Social Processes in the Industrialisation of Rourkela, Part-XI
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CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 ;p(t! MONOGRAPH NO. 1 VOLUME I MONOGRAPH SERIES PART XI E SOCIAL PROCESSES IN THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF ROURKELA Investigation and Draft : (With Reference to Displacement and Rehabilitation of J. S. TANDON, M.A. Tribal and Other Backward People) Supplementary Investigation : P. N. SAXBNA, M.A., LL.B., D.P.A. Research, Design, Supervision and Editing: B. K. Roy BURMAN, M.Sc., D. PHiL. Foreword: A. MITRA, OFFICE OF THE R~GISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA REGISTRAR GENER.AL, INDIA MlNISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS N~W DELJU Review K. K. Chawla Stenography S. N. Kapoor Typing B. N. Kapoor S. D.'Soni' Tabulation . J. K. Mongia K. C. Roy Photography H. C. Pandey Cartography . S. Krishna Pillai K. K. Kalra ji FOREWORD In my general Foreword to the Village Survey series of the 1961 Census publications, I have briefly explained how the idea of the Survey unfolded itself and developed between 1959 and 1961. Towards the end of 1961 several distin guished scholars were invited to write special monographs for the Vil1ag~ Survey series. At the same time, the Social Studies Section of the Registrar General's Office, headed by Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, undertook experiments in various types of social study. Dr. Roy Burman stimulated his colleagues and assistants to go into great depth over specific problems of social change. His object was, apart from striking new lines in methodology and designs of schedules, new methods of tabulation and cross-tabulation, new lines of correlating apparently unrelated fields of social phenomenon, to train his colleagues and assistants rigorously in the science of social investigation. He took a wide range of problems and even a wider geographical distribution of them, throughout India. This study of Social Processes in the Industrialisation of Rourkela, is a testi mony to Dr. B. K. Roy Burman's abilities in directing research and to the staunchness and probity with which the investigation was conducted, analysed and reported upon by Sarvashri J. S. Tandon and P. N. Saxena. This study has added to our knowledge the problems of a big industrial project in a comparatively undeveloped part of the country and I wish to record my acknowledgements to my colleagues. New Delhi, A. MITRA the 24 June, 1968 Registrar General, India PREF'ACE In 1960, as Assistant Commissioner for Scheduled <;::astes and Scheduled. Tribes, Government: of India, incharge of Orissa region, I becamy aware for the first time about the problems of the tribal and other population who were displaced as a result of the implementation of the steel project at Rourkela. Some agitations were being carried on by the displaced persons'and I visited Rourkela, accompanied by Shri P. Misra, then Director, Rural and Tribal Welfare, Government of Orissa and Shri A. L. Vyas, Hon. Welfare Officer, Government of Orissa. I could visit all the three resettlement colo nies round abQut Rourkela and disouss the problems with displaced persons as well as the Special Officer, Rourkelf1 Land Orgfl,nisation. I found that in addition to the compens~tion for the immovable pr9perties acquired for the project, each displaced family was provided with two facilities. It was allotted land more or less of the_ same quality and to the same extent as was acquired by the Government in 16 rec1amatton centres situated at distances of 20-100 miles from Rourkela. Simultaneously it was given facility of settling near Rourkela and avail of the employment opportunities created in the industrial complex. As a result of these .two types of facilities being available simultaneously, a dynamic situation arose. The preliminary enquiry showed that though many of the families were split physically, in some cases economic ties continued after such split. It was also found that the choice of the areas of residence by the varjous members of the families concerned was the outcome of the interplay of a number of factors. As a student of Sociology I immediately got interested in these problems. Shortly after my visit to Rourkela, I was invited by tQ_e Anthropological Seminar of Utkal University·to give a talk on my observations. The useful suggestions that I received from the teaching staff of the University headed by Dr. A. Aiyappan and the senior students, helped me to formulate the problems in sharper focus. After I took over the charge of the Social Studies and Handicrafts Unit of the office of the Registrar General, India, on my suggestion the study of the 'Social Proaesses in the Industrialisation of Rourkela' was taken up as a project for being investigated by the Census Organisation. Shri J. S. Tandon, who had previous expe~ dence of field research in Orissa and Central India as a member of the research per sonnel, Anthropological Survey of India, was deputed to do the field work. A number of hypotheses were formulated and he was asked to test the same in the field. Later on, I personally visited the area and prepared a number of schedules to be canvassed in connection with the study. For a short time Shri P. N. Saxena, the then Junior Investi gator in this office, was associated with Shri Tandon for canvassing the schedules. The credit for the facts included in this report mainly pertains to Shri Tandon. Shri P. N. Saxena collected the supplementary data. The responsibility for the final draft however, is mine. The tabulation of the data collected in the field was carried out by S/Shri J. K. Mongia an~ K. c. R?y. The dictation of the final ~raft- was taken by Shri S. N. Kapoor. The typmg at vanous stages was done by S/Shn B. N. Kapoor and S. D. SonL The photographs in the field were taken by Shri H. C. Pandey. The illustrations were prepared by S/Shri S. Krishna Pillai and K. K. Kalra. I avail of this opportunity to express my thanks to all ply colleagues. v vi Thanks are due to the Officers of the Rourkela Land Organisation for the cooperation that they rendered, in' connection with the study. In ilijs connection I should make a particular mention of Shri K. C. Panigrahi, Special Officer, Land i\cquisition. and Reclamation; Rourkela. Shri Bali, Public Relations Offioer, Rourkela Steel Plant also was extremely helpful. I shall be failing in my duty if I do not make .a special mention of the hospitality and cooperation that Shri Tandon and myself received from the displaced persons. Among them the names of S/Shri Dhanurjay Mohanti, Mo~ilal Ludam and Durjodhan Sandj.1ya deserve special mentioq. I am grateful to Shri A. Mitra, Registrar General, India, for the opportunity that he has given for. such studies to be carried out U11der the aegis of the Census Organisation. I am also gra'teful to Shri ,A. Chandra Sekhar, Addi~ional Registrar General, India, for the encouragement:, that he has given in the stage of finalisation ~f the report. B. K. Roy BURMAN CONTENTS CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION Prelude 1 Physical stilting of Rourkela region 1 Factors responsible for selecti~n of Rourkela as the site of the project 1 The Maste'r Plan of the ,teel plant and'other industries and the township, 2 Scheme fot rehabilitation of the people who were going to be displaced as a result of estal51ishment of th,e steel project . 2 CHAPTER II-THE OLD VILLAGES . " Name and 'locatroIt" " 3 Ethnic composition of the vil1ages 3 Transport and communication 6 Public places in the old villages 6-7 '(a) Sources of-drinking water' • 6 (b) Places for cremation and burial of the dead in the old viHages 6 .(c) Places of worship- , 6 Sarna, Temples, Mosques: Churches' (d) EduQational Insfituti(;>ns 7 (e) Medical Ipstitu.tions .. 7 l Jf) Bach.elors . dorD;litori~s 7 (g) Marketing, centr.es 7 House and house types 7 Ltvestock " 8 Forests ". 8 Social and political life -. 8-9 (a) Hhidu festivals " 8 (b) Tribal festivals . 9 {c) Christian festivals 9 .(d) Muslim festivals , 9 ~adership and social control 10 "Ja) Village leaders . 10 (b) Caste organisations , 10 Demographic p~ttem". ;~ ~', - (~, 11-15 (a) Distribution of population by age' and ~ex 11 (b) Family 12 (c) Distribution of population with reference to industrial C8:,tegories 13 . '(d) Distribution of population (belonging to' different e~hnic categories) in different industrial .' categoties " . , " , . , " 13 (e) Distributi6n of population' (belonging- to different ethnic categorie~) engaged in subsidiary occupations 14 . ·vii viii PAOI (f) Ownership of land 14 (g) Income 15 CHAPTER III-SOCIAL PROCESSES ON THE EVE OF DISPLACEMENT Awareness of impending displacement 17 Reaction of the people 17 Developments immediately be~ore displacement . 18 Rates of compensa\ion as orig!nally proposed by the Government .' 19 Moves and counter moves of pressures about the project 19 Press note related to rehabilitation programme . 21 Location of resettlement colonies and reclamation areas 23 Rates of compensation for different types of land, standing crop and trees 24 CHAPTER IV-EXTENT AND PATTERN OF DISPLACEMENT AND REHABiLITATION Pr9gtamme of rehabilitation .• 25 - Terms and conditions of extending various facilities to individual households 25 Problems and processes. of. rehabilitation. 26 A. RESETTLEMENT COLONIES Extent of rehabilitation in the resettlement colonies • 26 Factors determining the selection of particular colony by displaced persons with dtfferent antece- dents . • • • • : • • . 2S Selection and occuP!:ltion of plots aHhe level of indivIdual households. 31 Extent of change of plots after allotment and the reasons for such change 31 Compensation received by the people and manner of 'utilization of the same 33 Particulars of other facilities provided to the displaced persons who settled In resettlement colonies 34-35 (a) Subsidy for construction of houses 34 (b) Transit camp facility • 35 (c) Transport facility 35 B.