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Tumors Associated with Oncogenic Viruses and Recombinant Vaccines Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering Review Article Open Access Tumors associated with oncogenic viruses and recombinant vaccines Abstract Volume 5 Issue 3 - 2018 Oncogenic viruses are responsible by development of tumors as Human papillomavirus Dra Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simões, Dra (HPV) that infect the anogenital epithelium causing cervical cancer, anal and penis cancer. There are viral groups based on their oncogenic activity as high‒risk types, Ortrud Monika Barth low‒risk types and types of undetermined‒risk. Several biotechnological assays are Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto based on the production of recombinant products originated by the interaction of Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil a viral genome with the genome of a host cell as bacteria, yeast, cell cultures and Correspondence: Dra Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simões, insects. Recently have been used virus‒like particles (VLP) independently of the viral Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Instituto genome since some viral particles have the ability to self‒assembling. There are some Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, approved VLP vaccines as HPV vaccines, Hepatitis B and E vaccines and other VLP 21040‒900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based vaccines under development such as using Human B19 parvovirus‒like particles, Email [email protected] Influenza vaccine candidates, Norwalk virus, Ebola and Marbug virus, Hepatitis C, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as vaccine candidates. The aim of this present Received: April 20, 2018 | Published: May 16, 2018 study was to address some examples of virus causing tumors and their respective recombinant protein based virus‒like particle vaccines. Besides of HPV, also will also be addressed Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Herpesvirus (HSV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV‒1) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV‒2), Human Herpesvirus 3 (HHV‒3), Human Herpesvirus 4 (HHV‒4) or Epstain‒Barr virus (EBV), Human Herpesvirus‒5 (HHV‒5) or Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV‒6), Human Herpesvirus 7 (HHV‒7) and Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV‒8), also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma‒associated herpesvirus (KSHV). There are several challenges in the production of the virus‒like particles based recombinant vaccines under development using specific cell lines and assays with laboratory animals. It is important to reflect about on the extent to which the pharmaceutical industries are willing to develop recombinant vaccines in the prevention of tumor associated diseases. Keywords: diseases, oncogenic viruses, recombinant vaccines, tumors Abbreviations: HPV, human papillomavirus; VLP, virus‒ are other VLP based vaccines under development such as using like particles; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HCV, hepatitis Human B19 parvovirus‒like particles,2 Influenza vaccine candidates, C virus; HSV, herpesvirus; HSV‒1, herpes simplex virus; HSV‒2, Norwalk virus, Ebola and Marbug virus, Hepatitis C, Human herpes simplex virus; HHV‒3, human herpesvirus 3; HHV‒4, immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as vaccine candidates.1 However, the human herpesvirus 4; EBV, epstain‒barr virus; HHV‒5, human focus of the present scientific considerations address some examples herpesvirus‒5; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; HHV‒6, human of virus causing tumors and their respective recombinant protein herpesvirus 6; HHV‒7, human herpesvirus 7; HHV‒8, human based virus‒like particle vaccines. herpesvirus 8; KSHV, kaposi’s sarcoma‒associated herpesvirus; Human papillomavirus (HPV) MCD, multicentric castleman’s disease Papillomaviruses are non‒enveloped viruses presenting a Introduction closed circular double‒stranded non‒segmented DNA genome Several viruses are causing tumors and are called oncogenic of approximately 8 kb. HPV induce the most common sexually transmitted disease and has been classified in theAlphapapillomavirus viruses. Once introduced into an organism, the strategies taken are 3,4 virus‒specific, reaching organs predestined to the development of genus. Detection of viral DNA sequences of the L1 gene, the tumors. Vaccines, of variable efficacy have been developed over the stable and most conserved region of the viral genome, has been years, making use of the most diverse biotechnological production. generally performed. More than 200 HPV genotypes and several The most recent are based on the production of recombinant products HPV types associated with particular diseases as oral lesions originated by the interaction of a viral genome with the genome of (Hecks disease, oropharyngeal carcinoma, laryngeal papillomas), a host cell (bacteria, yeast, cell cultures, insects, etc.), which will anogenital warts (Bowenoid papulosis, Buschike‒Lowenstein express the desired proteins for immunization in case of infection tumor), Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (plane warts, Pityriasis‒ like plaques, squamous cell carcinomas of sun‒exposed skin) have by an infectious viral agent. Some viral particles have the ability to 5,6 self‒assemble into virus‒like particles (VLP) independently of the been described. HPV vaccination is the best preventive strategy viral genome. There are some approved VLP vaccines as Human against cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and genital papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, Hepatitis B and E vaccines.1 There warts. A recombinant DNA technology has allowed the development Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng. 2018;5(3):151‒154. 151 © 2018 Simões et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Tumors associated with oncogenic viruses and recombinant vaccines ©2018 Simões et al. 152 of prophylactic vaccines for HPV. Licensed HPV recombinant New biotechnologies in molecular biology as quimeric vaccine vaccines, as bivalent (Cervarix®) against HPV16/18, quadrivalent production using conserved peptides are possible candidates of (Gardasil®) target HPV16/18/6/11 and nonavalent (Gardasil‒9®) peptide vaccine against HCV infection.10 Some studies involved target HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58/6/11 have been applied in many the detection of antibodies in rabbits with immunogenic potentially countries.4,5 Baculovirus and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were activity by synthetic peptides of the HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 the target as an expression system. Papillomaviruses can be used as in chronic HCV infections.11 Until the date HCV vaccine has not been viral vectors in the gene therapy and new therapeutic targets have available. been successfully applied by recombinant DNA methods.1,5 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is critical in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer, the most common cancer among women. The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified in the Hepadnaviridae natural history and epidemiologic studies of HPV are key tools for family. This family is divided into two genera: Orthohepadnavirus possible changes in cervical screening and vaccine immunization and Avihepadnavirus. The genome is composed of a 3,200base pairs strategies. Several studies discuss the molecular detection of viral (bp) of a circular double stranded DNA presenting four open reading DNA sequences in recombinant DNA products and the interaction of frames (ORFs) designated as: Pre‒S/S, Pre C/C, P and X. The Pre‒S/S viral chromatin with the host cell chromatin during viral replication. ORF corresponds to the Hepatitis virus surface gene (HBsAg). The One of the research approaches investigates morphological Pre‒S1, Pre‒S2 and S regions have three initiation codons in the same alterations of HPV‒positive human cervical carcinoma cell lines reading phase that, after being translated, originate the proteins: L (SiHa and HeLa) as possible prognostic markers of cervical cancer. “Large” (400aa), Middle “M” (281aa) and “Small” (226aa). These Gene therapy has a great potential as a new therapeutical modality three proteins that comprise the HBsAg are found in the serum of in keratinocyte reprogramming, which can be a crucial point for the infected individuals in two ways: Small glycosylated (GP27) and study of HPV tumors associated in regenerative medicine at the tissue Small non‒glycosylated (P24), Middle glycosylated (GP33) and engineering laboratories. New biotechnologies in molecular biology Middle di-glycosylated (GP36), and Large glycosylated (GP42) and 14 have been applied in research of HPV and are being investigated in Large non‒glycosylated L (P39). 1,4,6 gene therapy. HBV is one of the major causative agents of chronic liver disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) It is estimated that about 350million people worldwide are carriers of the HBV and approximately 2 million are infected individuals in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the Nidovirales order, Brazil. The first reports of variability of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Flaviridae family, Hepacivirus genus. HCV is an enveloped virus were described by Le Bouvier (1971), who identified two mutually presenting a single strand of positive polarized RNA genome with exclusive antigenic determinants, d and y, located in HBsAg. Two approximately 9,400 nucleotides. HCV illness is a chronic infection additional determinants, w and r, were subsequently enunciated by that affects more than 2% of the global population and causes end‒ Bancroft et al. (1972).14 Thus, nine subtypes have been described: stage liver diseases as chronic hepatitis.
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