Regional Data Gap-Analysis for Component 2 (Crustacean) for SWIOFP: Proceedings of the Regional Workshop for Component 2 of SWIOFP, 20th –22th April 2009, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
Item Type Report
Authors Groeneveld, J.C.; Cockcroft, A.C.; Dias, N.M.; Palha de Sousa, L.; Mwakosya, C.; Ulotu, E.; Kimani, E.; Munga, C.; Rafalimanana, T.
Publisher South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project
Download date 27/09/2021 03:41:04
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/7368 REGIONAL DATA GAP-ANALYSIS FOR COMPONENT 2 (CRUSTACEANS) FOR SWIOFP
By:
JC Groeneveld and AC Cockcroft (South Africa), NM Dias and L Palha de Sousa (Mozambique), C Mwakosya and E Ulotu (Tanzania), E Kimani and C Munga (Kenya), T. Rafalimanana (Madagascar)
Proceedings of the Regional Workshop for Component 2 of SWIOFP, 20th –22th April 2009, Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
15th October 2009
1 Executive Summary
During the first year of SWIOFP, all activities in Component 2 (Crustaceans) were geared towards developing a strategic review of existing data and past research, as a precursor for the development and budgeting of future crustacean projects. Activities took place at 3 levels – national data gap-analyses by 5 countries (South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar); integration of the national analyses into a regional analysis at a workshop held at the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) in Durban (South Africa); and drafting of research proposals for budgeting purposes. Each of the 5 countries produced a national data gap-analysis and needs analysis for Component 2, using a pre-designed template which requested information at species and fisheries levels, metadata of existing datasets, and a catalogue of published and unpublished literature.
A prioritization process to select crustacean species and fisheries for SWIOFP projects resulted in the identification of 30 species and 22 fisheries. The 30 species were further categorized into 3 groups, based on the data to be collected, i.e.: level 1 = presence/absence and weight of catch; 2 = 1 + size composition, general biological information; and 3 = 2 + genetic samples / migrations. For deep-water crustaceans, the langoustines Metanephrops mosambicus, M. andamanicus and Nephropsis stewarti were identified at level 3, as were the prawns Haliporoides triarthrus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus and the spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae (barbarae?). All of these species support deep-water trawl or trap-fisheries, and are of sub-regional or regional importance. A further 12 deep-water prawn, lobster, and crab species were rated at information levels 1 and 2 - their distribution, abundance, and fisheries potential are weakly known in the region, and exploratory surveys are required to determine fisheries potential.
Five species of shallow-water penaeid prawns were selected by all 5 countries, and Penaeus indicus, P. monodon and Metapenaeus monoceros were rated at information level 3. These penaeids are well-known in the region, supporting large trawl fisheries in Mozambique and Madagascar, and smaller ones in South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya. SWIOFP research on this group intends to focus on stock identity (i.e. are stocks shared between countries or local) and on the reduction of unwanted bycatches through testing and implementing of bycatch reduction- and turtle excluder devices (BRDs and TEDs). Two shallow-water spiny lobster species, Panulirus homarus and P. ornatus, were rated at level 3 – these 2 species will be the first to undergo genetic population studies to determine stock identity of shallow-water lobster taxa over a wide geographical scale in the WIO.
Twenty-two fisheries that catch crustaceans as target or bycatch species were identified, and 14 of these were categorized as industrial (i.e. off-shore, sea-going vessels, traps or bottom trawls, modern navigation equipment) and fall within the scope of SWIOFP. Extensive databases are available for some of these fisheries in South Africa and Mozambique, with some in Madagascar, but not in Tanzania and Kenya. The metadata listed (a total of 49 distinct datasets) contained information on historical catches and
2 bycatches, species composition, fishing gear and effort, and some biological information. The majority of these datasets may not be useful to SWIOFP, however where possible relevant data will be extracted as baseline information for comparative purposes. The numbers of scientific publications and unpublished reports available for crustaceans in the SWIO region are heavily weighted in favour of South Africa, with a fair number of reports from Mozambique, but few from the other three countries.
Four Objectives were identified for Component 2, each with associated projects and sub- projects. The Objectives were:
1. Consolidation and retrospective analysis of existing information (2 projects); 2. New data collection (4 projects, including surveys using wet-leased trawlers and long-line trapping vessels, and observer deployments); 3. Data analysis (3 projects to bring together and analyze data collected in objectives 1 and 2); and 4. Scientific capacity building (2 projects, comprising training workshops and MSc studentships).
Projects under the first 3 objectives are sequential, i.e. consolidation of existing information in years 1 and 2, followed by new data collection in years 2 and 3, and by data analysis in years 3 and 4. Objective 4 (i.e. scientific capacity building) spans the duration of SWIOFP, and inter-links with the other SWIOFP components.
In conclusion, the gap-analysis and strategic review process provided a solid grounding for the development of long-term projects, particularly where multiple countries (and agendas) were involved and a large number of variables (species, fisheries, key issues, funding restraints) had to be considered.
3 1) Introduction
Fisheries for prawns (shrimps), lobsters and crabs are very common along the coastal edges of the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO), and are pursued at both artisanal and industrial levels (see www.wiofish.org; van der Elst et al. 2009). Reported landings for 9 countries in the region are approximately 35 000 mt per year (see van der Elst et al. 2009), and the largest contributors are the extensive shallow-water penaeid prawn fisheries of Mozambique and Madagascar. These fisheries rely on several co-occurring prawn species, with large bycatches of fish. Some shallow-water prawn stocks may be shared subregionally or regionally between countries. Several species of tropical spiny lobsters and crabs (e.g. mangrove- and swimming crabs) in shallow waters are targeted by artisanal and recreational fishers, and caught by simple gears operated from the shore or from small craft. Catches are landed at many points along the shore, and are often unreported - therefore official estimates under-represent actual catches of crustaceans.
The deep-water crustaceans in the SWIO region (i.e. deep-water prawns, langoustines, several deep-water spiny lobster species and deep-sea crabs) are only accessible to industrialized trap and trawl fisheries. The extent and fisheries potential of deep-water stocks are not as well known as for shallower-water species. Recent surveys and genetic population studies have shown that some deep-water stocks are shared subregionally (Gopal et al. 2006). In theory, fish stocks need to be assessed and managed as a unit, even where they extend across international boundaries and are shared between countries.
Management of crustacean fisheries in the SWIO region takes place on a national level, and only a few fisheries are indeed managed actively (i.e., the larger industrial fisheries for prawns and lobsters in South Africa, Mozambique and Madagascar). No crustacean fishery in the SWIO is presently managed on a regional basis, even where fished stocks are presumably shared by 2 or more countries. An important objective of SWIOFP is to assess the regionality of exploited stocks, as a basis for developing appropriate management strategies.
Five of nine countries that participate in SWIOFP (i.e. South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar) have significant crustacean fisheries and datasets, and these countries participate in Component 2. The other four countries are small island states (Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles and Reunion-France) with minor crustacean fisheries in the region, and these countries are not actively involved in Component 2.
A large quantity of historical fisheries information exists for the SWIO region. These data comprise information collected by governmental fisheries monitoring and statistics agencies, past fisheries surveys and research projects, observer- and port-based sampling data, and published studies. As a first step, each SWIOFP component was tasked with undertaking a review and gap analysis of existing information. This step was supported by the Data and IT Component of SWIOFP (i.e. Component 1).
4 The aims of the gap analyses were to: identify priority crustacean fisheries and species relevant to SWIOFP; specify the additional information and research required to support fisheries management, and; assess country needs in terms of the scientific capacity required to perform SWIOFP activities over a long term.
For the Crustacean component, a series of 5 national gap-analyses were performed by experts in each country, under the leadership of National Country Coordinators (NCC2’s). The process was led by South Africa, as the elected Regional Component Coordinator (RCC2). A Regional Workshop was held in Durban, South Africa on 20th – 22nd April 2009, to combine information from the 5 national gap-analyses into a regional analysis, and to develop a series of projects to be supported by SWIOFP.
SWIOFP fact box:
• The Agulhas and Somali Currents Large Marine Ecosystems Programme (ASCLME programme) in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) is a Global Environmental Facility (GEF) initiative that consists of three inter-linked modules that address fisheries, ocean productivity and the influence of land- based activities on the marine environment, respectively. The three modules are the South Western Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (SWIOFP, prepared and executed by the World Bank), Agulhas and Somali Currents LME project (ASCLME project, UNDP) and the WIO-Lab project (UNEP).
• The SWIOFP is a 5-year project (2008-2012) that addresses shared, transboundary and migratory fish stocks of nine countries along the rim of the WIO. The project was implemented in June 2008.
• The 9 participant countries are South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles and Reunion-France.
• SWIOFP has 6 operational Components: Data and IT, Crustaceans, Demersal fishes, Pelagic fishes, Biodiversity issues, and Fisheries management.
5 2) Purpose of the Regional Component 2 Workshop
A Regional Component 2 Workshop was held at the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) on 20th –22nd April 2009. The workshop was attended by the NCC2’s from the participant countries, and its purpose was to combine the five national gap-analyses into an integrated Regional data gap-analysis for Component 2 of SWIOFP. The aims were to:
a) Define the study area for Component 2; b) Prioritize crustacean species and fisheries for regional study by SWIOFP; c) Review existing data (metadata and reports / published material); d) Identify data gaps and shared key issues; and e) Develop a list of projects and activities to be undertaken by the Component.
The list of projects and activities resulting from deliberations at the Workshop are shown in this Regional data gap-analysis document, and form the basis for the planning and budgeting of SWIOFP research to be undertaken over the next 3 years.
3) The SWIOFP study area: large-scale oceanographic features
3.1) Agulhas Current
The Agulhas Current dominates the marine environment along the eastern and southern coasts of South Africa (Figure 1). The South African shelf area has been well-studied in the past, and it also forms part of the ASCLME sister project of SWIOFP. The Agulhas Current originates somewhere between 25°S (southern Mozambique) and 30°S (Durban, South Africa) and flows in a south-westerly direction along the coast, roughly steered by the edge of the continental shelf. It reaches speeds of up to 2.6 m.s-1 at the surface, with average surface speeds of between 1 and 2 m.s-1, and its polewards flow extends to a depth of over 2000m. The current moves further offshore at latitude of approximately 36°S, following the contours of the Agulhas Bank, whereafter it retroflects to form the Agulhas Return current which flows eastwards along the edge of the Subtropical Convergence. The confluence of the warm-water Agulhas Current with the cooler water Benguela Current off southern South Africa forms the western boundary of the SWIO, and is also the boundary between two large marine ecosystems - the Agulhas Current LME in the SW Indian Ocean and the Benguela Current LME in the SE Atlantic Ocean.
3.2) Mozambique Channel Eddies
The Mozambique Channel links the northern and southern extremes of the SWIOFP focal area, and its general circulation appears to be conditioned by the topography of the seabed. Along the Mozambican coast the circulation is characterized by the influence of three anti-cyclonic cells changing their position along the coast and some smaller cyclonic eddies. An inshore northwards current seems to be present along most of the Mozambican coast, probably as a result of the presence of the cyclonic eddies. The
6 western seaboard of Madagascar is characterized by a zone of turbulence where current direction and strength is highly variable. The turbulence is driven by changes in the wind regime, tidal amplitude, the relief of the seabed, and the configurations of the opposing continental and island coastlines.
3.3) Somali Current & East Africa Coastal Current
The marine environment in the northern reaches of the SWIOFP focal area is strongly influenced by the monsoon seasons - the SE monsoon in April to October and the NE monsoon in November to March. During the SE monsoon prevailing winds drive the East Africa Coastal Current (EAC) north along the coast of Kenya and Tanzania to form the Somali Current off the horn of Africa. The strength of the monsoon winds decline during the NE monsoon period, the EAC slows down and the Somali current reverses its direction to flow southwards. Its confluence with the EAC off northern Kenya then flows offshore to form the Equatorial Counter Current. The influence of the Somali Current extends as far northwards as the coastlines of Yemen and Oman in the Arabian Sea.
Off Tanzania the EAC flows northwards with a maximum velocity of 0.25–2m/s, being faster during the SE monsoon season. The northwards flow through the Zanzibar channel persists even during the NE monsoon.
7 Figure 1: The SWIOFP region showing international boundaries, Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and large-scale oceanographic features. Countries that are actively involved in Component 2 are highlighted.
3.4) Mascarene Plateau, South Equatorial Current (SEC) & Equatorial Counter Current
The westwards flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC) is funneled across the Mascarene Plateau, east of Madagascar, before diverging north and south to become components of the Agulhas and Somali Currents. The Equatorial Counter Current flows eastwards somewhere to the north of Seychelles.
3.5) East Madagascar Current
8 The SEC encounters the Madagascan landmass from the east (central Indian Ocean) in the approximate vicinity of Toamasina (18°S), and divides into two branch currents flowing northwards and southwards along the coast, respectively. These currents are influenced by flux of the equatorial current and by trade winds, and they are relatively steady and moderate to strong.
3.6) Other features
In addition to large-scale oceanographic features of the region, the medium and smaller scale physical and oceanographic characteristics (i.e. bays, estuaries, mudbanks, reefs, bottom topography) play a major role in determining species distribution and abundance patterns of fish resources. These features determine the scope of Component 2 projects, and are described in section 4, below.
4) Scope of Component 2 activities within each country
SWIOFP activities are restricted to fall within the 200 nautical mile (nm) Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of participant countries (see Fig. 1). The project focuses on offshore fisheries, and generally excludes inshore subsistence and artisanal fisheries which are addressed by the ASCLME project.
4.1) South Africa
Project boundaries and environment The South African SWIOFP area straddles the boundary of fisheries statistical areas 51 (Western Indian Ocean; E of 30°E) and 47 (South Eastern Atlantic ocean; W of 30°E) of the FAO. The SWIOFP area in South Africa extends from the shore up to the limits of the EEZ, 200 nm seawards. Most of the South African SWIOFP activities are scheduled to take place off the KZN Province (KZN; Fig. 1) along the eastern coast, because the marine environment is similar to the subtropical / tropical ecosystems of the other SWIOFP countries further to the north, and connected to them through the influence of the Agulhas Current. The shelf of the KZN coastline is narrow and steep, widening somewhat to form the Tukhela bight and the shallow-water Tukhela Banks, just to the north of Durban (approx. 30°S).
Fish and fisheries The shallow Tukhela Banks (< 50 m deep) form the southern-most trawling grounds for penaeid prawns along the African coast. Along the shelf-edge in deeper waters (100 – 600 m) there are deep-water trawling grounds for prawns and langoustines. These deep- water trawling grounds are small, fished irregularly by a small number of boats, and yield mixed catches (crustaceans and fish) of < 400 t\year. Deep-water trap fishing takes place on rocky substrata at 100–450 m depth, where lobsters (Palinurus delagoae and Scyllarides elisabethae) and crabs (Chaceon macphersoni) are caught.
9 Further to the southwest and on the Agulhas Bank proper, there is a major deep-water trap-fishery yielding > 1000 t per year of spiny lobster Palinurus gilchristi.
4.2) Mozambique
Project boundaries and environment Mozambique has a coastline of 2770 km long between the latitudes 10o20’S and 26o50’S, with a narrow continental shelf that rarely extends more than a few nautical miles offshore. Exceptions are the Delagoa Bight in the south, Sofala Bank in central Mozambique (approx. 50 000 km2 shallower than 100 m), and São Lazaro Bank in the north. The Almirante Leite Bank lies at approximately 500 m deep. Mozambican waters range from subtropical in the south to tropical in the north.
The humid tropical climate of Mozambique is dominated by two regimes. South of the Zambezi River it is characterized by the passage of the depressions of the SE Trade Wind Zone, and north of the river by the southern end of the East African Monsoon System. The coast receives rain in all months of the year with a maximum during the southern summer.
Fish and fisheries The largest fishery in Mozambique is the shallow-water trawl fishery for penaeid prawns, which lands in the region of 10 000t of prawns per year. Mozambique also has many artisanal fisheries using basic gear-types to exploit coastal fishes and crustaceans - examples are the artisanal fisheries for shallow-water shrimps, swimming crabs, mangrove crabs, and free-diving for shallow-water lobsters. The shallow water prawn trawl fisheries are addressed by national projects that support their assessment and management, and therefore SWIOFP effort in Mozambique are rather directed at deep water crustacean resources. The known deep-water resources (100 – 600 m depth range) include several prawn species (Haliporoides triarthrus; Aristaeomorpha foliacea; Aristaeus antennatus) langoustines (Metanephrops mosambicus; Nephropsis stewarti), deep-water spiny lobsters (Palinurus delagoae) and deep-sea red crab (Chaceon macphersoni). These resources are targeted by a deep-water trawling fleet.
4.3) Tanzania
Project boundaries and environment The Tanzanian coast stretches from 5o25’S to 10oS (approx. 1400km) with several offshore islands at Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia. The coastline is strongly influenced by the monsoon regime. A period of short rains occurs between September and December, and heavy rains between March and May. The influence of the fresh water outflow from rivers is restricted to inshore waters, most probably due to the prevailing wind and current conditions. Coastal waters are generally warm with surface temperatures ranging between 25oC in August/September and 30oC in March. The depth of the upper mixed layer reflects seasonal variations of wind speed and direction, varying from approximately 20 m below the surface in March to November, to 100 m depth in June and July.
10 Fish and fisheries Tanzanian crustacean fisheries are concentrated in shallow waters, and three fishing zones in particular are considered to be important: Zone I, Saadani to Bagamoyo (5°25´– 6°30´S); Zone II, Rufiji/Mafia channel (or Kisiju fishing area; 6°30´–8°S); and Zone III, Jaja and Kilwa (8°–10°S). Industrial prawn trawl fisheries operate occasionally on shallow mud banks, and artisanal fisheries for lobsters and swimming crabs occur in shallow water, coral reefs and mangroves. Several shallow-water prawn trawl surveys have been done in shallow water (<100 m depth) in the past year, using a wet-leased prawn trawler and funding by the MACEMP project. These surveys were planned and executed by TAFIRI, and aimed towards assessing the recovery of prawn stocks after a previous collapse. Deep-water crustaceans are a potential resource that needs to be investigated.
4.4) Kenya
Project boundaries and environment Kenya has a coastline of about 640 km stretching from 1o30 S at the Somali border to 5o25 S at the Tanzanian border. The continental shelf is narrow with fringing coral reefs that extend between 0.5 km and 2 km offshore. Coastal waters off Kenya are warm tropical and are influenced by the monsoon seasons – warmer during the NE monsoon (November to March) and cooler during the SE monsoon (April to October). The ocean current regime along the Kenyan coast is influenced by the East Africa Coastal Current and the seasonally reversing Somali Current (see section 3.3 above).
SWIOFP activities in Kenya will focus on the Malindi - Ungwana Bay area (2°30 – 3°30 S; 40°–41°E). Deep-water crustacean trap and trawl surveys are required to determine resource potential, as there may be deep-water crab resources off northern Kenya.
4.5) Madagascar
Project boundaries and environment Madagascar is 1600 km long from north to south with a maximum width of 570 km, and a coastline of ~5000 km. The EEZ has a surface area of 1.14 million km2. The western coast features many estuaries and bays, colonized by dense mangrove forests covering an estimated 3300 km2. The eastern coast is comparatively straight and featureless, with few estuaries, capes and bays. Parts of the continental shelf are covered by rocky reefs and corals. Surface water-temperatures vary between 20°C and 26°C in August, and between 26°C and 28°C in February.
Fish and fisheries SWIOFP activities in Madagascar will involve three major fisheries: shallow-water shrimp fisheries along the west coast, between Cape St Sebastian in the north and Cape St Vincent in the south; coastal spiny lobster fisheries along the southern coast, around Tolagnaro; and mangrove crabs along the west coast, particularly in the Majenga Bay area and the Tsiribihina- and Mangoky deltas.
11 Known deep-water crustaceans include the same groups as in Mozambique (i.e. H. triarthrus, A. foliacea, A. antennatus, P. delagoae (or P. barbarae), but there is no deep- water trap or trawl fisheries at present. Deepwater trap and trawl surveys are required to determine offshore resource potential.
5) Collection of new data - Information levels
Three information levels were defined for the collection of new data for priority crustacean species in SWIOFP projects (Table 1). The levels were based on: a) present or potential importance of a species to fisheries; b) information required for fisheries assessment and management; and c) information needed for the assessment of genetic population structure and/or assessments of trophic effects and fisheries-induced ecosystems impacts.
Table 1: Three information levels for the collection of new data for priority crustacean species in SWIOFP projects.
Information level 1 Information level 2 Information level 3 Presence / absence Effort Presence / absence Effort Presence / absence Effort Catch (weight) Catch (weight) Catch (weight)
Size & sex composition, Size & sex composition,
To include maturity, To include maturity, reproductive status where reproductive status where externally visible externally visible
Genetic samples Tagging for migration \ growth Other information (specified)
6) Selection and prioritization of regionally important species
A total of 30 crustacean species were selected for the region by the National Component Coordinators (NCC2’s) of the 5 countries active in Component 2 (Table 2). The selections were subdivided into groups for shallow- (from the shore to 100 m depth) and deep-water (>100 m depth) species, and consisted of lobsters, langoustines, deep- and shallow water prawns or shrimps, and crabs. It should be noted that the distributions of several of the deep-water crustaceans are not well known, and that some of them may not occur in all the countries for which they have been listed in Table 2 below. Nevertheless, there are large overlaps between country selections, suggesting that many of the species may be shared, either sub-regionally or regionally.
12 The prioritization of species, in terms of the data to be collected (i.e. information at levels 1, 2 or 3; see Table 1 above), was finalized at the regional workshop in Durban, through discussion of the projects that need to be undertaken for SWIOFP. Twelve species were prioritized at information level 3, and are highlighted in Table 2.
Table 2: Prioritization of crustacean species for projects in Component 2 of SWIOFP. Country selections are highlighted (in dark blue) in the respective columns, and species were grouped into categories for shallow- (<100 m depth) and deep water (100 – 600 m depth). Information needs per species are shown at 3 levels: 1 = presence/absence; 2 = size composition/biology; 3 = genetic population structure/migrations (see Table 1).
13 Lobsters that were prioritized at information level 3 are the 2 shallow-water species Panulirus homarus and P. ornatus, as key species for a study to determine the genetic population structure of shallow-water lobsters in the region. Deep-water spiny lobster Panulirus delagoae / barbarae was also rated at level 3, based on their past history of exploitation in South Africa and Mozambique, apparent high vulnerability to fishing pressure, and the possibility of undiscovered populations off southern Madagascar. It is furthermore unclear whether Madagascan populations are P. delagoae or P. barbarae, and may require genetic information to resolve.
Five lobster species were prioritized at information level 2 (size composition and general biological information), including 2 additional shallow-water Panulirus species that occur throughout the region and support numerous small-scale fisheries, deep-water Scyllarids (incl. S. elisabethae as a commercially fished species in South Africa and Mozambique) and other deep-water lobsters (e.g. Puerulus, Projasus and Palinustus spp.) with unknown fisheries potential in the region. The South African endemic, Palinurus gilchristi, was rated at level 1 (presence/absence) - it is a key species of the Agulhas Bank that supports a major industrial trap-fishery, and may be important to the ASCLME project, but its distribution does not extend regionally.
All 3 deep-water langoustine species were prioritized at level 3, because of their high commercial value and regional / sub-regional importance. Genetic studies may be required to clarify the status of Metanephrops mozambicus (South Africa and Mozambique) and M. andamanicus (Kenya) - are they distinct species, or synonymous?
Ten species of deep-water prawns were selected, of which only 3 (Haliporoides triarthrus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antennatus) are caught in significant quantities in Mozambique and South Africa, and were prioritized at information level 3. Most of the other 7 species selection by Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar were based on past surveys or were speculative in nature, and therefore they were rated at information level 1 (presence/absence) or level 2 (size composition and basic biology). The fisheries potential of deep-water prawns is weakly known in the SWIOFP region, and deep-water trawl surveys are required to determine species composition, distribution patterns and fisheries potential.
Five species of shallow-water penaeid prawns were selected by all 5 countries, with highest priority (i.e. information level 3)toPenaeus indicus, P. monodon and Metapenaeus monoceros. This group is well-known in the region, as it supports large trawl fisheries in Mozambique and Madagascar, and smaller fisheries in South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya. Catches may fluctuate greatly on an inter-annual basis, ostensibly as a result of variations in recruitment, affected by rainfall and estuarine discharge. It remains unclear whether recruitment to offshore stocks are from local estuaries only, or whether there is a regional exchange of larvae between distant populations.
Deepsea crab Chaceon macphersoni has a high fisheries potential in South Africa and Mozambique, and there are potentially deep-water crab resources off Kenya. Deep-water crabs are rated at level 2. Shallow-water crabs Scylla serrata and Portunus pelagicus
14 support many small-scale fisheries throughout the region, and they are likely to be regional or sub-regional resources. However, the 2 species fit better under the ASCLME project because of their nearshore / intertidal distributions, and they are rated at level 1 for SWIOFP.
It should be noted that confirmation of species identity and distribution patterns will be a key aspect of projects undertaken by SWIOFP, particularly for deep-water crustaceans which are generally less well-known.
7) Regionally important fisheries
A total of 22 fisheries that catch crustaceans as target or bycatch species were identified by the NCC2s of the five Component 2 countries, and were categorized by depth / area of operation (shallow versus deep water fisheries), fishing sector (industrial versus artisanal or traditional), and gear type used (traps, trawl nets or other gears) (Table 3). By country, the numbers of fisheries listed were 5 for South Africa, 3 for Mozambique, 4 each for Tanzania and Kenya, and 6 for Madagascar. It is important to note that the listed fisheries are indicative only, and that there are many more, particularly small-scale artisanal fisheries that operate nearshore. The WIOFISH database (see www.wiofish.org) lists 185 distinct small-scale fisheries in 5 countries (South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Seychelles) and provides an online electronic database of basic information on gears used, target species, and catches.
Fourteen of the 22 fisheries were categorized as industrial (i.e. large steel sea-going vessels, large numbers of traps or bottom trawls, modern electronic equipment). The category also includes past surveys (wet-leased vessels or research ships) or inactive industrial fisheries.
- Industrial trawl fisheries (deep): Identified as a research priority by all 5 countries. Generally targets assemblages of prawns, langoustines, lobsters and crabs at depths of 100-700m on soft low-profile substrata. Fishing grounds, species composition, abundance and potential are weakly known, particularly off Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar. Bycatches identified as a key issue for attention by SWIOFP Components 3 (Demersal Fishes) and 5 (Biodiversity issues).
- Industrial trawl fisheries (shallow): In Mozambique, they are addressed through national initiatives, but the other 4 countries have identified shallow-water trawl fisheries as a research priority. Generally targets several co-occurring species of penaeid prawns on mud-banks shallower than 100 m (i.e. Tukhela Bank, Sofala Bank, and the Malindi - Ungwana bay area). Bycatches are notoriously high and diverse, and its species composition, reduction, or alternative use strategies have been identified as a cross- cutting project with Components 3 and 5 (see above).
15 16 - Industrial trap fisheries (deep): Deep-water trap-fisheries target lobsters and crabs off eastern South Africa and Mozambique, but some of these fisheries were abandoned because of declining catch rates. Trapping surveys for deep-water lobsters off southern Madagascar (1980s) and deep-water crabs (off Kenya) showed some potential. All of these deep-water stocks need to be surveyed using wet-leased trapping vessels and reassessed.
- Traditional fishing methods (shallow): Traditional / artisanal fishers use various gear types to target nearshore assemblages, which may include crustaceans (see www.wiofish.org). Although listed in Table 3 above, these fisheries fall outside of the scope of SWIOFP.
8) Review of existing data on prioritized species and fisheries
8.1) Metadata (national databases)
Metadata were located, formatted and captured by data specialists (Component 1) and fisheries researchers in Component 2. A standardized template on Excel was used to capture meta-data electronically, and a list of datasets produced by countries is attached in Appendix 1.
A total of 49 datasets are listed with the breakdown by country as follows:
South Africa (9) Mozambique (15) Tanzania (11) Kenya (7) Madagascar (7)
Additional datasets may be forthcoming for Tanzania (Zanzibar data) and Kenya.
The datasets contain information on historical catches or yield, fishing effort, and biological information collected from fishing logbooks and sampling programmes (government or other), including on-board observers, fisheries surveys and research vessels. The actual data are stored on Lotus, Excel and Access software, paper formats and Unix and Oracle databases, and some datasets may be in danger of becoming lost. Data quality varies and needs to be assessed.
Most of the listed datasets cannot be used by Component 2 projects, because they are either too short, address local resources not covered by SWIOFP, or cannot be verified. However, some of the datasets may be very relevant to Component 2 SWIOFP projects, and these need to be identified, and analyzed to extract useful base-line information.
8.2) Regional databases
17 The R/V Fridtjof Nansen has undertaken several surveys in the SWIOFP region since 1975, using acoustic sounding methods, midwater- and demersal trawls. These include very recent surveys for ASCLME in 2008 (eastern Madagascar, Mascarene plateau, Mozambique channel) and for SWIOFP and ASCLME in 2009 (northern Mozambique, western Madagascar and Comores). The surveys were targeted at pelagic and demersal fishes and at collection of environmental data, but some information on crustaceans were also collected, mainly at level 1 (i.e. species composition, presence / absence, catch and effort). These datasets may have some use in clarifying the distribution of deep-water crustacean taxa. Data and cruise reports from all surveys undertaken by the RV Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in the region are available from the IMR in Bergen, Norway.
8.3) Reports and published literature
A large volume of published and unpublished literature and reports exist for the crustacean fisheries and species of the SWIO region, and the available material were captured onto a WEBLIS reference catalogue on a country-by-country basis, using manpower and resources provided by Component 1 (Data and IT) and Component 2. Not all countries have completed this task, and the reference catalogue is therefore only partially complete.
The workshop unanimously agreed that WEBLIS is unwieldy, difficult to install and operate, and unsuitable for purposes such as establishing a web-based reference manager for the Component. It is difficult to export reference lists from WEBLIS to MS Word or other commonly used word processors. There is a need to identify suitable reference manager software, and to transfer information already captured on WEBLIS onto the new software. This activity affects all Components, and therefore needs to be resolved at a programmatic level.
A partial list of references relevant to Component 2 is provided at the end of the document (see Section 11).
9) Data gap-analysis and identification of key issues
Each of the 5 countries produced a national data gap-analysis and needs analysis for Component 2 within a pre-designed structure, as shown in Table 4 below.
For the data gap-analysis, standardized questions were restricted to a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’, answer, and the resulting gaps or data needs were highlighted to make them stand out clearly. Participation by experts from each country ensured that local knowledge of databases and individual country needs were adequately reflected in the national gap- analyses. At the regional workshop, the national gap analyses were discussed in detail, and amended where necessary to best reflect country needs for Component 2 within a regional perspective. The abbreviated results of the national data gap-analyses are shown in Appendix 2. The national analyses formed the basis for the development of the regional key issues, research objectives, and project proposals for Component 2.
18 Table 4: Structure of national data gap-analyses for Component 2. The template was completed by each country for selected species (S1 – Sn) and selected fisheries (F1 – Fn). Answers to key questions / indicators were restricted to Yes (Y) or No (N).
19 10) KEY ISSUES, RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND PROJECT PROPOSALS FOR COMPONENT 2
Objective 1: Consolidation and retrospective analysis of existing information
Scope:
The first year of SWIOFP was used to locate and compile existing national and regional datasets on crustaceans onto a meta-database in Excel. As a next step, Component 1 will transcribe catch and effort information onto STATBASE software, that will allow for the basic analyses and reporting of information on tables with multiple parameters (i.e. country, species, family, year, season, month, catch (kg or tons), fishing effort, area, depth, data quality).
Further analysis of good-quality existing data, to produce abundance indices, biological parameters, and baseline information on the impact of fishing on stocks identified as being of regional importance, is required. These analyses should be undertaken as a cross-cutting activity between Component 1 (Data and IT) and Component 2.
The outputs of projects under Objective 1 are expected to be: 1) consolidated regional datasets (standardized and of verified quality) for the most important fisheries / resources, 2) retrospective analyses of historical information to extract baseline information on the past impacts of fishing on populations, and 3) estimates of biological parameters of key species.
Key issues to be addressed:
• Most datasets are of national origin and belong to the respective countries. Formal decisions need to be made on data under country jurisdictions, to determine what data can be made available to SWIOFP, and what mechanism should be used to share data regionally within the project. A Component 1 activity.
• SWIOFP general data issues and funding for data activities fall under Component 1, but Component 2 retains the responsibility for data activities regarding crustaceans. Data issues to be handled within Component 2 are: a) decisions on priority species for retrospective analyses; b) selections of useful datasets and facilitating data capture, verification, standardizations; c) decisions on analysis methods; d) production of historical indices for regional use. Thus, long-term data-handling support is required for Component 2.
• Datasets are scattered over many locations in each country, and are presently stored in a variety of formats (incl. paper records, Lotus, MS-Excel, Access,
20 Oracle databases). Key datasets may eventually be lost. Data storage facilities (at national or programmatic level) need to be established by Component 1, and populated (used) by Components 2-6.
• Key historical datasets collected by wet-leased commercial vessels (e.g. long-line trapping experiments of South Africa and Mozambique) and research ships such as the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen need to be identified, and analyzed for information on resource distribution, abundance and species composition.
• The Workshop was not satisfied with the performance of WEBLIS. Users found it to be difficult to operate, incompatible with other software in general use (such as standard reference managers, MS Word, Excel), and difficult to access and download over the web. An alternative reference manager / library catalogue needs to be considered, and the transfer of captured information to a new system should also be considered. Component 1 activity.
Project 1: Long-term data-handling support within Component 2
Project description / aims:
The project will provide funds for long-term data-handling within Component 2. This project extends the general data activities undertaken by Component 1 to cover the more specific data-activities that need to be undertaken within Component 2 (i.e. decision-making on key-species and analysis methods, quality assurance, data conversions).
Activities / methods:
• Identification of relevant existing datasets for crustaceans and their subsequent enhancement through quality assurance, data conversions, standardizations, consolidation and secure data storage.
• Funding for a Consultant to propose a future strategy for data management within Component 2.
Timeframe: 3 years, ongoing support function
Budget: To be determined. Cross-funding with Component 1.
21 Project 2: Retrospective analyses to describe historical trends of selected fisheries
Project description / aims:
Existing (historical) data from across the region have not been analyzed systematically to produce information on species distribution, abundance trends, and general biological characteristics. There is a definite need for a harmonized regional approach towards extracting useful information from existing datasets, and comparing trends across the region. Project 2 builds on the output of Project 1 by undertaking the retrospective analysis of the datasets resulting from Project 1. The outputs of Project 2 are expected to be: indices of fisheries performance, distribution maps of selected species, and estimates of biological parameters based on verified historical information.
Activities / methods:
Analysis of consolidated datasets (as provided in Project 1 above) to provide baseline information on the distribution and abundance trends of selected species, stock status, fisheries potential and estimates of biological parameters.
An example is the deep-water trapping surveys for lobsters Palinurus delagoae and Scyllarides elisabethae undertaken in 1994-1997 and 2004-2007 off the eastern coast of South Africa and in southern Mozambique (2005). The data for the 1994-1997 period was extensively analyzed to render the information required for fisheries management. The data for the 2004-2007 period now needs to be analyzed in a similar way, to provide information on the impact of fishing on the lobster resources and biological parameters, for management purposes.
Timeframe: To be decided
Budget: To be decided
22 Objective 2: New data collection
Scope:
Collection of new data refers to surveys at sea to be undertaken by wet-leased commercial vessels, scientific observers deployed on fishing vessels, and port (landing site) sampling projects. The wet-lease of commercial fishing vessels (i.e. prawn trawlers and long-line trapping vessels) fall under Objective 2, which comprises 4 specific projects – shallow-water trawling for penaeids (incl. the testing of BRDs and TEDs), deep-water trawling for langoustines and prawns, long-line trapping for deep-water lobsters and crabs, and the deployment of scientific observers and port samplers to cover commercial vessels and landing sites. The Component 2 workplan does not require research ships.
Key issues to be addressed:
• The species composition, distribution, abundance and fisheries potential of deepwater crustaceans (deep-water prawns, langoustines, lobsters and deep-sea crabs) are weakly known off Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar. Deep-water crustacean trap and trawl surveys are required to determine offshore resource potential.
• The shallow-water prawn trawl fisheries and species are better known – however their regionality and shared issues such as recruitment, bycatches, the efficiency and implementation of BRDs and TEDs, and user-conflicts remain key aspects to be sampled by SWIOFP. Use of a combination set-up of BRD and TED in the same trawl net to be considered for shallow-water prawn trawl surveys using wet- leased vessels. The methodology used for SWIOFP research of BRDs and TEDs need to be harmonized, so that compatible methods are used in participating countries.
• Trap-sampling in deep-water requires a long-line trapping vessel and trapping gear. A suitable vessel needs to be identified and wet-leased. Gear may need to be adapted for specific conditions and species to be targeted. Specifications to be developed and negotiations entered into.
• Trawl sampling in deep- and shallow waters require prawn trawlers with suitable nets for sampling crustaceans. Vessels need to be identified and wet-leased. Gear will need to be adapted for specific conditions and species to be targeted. Specifications to be developed and negotiations entered into. Surveys can in some cases be shared with Components 3 and 5.
• Repeat surveys (possibly in another area or different season) should be considered based on the outcome of the initial trap and trawl surveys.
23 • Fisheries data from existing commercial fisheries are best collected by deploying observers (scientific as opposed to compliance) onto fishing vessels. A scientific observer programme is the most cost-effective way of collecting quality data on fisheries and bycatches (discards and retained bycatches, turtles etc.) over a long term period. An observer programme needs to be developed for SWIOFP, taking into account and strengthening existing national observer programmes.
• Genetic samples to be collected during all surveys of priority species ranked at information level 3 (i.e. genetic population studies to determine stock identity).
Project 3: Shallow water trawl surveys for penaeid shrimps using wet-leased trawlers, including testing of BRDs, TEDs and combination set-ups.
Project description / aims:
The project forms the basis for sampling of trawlable shallow-water areas using wet- leased vessels. Sampling to include exploratory trawling in areas that are not regularly fished (i.e. finding new fishing areas), and the testing of BRDs, TEDs or combination set-ups in relation to target- and bycatches. Trawl catches to be sampled for crustacean species composition and distribution (information level 1), biological samples (level 2), and the collection of genetic samples (level 3). Given the importance of retained and discarded bycatches of shallow-water trawl fisheries, the project must consider the identification / quantification of bycatches as an important aspect, and should link into Components 3 (Demersal fishes) and 5 (Biodiversity). The exploratory fishing is to be restricted to Kenya and Tanzania, where the fishing grounds are less well known than South Africa, Mozambique and Madagascar.
Activities / methods:
• Wet-lease and equipping of shallow-water trawlers • Shallow-water surveys in the following areas: - Kenya, Malindi-Ungwana Bay - Tanzania - SW Madagascar • Biological sampling at information levels 1, 2, and 3 (for shallow-water prawns P. indicus, P. monodon, and M. monoceros and other species) • Surveys to test BRDs, TEDs and combination setups (to follow on a review and workshop – see Project 7)
Timeframe: 3 years
Budget: Bulk of the budget for wet-lease of trawlers to be allocated to Years 2 and 3 of SWIOFP.
24 25 Project 4: Deep water trawl surveys for langoustines and deep-water prawns using wet-leased trawlers
Project description / aims:
Project 4 provides a window on the catches and bycatches made on trawlable grounds in deeper waters (100-600 m) – particularly in areas that are not regularly trawled by commercial vessels. The project will wet-lease and equip a trawler to do exploratory trawling of potential fishing grounds, mainly off Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar. Trawl catches to be sampled for crustacean species composition and distribution (information level 1), biological samples (level 2), and the collection of genetic samples (level 3). Given the importance of retained and discarded bycatches of deep- water trawl fisheries, the project must consider the identification / quantification of bycatches as an important aspect, and should link into Components 3 (Demersal fishes) and 5 (Biodiversity).
Activities / methods:
• Wet-lease and equipping of deep-water trawler • Deep-water exploratory surveys in the following areas: - Kenya, Malindi-Ungwana Bay - Tanzania - SW Madagascar - Mozambique (targeted at langoustines) • Biological sampling at information levels 1, 2, and 3 (for deep-water prawns H. triarthrus, A. foliacea, A. antennatus, langoustines M. mosambicus, M. andamanicus, N. stewartii and spiny lobsters P. delagoae / barbarae. • Identification and quantification of retained and discarded bycatches
Timeframe: 3 years
Budget: Bulk of the budget for wet-lease of trawlers to be allocated to Years 2 and 3 of SWIOFP.
26 Project 5: Deep water trapping surveys for lobsters and crabs using wet-leased long-line trapping vessels
Project description / aims:
Large parts of the continental shelf and slope up to depths of 600 m cannot be trawled because it is a hard / rocky substratum. Deep-water lobster and crab resources may inhabit these bottom types, and several fisheries in the SWIOFP region target these resources (i.e. trap-fisheries for spiny lobsters Palinurus gilchristi and P. delagoae, slipper lobster Scyllarides elisabethae and deep-sea red crab Chaceon macphersoni). Apart from South Africa and Mozambique, very little is known of the potential of these resources in the SWIO region. Trap-sampling in deep-water requires a long-line trapping vessel and trapping gear. A suitable vessel needs to be identified and wet- leased. Gear may need to be adapted for specific conditions and species to be targeted. Specifications to be developed and negotiations entered into.
Activities / methods:
• Wet-lease and equipping of deep-water long-line trapping vessel • Deep-water exploratory trapping surveys in the following areas: - Kenya - Tanzania - Madagascar - Mozambique • Biological sampling at information levels 2 and 3 for spiny and slipper lobsters, and crabs • Genetic samples taken to establish the identity of regional stocks • Exploration for deep-water lobster stocks on the deep-shelf and seamounts south of Madagascar
Timeframe: 3-years
Budget: Bulk of the budget for wet-lease of long-line trapping vessels to be allocated to Years 2 and 3 of SWIOFP.
27 Project 6: Development of a scientific observer programme and placement of scientific observers on commercial fishing vessels / landing sites
Project description / aims:
The regular and structured deployment of trained fisheries observers onto commercial fishing vessels is the most cost-effective way of collecting data on the performance of fisheries, and of developing long-term databases for fisheries assessment and management purposes. Project 6 aims to develop a scientific observer programme for crustacean fisheries in the SWIOFP region, including recruitment, training to a high level of skills, deployment at sea and at landing sites, and processing of data. An important output will be a core group of professional and highly skilled observers in each country, with information flowing to a central database.
Activities / methods:
• Development of programme, including costing and logistics – to be shared by Components 2-5, and coordinated by Component 6. • The numbers per country requested for Component 2 were: South Africa (1), Mozambique (3), Tanzania (4), Kenya (2) and Madagascar (2). • Activities include: o identification and recruitment of career-oriented individuals o training and skills (i.e. quality of observers) o deployments and standardization of data collected o data processing and use in stock status reports
Timeframe: Long-term project
Budget: The budget for this project is to be administered by Component 6.
28 Objective 3: Data analysis
Scope:
Objective 3 refers to the analysis of all data collected for Component 2 during SWIOFP surveys undertaken between 2008 and 2011, using research vessels, wet-leased trawlers and long-liners, scientific observers and port samplers (see projects under Objective 2 above). Existing (historical) data can in many circumstances be analyzed in conjunction with the newly collected information, to provide historical and recent perspectives. The bulk of the analyses of new survey information will take place later on in the project (i.e. 2010-2012), after data and samples become available.
Key issues to be addressed:
• Data collected during Objective 2 to be analyzed to provide information required for fisheries management. Analyses to investigate species distribution, abundance, genetic population structure, biology and ecology, and the responses of populations to fishing impacts (incl. stock status, and sustainable yields).
• Results of exploratory fishing to be assessed to indicate fisheries potential of presently unknown fishing grounds.
• Data to be analyzed to assess retained and discarded bycatches, and the influences of BRDs and TEDs on target- and bycatches.
• Although the RCC2 retains responsibility for the research done in Component 2, analysis of data for the various species groups need to be shared regionally. The following responsibilities were decided at the regional workshop:
o Lobsters South Africa o Langoustines Mozambique o Shallow-water penaied prawns Tanzania o Deep-water prawns Kenya o Crabs Madagascar
• It is unclear whether fish-, condrichthyan-, or other bycatches of crustacean trawl fisheries should be addressed under Component 2, or rather under Components 3 (Demersal fishes) or 5 (Biodiversity issues) or a combination of the above. A decision needs to be made at Steering Committee level.
29 Project 7: Consultancy and Workshop to review scientific progress and current practice in the use of BRDs and TEDs in the WIO, with a strategy recommendation for implementation.
(must include descriptions of gear / setup used by each country) [Consultancy].
Project description / aims:
Considerable data exist for retained and discarded bycatches of crustacean trawl fisheries in shallow and deep water, and some of the data have been analyzed and published. A review of existing information is required, including scientific progress made and current practice (particularly in Madagascar, where BRDs and TEDs are used regularly). The review should be comprehensive and include descriptions of gears / and set-up of BRD/TED fittings used by each country. The review should culminate in a Workshop with 2 major aims: to harmonize testing methodology to be used in SWIOFP projects, and to develop a strategy recommendation for implementation of BRDs and TEDs for the SWIOFP region. Co-funding from FAO to be sought for the Workshop.
Activities / methods:
• Consultancy for regional review of scientific progress and current practice in use of BRDs and TEDs • Workshop to harmonize testing methodology for BRDs and TEDs • Sampling schedule developed for SWIOFP (incl. wet-lease of trawler and use of experts) • Strategy recommendation for implementation of BRDs and TEDs in the region
Timeframe: To be decided
Budget: Budget for the Consultancy and workshop allocated to Year-2 of SWIOFP. Co- funding from FAO to be sought for the Workshop.
30 Project 8: Analysis of data to determine the distribution, abundance, biological characteristics, fisheries impact and genetic structure of prioritized crustacean species / populations.
Project description / aims:
The project draws together, and analyzes, all new and historical data collected for prioritized crustacean species (see 2 projects under Objective 1 for historical data, and 4 projects under Objective 2 for collection of new data through surveys). Analyses are structured to investigate species distribution, abundance, biological characteristics, genetic population structure, and the responses of populations to fishing impacts. The latter will include assessments of stock status and determination of sustainable yields wherever possible. The issues of regionality or sharedness of stocks will be central to all analyses done in Project 8. Project 8 consists of 4 Subprojects:
8.1) Deep-water lobsters and crabs 8.2) Langoustines 8.3) Deepwater prawns 8.4) Shallow-water prawns
The basic analyses to be done for each subproject are similar. Key-questions specific to each species group (or subproject) are highlighted in separate text-boxes below.
General activities / methods for each of subprojects 8.1 – 8.4:
• Analysis of newly collected data from surveys (Objective 2) for information on species distribution, abundance, biological characteristics, and fisheries impacts; • Comparison of results with base-line indicators resulting from the analyses of historical information (see activities under Objective 1); • Analysis of genetic samples to assess stock identity relative to international boundaries (i.e. are they shared between countries?), as a precursor to considering the development of regional or sub-regional management strategies; • Development of stock status indicators based on historical and recent information, and sustainable yield levels where possible.
Timeframe: 3 years
Budget: Given that data analysis activities will follow on the Objective 2 collection of new data, the bulk of the Project 8 budget is allocated to years 3 and 4 of SWIOFP.
31 Subproject 8.1: Deep-water lobsters and crabs
Aims:
See above. In addition to the general aims of Project 8, Subproject 8.1 will assess the results of exploratory fishing off southern Madagascar (including seamounts) and northern Kenya to determine fisheries potential of presently unknown fishing grounds and deep-water stocks of lobsters and crabs. Priority species are Palinurus delagoae, Palinurus barbarae, Scyllarides elisabethae, Chaceon macphersoni, and other deepwater lobster or crab species with potential commercial value (i.e. Projasus, Palinustus, Puerulus, and Linuparus spp.)
Activities / methods specific to Subproject 8.1:
• Clarification of the Palinurus species complex in the SWIO region - Palinurus (delagoae / barbarae) off southern Madagascar and linkages to Walters Shoals and seamounts further south.
Subproject 8.2: Langoustines
Aims:
See textbox for Project 8 above. Priority species are Metanephrops andamanicus, M. mosambicus, Nephropsis stewarti, and other langoustine species that may be found.
Activities / methods specific to Subproject 8.2:
• Genetic studies to determine stock structure to also clarify whether two putative langoustine species, Metanephrops mosambicus and M. andamanicus, are synonomous, and if not, where the boundary between the species lie.
32 Subproject 8.3: Deep-water prawns
Aims:
See textbox for Project 8 above. Priority species are Haliporoides triarthrus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, Aristeus antennatus, Heterocarpus spp. and any other deep- water prawn species with likely commercial potential.
Activities / methods specific to Subproject 8.3:
• None specified
Subproject 8.4: Shallow-water prawns
Aims:
See textbox for Project 8 above. Priority species are Penaeus monodon, Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus monoceros. Other shallow-water prawn species to be included as priority species where appropriate, based on country needs and regional importance. Apart from the standard activities as stated in the Project 8 textbox, the analyses will include the data from trials using BRDs, TEDs and combination set-ups, to determine their effects on targeted- and bycatch catch-rates. Bycatch identity and quantities to be estimated, as a cross-cutting activity with Components 3 and 5. Subproject 8.4 to link strongly with Project 7 above – sampling strategies (i.e. gear- setup) to be determined by the strategy document produced by Project 7.
Activities / methods specific to Subproject 8.4:
• Estimation of targeted and bycatch catch-rates, and the efficiency of various tested set-ups of BRDs, TEDs and combination set-ups.
33 Project 9: Shallow-water lobsters – genetic population structure of Panulirus homarus and P. ornatus across a wide geographical range
Project description / aims:
Two shallow-water lobsters (Panulirus homarus and P. ornatus) were prioritized at information level 3 as key species for a study to determine the genetic population structure of shallow-water lobsters in the region. Genetic samples are unlikely to materialize under Objective 2 sampling and may have to be collected as a dedicated project (i.e. collection of genetic samples), for analysis to determine population structure along the coast (eastern South Africa to Kenya, incl. Madagascar).
Activities / methods:
Collection of samples followed by their analysis in a laboratory. The project lends itself well to an M.Sc. study.
• Collection of genetic samples across a wide geographical range • Analysis of genetic samples to determine population structure in the SWIO region.
Timeframe: 3 years
Budget: Specific budget for Year 2 for the collection and transport of genetic samples in several countries
34 Objective 4: Capacity building
Scope:
Capacity building in the Component includes workshops to develop skills and harmonize research methods and strategies, development of a long-term professional observer programme for sampling of commercial fisheries at sea, and tertiary education at MSc level for selected scientists per country. The MSc programme should support the planned Component 2 projects.
Key issues to be addressed:
• The harmonization of Component 2 sampling- and data handling methods across countries need to be to be addressed at a workshop. Alternatively, a combined data harmonization workshop for Components 2-5, under the leadership of Component 1, may be considered.
• Harmonization of analysis methods need to be addressed in a workshop environment. This needs to link in with the Workshop for harmonization of data collection methods. The analysis methods workshop should be scheduled for Year 3, towards the end of new data collection period.
• Funding is available for two MSc students per country (i.e. a total of 10 MSc students for the 5 countries involved in Component 2). Each student will receive U$ 10 000/y for 2 years for living expenses and tuition costs. The MSc projects studies must contribute directly to approved SWIOFP projects, and address any of the following fields within the Component: crustacean taxonomy; population genetics; fisheries biology / ecology; stock assessment & modeling; and fisheries economics / socioeconomics. The project to which an MSc study is linked must budget for research costs associated with the MSc (i.e. sampling, analysis, consumables, equipment). All MSc studies must be completed prior to the end of the SWIOFP project in 2012.
• A list of acceptable Universities for post-graduate studies funded by Component 2 to be compiled. Universities within the SWIOFP countries preferred at MSc level. Memoranda of Understanding to be signed to underwrite the basis for collaboration between SWIOFP and University faculties. Criteria for the selection of suitable projects for MSc studies in Component 2 to be developed.
35 Project 10: Workshops and training courses
Project description / Aims:
The project will encompass training within the component, including courses, workshops and in-service training. The aims of the project are to strengthen technical capacity at a regional level. Several training courses have already taken place (i.e. a training course on survey strategies and methodology; a training course on using the Nansis system for capture and storage of new data on surveys). The project may be easier to develop as a cross-cutting initiative (i.e. including Component 1-5), rather than developing specific courses per Component. This will be clarified at a training needs workshop scheduled for later in 2009.
Activities / methods:
Training was requested for: • Harmonization of data-collection methods; • Basic data-analysis using actual information collected during SWIOFP surveys; • Use of the Nansis software for data collection and mapping;
Timeframe: To be decided
Budget: Shared between Component 1 and 2, depending on the objectives of individual courses. To be finalized at training needs workshop.
36 Project 11: Studentships at MSc level
Project description / aims:
MSc studies will be administered through Component 6. Project proposals to be submitted to a scientific board, and approved/rejected based on criteria in line with SWIOFP research objectives. Provisional funding is available for 2 studentships per country for Component 2, over the duration of the SWIOFP project (i.e. a total of 10 MSc students for Component 2). Each student to receive USD 10 000/year for 2 years for living expenses, and the project running costs to be funded through the SWIOFP project being serviced.
MSc projects must be designed to cover fields that include crustacean taxonomy; population genetics; fisheries biology / ecology; stock assessment & modeling; and fisheries economics / socioeconomics. All MSc studies to be completed prior to the end of the SWIOFP project in 2012.
Activities / methods:
• Develop MSc projects to service SWIOFP objectives, or to directly address key questions relevant to SWIOFP; • Call for applications by prospective students; • Drafting and submission of proposals to RCCs and the RMU; • Scientific board selects projects to be funded, based on set criteria developed for SWIOFP; • Registration of students at approved University faculties • Supervision of students and measurement of outputs / MSc project
Timeframe: 3 years 2010-2012
Budget: Each studentship is for 2 years, and the funding covers tuition and living expenses (US$ 10 000 per year). The projected budget for the project is therefore US$ 200 000 (Crustaceans only), and it is administered by Component 6.
37 11) Reference list: Documents on Crustaceans and their fisheries for the WIO region (incomplete)
Al-Marzouqi A, Al-Nahdi A, Jayabalan N, Groeneveld JC (2007) – An assessment of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus fishery in Oman – another decline in the western Indian Ocean? Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 6(2): 159-174 Al-Marzouqi A, Groeneveld JC, Al-Nahdi A, Al-Hosni A (2008) – Reproductive season of the scalloped spiny lobster Panulirus homarus along the coast of Oman: management implications. Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Vol. 13, Special Issue: Marine Sciences, 33-42. Al-Nahdi A, Al-Marzouqi A Groeneveld JC, Al-Hosni, A (2008) – A first record of whip lobsters Puerulus sewelli from Oman with notes on size, condition and length weight relationships. Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Vol. 13, Special Issue: Marine Sciences, 1-6. Barnard, K.H. (1926) Report on a collection of crustacea from Portuguese East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 13, 123-125. Berry, P.F. (1969) Occurrence of an external spermatophoric mass in the spiny lobster, Palinurus gilchristi (Decapoda, Palinuridae). Crustaceana, 17, 223–224. Berry, P. F. (1970). Mating behaviour, oviposition and fertilization in the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (L). South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Investigational Report No. 27. Berry, P.F. and Heydorn, A.E.F. (1970). A comparison of the spermatophoric masses and mechanisms of fertilization in Southern African spiny lobsters (Palinuridae). South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Investigational Report No. 25. Berry, P. F. (1971). The biology of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus (L) off the east coast of Southern Africa. South African Association for Marine Biological Research, Investigational Report No. 28. Berry, P. F. (1971) The spiny lobsters (Palinuridae) of the east coast of southern Africa: Distribution and ecological notes. Investigational Report of the Oceanographic Research Institute of South Africa, 27, 1-23. Berry, P.F. (1972) Observations on the fishery for Palinurus delagoae. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa, Unpublished Report, 1-5. Berry, P.F. (1973) The biology of the spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae Barnard, off the coast of Natal, South Africa. Investigational Report of the Oceanographic Research Institute of South Africa, 31, 1-27. Berry, P.F. & Plante, R. (1973) Revision of the spiny lobster genus Palinurus in the South-west Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 40, 373-380. Berry, P.F. (1974). A revision of the Panulirus homarus group of spiny lobsters (Decapoda, Palinuridae). Crustaceana 27, 31–42. Berry, P.F. (1974) Palinurid and Scyllarid lobster larvae of the Natal Coast, South Africa. Investigational Report of the Oceanographic Research Institute of South Africa, 34, 1-44.
38 Berry, P. F., Heydorn, A. E. F. and D. J. Alletson 1975 - The biology of the knife prawn, Hymenopenaeus triarthrus off the Natal coast. Unpublished Report, Oceanographic Research Institute, South Africa: 23 pp. (mimeo). Berry, P.F. & Smale, M.J. 1980. An estimate of production and consumption rates in the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus on a shallow littoral reef of the Natal coast, South Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 13: 201-210. Brinca, L., & Palha de Sousa, L., (1983) The biology and availability of the spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae Barnard, off the coast of Mozambique. Revista de Investigação Pesquiera, Moçambique, 8, 25-52. Brito A, Pena A (2007) – Population structure and recruitment of Penaied shrimps from the Pungue river estuary to the Sofala Bank fishery, Mozambique. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 6(2): 147-158. Cockcroft AC, Groeneveld JC, Cruywagen GC (1995) – The influence of depth, latitude and width of the continental slope on the size distribution and availability of spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off the East Coast of South Africa. S Afr J mar Sci 16: 149-160 De Freitas, A. J. 1989 - Shrimps and prawns. In Oceans of Life off Southern Africa. Payne, A. I. L. and R. J. M. Crawford (Eds). Cape Town; Vlaeberg: 81-90. Demetriades, N. T. and A. T. Forbes 1993 – Seasonal changes in the species composition of penaeid prawns on the Tugela Bank, Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci.13: 317 -322. De Paula e Silva, R. 1985 - The deep sea crab – Geryon quinquedens. First notes on its biology off Mozambique. Revista Investnes Pesq., Mozambique 13: 5-25. Fennessy, S.T. 1994. The impact of commercial prawn trawlers on linefish off the north coast of Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 14: 263-279. Fennessy, S.T. 1994. Incidental capture of elasmobranchs by commercial prawn trawlers on the Tugela Bank, Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 14: 287-296. Fennessy, S.T., Villacastin, C. & Field, J.G. 1994. Distribution and seasonality of ichthyofauna associated with commercial prawn trawl catches on the Tugela Bank of Natal, South Africa. Fisheries Research 20: 263-282. Fennessy, S.T. 1995. Relative abundances of non-commercial crustaceans in the by-catch of Tugela Bank prawn trawlers off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Lammergeyer, 43:1-5. Fennessy ST, Groeneveld JC (1997) – A review of the offshore trawl fishery for crustaceans on the east coast of South Africa. Fish Mgmt Ecol 4(2): 135-148 Fennessy, S.T. 2001. A report on KwaZulu-Natal crustacean trawling for the economics and sectoral study of the South African fishing industry. Unpublished Report. South African Association for Marine Biological Research (201): 13p. 3 appendices. Fennessy, S.T. 2002. Preliminary investigation of a bycatch reduction device for the Tugela Bank prawn trawl fishery in KwaZulu-Natal. Unpublished Report. South African Association for Marine Biological Research (203): 10p. Fennessy, S.T., Mwatha, G.K. And Thiele, W. eds. 2004. Report of the regional workshop on approaches to reducing shrimp trawl bycatch in the Western Indian Ocean, Mombasa, Kenya, 13-15 April 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome: 49p. (FAO Fisheries Report 734)
39 Fennessy, S.T. & Isaksen, B. 2007. Can bycatch reduction devices be implemented successfully on prawn trawlers in the Western Indian Ocean? – results of a BRD experiment in Mozambique. African Journal of Marine Science 29(3): 453-563 Fennessy ST, Vincent X, Budeba Y, Mueni EM, and Gove DZ (2008) – An update on initiatives to reduce prawn trawl bycatch in the Western Indian Ocean. Western Indian Ocean J. mar.Sci. 7(2): 217-222. Fielding, P.J., Robertson, W.D., Dye, A.H., Tomalin, B.J., Van Der Elst, R.P., Beckley, L.E., Mann, B.Q., Birnie, S., Schleyer, M.H. & Lasiak, T.A. (1994) - Transkei coastal fisheries resources. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban: 175p. (ORI Special Publication 3) Fielding, P.J. (1996) - Stock assessment of the rock lobster Panulirus homarus between Tinley Manor and Richards Bay on the KwaZulu-Natal coast. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban: 19p. (ORI Unpublished Report 132) Fielding, P.J. (1997) - Stock assessment and fisheries management of the Natal rock lobster Panulirus homarus. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa, Unpublished Report 140, pp. 13–19. Fielding, P. J. and Mann, B. Q. (1999) - The Somalia inshore lobster resources: A survey of the lobster fishery of the North Eastern Region (Puntland) between Foar and Eyl during November 1988 (pp. 1-35). Nairobi: IUCN. Fielding, P.J. & Mann, B.Q. (1999). The Somalia inshore lobster resource – a survey of the lobster fishery of the north eastern region (Puntland) between Foar and Eyl during November 1998. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban: 26p. (ORI Unpublished Report 160) Fielding, P.J. & Everett, B.I. 2000. The spiny lobster fishery in the Kiunga Marine Reserve, northern Kenya. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban: 43p. (ORI Unpublished Report 194) Fielding, P.J. (2001) - Lobster stocks along the Eastern Cape coast (Transkei): the area between Mtata River and Mdumbi river. Unpublished report prepared for Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: 14p. Forbes, A. T. and M. C. Benfield 1985 - Aspects of the penaeid prawn fisheries in Natal. S. Afr. J. Sci. 81: 430-431. George, R. W. (1963). Report to the Government of Aden on the crawfish resources of the eastern Aden Protectorate. Expanded programme of technical assistance, FAO, Rome, Report No. 1696. (Pp1-23). Gilchrist, J.D.F. (1920) Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, 1, 1-111. Gopal K, Tolley KA, Groeneveld JC, Matthee CA (2006) – Mitochondrial DNA variation in spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae suggests genetically structured populations in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 319: 191-198. Groeneveld JC, Melville-Smith R (1994) – Size at onset of sexual maturity in the South Coast rock lobster, Palinurus gilchristi (Decapoda: Palinuridae) from South Africa. S Afr J mar Sci 14: 219-223 Groeneveld JC 1995 - Experimental trap-fishing for Natal deep-water spiny lobster (Palinurus delagoae) off South Africa in 1994 and 1995. The Lobster Newsletter 8(2):5-7
40 Groeneveld JC, Melville-Smith, R (1995) – Spatial and temporal availability in the multispecies crustacean trawl fishery along the east coast of South Africa and southern Mozambique, 1988 - 1993. S Afr J mar Sci 15:123-136 Groeneveld JC, Rossouw, GJ (1995) – Breeding period and size in the South Coast rock lobster, Palinurus gilchristi (Decapoda: Palinuridae). S Afr J mar Sci 15: 17-23 Groeneveld JC, Cockcroft AC, Cruywagen GC (1995) – Relative abundances of spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae and slipper lobster Scyllarides elisabethae off the East Coast of South Africa. S Afr J mar Sci 16: 19-24 Groeneveld JC, Goosen PC (1996) – Morphometric relationships of palinurid lobsters Palinurus delagoae and P. gilchristi and a scyllarid lobster Scyllarides elisabethae caught in traps off the south and east coasts of South Africa. S Afr J mar Sci 17: 329-334 Groeneveld JC (1997) – Growth of spiny lobster Palinurus gilchristi (Decapoda: Palinuridae) off South Africa. S Afr J mar Sci 18: 19-30 Groeneveld JC, Cockcroft AC (1998) – Potential of a trap-fishery for deep-water rock lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa. Mar Freshwat Res 48(8): 993-1000 Groeneveld JC (2000) – Stock assessment, ecology and economics as criteria for choosing between trap and trawl fisheries for spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae. Fish. Res. 48(2): 141-155 Groeneveld JC 2001 – Biology and ecology of the deep-water rock lobsters Palinurus gilchristi and Palinurus delagoae in relation to their fisheries. Ph.D Thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa. 203 pages. Groeneveld JC, Branch GM (2001) – Development of a pleopod index to assess the moulting season of rock lobster Palinurus gilchristi (Decapoda, Palinuridae) off South Africa. Crustaceana 74 (10): 1083-1100. Groeneveld JC (2002) – Long-distance migration of the rock lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa and Mozambique. S Afr J mar Sci 24: 395-400. Groeneveld JC, Branch GM (2002) – Long-distance migration of South African deep-water rock lobster Palinurus gilchristi. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 232: 225-238. Groeneveld JC (2003) - Under-reporting of catch of South Coast rock lobster (Palinurus gilchristi) with implications for the assessment and management of the fishery. Afr. J. Mar Sci. 25: 407-411. Groeneveld JC, Butterworth DS, Glazer JP, Branch GM, Cockcroft AC (2003) – An experimental assessment of the impact of gear saturation on an abundance index for an exploited rock lobster resource. Fish. Res. 65: 453-465. Groeneveld JC (2005) – Fecundity of spiny lobster Palinurus gilchristi (Decapoda: Palinuridae) off South Africa. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27(1): 231-137. Groeneveld JC, Greengrass CL, Branch GM, McCue S (2005) – Fecundity of the deep-water spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off eastern South Africa. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. 4(2): 135-143 Groeneveld JC, Maharaj G, Smith CD (2006) – Octopus magnificus predation and bycatch in the trap-fishery for spiny lobster Palinurus gilchristi. Fish Res 79(1-2):90-96
41 Groeneveld JC, Goñi R, Latrouite D (2006) – Lobsters of commercial importance: Palinurus Species: Chapter 12 in Lobsters: Biology, management, aquaculture and fisheries (BF Phillips ed), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 385-411. Groeneveld JC, Griffiths CL, Van Dalsen AP (2006) – A new species of spiny lobster, Palinurus barbarae (Decapoda, Palinuridae) from Walters Shoals on the Madagascar Ridge. Crustaceana 79(7): 821-833 Groeneveld JC, Gopal K, George RW, Matthee CA (2007) – Molecular phylogeny of the spiny lobster genus Palinurus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) with hypotheses on speciation in the NE Atlantic/Mediterranean and SW Indian Ocean. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45:102-110. Groeneveld JC, Griffiths CL and CA Matthee (2008). Meet Palinurus barbarae – a new spiny lobster species from a submerged seamount! The Lobster Newsletter 21(1): 2-3 Groeneveld JC, Japp DW, Wissema J (2008) - Experimental fishing for spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa. E) Report on the fourth year of the experiment: June - November 2007, 22 pp. Holthuis, L.B. (1991) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125, 292 pp. Rome, FAO. Johnson, W. D. and Al-Abdulsalaam, T. Z. (1991). The scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) fishery in the Sultanate of Oman. The Lobster Newsletter 4, 1-4. Jorge Da Silva, A. 1986 - River runoff and shrimp abundance in a tropical coastal ecosystem - the example of the Sofala Bank. (central Mozambique). In The Role of Freshwater Outflow in Coastal Marine Ecosystems. Skreslet, S. (Ed.). Berlin; Springer: 329-344. Kirkman SP, Groeneveld JC 2006 – Experimental fishing for spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa. C) Report on the second year of the experiment: July-October 2005. Marine and Coastal Management Unpublished Report, 33 pp. Kirkman SP, Groeneveld JC, Palha de Sousa B 2005 – Experimental fishing for spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa and Mozambique. B) Report on the Mozambican leg: January-February 2005. Marine and Coastal Management Unpublished Report, 26 pp. Kirkman SP, Groeneveld JC 2005 – Experimental fishing for spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa and Mozambique. A) Report on the South African leg: May-December 2004. Marine and Coastal Management Unpublished Report, 38 pp. Kondritskiy, A.V. (1976) Reproduction of the lobster Palinurus delagoae B. (Crustacea) at the southeastern coast of Africa. Hydrobiological Journal, 12, 59-61. Koyama, T. (1971) Spiny lobster fishing grounds off the south east coast of Africa. Bulletin of the Tokai regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 65, 17-45. Kulmiye, A. J. (2004). Growth and reproduction of the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, Nairobi, University of Nairobi. (Pp. 175). Kulmiye, A. J. and K. M. Mavuti (2005). Growth and moulting of captive Panulirus homarus homarus in Kenya, western Indian Ocean. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 39, 539-54 Kulmiye AL, Mavuti KM, Groeneveld JC (2006) – Size at onset of maturity in spiny lobsters Panulirus homarus homarus from Mambrui, Kenya. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 28(1): 51-55
42 Mkhize, M.N.A. (2005) - An assessment of changes in the ichthyofaunal bycatch of the Tugela Bank prawn trawlers in KwaZulu-Natal. MSc thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban: 52p. Mohan, R. (1997). Size structure and reproductive variation of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus over a relatively small geographic range along Dhofar coast in the Sultanate of Oman. Marine and Freshwater Research 48,1085-1091. Mutagyera, W.B. (1978). Some observations on the Kenya lobster fishery. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 43(4): 401-407. Okechi, J. K. and Polovina, D. E. (1994). The spiny lobster fishery of Kenya. In Phillips, B. F. Cobb, J.S. and Kittaka, J. (Eds.). Spiny Lobster Management. Oxford: Fishing News Books (Pp. 103-107). Okechi, J. K. and Polovina, D. E. (1995). An evaluation of artificial shelters in the artisanal spiny lobster fishery in Gazi Bay, Kenya. South African Journal of Marine Science 16, 373- 376. Olbers, J.M. & Fennessy, S.T. (2007) - A retrospective assessment of the stock status of Otolithes ruber (Pisces: Sciaenidae) as bycatch on prawn trawlers from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science. 29(2): 247-252 Palha de Sousa, B. (1992) Stock assessment of the deep-water spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae off Mozambique. Revista de Investigação Pesquiera, Moçambique, 21, 29-40. Palha de Sousa, B.P. (1998) Stock assessment of deep-water spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae. MSc thesis, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa. Palha de Sousa, B. (2001) Fishery for the deep-water spiny lobster Palinurus delagoae in Mozambique, 1980 to 1999. Marine and Freshwater Research, 52, 1535-1540. Persad, R.S. (2005). An investigation of the bycatch of the offshore crustacean trawl fishery on the east coast of South Africa. MSc thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban: 69p. Pollock, D.E. & Augustyn, C.J. (1982) Biology of the rock lobster Palinurus gilchristi with notes on the South African fishery. Fisheries Bulletin of South Africa, 16, 57-73. Pollock DE, Cockcroft AC, Groeneveld JC, Schoeman DS (2000) – The fisheries for Jasus species in the south-east Atlantic and for Palinurus species of the south-west Indian Ocean. In Spiny Lobster Management (BF Phillips ed), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford Robertson WD 1996. Abundance, population structure and size at maturity of Scylla serrata (Forskal) (Decapoda: Portunidae) in Eastern Cape estuaries, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 31: 177-185. Sanders, M.J. & Bouhlel, M. 1984. Stock assessment for the rock lobster (Panulirus homarus) inhabiting the coastal waters of the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome: 68p. (RABSI/002) Schleyer, M.H. 1991. The biological and sociological aspects of illegal trading of Natal rock lobsters in KwaZulu: Biological component. Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban: 11p. (ORI Unpublished Report 69) Smale, M.J. 1978. Migration, growth and feeding in the Natal rock lobster Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus). Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban: 56p. (ORI Investigational Report 47)
43 Steyn, E., Fielding, P.J. & Schleyer, M.H. 2008. The artisanal fishery for East Coast rock lobsters Panulirus homarus along the Wild Coast, South Africa. African journal of Marine Science 30(3): xx-xx. Stebbing, T.R.R. (1900) - South African crustacea. Marine Investigations in South Africa, 1, 31- 32. Tolley KA, Groeneveld JC, Gopal K, Matthee CA (2005) – Mitochondrial DNA panmixia in spiny lobster Palinurus gilchristi suggests a population expansion. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 297: 225-231. Torstensen, E. & Pacule, H. (1992) Stock assessment of Haliporoides triarthrus (Fam. Solenoceridae) off Mozambique: A preliminary analysis. Revista de Investigação Pesquiera, Moçambique, 21, 14-28. van der Elst, R. [P.] and S. [T.] Fennessy (1990) - An investigation into the discard catch of the Tugela Bank prawn trawlers. In Report on Research during the Period April 1989 to March /990. Unpublished Report, Oceanographic Research Institute, South Africa 66: 39- 48. van der Elst RP, Groeneveld JC, Baloi AP, Marsac F, Katonda KI, Ruwa R, Lane WL (2009) – Nine nations, one ocean: A benchmark appraisal of the South Western Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (2008-2012). Ocean & Coastal Management 52: 258-267.
44 Appendix 1: Collated metadata available for Component 2, showing the main features of the datasets
45 46 Appendix 2: National data gap-analyses per country for Component 2 after amendments made at the Workshop.
47 48 49 50 51 52