Journal of Avian Biology JAV-02020 Crouch, N. M. A. and Mason-Gamer, R. J. 2018. Identifying ecological drivers of interspecific variation in song complexity in songbirds (Passeriformes, Passeri). – J. Avian Biol. 2018: e02020

Supplementary material Appendix 1

List of Figures

A1 The song of a Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis, xeno-canto recording XC309927) com- prisedof6syllables...... 2 A2 Distribution of study recordings colored by whether they fall inside the Tropics of Cancer andCapricorn...... 2 A3 Spatial distribution of recordings used in this study not graded as A for quality...... 3 A4 Variation in the 8 measured acoustic parameters due to differences in recording quality. . .4 A5 Distribution of tropical and temperate on the single retained discriminant function. 5

List of Tables

A1 List of the species included in the study...... 6 A2 Summary of fixed effects from models of individual aspects of song complexity...... 15

1 Figure A1: The song of a Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis, xeno-canto recording XC309927) comprised of 6 notes. A syllable is defined as the smallest continuous shape on a spectrogram. The Carolina chickadee song is used as an exemplar due to the clear spacing between notes.

Figure A2: Distribution of study recordings colored by whether they fall inside the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, indicated by dashed lines.

2 Figure A3: Spatial distribution of recordings used in this study not graded as A for quality.

3 Figure A4: Variation in the 8 measured acoustic parameters due to differences in recording quality.

4 Figure A5: Distribution of tropical and temperate species on the single retained discriminant function. Singing rate explained 92% of the variation on the function. As singing rate loaded negatively, species in the tropics had a lower singing rate.

5 Table A1: List of the species included in the study. n is the number of recordings from each species.

Family Species n Acanthizidae Origma solitaria 2 Crateroscelis murina 4 Hylacola pyrrhopygia 2 Gerygone chrysogaster 2 Acanthiza pusilla 2 Acanthiza reguloides 2 Aphelocephala leucopsis 1 Aegithalos caudatus 2 Psaltriparus minimus 2 Aegithina tiphia 3 Aegithina viridissima 3 Campephagidae Coracina typica 2 Coracina tenuirostris 3 Coracina fimbriata 3 Campephaga quiscalina 2 Pericrocotus cinnamomeus 2 Pericrocotus solaris 2 Certhiidae Salpornis spilonotus 2 Certhia familiaris 3 Certhia brachydactyla 4 Certhia himalayana 2 Cinclidae Cinclus cinclus 3 Cinclus mexicanus 2 Cisticolidae Prinia hodgsonii 4 Prinia socialis 3 Prinia subflava 3 Cisticola cantans 2 Cisticola chubbi 2 Cisticola nanus 2 Cisticola fulvicapilla 2 Eminia lepida 2 Apalis flavida 2 Camaroptera brachyura 3 Camaroptera superciliaris 2 Phyllolais pulchella 1 Heliolais erythropterus 2 Prinia leucopogon 1 Climacteridae Cormobates leucophaea 3 Climacteris erythrops 1 Climacteris rufus 1

6 Family Species n Climacteridae Climacteris picumnus 2 Colluricinclidae Colluricincla megarhyncha 2 Colluricincla harmonica 2 Pitohui ferrugineus 2 Dasyornithidae Dasyornis broadbenti 3 Dicaeidae Prionochilus maculatus 2 Dicaeum agile 1 Dicaeum geelvinkianum 1 Estrildidae Amandava amandava 3 Nigrita canicapillus 2 Spermophaga haematina 2 Pytilia melba 1 Lagonosticta rubricata 2 Hypargos niveoguttatus 1 Mandingoa nitidula 2 Eupetidae Eupetes macrocerus 2 Falcunculidae Falcunculus frontatus 2 Laniidae Lanius collurio 3 Lanius schach 3 Lanius tephronotus 2 Lanius ludovicianus 1 Lanius excubitoroides 3 Lanius cabanisi 1 Lanius dorsalis 2 Lanius mackinnoni 1 Lanius senator 1 Lanius nubicus 1 Corvinella corvina 1 Urolestes melanoleucus 3 Malaconotidae Malaconotus blanchoti 2 Tchagra australis 2 Tchagra senegalus 2 Dryoscopus cubla 2 Dryoscopus gambensis 3 Laniarius poensis 3 Laniarius fuelleborni 1 Laniarius luehderi 1 Laniarius aethiopicus 2 Laniarius ferrugineus 2 Laniarius bicolor 2 Laniarius erythrogaster 3 Laniarius barbarus 1 Telophorus nigrifrons 3 Telophorus zeylonus 2

7 Family Species n Malaconotidae Rhodophoneus cruentus 2 Telophorus quadricolor 2 Nilaus afer 2 Maluridae Sipodotus wallacii 3 Malurus cyaneus 2 Malurus splendens 2 Stipiturus malachurus 2 Stipiturus ruficeps 1 Amytornis textilis 1 Melanocharitidae Melanocharis nigra 1 Toxorhamphus poliopterus 1 Meliphagidae Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 3 Anthornis melanura 1 Lichenostomus fuscus 1 Anthochaera chrysoptera 2 Myzomela sanguinolenta 3 Ptiloprora guisei 2 Phylidonyris niger 3 Melithreptus brevirostris 1 Philemon corniculatus 2 Philemon meyeri 3 Xanthotis flaviventer 2 Mimidae Dumetella carolinensis 2 Cinclocerthia ruficauda 1 Margarops fuscatus 3 Mimus polyglottos 4 Mimus gilvus 3 Mimus gundlachii 3 Mimus triurus 2 Mimus saturninus 4 Mimus patagonicus 3 Mimus thenca 2 Mimus longicaudatus 3 Mimus parvulus 2 Mimus macdonaldi 1 Mimus melanotis 2 Oreoscoptes montanus 3 Toxostoma rufum 2 Toxostoma longirostre 3 Toxostoma bendirei 2 Toxostoma ocellatum 2 Toxostoma curvirostre 2 Toxostoma lecontei 2 Monarchidae nitens 1

8 Family Species n Monarchidae Terpsiphone viridis 2 Terpsiphone paradisi 2 inquieta 3 guttula 1 azurea 2 telescophthalmus 4 cyanoleuca 2 Muscicapidae Melaenornis pammelaina 1 Fraseria ocreata 2 Muscicapa ferruginea 1 Muscicapa adusta 2 Myioparus plumbeus 1 Ficedula narcissina 2 Ficedula albicollis 2 Eumyias thalassinus 2 Cyornis tickelliae 3 Muscicapidae Niltava macgrigoriae 2 Nectariniidae Anthreptes singalensis 2 Anthreptes malacensis 2 Anthreptes collaris 2 Nectarinia olivacea 4 Nectarinia aspasia 2 Nectarinia jugularis 3 Arachnothera longirostra 2 Arachnothera crassirostris 1 Oriolidae Oriolus xanthonotus 3 Oriolus brachyrhynchus 1 Oriolus larvatus 3 Orthonychidae Orthonyx spaldingii 1 Pachycephalidae Pachycephala pectoralis 4 Pachycephala rufiventris 3 Paradisaeidae Manucodia ater 2 Ptiloris magnificus 2 Epimachus meyeri 2 Paradisaea minor 2 Paridae Parus atricapillus 2 Parus carolinensis 4 Baeolophus wollweberi 2 Baeolophus inornatus 3 Baeolophus bicolor 2 Sylviparus modestus 2 Melanochlora sultanea 2 Parulidae Parula americana 2 Dendroica pensylvanica 2

9 Family Species n Parulidae Dendroica magnolia 3 Dendroica caerulescens 2 Dendroica coronata 4 Dendroica nigrescens 2 Dendroica virens 2 Dendroica fusca 2 Dendroica dominica 2 Dendroica graciae 2 Dendroica pinus 3 Dendroica discolor 3 Dendroica cerulea 2 Protonotaria citrea 2 Helmitheros vermivorum 1 Seiurus aurocapilla 2 Geothlypis trichas 4 Wilsonia pusilla 2 Wilsonia canadensis 2 Myioborus pictus 2 Myioborus torquatus 2 Icteria virens 3 Vermivora celata 4 Vermivora ruficapilla 2 Vermivora luciae 2 Seiurus noveboracensis 3 Seiurus motacilla 2 Wilsonia citrina 2 Mniotilta varia 2 Passeridae Plocepasser mahali 3 Passer rufocinctus 1 Passer griseus 2 Petronia xanthocollis 1 Petronia petronia 2 Montifringilla nivalis 3 Petroicidae Amalocichla incerta 2 australis 2 cucullata 2 multicolor 3 Petroica macrocephala 2 Petroica goodenovii 3 Petroica australis 2 flavovirescens 2 Peucedramidae Peucedramus taeniatus 2 Platysteiridae Platysteira cyanea 2 Ploceidae Dinemellia dinemelli 2

10 Family Species n Polioptilidae Ramphocaenus melanurus 2 Polioptila caerulea 3 Polioptila melanura 2 Polioptila plumbea 2 Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus temporalis 2 Promeropidae Promerops gurneyic 1 Prunellidae Prunella collaris 2 Prunella rubeculoides 1 Prunella strophiata 1 Prunella fulvescens 3 Prunella atrogularis 2 Prunella modularis 3 Prunella rubida 2 Ptilonorhynchidae Ailuroedus buccoides 1 Ailuroedus melanotis 2 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cyaniventris 1 Pycnonotus jocosus 2 Pycnonotus cafer 1 Pycnonotus brunneus 1 Pycnonotus erythropthalmos 3 Andropadus importunus 3 Bleda syndactylus 2 Criniger calurus 2 Alophoixus phaeocephalus 3 Alophoixus bres 2 Andropadus latirostris 2 Andropadus virens 2 Andropadus gracilirostris 4 Pycnonotus atriceps 4 Reguliidae Regulus calendula 3 Regulus ignicapilla 2 Regulus satrapa 3 Regulus regulus 4 Remizidae Remiz pendulinus 2 Auriparus flaviceps 2 Rhipiduridae Rhipidura leucothorax 2 Rhipidura leucophrys 2 Rhipidura javanica 3 Rhipidura perlata 2 Rhipidura rufiventris 2 Rhipidura fuliginosa 3 Rhipidura rufidorsa 2 Sittidae Sitta pygmaea 2 Sitta carolinensis 2

11 Family Species n Sittidae Tichodroma muraria 2 Sturnidae Mino dumontii 1 Mino anais 1 Lamprotornis hildebrandti 2 Lamprotornis australis 2 Lamprotornis caudatus 1 Lamprotornis purpuroptera 4 Lamprotornis splendidus 3 Lamprotornis superbus 5 Cinnyricinclus sharpii 2 Lamprotornis corruscus 1 Sylviidae Orthotomus sutorius 3 Orthotomus atrogularis 2 Orthotomus sericeus 2 Orthotomus sepium 3 Bathmocercus rufus 2 Artisornis metopias 1 Eremomela icteropygialis 4 Phylloscopus collybita 3 Phylloscopus affinis 2 Phylloscopus griseolus 2 Phylloscopus xanthoschistos 3 Seicercus castaniceps 3 Phylloscopus coronatus 3 Phylloscopus reguloides 3 Abroscopus albogularis 3 Cettia diphone 3 Cettia brunnifrons 2 Tesia castaneocoronata 4 Sylvia atricapilla 3 Sylvia borin 4 Sylvia nisoria 2 Sylvia curruca 2 Sylvia hortensis 2 Sylvia nana 1 Sylvia undata 2 Sylvia sarda 2 Sylvia deserticola 2 Sylvia conspicillata 2 Sylvia cantillans 3 Sylvia melanocephala 3 Sylvia mystacea 2 Sylvia rueppelli 2 Sylvia melanothorax 2

12 Family Species n Sylviidae Sylvia lugens 1 Sylvia subcaerulea 2 Sylvia layardi 4 Sylvia boehmi 4 Sylvia althaea 4 Sylvia communis 2 Timaliidae Stachyris nigricollis 2 Stachyris erythroptera 3 Stachyris maculata 2 Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus 2 Campylorhynchus griseus 2 Cistothorus palustris 2 Thryothorus ludovicianusv 2 Troglodytes aedon 3 Henicorhina leucophrys 3 Henicorhina leucosticta 3 Microcerculus marginatus 6 Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus 2 Cyphorhinus arada 3 Troglodytes troglodytes 4 Thryothorus superciliaris 2 Thryothorus leucotis 3 Thryothorus modestus 2 Thryothorus guarayanus 2 Thryothorus rufalbus 2 Thryothorus rutilus 2 Turdidae Stizorhina fraseri 2 Neocossyphus rufus 2 Sialia sialis 3 Myadestes genibarbis 4 Myadestes palmeri 2 Turdus migratorius 3 Turdus albicollis 3 Turdus fumigatus 2 Turdus grayi 2 Turdus nudigenis 3 Turdus aurantius 1 Turdus falcklandii 5 Turdus merula 5 Catharus fuscescens 2 Catharus minimus 3 Calicalicus madagascariensis 2 Vanga curvirostris 2 Schetba rufa 1

13 Family Species n Turdidae Euryceros prevostii 1 Vireonidae Cyclarhis gujanensis 4 Vireo griseus 2 Vireo flavifrons 3 Vireo solitarius 3 Vireo gilvus 2 Vireo philadelphicus 2 Vireo olivaceus 3 Vireo flavoviridis 3 Vireo altiloquus 4 Hylophilus aurantiifrons 2 Hylophilus flavipes 3 Hylophilus ochraceiceps 3 Hylophilus decurtatus 2 Zosteropidae Zosterops japonicus 2 Zosterops abyssinicus 2 Zosterops senegalensis 3 Zosterops poliogastrus 1 Zosterops maderaspatanus 1 Zosterops lateralis 3

14 Table A2: Summary of fixed effects from models of individual aspects of song complexity. The values for landscapes are the comparisons against the forest land cover. Values for migratory behaviors are comparisons against migratory species. The monomorphic value shows the difference to dimorphic species.

Vocalization variable Coefficient Mean l95% CI u95% CI pMCMC Song length DimorphismMonomorphic -0.04 -0.24 0.19 0.75 MigrationPartialMigrant 0.28 -0.11 0.69 0.17 MigrationSedentary 0.24 -0.12 0.60 0.18 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous 0.08 -0.07 0.24 0.32 landCoverSimpleOpen 0.08 -0.07 0.24 0.30 landCoverSimpleUrban -0.07 -0.33 0.20 0.59 clutchRange 0.09 0.02 0.16 0.02 abs(Latitude) -0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.80 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 Number of unique syllables DimorphismMonomorphic 0.12 -0.01 0.26 0.07 MigrationPartialMigrant 0.21 -0.03 0.46 0.09 MigrationSedentary -0.21 -0.42 0.01 0.05 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous 0.02 -0.06 0.10 0.71 landCoverSimpleOpen 0.09 0.01 0.17 0.04 landCoverSimpleUrban 0.06 -0.08 0.19 0.41 clutchRange 0.01 -0.03 0.05 0.62 abs(Latitude) 0.00 -0.00 0.01 0.36 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 Total number of syllables DimorphismMonomorphic -0.02 -0.21 0.19 0.85 MigrationPartialMigrant 0.09 -0.26 0.48 0.65 MigrationSedentary 0.07 -0.29 0.43 0.68 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous 0.11 -0.03 0.26 0.14 landCoverSimpleOpen 0.14 -0.02 0.29 0.08 landCoverSimpleUrban -0.04 -0.32 0.20 0.74 clutchRange 0.11 0.04 0.17 0.00 abs(Latitude) 0.00 -0.00 0.01 0.25 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 Spectral entropy DimorphismMonomorphic 0.01 -0.02 0.05 0.55 MigrationPartialMigrant -0.01 -0.07 0.05 0.63 MigrationSedentary -0.01 -0.07 0.04 0.63 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous -0.00 -0.02 0.02 0.90 landCoverSimpleOpen -0.00 -0.02 0.02 0.89 landCoverSimpleUrban 0.02 -0.02 0.05 0.38 clutchRange 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.72 abs(Latitude) -0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.03 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 Spectral flatness DimorphismMonomorphic 0.08 -0.08 0.24 0.34 MigrationPartialMigrant 0.26 -0.03 0.56 0.09 MigrationSedentary 0.21 -0.06 0.48 0.12 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous -0.05 -0.20 0.10 0.55 landCoverSimpleOpen 0.01 -0.15 0.17 0.88 landCoverSimpleUrban -0.03 -0.32 0.25 0.83 clutchRange 0.02 -0.03 0.08 0.37 abs(Latitude) -0.01 -0.02 -0.00 0.00

15 Vocalization variable Coefficient Mean L95% U95% pMCMC altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 modindx DimorphismMonomorphic 0.02 -0.03 0.07 0.37 MigrationPartialMigrant -0.09 -0.17 -0.00 0.05 MigrationSedentary -0.09 -0.17 -0.02 0.02 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous 0.00 -0.03 0.02 0.98 landCoverSimpleOpen -0.01 -0.04 0.01 0.25 landCoverSimpleUrban 0.01 -0.02 0.05 0.46 clutchRange 0.01 -0.00 0.03 0.08 abs(Latitude) 0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.91 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 Bandwidth DimorphismMonomorphic 0.14 -0.04 0.31 0.13 MigrationPartialMigrant -0.22 -0.55 0.09 0.17 MigrationSedentary -0.35 -0.65 -0.06 0.03 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous 0.12 -0.04 0.28 0.15 landCoverSimpleOpen 0.04 -0.12 0.20 0.58 landCoverSimpleUrban 0.25 -0.05 0.54 0.10 clutchRange 0.00 -0.05 0.06 0.94 abs(Latitude) -0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.33 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 Singing speed DimorphismMonomorphic 0.00 -0.16 0.17 0.98 MigrationPartialMigrant -0.18 -0.49 0.12 0.23 MigrationSedentary -0.20 -0.46 0.08 0.14 landCoverSimpleHeterogeneous 0.03 -0.09 0.14 0.64 landCoverSimpleOpen 0.05 -0.07 0.17 0.44 landCoverSimpleUrban 0.03 -0.17 0.23 0.74 clutchRange 0.01 -0.04 0.07 0.62 abs(Latitude) 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.05 altitude 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78

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