Richard Fleischer Et L'art Des Machines

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Richard Fleischer Et L'art Des Machines Richard Fleischer et l’art des machines Vincent Souladié To cite this version: Vincent Souladié. Richard Fleischer et l’art des machines. La Furia Umana, Duen de Bux, 2018. hal-02152096 HAL Id: hal-02152096 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02152096 Submitted on 11 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MENU YOU ARE HERE: / HOME (/) / LFU/34 (/INDEX.PHP/67-LFU-34) / VINCENT SOULADIE / RICHARD FLEISCHER ET L’ART DES MACHINES VINCENT SOULADIE / Richard Fleischer et l’art des machines Action / transmission (1) Vincent Price épuise toutes ses réserves d’énergie pour emporter la vedette d’His Kind of Woman (Richard Fleischer, 1952). Second couteau de ce film noir de série B, il force le trait de l’autoparodie dans le rôle d’un comédien cabot, Mark Cardigan, star vieillissante de films de cape et d’épée en quête d’un véritable moment héroïque. Le scénario lui réserve in fine la responsabilité d’aller secourir le véritable protagoniste de l’histoire, un Robert Mitchum viril et taiseux, détenu sur un yacht par des mafieux. Avec autorité, Cardigan prend la tête de toute une escouade de policiers mexicains incapables qu’il charge sur la coque d’un frêle canot à moteur. Accoutré de sa veste de chasse et de sa cape de fiction, il se dresse sur la proue de cette embarcation dérisoire, bras et regard tendus vers l’avant, et réclame de mettre plein gaz (« full speed ahead ! », s’écrit-il). Mais cette impulsion héroïque est amortie par le raccord sur le lent mouvement du bateau, si bien qu’au plan suivant l’ordre n’est pas suivi d’effet. Démesurément lesté de tous ces hommes, le petit rafiot pétarade mollement puis s’élance avec lenteur avant de couler lamentablement un mètre plus loin devant la caméra, laissant Vincent Price immergé jusqu’aux épaules et dépité. On ne franchit pas si simplement le gué du fantasme vers la réalité. Ce détour burlesque[1] n’est pas complètement anodin pour la courte leçon formelle que Fleischer[2] y expose subsidiairement : l’impuissance motrice de la machine contrarie l’élan physique de l’action, en un raccord qui met en panne le récit. Intuitions « Fleischer gets some points for his strenuous efforts in the physical cinema »[3]. Avec cette formule lapidaire, Andrew Sarris s’essayait à caractériser une certaine manière Fleisherienne d’envisager la mise en scène, placée dans le sillage incisif d’un Walsh tendance Warner. Il est vrai que dès les premières armes de Richard Fleischer la chorégraphie des rixes viriles impulse les climax de série B, prémices d’une marque de fabrique qui courra finalement tout au long de sa carrière (Bodyguard, L’Assassin Sans Visage, L’Énigme du Chicago Express, Les Vikings, Duel Dans la boue, Barrabas, Soleil Vert, Conan le Destructeur, Kalidor). Fleischer capte ainsi la cinégénie de Kirk Douglas, Vittorio Gassman, Raquel Welsh, Arnold Schwarzenegger et d’autres. L’énergie de ces corps athlétiques mesure le rythme de l’action, leur sculpturalité stimule des compositions saillantes. Il n’est pas si satisfaisant de ramener le style de Fleischer aux attendus iconographiques des genres hollywoodiens auquel il contribue. L’aventure physique est son cadre dramatique de prédilection, certes, mais pas systématiquement le modèle dynamique de son expression formelle. Fleischer n’est pas maître dans la déclinaison des régimes de corporéité filmique. Ses figures humaines se voient confier de préférence une fonction présentielle, c’est- à-dire que le corps n’est pas le véhicule d’une expérience sensible mais un attribut du cadre, il participe de ses tensions plastiques et rythmiques plus souvent qu’il ne les génère. Sans vouloir faire de ce phénomène une règle catégorique de son cinéma, nous tenons ici pour hypothèse que l’inspiration formaliste de Fleischer instrumentalise le corps à la puissance dramatique du récit et charge alors une tout autre instance d’accomplir les opérations formelles qui donnent leur impact et leur synergie aux mouvements de l’action. L’accélération et l’accident du canot, à partir desquels nous avons vu quelques effets d’une transmission contrariée, en nourrissaient l’intuition. Littéralement, ce n’est pas le vivant mais le mécanique qui fait événement et relation : l’activité des machines à l’image assume l’activité figurative des images. Relations « Jusqu’à quel point soutenir que les moteurs, machines géantes et farfelues apparaissent sur l’écran parce que, par l’intermédiaire de tels moteurs d’actions, le film résoudrait son scénario au fonctionnement de moteurs d’images ? »[4]. Cette question de Jean Louis Schefer accompagnera notre rencontre avec le cinéma de Fleischer. Celui-ci mobilise avec insistance dans ses films deux grandes catégories d’appareils mécaniques, que l’on présentera rapidement en ces termes : les moyens de transport et les moyens de communication. Passons rapidement sur ces derniers, susceptibles d’ouvrir sur bien d’autres hypothèses. Notons seulement la place que le cinéaste accorde partout aux micros, aux émetteurs-radio, à la télétransmission, aux appareils d’enregistrement. Parce qu’ils traitent et font transiter les informations, ces appareils provoquent des ruptures ou des continuités de montage, ils entraînent l’enchaînement elliptique des plans (Armored Car Robbery, 1950) ou la prolifération étouffante des images (L’Étrangleur de Boston, 1968). Exempt de tout regard fétichiste ou solennel, c’est en matérialiste que Fleischer exhibe l’iconographie technique des instruments à disposition, fasciné et inspiré par le sens pratique de leur usage. [fig. 1] His Kind of Woman - Soleil Vert Armored Car Robbery - L’Étrangleur de Boston Armored Car Robbery - Amityville 3-D Son horizon esthétique semble atteint lorsque les moyens de transport et les moyens de communication échangent leur énergie et leur fonctionnalité. Ainsi cette petite traction de plans dans L’Énigme du Chicago Express (1959) : le mouvement de va-et-vient latéral d’une lime à ongle est repris au plan suivant par le coulissement horizontal de la bielle mécanique d’une locomotive puis se répercute en surimpression sur le glissement de droite à gauche du ruban d’un télégramme. [fig. 2] L’Énigme du Chicago Express Cette chaîne de transmission figurative expose l’urgence dramatique de l’histoire (le message permettra-t-il à la passagère du train d’arriver à destination saine et sauve ?) et formalise surtout la réalité relationnelle inhérente au cinéma. En somme, Fleischer assimile les séries causales propres au cinéma classique, théorisées en « image-action » par Deleuze, à la fréquence des mouvements mécaniques. Nous nous attarderons ici sur l’usage filmique des moyens de transport dans le cinéma de Fleischer, étant donné qu’ils ont pour fonction textuelle d’établir une relation entre l’homme et son environnement. L’intériorité et l’extériorité de la machine telle que la pense Fleischer nous renvoient évidemment aux réflexions de Simondon, dont on connaît l’influence qu’il a eu sur Deleuze : « L’objet technique est d’une part un médiateur entre organisme et milieu, d’autre part une réalité intérieure organisée et cohérente »[5]. [fig. 3] Les Complices de la Dernière Chance - Le Voyage Fantastique 20000 Lieues Sous les Mers Disproportions C’est en cinéaste rompu aux conventions classiques que Richard Fleischer ouvre ses films par le surgissement dans le cadre filmique d’un véhicule venu déposer un personnage à l’entrée du récit. En un certain lieu s’installe un certain corps étranger, intrigante opération de clôture spatiale et d’identification énonciative sur laquelle repose l’immédiate concrétude de l’ancrage fictionnel. D’abord contextualisée dans l’économie narrative de la RKO, l’évidence synthétique de cette entrée en matière est continûment déclinée tout au long d’une longue filmographie papillonnant entre série B et productions de prestige. Que les moyens lui soient alloués pour immerger le regard dans le vertige du spectacle, ou qu’il bifurque plutôt vers la modestie du style réaliste[6], Fleischer donne privilège à l’efficacité dramatique de cette rencontre entre le corps et l’espace. Deux exemples parmi bien d’autres : un détective descend le marchepied d’un train (L’Énigme du Chicago Express, 1952) ; un scientifique est accueilli à sa descente d’avion (Le Voyage Fantastique, 1966). Dans ces deux cas-là, le corps du personnage n’apparaît qu’en second lieu après que le véhicule qui le transporte ait fait de sa propre apparition dans le cadre un long et spectaculaire événement figuratif, nous donnant à mesurer la disproportion de sa vitesse et de son échelle. [fig. 4] L’Énigme du Chicago Express Le Voyage Fantastique En d’autres cas, l’élan moteur donne le ton du récit en identifiant le personnage à l’énergie motrice de l’engin mécanique qu’il conduit (Les Complices de la Dernière Chance [1971], Les Flics ne Dorment Pas la Nuit [1972]). Dans le générique d’ouverture du Génie du Mal (1959), les phares de la voiture avec laquelle les deux étudiants névrosés viennent de renverser un inconnu dans la nuit balaient aléatoirement la surface et la profondeur du cadre noir, rythmés par le crescendo d’excentriques accords de jazz, le dynamisme plastique, cinétique et musical se voulant le symptôme d’une inquiétante et d’une épuisante euphorie. Bien sûr, l’incipit annonce le sujet de ces films, mais la relation esthétique qui s’opère entre le corps et son environnement donne à surtout percevoir une prééminence du mécanique sur l’incarnation physique.
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