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Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea Author(S): Denis Cosgrove Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol

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Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea Author(S): Denis Cosgrove Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea Author(s): Denis Cosgrove Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1985), pp. 45-62 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/622249 . Accessed: 04/08/2011 06:13 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Blackwell Publishing and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. http://www.jstor.org 45 Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea DENIS COSGROVE SeniorLecturer in Geography,Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leic. LEI 1 3 TU RevisedMS received24 May 1984 ABSTRACT The landscapeconcept in geographyhas recentlybeen adoptedby humanisticwriters because of its holisticand subjec- tive implications.But the historyof the landscapeidea suggests that its originslie in the renaissancehumanists' search for certaintyrather than a vehicleof individualsubjectivity. Landscape was a 'way of seeing'that was bourgeois,individual- ist and relatedto the exerciseof power over space.The basictheory and techniqueof the landscapeway of seeing was linearperspective, as importantfor the historyof the graphicimage as printingwas for thatof the writtenword. Alberti's perspectivewas the foundationof realismin artuntil the nineteenthcentury, and is closely relatedby him to socialclass and spatialhierarchy. It employsthe samegeometry as merchanttrading and accounting,navigation, land survey, map- ping andartillery. Perspective is firstapplied in the city andthen to a countrysubjugated to urbancontrol and viewed as landscape.The evolutionof landscapepainting parallels that of geometryjust as it does the changingsocial relations on the landin Tudor,Stuart and GeorgianEngland. The visualpower given by the landscapeway of seeing complements the realpower humans exert over landas property.Landscape as a geographicalconcept cannot be freeof the ideological overlaysof its historyas a visualconcept unless it subjectslandscape to historicalinterrogation. Only as an unexamined conceptin a geographywhich neglectsits own visualfoundations can landscapebe appropriatedfor an antiscientific humanisticgeography. KEY WORDS: Landscape,Geometry, Perspective,Perspective,Prospect, Humanism, Ideology, Graphicimage, Cartography, Painting,Seeing, Chorography, Morphology, Survey, Space. Geographical interest in the landscape concept has geographical environment, aspects which seen a revival in recent years. In large measure this is geographical science is claimed to have devalued at a consequence of the humanist renaissance in best and at worst, ignored. Marwyn Samuels, for geography. Having enjoyed a degree of prominence example,3 refers to landscapes as 'authored', in the interwar years, landscape fell from favour in Courtice Rose thinking along similar lines would the 1950s and 1960s. Its reference to the visible analyse landscapes as texts,4 and Edward Relph forms of a delimited area to be subjected to mor- regards landscape as 'anything I see and sense when phological study (a usage still current in the German I am out of doors-landscape is the necessary con- 'landscape indicators' school)1 appeared subjective text and background both of my daily affairsand of and too imprecise for Anglo-Saxon geographers the more exotic circumstancesof my life'.5 American developing a spatial science. The static, descriptive humanist geographers have adopted landscape for morphology of landscape ill-suited their call for the very reasons that their predecessors rejected it. It dynamic functional regions to be defined and appears to point towards the experiential, creative investigated by geographers contributing to econ- and human aspects of our environmental relations, omic and social planning.2 rather than to the objectified, manipulated and Recently, and primarily in North America, mechanical aspects of those relations. It is the latter geographers have sought to reformulate landscape against which humanism is a protest, which Relph as a concept whose subjective and artistic traces to the seventeenth century scientific revol- resonances are to be actively embraced. They allow ution and its Cartesiandivision of subject and object. for the incorporation of individual, imaginative and Landscape seems to embody the holism which creative human experience into studies of the modern humanists proclaim. Trans.Inst. Br. Geogr.N.S. 10: 45-62 (1985) ISSN: 0020-2750 Printed in Great Britain 46 DENISCOSGROVE In Britain a revival of landscape is also apparent. domination over space as an absolute, objective Here the humanist critique in geography has been entity, its transformation into the property of less vocal. Recent landscape study has remained individual or state. And landscape achieved these closer to popular usage of the word as an artistic or ends by use of the same techniques as the practical literary response to the visible scene.6 Among sciences, principallyby applying Euclidiangeometry British geographers interest in landscape was as the guarantor of certainty in spatial conception, stimulated partly by perception studies, particularly organization and representation.In the case of land- the short-lived excitement over landscape evalu- scape the technique was optical, linear perspective, ation for planning purposes which surrounded the but the principles to be learned were identical 1973 reform of local government.7 This led to to those of architecture, survey, map-making and various mechanistic theories of landscape aesthetics artillery science. The same handbooks taught the I which, like Jay Appleton's ethologically-founded practitionersall of these arts.1 and influential 'habitat theory' of landscape,8 had Landscape,like the practicalsciences of the Italian little in common with the humanism proclaimed in Renaissance,was founded upon scientific theory and North American studies. knowledge. Its subsequent history can best be Epistemological divergence notwithstanding, understood in conjunction with the history of sci- landscape is again a focus of geographical interest. ence. Yet in its contemporary humanist guise within With that interest has come a refreshing willingness geography, landscape is deployed within a radically by geographers to employ landscape representations anti-scientific programme. Significantly that pro- -in painting, imaginative literature and garden gramme is equally non-visual. Recent programmatic design-as sources for answering geographical statements of geographical humanism (and critiques questions.9 The purpose of this paper is to support of it) in the pages of these Transactionsare notable and promote that initiative while simultaneously for their concentrationon verbal, literary and linguis- entering certain caveats about adopting the land- tic modes of communication and for their almost scape idea without subjecting it to critical historical complete neglect of the visual and its place in examination as a term which embodies certain geography.12 The attack on science is characteristic assumptions about relations between humans and of much contemporary humanist writing. But the their environment, or more specifically, society and apparentlack of interest in the graphic image is more space. These caveats go beyond landscape as such surprising. Consider the traditions of our discipline, and touch upon aspects of the whole humanist its alignment with cartography and the long-held endeavour within geography. belief that the results of geographical scholarshipare Landscape first emerged as a term, an idea, or best embodied in the map. Consider too the human- better still, a way of seeing'0 the external world, in ists' proclaimed interest in imagesof place and land- the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It was, scape, and yet their remarkable neglect of the and it remains, a visual term, one that arose initially visual.13 Indeed the clearest statement of the out of renaissance humanism and its particularcon- centrality of sight in geography that I know is found cepts and constructs of space. Equally, landscape in William Bunge's Theoretical Geography, a was, over much of its history, closely bound up with manifesto for spatial science: 'geography is the one the practicalappropriation of space.
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