: Landscape, map and vision 1 I Geographic and cosmological visions 13 1 Geography and vision 15 2 Extra-terrestrial geography 34 II Landscape visions: Europe 49 3 Gardening the Renaissance world 51 4 Mapping Arcadia 68 III Landscape visions: America 85 5 Measures of America 87 6 Wilderness, habitable earth and the nation 104 IV John Ruskin: vision, landscape and mapping 119 7 The morphological eye 121 8 Ruskin’s European visions 135 V Cartographic visions 153 9 Moving maps 155 10 Carto-city 169 v CONTENTS VI Metageographic visions 183 11 Seeing the Pacific 185 12 Seeing the Equator 203 Notes 219 Index 249 vi List of Illustrations 1.1 Peter Apian, Cosmographic relations of the spheres viewed from nowhere, Cosmographicus Liber, Landshut, 1524, fol. 1v (UCLA Library Special Collections) 18 1.2 Francisco de Holanda, Fiat Lux: image of the first day of creation, De Aetatibus Mundi Imagines, 1543–73 (Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid) 19 1.3 Aurelius Theodosius Macrobius, Mappa mundi showing the climatic zones and balancing hemispheric continents separated by the Ocean Stream, In Somnium Scipionis exposition, Lyon, 1550 (UCLA Library Special Collections) 20 1.4 AS17-22727 photograph of the earth from Apollo 17, 1972 (NASA, public domain) 32 2.1 Adam Gray, Microbial 45 3.1 Giovanni Bellini, St Francis in Ecstasy, 1480–85 (Frick Gallery, New York) 52 3.2 Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) grove, Arcadia California (photograph by the author) 55 3.3 Giorgione, Venus in a Landscape, c.1501 (Gemaldegallerie Alte Meister, Dresden) 57 3.4 Abraham Ortelius, Tempe, Parergon, 1579 (Firenze, Giuni, 1991) 66 3.5 Map of Tenochtitlan (Hernando Cortes, Praeclara Ferdinandi Cortesii de nova maris oceani Hyspania narratio . Nuremberg: F. Peypus, 1524; Uni- versity of Pennsylvania/Library of Congress) 67 4.1 Roger Minick, Woman with Scarf at Inspiration Point, Yosemite National Park, 1980 (Oakland Museum of California) 71 4.2 Ansel Adams, Clearing Winter Storm, Yosemite National Park, c.1935 (Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust) 72 5.1 James Corner, Grid landscape design from the USA (James Corner and Alex MacLean, Taking Measures: Across the American Landscape, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) 92 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5.2 Alex MacLean, Grid landscape: Western USA (James Corner and Alex MacLean, Taking Measures: Across the American Landscape, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996) 95 5.3 Anonymous artist, Panel Showing an Ideal City, c.1480 (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore) 95 5.4 Aerial view of the Hoover Dam under construction, 1936 (Benjamin and Gladys Thomas Air Photo Archives, Spence and Fairchild Collec- tions, Department of Geography, UCLA) 99 5.5 Alex MacLean, Wind farm: San Bernardino County, CA (James Corner and Alex MacLean, Taking Measures: Across the American Landscape, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996) 102 6.1 Hartmann Schedel, Ptolemaic map of the oikoumene showing the monstrous races, from Liber Chronicarum, Nuremberg, 1493 (author’s copy) 108 6.2 Ordnance Survey, Popular edition map of Nottingham 1:63,360, cover design by Ellis Martin, 1926 edition (author’s copy) 110 7.1 John Ruskin, Watercolour sketch of the Alps (Teaching Collection, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 122 7.2 Amiens cathedral 129 8.1 John Ruskin, Map of the kingdoms of France. ‘Sketch for yourself, first, a map of France, as large as you like . Fig.1, marking only the courses of the five rivers, Somme, Seine, Loire, Saone, Rhone; then, rudely, you find it was divided at the time thus, Fig.2: Fleur-de-lysée part, Frank; \\\, Breton; ///, Burgundian; =, Visigoth.’, from ‘The Bible of Amiens’, The Works of Ruskin, 33: 34 (author’s copy) 148 9.1 Abraham Ortelius, Typus Orbis Terrarum, 1570 (UCLA Library, facsimile copy) 157 9.2 Heinrich Berghaus, world map showing isotherms, based on Alexan- der von Humboldt, 1845 163 9.3 Cholera map of Exeter, 1832 (Bodleian Library, Oxford) 164 9.4 Ellsworth Huntington, World isoline map showing levels of ‘civiliza- tion’ (Mainsprings of Civilization, 1945; author’s copy) 165 10.1 Kilburn area of London, London A–Z, 1968, pp.60–1 (Geographers A–Z Company, London) 170 10.2 Jacopo de’ Barbari, Venetia, woodcut map, 1500; the detail shows the Giudecca area (Museo Correr, Venice) 172 10.3 Hermann Böllmann, New York, a picture map, 1962. Detail of Manhattan showing Battery Park area (Pictorial maps Inc., UCLA Library) 180 11.1 Sir Halford Mackinder, Map of the heartland, (‘The geographical pivot of history’ [1904], in Democratic Ideals and Reality: With Additional Papers, New York: W. W. Norton, 1962) 190 11.2 Arnold Guyot, World map (Arnold Guyot, Physical Geography, New York, Scribner Armstrong & Co., 1873; author’s copy) 194 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 11.3 Richard Edes Harrison, Pictorial map of the Pacific (‘Look at the World’: The Fortune Atlas for World Strategy, Editors of Fortune, 1944; author’s copy) 198 11.4 Charles H. Owens, The Pacific picture, Los Angeles Times war map, 1944 (UCLA Library) 201 12.1 Alexander von Humboldt, Vegetation zones on Mount Chimborazo (Alexander von Humboldt and A. G. Bonpland, Geographie der Pflanzen in den Tropenländern, ein Naturgemälde der Anden, gegründet auf Beobachtungen und Messungen, welche vom 10. Grade nördlicher bis zum 10. Grade südlicher Breite angestellt worden sind, in den Jahren 1799 bis 1803, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Kartenabteilung). 210 12.2 (a) Jodocus Hondius, Map of the Guinea coast of Africa, from Guineae Nova Descriptio, 1606 (British Library). (b) Detail: the São Tomé insert in the map 213–214 Plates (between pages 148 and 149) 1. Peter Bruegel the Elder, The Fall of Icarus, c.1558 (Musée des Beaux Arts, Brussels) 2. Detail from Adam Gray, Microbial 3. Michael Light, remastered NASA photograph of astronaut Alan Bean walking on the Moon during the Apollo 12 mission, 1969 (Michael Light, Full Moon, 1999) 4. Cristoforo Sorte, Reclamation map of the Piave valley, 1580 (Archivio di Stato di Venezia) 5. John Ruskin, Fribourg, watercolour, 1859 (Teaching Collection, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) 6. London region, National Land Use Survey map: 1:63,360, c.1938 (Ordnance Survey, Southampton) 7. Charles H.
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