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Curiexplore Fiche Norvège Généré Le 22 Janvier 2021 CurieXplore Fiche Norvège généré le 22 janvier 2021 Politique d'enseignement supérieur, de recherche et d'innovation Orientation stratégique Le processus d’élaboration des politiques ESRI en Norvège est classique : le gouvernement norvégien propose des grandes orientations stratégiques, lesquelles font généralement l’objet d’un consensus politique lors de leur vote au parlement (Storting). Ces grandes orientations sont décrites dans des « livres blancs » (White Paper) publiés par les différents ministères impliqués dans l’ESRI, au premier rang desquels figure le Ministère de l’Education et de la Recherche – MER (Kunnskapsdepartementet - KD). Les autres contributeurs importants sont le Ministère de la Santé (Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, HOD), le Ministère du Commerce, de l'Industrie et de la Pêche (Nærings- og fiskeridepartementet – NFD), le Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (Utenriksdepartementet – UD) ; Ministère de la Défense (Forsvarsdepartementet - FD), le Ministère du Gouvernement Local et de la Modernisation (Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet – KMD), le Ministère du Climat et de l’Environnement (Klima- og miljødepartementet – KLD). Schéma des principaux acteurs de la politique ESRI en Norvège (Source : STI 2019) Le principal livre blanc faisant état des grandes orientations stratégiques du pays en matière d’ESRI est le « Long-Term Plan (LTP) for Research and Higher Education », élaboré par le MER. Etabli pour dix ans, il est révisé toutes les quatre années pour prendre en compte l’évolution des priorités gouvernementales. Ainsi le livre blanc de 2015-2024 paru en mars 2015 a fait l’objet d’une révision courant 2019 ; il couvre désormais la période 2019-2028. Cette dernière édition prend en compte les conclusions d’un rapport de l’OCDE de 2017 (OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Norway 2017), commandé par le MER, préconisant de modifier la structure du LTP. Le nouveau livre blanc intègre aussi les engagements de la Norvège dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat (réduction de 40 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2030) ainsi que l’Agenda 2030 des Nations Unies. Le principal bras armé de la recherche en Norvège est le Conseil norvégien de la recherche – CNR (Forskningsrådets - FNR). Le CNR est l’équivalent de l’ANR en France ; il constitue pour bon nombre d’acteurs publics (universités, instituts), la principale source de financements externes (hors ministères de tutelle) sur la base d’appels à projets. Le CNR définit lui-même sa stratégie à travers un plan pluriannuel s’inscrivant aussi dans le cadre d’un livre blanc – le dernier publié est la Stratégie 2015-2020 (Research for Innovation and Sustainability, Strategy for the Research Council of Norway ) ; le prochain livre blanc pour la prochaine décennie est en cours de préparation. Le CNR oriente aussi la politique de recherche et d’innovation dans des domaines spécifiques ; par exemple il a publié le Plan 2014-2023 sur la recherche polaire. Des documents de stratégie semblables sur d’autres thèmes (santé, infrastructures de recherche, innovation, égalité des genres, recherche fondamentale, recherche sociétale…) sont disponibles sur le site du CNR. D’autres livres blancs sont parus ces dernières années sur des thématiques spécifiques, souvent à l’initiative de différents ministères. Ainsi, en juin 2019, le ministère des Affaires Etrangères a publié un livre blanc sur le rôle que la Norvège veut donner à ses coopérations internationales. Ce livre blanc se présente dans un cadre plus large que l’ESRI mais donne cependant des éléments dans les domaines de l’éducation, de la recherche et de l’innovation. Un autre document, moins récent (datant de 2014), développe les ambitions de la Norvège dans le cadre du programme cadre de la Commission européenne. Il sera certainement mis à jour en 2020 ou 2021 avec l’arrivée d’Horizon Europe en 2021. Financement Le financement de la politique norvégienne d’ESRI est opéré par les acteurs précédemment évoqués ainsi que par d’autres acteurs, en particulier le secteur de l’industrie. En 2017, 2,10% du PIB norvégien a été consacré aux dépenses de R&D. Ces dépenses sont assurées par trois groupes d’acteurs : le secteur public pour 51%, le secteur privé pour 40%, et les investissements d'origine étrangère (Europe, sociétés internationales) pour 9%. Pour 2018, les chiffres provisoires indiquent que les dépenses de R&D ont représenté 2.07% du PIB. 1.2.1. Financements publics : ministères, Conseil norvégien de la recherche, UE a. Enseignement supérieur L’éducation publique étant gratuite en Norvège (hors les frais d’inscription qui sont du même ordre de grandeur que les frais pratiqués en France), le financement des établissements d’enseignement supérieur provient majoritairement du MER et de quelques autres ministères. Selon les données de l’OCDE 2016, le MER assure 94% des financements des établissements norvégiens d’enseignement supérieur. Les universités disposent de l’autonomie financière pour l’utilisation de ce budget, qu’elles complètent par des revenus externes, notamment en provenance du CNR pour le financement de projets de recherche. L'agence Diku attribue également des financements supplémentaires pour soutenir la qualité et l'internationalisation de l'enseignement supérieur à travers différents programmes comme les Centres for Excellence in Education (SFU), dont il existe une douzaine. Dans le budget du MER, les dépenses entre l’enseignement supérieur et la recherche ne sont pas différenciées. Elles représentaient au total, en 2017, 23,1% du budget du ministère soit 1,69% du PIB national. Le MER alimente aussi la caisse de prêt étudiante (Statens lånekasse for utdanning ou Lånekassen). Fondée en 1947, cette caisse nationale octroie des prêts et des subventions aux étudiants pour permettre l’accès à l’éducation au plus grand nombre. Une partie du prêt est convertible en bourse (à hauteur de 40%) sous condition d’obtention des crédits ECTS. En 2019, le montant moyen de prêt accordé par la Lånekassen est de 300 000 NOK par étudiant pour l'ensemble de leurs études. Au cours de l’année scolaire 2017-2018, la Lånekassen a accordé 3,8 Md NOK sous forme de bourses et 25,6 Md NOK en prêts, à un total d’environ 250 000 étudiants (d'autres prêts sont accordés aux élèves de l'enseignement secondaires). b. Recherche Si pendant longtemps la répartition du financement de la recherche en Norvège était sensiblement équilibrée entre le secteur public et le secteur privé, la part du secteur public s’est accrue depuis quelques années atteignant 51% en 2017. Plusieurs acteurs publics contribuent à sa répartition : Dépenses R&D en Norvège par origine de financement et secteur d'attribution en 2019 (Source : STI 2019) - les ministères, et en premier lieu le MER. En 2019, l’enveloppe du MER dédiée à la R&D s’élevait à 20 Md NOK, soit environ 16% de son budget total. Les autres contributions majeures proviennent du Ministère de la Santé (Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet – HOD) et du Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie (Nærings- og handelsdepartementet – NFD). Répartition par ministère des dépenses R&D; montant (Md NOK) et pourcentage du budget total du ministère (Source : IR 2019) Légende : KD: Ministère Education Recherche; HOD: Ministère Santé; NFD: Ministère Commerce Industrie Pêche; UD: Ministère Affaires Etrangères; FD: Ministère Défense ; KMD: Ministère Gouvernement local Modernisation; KMD: Ministère Climat Environnement; OED: Ministère Pétrole Energie - le Conseil norvégien de la recherche est l’opérateur principal du gouvernement pour le financement de la recherche sur projets ; il constitue l’équivalent de l’ANR en France. Son budget provient exclusivement des différents ministères, et en particulier du MER à hauteur de 46%. Le CNR canalise 23% de l’effort public de R&D et 11% des dépenses totales du pays en R&D. Son budget 2019 consacré au financement de projets de recherche et d’innovation s’élevait à 10,3 Md NOK. Cette dotation permet au CNR de définir des appels à projets sur des thématiques suivant sa stratégie ; il finance des projets portés par des acteurs publics de la recherche mais aussi par des acteurs privés de l’innovation. Enfin le CNR a mis en place une politique de Centre d’excellences (Sentre for fremragende forskning - SFF) disposant de financements importants pour 10 ans afin de favoriser la recherche dans des secteurs précis. Le CNR finance à ce jour 23 Centres d’excellences ce qui, en 2018, représentait un budget de 328 MNOK. La contribution du CNR aux SFF représente environ 25% de leurs budgets, les autres revenus provenant de financements obtenus sur appels à projets ou auprès des établissements hôtes et partenaires. les SFF peuvent être considérés comme l'équivalent des Labex en France. - En tant que pays associé de l’Union Européenne, la Norvège a participé au programme FP7 et participe actuellement à Horizon 2020. Pour Horizon 2020, la Norvège a financé 2,6% de l’ensemble du programme et a reçu 2,2% des financements totaux attribués. Augmenter la part des financements reçus par l’UE est un objectif important de la politique norvégienne d’ESRI qui a dépassé son objectif de capter 2% des financements totaux. En 2017, le montant total de financements européens obtenus par les acteurs norvégiens de la recherche a dépassé la barre symbolique du million de NOK. 1.2.2. Secteur privé et mécanisme de déduction fiscale SkatteFUNN Comme dans de nombreux pays, les entreprises norvégiennes, et notamment le secteur industriel pétrolier, assurent une part importante des efforts de recherche et d’innovation du pays (40% des dépenses R&D en 2017). Les entreprises financent ces activités essentiellement sur leurs propres fonds, à hauteur de 60%-80% selon leurs tailles (voir figure). Une particularité de la Norvège dans ce domaine est l’importance des petites et moyennes entreprises. En effet en Norvège les entreprises de 10 à 249 salariés comptent pour 58% de la R&D investie dans le secteur privé (25% en France).
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