Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências Humanas E Sociais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Memória Social

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Universidade Federal Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Ciências Humanas E Sociais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Memória Social UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MEMÓRIA SOCIAL ENTRE A LAMENTAÇÃO E A EXALTAÇÃO: AS REPRESENTAÇÕES DO PASSADO E DO FUTURO NAS TRANSFORMAÇÕES DE WEMBLEY E MARACANÃ Pedro Jorge Lo Duca Vasconcellos Rio de Janeiro 2019 PEDRO JORGE LO DUCA VASCONCELLOS ENTRE A LAMENTAÇÃO E A EXALTAÇÃO: AS REPRESENTAÇÕES DO PASSADO E DO FUTURO NAS TRANSFORMAÇÕES DE WEMBLEY E MARACANÃ Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Memória Social da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO – como requisito para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Memória Social. Área de Concentração: Memória Social Linha de Pesquisa: Memória e espaço Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Andréa Lopes da Costa Vieira. Rio de Janeiro 2019 Catalogação informatizada pelo(a) autor(a) Vasconcellos, Pedro Jorge Lo Duca V331 Entre a lamentação e a exaltação: as representações do passado e do futuro nas transformações de Wembley e Maracanã / Pedro Jorge Lo Duca Vasconcellos. -- Rio de Janeiro, 2019. 235 Orientadora: Andréa Lopes da Costa Vieira. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Memória Social, 2019. 1. Wembley. 2. Maracanã. 3. Memória Social. 4. Nostalgia. 5. Progresso. I. Vieira, Andréa Lopes da Costa , orient. II. Título. PEDRO JORGE LO DUCA VASCONCELLOS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Memória Social da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO – como requisito para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Memória Social. Área de Concentração: Memória Social Linha de Pesquisa: Memória e espaço Banca Examinadora Professora Dra. Andréa Lopes da Costa Vieira Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) Professor Dr. Amir Geiger Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) Professora Dra. Ludmila Maria Moreira Lima Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) Professor Dr. José Jairo Vieira Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Professor Dr. Ronaldo George Helal Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho a todos aqueles que, assim como eu, respiraram o velho Maracanã AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a você, Andréa, pela relação horizontal, de muito companheirismo, que construímos durante toda esta trajetória. Foram mais de seis anos de trabalho, risos, receios, e você sempre me incentivando com entusiasmo e conhecimento. Mais do que uma orientadora, você se tornou uma amiga. Agradeço, com carinho, aos professores e suplentes da Banca Examinadora por terem aceitado participar deste processo. Sem as indicações, sugestões, críticas e elogios, a pesquisa não teria encontrado destino tão satisfatório. A Mariane, que, com sua doçura e paciência, esteve ao meu lado nos melhores e piores momentos desse caminho. Uma parceira de vida e de trabalho. Aos meus familiares, sempre me dando forças para que me tornasse o primeiro doutor da família. Aos meus amigos, sobretudo aqueles com quem compartilhei a vida acadêmica, ajudando e sendo ajudado ao longo dos anos. Obrigado, Júlio, Jéssica, Leonardo. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001. RESUMO A presente investigação tem como objetivo realizar uma análise interdisciplinar das narrativas produzidas na imprensa e mídia durante o período de transformações arquitetônicas dos estádios de Wembley (2000-2007) e Maracanã (2010-2013). Para isso, são entrecruzadas categorias que fundamentam a base teórica deste estudo, tais como memória, representação, nostalgia e progresso. Estes equipamentos, edificados ao longo do século XX, produziram mensagens simbólicas que atravessaram múltiplas esferas da realidade social, sendo apropriados tanto pelos representantes do poder quanto pela sociedade civil. Palcos dos mais importantes eventos esportivos e de outras manifestações, ambos passam a sofrer intervenções na virada do século XX para o XXI. O antigo Wembley tem sua última partida oficial em 2000, mas as obras de fato iniciam-se apenas em 2003 e sua reabertura acontece em 2007, após ser demolido e reconstruído um estádio inteiramente novo. O Maracanã, por sua vez, começou a sofrer intervenções gradativas a partir de 1999, para o Campeonato Mundial da Fifa de 2000, passando por uma segunda em vista dos jogos Pan-Americanos de 2007. No entanto, foi a última reforma a mais drástica, para a realização da Copa do Mundo de 2014 e das Olimpíadas de 2016. Nesse caso, embora não tenha sido demolido tal qual Wembley, o estádio carioca passou por intensas alterações em relação à construção original. Deste modo, pretende-se realizar um estudo sobre a atuação da memória nesses momentos marcantes para o futebol de Londres e Rio de Janeiro, identificando as formas de representação acionadas do passado e para o futuro a respeito dos estádios em seus contextos sociais, de modo a estabelecer os pontos em comum e as principais diferenças encontrados nos relatos. Palavras-chave: 1. Wembley; 2. Maracanã; 3. Memória Social; 4. Nostalgia; 5. Progresso. ABSTRACT The present research aims to conduct an interdisciplinary analysis of the narratives produced in the press and media during the period of architectural transformations of the Wembley (2000-2007) and Maracanã (2010-2013) stages. For this, categories that underlie the theoretical basis of this study, such as memory, representation, nostalgia and progress, are intertwined. These equipment, built throughout the twentieth century, produced symbolic messages that crossed multiple spheres of social reality, being appropriated by both representatives of power and civil society. Stages of the most important sporting events and other events, both undergo interventions at the turn of the twentieth century for the XXI. The old Wembley has its last official match in 2000, but the actual works begin only in 2003 and its reopening takes place in 2007, after being demolished and rebuilt an entirely new stadium. The Maracanã, in turn, began to undergo gradual interventions from 1999, for the FIFA World Cup 2000, to a second in view of the Pan-American Games in 2007. However, it was the last most drastic reform, to hold the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. In this case, although it was not demolished like Wembley, the Rio stadium underwent intense changes compared to the original construction. In this way, it is intended to carry out a study on the performance of memory in these striking moments for football in London and Rio de Janeiro, identifying the past and future forms of representation regarding the stages in their social contexts, so to establish the common points and the main differences found in the reports. Keywords: 1. Wembley; 2. Maracanã; 3. Social Memory; 4. Nostalgia; 5.Progress. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Descrição Página 1. Muralha amarela, 2012. Fonte: Gary Calton/ The Guardian 58 2. Memórias traumáticas da II Guerra Mundial, 2017. Fonte: EPA photo. 67 3. O surgimento de Wembley, 1925. Fonte: Guia oficial da exposição de 1925. 94 4. Construções imponentes, 1924. Fonte: Sheffield Daily Telegraph. 96 5. O complexo de Wembley Park, 1924. Fonte: The Illustrated London News. 98 6. Jogos Olímpicos da austeridade, 1948. Fonte: The Illustrated London News. 102 7. Vista aérea do estádio de Wembley no dia da partida final da Copa do Mundo, 104 1966. Fonte: Evening Standard. 8. Inauguração do Maracanã, 1950. Fonte: Jornal dos Sports. 116 9. Devolvam meu Maraca, 2013. Fonte: Site UOL. 197 SUMÁRIO Introdução………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Capítulo I. Explorando os conceitos-chave……………………………………………….. 12 1.1. A potência do futebol enquanto modelo explicativo……………………………… 12 1.1.1. O futebol no Brasil…………………………………………………………. 20 1.1.2. A mudança no cenário global………………………………………………. 28 1.2. O estádios de futebol como equipamentos multidimensionais…………………… 34 1.2.1. Os estádios enquanto representações coletivas…………………………….. 36 1.2.2. Os estádios como equipamentos biopolíticos………………………………. 46 1.3. A memória enquanto um campo de tensões (e representações) sociais………...… 59 1.3.1. Maurice Halbwachs e a memória coletiva…………………………………. 59 1.3.2. A memória como elemento processual……………………………………... 62 1.3.3. Idealização e crítica do passado e do futuro………………………………... 68 1.3.4. As representações do passado………………………………………………. 74 Capítulo II. Os estádios como signo da identidade nacional……………………………… 79 2.1. A construção da Identidade nacional……………………………………………… 79 2.2. Wembley: um monumento consagrado ao imperialismo britânico……………….. 87 2.2.1. O Imperialismo britânico e as exposições universais………………………. 88 2.2.2. A Exposição do Império Britânico e o nascimento de Wembley…….…..… 93 2.3. O Estádio Municipal como representação da unidade nacional…………………. 105 2.3.1. A centralização política ea miscigenação como ideal nacional………….... 106 2.3.2. A Copa de 1938: uma interseção entre futebol e política…………………. 109 2.3.3. Um colosso de cimento e a nacionalidade brasileira……………………… 112 2.4. Aproximações e distanciamentos entre os estádios e suas construções…………. 119 Capítulo III. As metamorfoses materiais e simbólicas de Wembley e Maracanã……….. 122 3.1. Wembley: uma memória com vontade de futuro………………………………... 125 3.1.1. O ato final do antigo Wembley……………………………………………. 126 3.1.2. O início das obras e a demolição das Torres Gêmeas……………………... 142 3.1.3. A Reinauguração de Wembley…………………………………………….. 153 3.1.4. A crença no progresso do futebol inglês…………………………………... 163 3.2. Maracanã: a transição
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