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Diptera: Culicidae) in Deutschland: Träger Humanpathogener Krankheitserreger Genetische Charakterisierung und Verbreitung von Stechmücken (Diptera: Culicidae) in Deutschland: Träger humanpathogener Krankheitserreger Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Antje Werblow aus Berlin Frankfurt am Main 2015 (D30) vom Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe Universität als Dissertation angenommen. Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Meike Piepenbring Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Klimpel Prof. Dr. Jörg Oehlmann Datum der Disputation: 17.09.2015 Für meine Familie Vorwort Die vorliegende Dissertation wurde im Rahmen des von der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft geförderten Projektes „Vorkommen und Vektorkompetenz von Stechmücken als Überträger von Arboviren in Deutschland“ angefertigt, wobei die Arbeit publikationsbasierend (kumulativ) bearbeitet wurde. Alle vier für die Promotion relevanten (ISI-) Veröffentlichungen wurden von mir sowie in Kollaboration angefertigt und in Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht. Die darin behandelten Themenkomplexe werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst separat dargestellt und anschließend in einem übergeordneten Kontext erläutert und diskutiert. Die Publiktionen sind mit römischen Ziffern nummeriert (s.u.) und dienen an den ensprechenden Stellen als Querverweise. Promotionsrelevante Publikationen in chronologischer Reihenfolge: I. Werblow A, Bolius S, Dorresteijn WC, Melaun C, Klimpel S (2013) Diversity of Culex torrentium Martini, 1925 – a potential vector of arboviruses and filaria in Europe. Parasitology Research 112: 2495-2501. II. Werblow A, Klimpel S, Bolius S, Dorresteijn WC, Sauer J, Melaun C (2014) Population structure and distribution patterns of the sibling mosquito species Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) reveal different evolutionary paths. PLos One 9: e102158. III. Melaun C, Werblow A, Cunze S, Zotzmann S, Koch LK, Mehlhorn H, Dörge DD, Huber K, Tackenberg O, Klimpel S (2015) Modelling of the putative distribution of the arbovirus vector Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Parasitology Research 114: 1051-1061. IV. Werblow A, Flechl E, Klimpel S, Zittra C, Lebl K, Kieser K, Laciny A, Silbermayr K, Melaun C, Führer H-P (2015) Direct PCR of indigenous and invasive mosquito species: a time and cost effective technique of mosquito barcoding. Medical and Veterinary Entomology (accepted). Die jeweils relevanten Originaltexte sind dem Anhang unter Punkt 2 zu entnehmen. In der Arbeit zitierte Quellen sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge im Literaturverzeichnis aufgelistet. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ I Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................................................................................. III Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................ V Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................... V Einführung .................................................................................................................. 1 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Taxonomische Einordnung von Culicidae (Stechmücken) ............................ 6 1.2 Morphologie ................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Lebenszyklus ............................................................................................... 11 1.4 Ernährung und Wirtssuche .......................................................................... 14 1.5 Stechmücken als Krankheitserreger (medizinische Relevanz) .................... 17 1.6 Invasive Stechmückenarten ........................................................................ 19 1.7 Artdiagnostik ................................................................................................ 22 1.8 Stechmückenforschung in Deutschland ...................................................... 24 1.9 Zielsetzung der Arbeit .................................................................................. 25 2 Ergebnisse ........................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Werblow A, Bolius S, Dorresteijn AWC, Melaun C, Klimpel S (2013) Diversity of Culex torrentium Martini, 1925 – a potential vector of arboviruses and filaria in Europe. Parasitology Research 112 (7): 2495-2501 ............................................. 26 2.1.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 26 2.2 Werblow A, Klimpel S, Bolius S, Dorresteijn WC, Sauer J, Melaun C (2014) Population structure and distribution patterns of the sibling mosquito species Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) reveal different evolutionary paths. PLos One 9: e102158 ................................................................................ 28 2.2.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 28 2.3 Melaun C, Werblow A, Cunze S, Zotzmann S, Koch LK, Mehlhorn H, Dörge DD, Huber K, Tackenberg O, Klimpel S (2015) Modelling of the putative distribution I Inhaltsverzeichnis of the arbovirus vector Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany. Parasitology Research 114: 1051-1061 ............................................... 31 2.3.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 31 2.4 Werblow A, Flechl E, Klimpel S, Zittra C, Lebl K, Kieser K, Laciny A, Silbermayr K, Melaun C, Führer H-P (2015) Direct PCR of indigenous and invasive mosquito species: a time and cost effective technique of mosquito barcoding. .... 34 2.4.1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................... 34 3 Diskussion ......................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Artidentifizierung .......................................................................................... 37 3.2 Zoogeographie heimischer und invasiver Stechmückenarten ..................... 39 3.3 Genetische Variabilität und Populationsstruktur der Arten Cx. pipiens und Cx. torrentium .............................................................................................................. 43 3.4 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick ................................................................ 49 4 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................ 52 5 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................... 54 Anhang 1 .................................................................................................................. 76 Anhang 2 .................................................................................................................. 80 II Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ace2 Acethylcholinesterase (Gen des Intron 2) Ae. Aedes A Adenin AFLP Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism AMCA American Mosquito Control Association AMOVA Analysis of Molecular Variance An. Anopheles n Anzahl, Stichprobe bp Basenpaare BG Biogents CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ca. Circa Cq. Coquillettidia Cx. Culex Cs. Culiseta Cyt b Cytochrom b cox1-3 Cytochrom c Oxidase Untereinheit 1-3 C Cytosin DEET Diethyltoluamid DGVN Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen e.V. DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid (Desoxyribonukleinsäure) DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst ECDC European Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control EVS Encephalitis Vector Survey et al. Et alii FST fixation index °C Grad Celsius G Guanin GC Guanin/Cytosin ISI International Statistical Institute ITS Internal Transcribed Spacer Jh. Jahrhundert III Abkürzungsverzeichnis km Kilometer L1-L4 Larvalstadien 1-4 CO2 Kohlenstoffdioxid Mrd. Milliarde Mio. Million NADH4 Nicotinamidadenindinukleotid-Dehydrogenase Untereinheit 4 Oc. Ochlerotatus PCR Polymerase chain reaction (Polymerase Kettenreaktion) % Prozent RKI Robert Koch Institut RNA Ribonucleic acid (Ribonukleinsäure) s.l. Sensu lato s.u. siehe unten sp. Spezies spp. Spezies pluralis Tsd. Tausend T Thymin USA United States of America u.a. unter anderem Ur. Uranotaenia v. Chr. vor Christus WHO World Health Organisation z.B. Zum Beispiel IV Abbildungsverzeichnis/Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1.1 Schematische Darstellung des Körperbaus von Culicidae (Stechmücken). (Quelle: Becker et al. 2010) .............................................................. 8 Abbildung 1.2 Schematische Darstellung morphologischer Merkmale von Stechmückenlarven (Culicidae). (Quelle: Becker et al. 2010) ................................... 10 Abbildung 1.3 Schematische Ansicht (lateral) einer Stechmückenpuppe. (Quelle: Becker et al. 2010) ................................................................................................... 11 Abbildung 1.4 Schematische Darstellung des Lebenszyklus von Culicidae (Stechmücken). (Quelle: nach Villarreal 2010) ......................................................... 13 Abbildung 1.5 Schematischer Aufbau der Mundwerkzeuge weiblicher Culicidae (Stechmücken). (Abbildung nach Mackean 2015, Beschriftung und Farbkennzeichnung nach Becker et al.
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