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Urbanization Determines the Abundance of Disease Vector Mosquitoes in Moorea, French Polynesia By: Jason Mark B

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Urbanization Determines the Abundance of Disease Vector Mosquitoes in Moorea, French Polynesia By: Jason Mark B Urbanization determines the abundance of disease vector mosquitoes in Moorea, French Polynesia By: Jason Mark B. Soriano; Research Sponsor (PI): Dr. Brent Mishler ABSTRACT Mosquitoes are important disease vectors of infectious diseases. The effect of anthropogenic habitat modification is es- sential to the abundance and dissemination of mosquitoes. However, little is known about anthropogenic habitat modification’s effect in the context of remote, oceanic, and tropical islands. This study assessed the impact that habitat modification, specifically urbanization, had on different mosquito species on the island of Moorea, French Polynesia. We measured the abundance of three mosquito species across a gradient characterized by the quantity of built environment and human population density. This urbanization gradient was represented by four low-elevation sites along the coasts of Opunohu Bay and Cook’s Bay. A cluster of four different mosquito traps were rotated between these sites in 24-hour intervals. A total of 874 individual mosquitoes were collected and Aedes aegypti and Culex quinq- uefasciatus were found to be more abundant in urban areas. Aedes polynesiensis was found to be more abundant in forested areas. When comparing abundance between the rainy and dry season, Aedes aegypti numbers were five times greater during the rainy season. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes polynesiensis numbers were less than they were in the dry season. These findings suggest that the effects of urbanization were species-specific and dependent on a nexus of socioecological factors, with significant correlations between mosquito abundance, urbanization, and seasonal climate conditions. The study also showed that different sampling methods designed to capture flying adult mosquitoes differed in both efficacy and selectivity, suggesting that trapping systems must be considered in establishing a sound assessment of mosquito community composition. Major, Year, and Department: Molecular Environmental Biology, 3rd Year, Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy, and Manage- ment INTRODUCTION pansion—the most common form of land-use change—the dou- bling of urbanization in urban areas since 1992 and the expansion The persistence and emergence of mosquito-borne diseases is of infrastructure are major contributors to the decline of biodi- 7 a significant public health concern.1 In the face of climate change, versity worldwide. These changes continue to impact the global rising temperatures and precipitation levels provide increasing- ecosystem as the human population continues to grow, so it is es- ly favorable environmental conditions in which mosquitoes may sential to understand how different community assemblages react thrive and reproduce.2 These conditions facilitate longer transmis- following these disturbances. sion seasons, increase biting frequency, and shift spatial patterns, While the effect of habitat modifications on local ecosystems which ultimately amplify the emergence of mosquito-borne dis- and community assemblages of disease vectors has been studied, eases in novel host populations.3 there remains a lack of understanding of these effects specifical- 6 Similarly, new pathways for invasion created by an increas- ly on remote oceanic islands. Previous studies on isolated island ingly globalized network of travel and trade have made it possi- systems have analyzed larval mosquito distributions, interspecific ble for many pathogens and their respective disease vectors, the competition, and the container types that are preferred oviposi- 8,9,10 transmitters of the pathogen, to occupy novel human-modified tion sites for gravid females. However, little is known about habitats.3,4 As the rate of introduction of new invasive alien species how urban modification on islands affects the community struc- seems to be higher than ever before, it is critical to understand ture of mosquitoes. This is especially important considering the the factors that promote the colonization and coexistence of inva- rate at which human populations are growing in certain island sive disease-transmitting organisms. The resulting impacts of such communities. For instance, in the Commune of Moorea-Maiao, invasions are of particular importance in the tropical regions of French Polynesia, the population experienced a 13% growth rate Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and South and from 2002 to 2007, according to the French Polynesia Statistical Southeast Asia, where low-income communities are often dispro- Institute (2007). portionately affected by the burden of mosquito-borne illnesses The island of Moorea, French Polynesia is home to nine spe- due to a number of socioecological factors.5 cies of mosquitoes, including Toxorhynchites amboinensis, a spe- One such socioecological factor of considerable significance cies introduced in 1975 as a biocontrol agent against Aedes mos- 8,11 includes anthropogenic land-use change.6 According to the In- quitoes. Two of the nine species are more recent introductions tergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and and breed in artificial containers:Aedes aegypti, which is the pri- Ecosystem Services (IPBES), land-use change caused by human mary disease vector of Dengue virus, and Culex quinquefasciatus, activity today has had the largest relative negative impact on the which is a significant vector of West Nile Virus in other parts of the 10,11 environment since that of the 1970s.7 Aside from agricultural ex- world. Aedes polynesiensis, which was most likely introduced 44 Berkeley Scientific Journal |SPRING 2020 by the early Polynesians, can carry Wuchereria bancrofti, a para- sitic worm that causes lymphatic filariasis and elephantiasis, or the condition of extreme swelling and hardening of one’s limbs.11 The remaining six species are more elusive and are not recognized as salient disease vectors in Moorea.11 Disease vector mosquitoes are especially important to study considering the history of infectious disease outbreaks that have occurred in French Polynesia in the past.12 In 1996 and 1997, a dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) outbreak arose in this region of the South Pacific. From October 2013 to April 2014, a Zika outbreak occurred, resulting in 66% of the entire population of French Polynesia to have been infected, followed by a number of microcephaly cases.12 The Society Islands are currently undergoing another dengue outbreak, with at least 2400 cases of dengue fever between Tahiti and Moorea alone as of early January 2020.13 The outbreak history in French Polynesia prompts further research on not only mosquitoes and their disease vector capabilities, but also how the man-made environment contributes to the prolongation of mosquito-borne disease epidemics on remote oceanic islands. The objective of this study is to understand the role of ur- banization−in terms of the relative increase in both the human population and the built environment within a geographical lo- cation−on the community composition of mosquitoes, using the Figure 1: (Bottom) Outline of Moorea, French Polynesia marked with island of Moorea as a study system. This study aims to determine sampling sites. (Above) Close-up of sampling sites marked in order of the relative abundance and distribution of existing mosquito spe- increasing degrees of urbanization (1 least, 4 most urbanized). cies in Moorea by utilizing a system of mosquito traps to monitor host-seeking Aedes mosquitoes. Each trap within this system, in- cartridges of chemicals that emit artificial human skin odors and corporating a combination of two different trap types equipped are effective for up to five months. The four trap-lure combina- with or without a human scent imitator, was then assessed upon tions used in this study were as follows: a BG-Sentinel Trap (BG), its effectivity and selectivity in terms of capturing flying adult mos- a BG-Sentinel Trap with a BG-Lure cartridge (BGL), an EVS-style quitoes, regardless of sex. Due to inconsistent capture methodol- BG-Pro Trap (MTS), and an EVS-style BG-Pro Trap with a BG- ogies in previous Moorea-based studies, different trapping com- Lure cartridge (MTSL). binations were evaluated to the most effective method for future We deployed each trapping system onto tree branches or sup- studies.8,9,10 porting artificial structures marked with colored tape, indicating We postulate that the species introduced more recently to the which trap-lure combination was placed there. All four trapping island will predominate urban areas, characterized by more dense systems were placed together at the same sampling site and hung human populations and a more extensively built environment that approximately 1 meter off of the ground. Traps were placed ap- supports a greater amount of artificial breeding sites. This may be proximately 30 meters apart from each other at the modified forest due to a multitude of factors, but considering the absence of large site and the Gump Research Station, and approximately 10 meters mammalian species outside of human-inhabited areas on the is- apart at the rural house sites due to limited space. land, urban areas may be the only, not just probable, sites for mos- quitoes to find a blood meal. Mosquito abundance across a rural-to-urban gradient For the first part of the study, we treated the four trapping sys- METHODS tems as one large, conglomerate trap that was rotated between the four sites. Traps, lures, and batteries were provided by the Institut Study Site Louis Malardé (ILM) based in Tahiti. The
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