Diegueno Indians
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBWICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 271-358, Pls. 21-28 March 30, 1910 THE RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE DIEGUENO INDIANS BY T. T. WATERMAN BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY The following publications dealing with archaeological and ethnological subjects issued under the direction of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publi- cations of anthropological departments and museums, and for journals devoted to general anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated, which inclade postage or express charges. Exchanges should be directed to The Exchange Depart- nient, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University Press. Price Vol. 1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates1-30. September, 1903 .................................. ........... .....$1.25 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. March, 1904 .......... .3.00 Index, pp. 369-378. Vol. 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. Pp.1-27; plates 1-14. April, 1904 .......................................... ..40 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29-80, with a map. June, 1904 60 3. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 81-103. June, 1904 ........ ...............2........................................ .......25 4. -Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates 15-21. January, 1905.................. 75 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp.'165-377. January, 1907 .-... 2.25 Index, pp. 379-393. Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 344pp. June, 1905 .................................... 3.50 Vol. 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan, by Zelia Nqttall. Pp. 1-47. April, 1906 .....................-.. ............ .50 2. Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California, based on col- lections in the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, and in the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdlicka. Pp. 49-64, with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906 ............... .75 3. The Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 65-166. February, 1907 .....................................1....................... 1.50 4. Indian Myths from South Central California, by A. L. Eroeber. Pp. 167-250. May, 1907 -.----------......... .............. 75 5. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada, by A. L. 251-318.Kroeber.Pp. September, 1907 ....................... ....................... .75 6. The Religion of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 319- 356. September, 1907 .......................... ...................................... .50 Index, pp. 357-374. Vol. 5. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-20, plates 1-8. March, 1907 ............ .35 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations, by Washington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 21-63. September, 1907 ..-....75............................................. .75 3. Kato Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 65-238, plate 9. December, 1909 ............................................................2.50 Vol. 6. 1. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians, by Sam- uel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, mraps 1-2. February, 1908 ...........-.... 3.25 2. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 333-368, map 3. 3. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. February, 1908 .-...................... ..50 Index, pp. 381-400. Vol. 7. 1. The Emeryville Shellmound, by Max Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, with 38 text figures. June, 1907 .....-..1.25 2. Recent Investigations bearing upon the Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Man in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908 .................... .35 3. Pomo Indian Basketry, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 133-306, plates 15-30, 231 text figuares. December, 1908 .-.-...... 1.75 4. Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region, by N. C. Nelson. Pp.309-356, plates 32-34. December, 1909 ......................................... .50 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 271-358, Pls. 21-28 March 30, 1910 THE RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE DIEGUERO INDIANS BY T. T. WATERMAN. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction ........................................22............................................ 272 Customs concerning Birth and Adoleseence .... ............ 284 AdolescenceGirls' Ceremony ................................. ..... ................... 285 Bad Songs .290 Conclusion of the Girls' Ceremony .292 Boys' Adolescence Ceremony .293 The Ground Painting................... 300 Conclusion of the Boys' Ceremony .304 Mourning Ceremonies .305 ClothesTheBurning Ceremony.............................................................. 306 The Feather Ceremony .307 The Whirling Dance, Tapakwirp .308 Conelusion of the Feather Ceremony.................................. .... 311 The Image Burning .311 The Eagle Ceremony .314 The "War" Dance ...................... : 320 The Fire Ceremony .....325 CeremonialOther Matters .............................................................................. 328 Gambling ......329 Colors and Direction .............................................................................. 332 Ceremonial Numbers .................................................................................. 335 Tobacco.------------------------------------------------------335 Diegueno Beliefs concerning Origin................ 336 Creation Myth.338 Conclusion . ........................................................................... 343 272 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 8 INTRODUCTION. The people known as Dieguefno, called by themselves Kawa- kipail or southern people,2 occupy the extreme southern part of California. The region which they inhabit coincides approxi- mately with the boundaries of San Diego county. Linguisti- cally. they are divided into at least two dialectic groups. One dialect is spoken at the villages or rancherias of Mesa Grande, Santa Ysabel, Capitan Grande, Los Conejos, Sycuan, and Inyaxa. These villages are located on reservations in the northern part of the county. The people now residing at Campo, Manzanita, La Laguna, Cuayapipe, and La Posta reservations, in the southern part of the county, speak a slightly different dialect. During the Spanish occupation of California, the people speaking these dialects were associated in a general way with Mission San Diego. Hence both divisions acquired the designation "Die- gueno." The southern dialect is spoken also by the Indians of Yuman family in Lower California immediately across the Mex- ican border. This latter people may be considered ethnograph- ically identical with the people occupying the southern group of reservations mentioned above. The extent of the territory in the peninsula of Lower California in which this dialect is spoken has 1 Phonetically the Dieguenio language is rather simple.. The consonants b, g, h, k, 1, m, n, p, r, 8, t, are pronounced nearly as in English. The sounds represented by the English d, f, seem to be absent from the lan- guage. x in the present paper stands for the sound of German ch. Or- dinary 1 represents a sonant 1 in which the tip of the tongue rests against the teeth. Small capital L stands for a sound corresponding closely to Welsh 1, namely, a surd 1. This sound is rather forcible in Dieguefio. Of unfamiliar sounds, the following are present: a surd r, written as R; a trilled r, made with the tip of the tongue close to the front of the palate, written r; and a bilabial v, written v. Following the established usage, the sound of sh in shall is written as c; and correspondingly, the sound of ch in church ( tsh) as tc. A sound resembling the sh sound in shall, but made with the tip of the tongue further to the rear, is written c. Y stands always for a glide, never for a vowel sound. In Luisenfo words G represents a velar spirant g or velar r. The vowels are: a as in father, 6 as a in fate, e as e in met, i as ee in meet, i as in pin, 6 as in so, o as a in fall, o as u in cup, ui as in rule, u as in put, ii as in the German uber. The diphthongs are written oi, ai, and au. Oi represents the sound of oi in boil, ai of ai in aisle, au of au in the German word aus or ow in how. 2 Miss C. G. DuBois gives "Western Indians" as the name the Die- guefio apply to themselves. Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn., VIII, 138 note 192, 1908. 1910] Waterman.-The Beligiow Practices of the Diegueilo Indians. 273 not been determined. The Dieguefno, together with these neigh- boring people of Lower California, are part of the great Yuman linguistic stock to which the Yuma, Mohave, Maricopa, Walapai, Havasupai, Yevepai, Cocopa, and the C'ochimi and other prac- tically unknown tribes of the greater half of Lower California also belong. In culture, the Dieguefno show a marked similarity to their neighbors, the Luiseino on