Conservatism in Europe and Revolution Abroad” (Kagan, Pg

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Name:_________________________ Chapter 21 Worksheet: “Conservatism in Europe and Revolution Abroad” (Kagan, pg. 711-724; Weber, pg. 323-327) Conservatism in Austria and the Germanies 1. Who was Prince Clemens von Metternich? 2. Why were the forces of liberalism and nationalism potentially more dangerous to Austria than any other country in Europe? 3. What was the German Confederation? 4. What were the Burschenschaften? What incident did Metternich use as an excuse to suppress the Burschenschaften? 5. Identify the following terms: Carlsbad Decrees— Final Act— Conservatism in Great Britain 6. Why do you think the British government was decidedly conservative after the defeat of Napoleon? 7. Describe the following conservative laws passed by Parliament between 1799 and 1819? Combination Acts (1799)— Corn Law (1815)— Coercion Act (1817)— Six Acts (1819)— 8. What was the significance of “Peterloo” and the Cato Street Conspiracy? How did theses events strengthen conservatism in England? Conservatism in France 9. Why did Louis XVIII agree to be a constitutional monarch? 10. What was the Charter? Describe its provisions? 11. Who was the Count of Artois? How did he convince Louis XVIII to become more repressive (i.e., conservative)? 12. Identify some of the conservative measures enacted by Louis XVIII after 1820. The Conservative International Order 13. What was the Concert of Europe? 14. Why do you think Britain rejected the proposal that the Quadruple Alliance agree to uphold the borders and the existing governments of all European countries? 15. Identify the reasons the following Congresses were called and what was decided at each. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)— Congress of Troppau (1820)— Congress of Laibach (1821)— Congress of Verona (1822)— 16. What was the “Eastern Question”? 17. Why did the major powers of Europe support a nationalistic uprising in Greece when they had suppressed a liberalistic uprising in Spain and a nationalistic uprising in Italy? 18. ____________ also gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. 19. Why was Haiti’s revolution unique in the Latin American drive for liberty from European masters? 20. Who were the Creoles? 21. Identify the following people and the countries they liberated: Toussaint L’Overture— Jose de San Martin— Simon Bolivar— Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla— Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon— Dom Pedro— 22. T or F: Creole leaders in Latin America could be said to have developed a reform program based upon Enlightenment ideas and those associated with the American Revolution. 23. T or F: Mexico was the first area within Latin America to rise in revolution against Spain. .

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9781501756030 Revised Cover 3.30.21.Pdf
, , Edited by Christine D. Worobec For a list of books in the series, visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. From Victory to Peace Russian Diplomacy aer Napoleon • Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer Copyright © by Cornell University e text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, East State Street, Ithaca, New York . Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wirtschaer, Elise Kimerling, author. Title: From victory to peace: Russian diplomacy aer Napoleon / by Elise Kimerling Wirtschaer. Description: Ithaca [New York]: Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, . | Series: NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identiers: LCCN (print) | LCCN (ebook) | ISBN (paperback) | ISBN (pdf) | ISBN (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Russia—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—History— Alexander I, –. | Europe—Foreign relations—–. | Russia—Foreign relations—Europe. | Europe—Foreign relations—Russia. Classication: LCC DK.W (print) | LCC DK (ebook) | DDC ./—dc LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/ Cover image adapted by Valerie Wirtschaer. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses.
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The European Policy Regarding the Greek and Romanian Questions. Around the 1821 Revolution
ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ ΡΗΓΑΣ ΦΕΡΡΑΙΟΣ, ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ ΚΑΠΟΔΙΣΤΡΙΑΣ, ΦΡΑΝΣΙΣΚΟ ΝΤΕ ΜΙΡΑΝΤΑ - η Ελληνική Σκέψη στην Αυτοθέσμιση των Κοινωνιών, τον Διαφωτισμό και την Γνώση ΑΞΟΝΑΣ Ι: Η ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΣΚΕΨΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΠΟΧΗ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΩΝ ΟΡΑΜΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΕΚΔΙΚΗΣΕΩΝ www.academy.edu.gr The European Policy Regarding the Greek and Romanian Questions. Around the 1821 Revolution ΛΕΩΝΙΔΑΣ ΡΑΔΟΣ, Ερευνητής στο Ινστιτούτο Ιστορίας «Α.D. Χenopol» της Ακαδημίας της Ρουμανίας Email: [email protected] The 1821 events led to one of the most intense challenges for the Concert of Europe. The Great Powers were facing an unprecedented situation considering the Greek insurrection and how it and the Romanians' move- ment led by Tudor Vladimirescu affected the equilibrium of force and the destiny of ”the sick man of Eu- rope” (as the Ottoman Empire was called). At the time, the two mutinies drew the attention of the Great Powers because they generated tension throughout Europe on the one hand and because the issues they en- compassed bore solutions for the continental peace on the other. Is well known that at the Troppau conference (October-December 1820), Austria, Prussia and Russia agreed on the principle of intervention for fear the Naples revolution, perceived as part of a larger European prob- lem, might generalize and turn into a revolutionary torrent.[1] Therefore, the diplomatic maneuver area was rather restricted. The two movements were connected both openly and underground, as was much discussed by the historical literature. As many others, we consider that the Romanians' mutiny started as part of the Philiki Etaireia and then diverged and gradually progressed on its own, based on its needs which were not always similar to the Greek revolutionaries'.
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Congress System”: the World’S First “International Security Regime”1
The “Congress System”: The World’s First “International Security Regime”1 © 2015 Mark Jarrett In his State Paper of May 5, 1820, British Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh argued that the post-Napoleonic alliance of great powers was never intended as a “union for the government of the world, or for the superintendence of the internal affairs of other states.”2 Notwithstanding Castlereagh’s powerful denial, was this new system, known to historians as the “Congress System,” an attempt at great-power supervision of the rest of Europe? Was it, as Professor Beatrice de Graaf has suggested, a new type of “security regime,” or as Dr. Stella Ghervas contends, a novel and innovative approach for the maintenance of peace after two decades of bloodshed? Was this new system, as Professor Brian Vick asserts, inextricably linked to constitutionalism—perhaps constitutionalism extended to Europe at large? A handful of scholars would deny that this system existed at all, or at least they would argue that its impact was negligible. Others go to the opposite extreme and see it as part of a new system of norms and self-restraint that replaced traditional balance of power rivalries.3 And still others would decry its existence as a repressive conspiracy of monarchs against their own peoples. My contention is simply that there was such a system. My focus will be on the set of concrete institutions created in Paris in November 1815, which loosely bound together the European great powers during the first decade after the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress System was indeed, despite Castlereagh’s later disavowal, an audacious attempt at multilateral world government, but it never developed a strong institutional basis and eventually foundered on differences between the powers over the question of counter- revolutionary intervention.
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A Pilgrim of Historiography: Byron and the Discourses of History in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain
A Pilgrim of Historiography – Ivan Pregnolato A Pilgrim of Historiography: Byron and the Discourses of History in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain Ivan Pregnolato, BA, MA Thesis Submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2015 Page 1 of 363 A Pilgrim of Historiography – Ivan Pregnolato Abstract This thesis aims to understand Byron’s œuvre in relation to the discourses of history in early nineteenth-century Britain. As a contribution to the historicist critical approaches of the past decades, my dissertation discusses the different ideas surrounding the concept of ‘history’ in the first two decades of the 1800s, a period marked by change. As shown, these discourses of history were notorious for their heterogeneity and, by analysing Byron’s poetry and letters, it becomes evident that Byron engaged with these multiple interpretations as well. Roughly, three types of discourses of history are discussed below: the classical knowledge which was perpetuated in the educational system of the time and discussed in travelogues; the whig interpretation of history and the teleological concept of ‘liberty’ through time; and the idea of powerful forces that act ‘behind’ history, such as economics and the inseparability of power embedded in creating historical narratives. This thesis concludes that is impossible to speak of a single Byronic historical narrative and, rather, argues that Byron’s texts espouse pluralistic conceptualisations of history. Page 2 of 363 A Pilgrim of Historiography – Ivan Pregnolato To my mother ‘A fila anda…’ Page 3 of 363 A Pilgrim of Historiography – Ivan Pregnolato Acknowledgements Several people have helped me in the years that it has taken to write this thesis.
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The Turks in Europe (1919)
wmfni\ f/t 5 \ii'^/Mr<,'^/1''i i P 1 1, 1 f '' ' '^ li ^ ^1 THE TURKS IN EUROPE A 2 Qu'est ce que la Turqiiie ? La Turquie est le pays classique dea massacres. Son con- histoire se resume k ceci : pillages, meurtres, vols, cussions— sur toutes les echelles—revoltes, insurrections, repressions, guerres ^trangeres, guerres civiles, revolutions, contre-r^volutions, seditions, mutineries. ARsi:NE Perlant, Eternelle Turquie. " a is To murder a man is a crime ; to massacre nation a question." , Victor Hugo, 1876. THE TURKS IN EUROPE A SKETCH-STUDY BY W. E. D. ALLEN WITH A PREFACE BY BRIG.-GEN. H. CONYERS SURTEES, C.M.G., D.S.O. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1919 f; All rights r«s«rved. DEDICATION To My Beloved Father— To you I dedicate this chronicle of men's savageness and meanness. To you, who brilliant so so faultless were so and simple ; your- tolerant of fault in others so self yet so ; gentle not kill a bird so kind that men that you could ; so that marvelled ; forbearing they thought you weak so that fool. ; generous they thought you You were so quick of comprehension, yet so patient of stupidity in others. You could always forgive, and always understand. Men wondered when you repaid vilest ingratitude with renewed kindness. You who so loved Music and Books and Art, and to roam in the wild places of the earth, and linger in its ancient cities, were for ever im- prisoned in an office. You began to work when to learn the best most boys begin ; you spent years of your life in drudgery, working often till mid- night.
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The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century
JBRART Of 9AN DIEGO OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY EDITED BY SIR AUGUSTUS OAKES, CB. LATELY OF THE FOREIGN OFFICE AND R. B. MOWAT, M.A. FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY SIR H. ERLE RICHARDS K. C.S.I., K.C., B.C.L., M.A. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE AWD CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E.C. 4 LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW LEIPZIG NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPETOWN BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS SHANGHAI HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY Impression of 1930 First edition, 1918 Printed in Great Britain INTRODUCTION IT is now generally accepted that the substantial basis on which International Law rests is the usage and practice of nations. And this makes it of the first importance that the facts from which that usage and practice are to be deduced should be correctly appre- ciated, and in particular that the great treaties which have regulated the status and territorial rights of nations should be studied from the point of view of history and international law. It is the object of this book to present materials for that study in an accessible form. The scope of the book is limited, and wisely limited, to treaties between the nations of Europe, and to treaties between those nations from 1815 onwards. To include all treaties affecting all nations would require volumes nor is it for the many ; necessary, purpose of obtaining a sufficient insight into the history and usage of European States on such matters as those to which these treaties relate, to go further back than the settlement which resulted from the Napoleonic wars.
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The Eastern Question (Up to the War of Greek Independence)
Magadh Mahila College Patna University, Patna HISTORY B.A. – II PAPER – IV HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE Unit – 7 EASTERN QUESTION Topic: - THE EASTERN QUESTION (UP TO THE WAR OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE) By:- Dr. Amit Raj (Guest teacher) Department of History Magadh Mahila College Patna University, Patna Email : [email protected] Mob : 9472811500 Introduction AFTER THE sack of Constantinople by the Muslims in 1453, the Ottoman Turks carved out a vast empire in south-eastern Europe and along the north coast of Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries. There were bitter wars between them and the Christian rulers of Europe. In 1682 the Turks over-ran Hungary and in 1683 appeared at the very gates of Vienna and Emperor Leopold I was terribly hard-pressed. The existence of the Holy Roman Empire itself was in danger. But John III (Sobieski), King of Poland, came to his rescue and defeated the Turks. The siege of Vienna was raised and the wave of Turkish conquests was halted. With this defeat began a steady decline of the Turkish Empire which continued right up to the end of the First World War. This steady and gradual fall of the Turkish Empire gave rise to an "intractable and interwoven tangle of conflicting interests" and to "the problem of filling up the vacuum created by the gradual disappearance of the Turkish Empire from Europe". This problem has been popularly called the "Eastern Question". A Russian diplomat has defined the problem in the following words, "This damned Eastern Question is like a gout. Sometimes it takes you in the leg, sometimes it nips your hand.
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British Foreign Policy Under Canning
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2008 British Foreign Policy Under Canning Andrew Montgomery Endorf The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Endorf, Andrew Montgomery, "British Foreign Policy Under Canning" (2008). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 160. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/160 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER CANNING By Andrew Montgomery Endorf B.A., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2004 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In History The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2008 Approved by: Perry Brown Associate Provost for Graduate Studies Dr. John Eglin, Chair History Dr. Linda Frey History Dr. Louis Hayes Political Science i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE – CANNING THE POLITICIAN 12 Biography 12 Domestic Politics 16 CHAPTER TWO – REVOLUTION ON THE IBERIAN PENNINSULA 24 Spain 24 Portugal 36 CHAPTER THREE – LATIN AMERICA AND RECOGNITION 44 North America 48 Latin America 52 CHAPTER FOUR – GREECE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 66 Stalemate and Neutrality 68 Shifting Alliances and Intervention 77 CONCLUSION 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 ii Endorf, Andrew, M.A., Summer 2008 History British Foreign Policy Under Canning Dr.
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THE RUSSIAN ARMY and the EASTERN QUESTION, 1821-34’ Ph.D
1 ‘THE RUSSIAN ARMY AND THE EASTERN QUESTION, 1821-34’ Ph.D. ALEXANDER BITIS THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, 2000 UMI Number: U615B58 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615B58 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 lH £ S £ S F 3530 • ^ ,p 0' ^ t ABSTRACT This dissertation consists of a study of the role of the Russian army in Russo-Turkish relations from the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence to the conclusion of the Mohammed Ali crisis. It focuses primarily on the activities of the Russian Second Army - a force quartered in the southern regions of the Russia and designated to conduct military operations against the Ottoman Empire in Europe. Under the leadership of General P. D. Kiselev, the General Staff of this army conducted a thorough research of previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711-1812) and integrated the lessons of these campaigns into a new strategic and tactical doctrine. Ultimately, this research was to result in the formulation of an innovative new Turkish war plan which proposed that the Russian army, for the first time in its history, cross the Balkan mountain range and march on Constantinople.
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The European Pentarchy and the Congress of Verona, 1822 the Europeanpentarchy and the Congress of Verona, 1822
THE EUROPEAN PENTARCHY AND THE CONGRESS OF VERONA, 1822 THE EUROPEANPENTARCHY AND THE CONGRESS OF VERONA, 1822 by IRBY C. NICHOLS, JR. North Texas State University MARTINUS NIJHOFF / THE HAGUE I 1971 @ 1971 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form ISBN-13: 978-90-247-1110-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2725-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2725-0 TO MY MOTHER PAULINE WRIGHT NICHOLS AND THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER IRBY COGHILL NICHOLS WHO INSPIRED ME TO BECOME A DISCIPLE OF CLIO CONTENTS PREFACE XI PART I GENESIS OF THE CONGRESS: FEBRUARY 1821-0CTOBER 1822 1 PROLOGUE THE DIPLOMATIC BACKGROUND OF THE CoNGRESS 3 1. The Congress is called 3 2. The Eastern Question 5 3. The Hanoverian Rendezvous 8 4. The Shift from Castlereagh to Canning 13 CHAPTER I THE ROAD TO VIENNA 19 1. The Castlereagh Instructions 19 2. The Wellington Mission 23 3. The Ascendancy of Villele 25 4. Franco-Spanish Relations, 1820-1822 27 5. The Villele-Wellington Interview 34 CHAPTER II THE VIENNA STALEMATE 40 1. The Conference Convenes 40 2. The Spanish Question 42 3. The Eastern Question 48 4. Italian Questions 54 5. A Retrospect 59 VIII CONTENTS PARTn THE CONGRESS AT WORK: OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1822 63 CHAPTER ill FROM VmNNA TO VERONA: PRELlMINARmS TO THE CoNGRESS 65 1. Exodus 65 2. The Canning Instructions 68 3. The Villcle Instructions 72 4. Reunion in Verona: The Congress at Play 75 5.
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(1821-1827)1 I Henry Middleton of South Carolina Was Appointed United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (T
James J. F assolas An American Ambassador at the Court of St. Petersburg, Russia: Henry Middleton of South Carolina and John Capodistrias (1821-1827)1 I Henry Middleton of South Carolina was appointed United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (the equivalent of present day Ambassador), to the Court of St. Petersburg, Russia, in the fall of 1820 and served at that post until the summer of 1830. During his ten-year diplomatic assignment to the Russian capital, he left A volumi nous correspondence of dispatches, letters, memoranda, notes, and vari ous papers and documents, covering the broad spectrum of Russian- American relations, European politics and diplomacy, and the Greek Revolution, beginning with Alexander Ypsilanti’s insurrection in the Romanian Principalities in March of 1821 and up to the conclusion of the Treaty of Adrianople and the recognition of Greece’s independence by the Sublime Porte in 1829 and later by the Great powers12. 1. In preparing this tudy, I would like to thank the International Research and Exchange Board (IREX), which provided A research grant to Romania and Greece in 1976-1977, and the School of Humanities and Fine Arts, Coastal CarolinA University - Conway-Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, for granting me A Sabbatical leave from my teaching duties in 1991. 2. Middleton’s diplomatic correspondence from Russia covers the period from February 2, 1820 through July 27, 1830. His correspondence is deposited in the U.S. National Archives, Microfilm Publications, Microcopy No 35, “Despatches from United States Minis ters to Russia, 1808-1906”, Rolls 8-11, Volumes 8-11 (The National Archives and Record Service, General Service Administration: Washington, 1953).
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THE VIENNA CONGRESS The defeat of France didn’t remove the threat of international revolution and 1) Riding the Tiger war. One major objective with the viennasettlement was to maintain peace and To those rulers who believed it would be impoissible to dam the forces of stability. The Austrian chancellor, Prince Metternich introduced the idea of revolution completely the solution would be to attract support for the some sort of league between European rulers which would maintain the government and weaken the revolutionary forces by making moderate reforms. settlement and police the continent (The Metternich system). It was to be in Britain in the 1820s40s where this policy was most succesfully applied. A series of economic, social and political reforms enabled the To the ruling classes in Europe the French revolution had been an traumatic aristocracy to maintain the real power and attract the support of the middle experience and one concluded that once change started it would get out of classes. control and produce chaos, terror, military dictatorship and international war. The rulers came up with two possible responses to this situation; jan 1219:30 jan 1219:31 2) Stemming the Torrent ASSESSING WHETHER THE PEACEMAKERS IN 1815 WERE GUIDED BY The more conservative rulers on the contrary feared that reforms would NATIONAL INTERESTS OR BY IDEALS AND PRINCIPLES. trigger off revolution. An obvious alternative was to stop the whole process of change before it had a chance to start. Metternich was the main architect of this view. jan 1219:31 jan 1219:31 .A.
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