n this is Ile EPA Journal views of a representative I reviews some ot t.he of an agricultural chemi­ new directions in. pest cal trade ass~biation and cbnt11pt. cancer ro\ec­ a noted aca<\e"ti autho -; ti9n. land use and new ity. n the he ar~a. pro9r~s to guard th~ 111"1Hine reviews egahist rural Wat pol­ steps betng takerl to I lutio11-pro~lems . A(ti4:fes fl he sorli imes con­ cides which 1J1jgh c~use trqversial subject of CS.l'\C9r and also explains {ntegrated Pest anage- EPA's prop~ls fo help m include one om id dri king wat r of Secreter of Ag · u.tture or aOic che11ucal con­ Bob Bee d, two fro.m tatnifiants. P(ans for EPA officials and the three mpjore" iron- United States Office of Volume 4 Environmental Protection Public Awareness (A-107) Number 3 Agency March 1978 &EPA JOURNAL

Douglas M . Costle, Administrator Joan Martin Nicholson, Director Office of Public Awareness Charles D. Pierce, Editor Truman Temple, Associate Editor Dave Cohen, Chris Perham, Assistant Editors L'Tanya White, Staff Support

Articles The Role of Agriculture Integrated Organic Farming 4 in the Environment Pest Management from Administrator Douglas M . Costle Concept to Reality A Farmer's Guide gives his views Excerpts from a major speech to EPA on some of the common by Steven D. Jellinek. By Chris Perham interests of farmers and Assistant Administrator for Toxic environmentalists Substances. Drinking Water Reform The Old Order Guarding Against An explanation of EPA's Changeth Cancer proposals to deal Secretary of Agriculture An article by Dave Cohen on with organic chemical Bob Bergland explains how EPA evaluates contaminants in drinking his Department's pest possible cancer risks. water. written by Victor J. Kimm. management policies. Deputy Assistant Animal Tests Administrator for Water Supply. EPA's Role in IPM and Human Cancer A report by Edwin Johnson. A Food and Drug Administration The Spring Deputy Assistant Administrator official explains Environmental Season for Pesticide Programs. the reasoning in using animals A report on the Earth. Sun. and for cancer tests. World Environment Days Forum scheduled this Spring. Representatives of an Pesticides and Bees agricultural trade association By Truman Temple Earth Day and a noted authority on Margaret Mead assesses the integrated Fooling Insects 6 significance of this event. pest management discuss the By Larry O'Neill future of pest control. Region 3 Report 2 Model Farm Projects 2

Departments Almanac 0 Nation Update 0 People News Briefs t 0

Cover : Farmer in his field Photo credits: U.S. Depart­ !ext printed on recycled paper. at sunset. ment of Agriculture. Docu­ Inside cover: A thresher cuts merica, Roger Blobaum. Nick a swath through a wheat field. Karanikas. The National Back cover : Sunset illuminates Agricultural Chemicals A ssocia­ farm buildings . tion

EPA's Purpose: To formu ate 11rd The EPA Journal is published the Office of Management and and other materials. Subscription : implement act10Ps w'11ct wad to cl monthly. with combined issues Budget. Views expressed by authors S 1 0 .00 a year. S 1 00 for single comp<1t1ble balance betwee·1 'J•m a July-August and November­ do not necessarily reflect EPA policy. copy. domestic; S12.50 if mailed to nct1v1t1es ancl thn ability of natur,!I December. by the U .S. Environ­ Contributions and inquiries should a foreign address. No charge to systems tcsupport ;ind nunur hie mental Protection Agency. Use of be addressed to the Editor (A-107), employees. Send check or money funds for printing this periodical has W aterside Mall. 401 M St .. S.W .. order to Superintendent of Docu­ been approved by the Director of Washington. D.C. 20460. No per­ ments. U .S. Government Printin.g mission necessary to reproduce Office. Washington, D.C. 20402 . contents except copyrighted photos Environmentally Speaking The Role of Agriculture in the Environment By Administrator Douglas M. Costle

e live in an age of industrial and chemical pollution farm community then cooperated by applying several W on farms as well as in cities. traditional-as well as some innovative-approaches to In the early 1970's, national environmental efforts solve the problem. One lesson everyone learned was that concentrated on controlling the highly visible water and a solid assessment of the problem is a critical first step air pollution coming from our cities and their great to solving it. industrial complexes. These battles against municipal and I might add, parenthetically, that runoff is not exclu­ industrial point sources of pollution are by no means sively agriculturally caused. Poorly planned urban won. As a Nation, however, we have made very con­ development. poorly managed construction, the paving siderable progress in cleaning up both our air and water. over of our lands-are each, in their way, a real problem This progress brings into focus a less visible, but more needing focus and attention. widespread problem. that of non-point sources of pollu­ A challenge we all face today is the control of toxic tion. primarily runoff. substances in our land, air, and water. Modern agricul­ As farming has become more technological - and as ture, like the rest of our civilization, has benefited greatly our understanding of natural systems grows more from chemicals that increase production. But we're going complete- the relationship of non-point source pollution to have to face up to the fact that we are living in an age to water quality is becoming clearer. On the smaller scale, of industrial and chemical pollution - on the farm as well we must learn to control sediment runoff- from urban as in the cities - that is far more serious than anyone had areas as well as agricultural ones. On the larger scale. imagined. As President Carter has sa id, "The presence we must protect entire watersheds and our underground of toxic chemicals in our environment is one of the grim­ water supplies. mest discoveries of the industrial era." In t he last few Generally in the treatment of non-point source pollu­ years science has been telling us in no uncertain terms tion in agricultural areas. voluntary cooperation will get that some chemicals, including some pesticides, have the job done. Clearly there is a great deal yet to be totally unexpected side effects which increasingly accomplished. Thirty-seven States have already indicated threaten human health. to us that non-point source pollution could prevent attain­ The production of synthetic organic pesticides has ment of the statutory goals of fishable. swimmable risen 800 percent in the last 30 years. We, as a Nation, waters. now use 1.6 billion pounds of these chemicals a year. As an example of how a non-point source problem Of course. there are also toxic chemicals that occur in can be handled, I can report that as early as 1972. EPA nature. But whether created synthetically or naturally, funded what became known as the Black Creek project. it is essential that we do whatever we can to control through the Allen County soil and water conservation them. district in Indiana. The project was designed to assess The alarming and steadily increasing rate of cancer and help solve the problems of sediment runoff in the in our society and the growing evidence that much of it Maumee River Basin . Careful assessment - supported may be induced by cancer-causing agents in our air, soil, by scientific help from a local university- proved that the and water, as well as in our wor kplaces, is alarming. major source of the water quality problem in Black Creek Congress responded to this t hreat by passing t he was restricted to a small portion of the land. The local 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act. EPA is now moving to implement that Act. In doing so, we are just beginning to define the dimensions of the problem - and those

2 EPA JOURNAL dimensions are enormous. For example, we are now mental impact statements on any actions that will affect compiling an inventory of all chemicals presently in com­ agricultural lands. mercial production or use in this country. We started Clearly, as-the 208 planning program moves forward, with an estimate that there would be 30,000 such chemi­ some tough choices lie ahead-at the local, State and cals. Today we are up to 70,000 and the list keeps Federal levels. Even with the new monies that Congress growing. has authorized, there will not be sufficient Federal funds Not all these chemicals are cancer-causing, of course. to pay for the control of practices needed in every soil The list includes common, necessary items like table salt. and water conservation district. We will need to encour­ but the point is that many of these chemicals are wide­ age achieving the goals of the Water Act by voluntary spread in our environment. and some of them are means. If and when those means do not succeed, we dangerous. need to ensure that there is an effective, re;isonable Another major challenge facing the U.S. is the preser­ regulatory back-up to get the job done in a timely fashion . vation of agricultural land. On the local level conservation districts in six States All across the United States today, people-city to date have played a crucial political role in shaping such people-are beginning to realize what farmers have fall-back regulatory systems. In another dozen States, known for too long a time. One of America's great re­ conservation districts are now playing a major role in sources is in danger: agricultural land is rapidly going working out sensible regulatory procedures. out of production. More than one-a nd-a-half million acres I believe that conservation districts are moving rapidly are being lost each year. We simply cannot afford that. and effectively to enlarge their role. A quotation from As Will Rogers once said, "The one thing they aren't Vance Ehmke, Newsletter Editor, Kansas Association of making any more of is land." Conservation Districts, lays it pretty much on the line. The pace of suburbanization increasingly threatens What he says of Kansas conservation districts is likely farmland. With the growth of suburbia, too many farm­ to be true for many other States. ers find land va lues, taxes, and the price of labor sky­ "Like it or not." says Ehmke, "Kansas Conservation rocketing, making it almost inevitable that the only solu­ Districts will have to face some tough problems in the tion left is to sell their farms, causing the fabric of one next few years. The day of voluntary compli ance by farming community after another to be torn apart. farmers in stopping erosion from their land may be EPA has its own vested interest in this problem. The drawing to a close. U.S. needs those farmlands, not only in terms of food " But let's face facts: No farmer is going to appreciate production, but also for their value as natural filters and being told to control his non-point sources of pollution buffers. While EPA programs in the past have not always such as field runoff. Farmers are one of the most fiercely been sensitive enough to any potential adverse effects independent races of people on the face of the Earth. on farmlands, today we realize how valuable preserving But there's not much of a correlation between inde­ farmland is to carrying out our own responsibilities. pendence and our pollution problem. And again, let's Among other steps, we are: face facts : Si lt and sedimentation are the biggest sources Revising the construction grant program for building of pollution in this country." [J sewage treatment facilities so as to minimize the pressure to take farmland out of production. Seeing to it that there is a thorough review of environ-

MARCH 1978 3

he Order

was born into a world in tion between Agriculture and reflects a broadened approach. I which there were no pesticides EPA. We do have a constant It gives complete support to of importance. No chemical need to sit down and work out integrated pest management fertilizers of much importance. our differences. methods to control agricultural Not very sophisticated farming We have a liaison with EPA pests. techniques. And now they're and we're improving upon that. In terms of research this commonplace. I meet with Administrator means strong support of work I can remember listening to a Douglas Castle frequently and on resistant crop and livestock Secretary of Agriculture when we have developed a good work- varieties, beneficial organisms, he talked about exports of a ing relationship. Others in USDA cultural practices and selective billion dollars a year. That was work closely with the EPA staff biological and chemical pesti­ 20 years ago. Now it's S24 on a regular basis cides as well as other innovative billion and is our single most W e agree that the USDA role methods. proven or potentially important export earner. will be as advocate in formal effective in controlling pests. What has happened in agri- review of pesticide use and The policy also calls for co­ culture since those days has other issues like it. We will operative projects to demon­ provided us with a lot of creature present information on all the strate the latest in pest manage­ comforts and security as well •benefits that these compounds ment technology to all pesticide as problems most of us never can produce. EPA will raise users. from homeowners to could have envisioned. questions about costs and risks By Bob Bergland, farmers. Our views and opinions are and we will comment on those. Faced with high costs and shaped by what we have ex- W e both have the responsibility sometime short supplies of perienced in our lifetimes. I of presenting all the information chemicals and fuels. farmers know mine have been. This is possible for the experts to use are looking for ways to cut all why, as Secretary of Agricul- in making their decisions. situations in which a set course necessary costs. They are re­ ture, I have to support initiatives USDA will be involved in the of action is prescribed with no ceptive to the ideas of surveying that answer today's needs. cancellation. reregistration and room for debate. The Delaney pest populations. applying This is not too difficult. since review of all pesticides. Of Clause. for instance. does not pesticides at times and in quan­ some of the frictions we so often course. we will not be involved give us any room at all . It says. tities just sufficient to do the hear about between groups are in initial registration because in effect. that if any compound job. They appreciate predator overdramatized. Farmers are Congress delegates that author­ presents a poten tial cancer insects that feed on destructive not always at odds with environ­ ity to EPA. However, we and the risk. under any circumstances. agricultural pests. mentalists and. by any standard. Land Grant University coopera­ it is subject to being banned. At the same time the policy farmers are environmentalists. tors conduct experiments in Congress may well re-examine statement recognizes the need I've farmed all my life. and solving pest control problems. the Delaney Clause to see for pesticides in many IPM I've always regarded the con­ and that data is helpful in the whether it is properly con­ programs. sumer to be my customer- not registration process. structed. It does affirm our commit­ my enemy. And this goes for all If a manufacturer has a com­ On the issues in which we ment to doing research and pro­ the large amorphous groups in pound which is advertised to have room to act. our counter­ viding information that will our society that always seem control a certain pest. we'll parts in other departments will help the everyday American pitted against one another. comment on whether or not find us. I hope, knowledgeable who deals with pest problems. We can act in the general that pest is a serious problem. and not restrictive in our ap­ not iust large operators Finally. good and frequently within and probably on the economics proach to problem solving. I we confirm that 111 dealing with the commonality of interest of of the losses. When we get into have brought people on board other countries we w ill be many groups. This is certainly the cancellation and reregistra­ who understand what pesticides guided by the same concerns true of Agriculture and EPA. I tion. however, we are involved are all about ... who under­ that guide our actions at home. know the relationship between deeply and we intend to get even stand environmental concerns I feel that the USDA's pest the two agencies has been more involved. ... who understand the need management policies today are a ometimes less than construc­ The challenge will be one of for chemicals and the economics reasonable progression from tive in the past. but I see no understanding one another and of the industry ... who under­ where we have been to where we reason for this. making progress against de­ stand risks and benefits. are going. And we intend to keep When I came in we decided manding schedules that have In December I announced the abreast of the times by remain­ that it made sense to initiate been set. pest management policy for the ing flexible, practical. and rea- an improved era of coopera- At times we will encounter Department of Agriculture. It sonable on these issues. 0

MARCH 1978 5 Edwin L. Johnson EPNs Role in IPM n Texa s and Cal ifornia some cotton Igrowers have cu1 pesticide use- and costs 1n half Out 1n Washington State a pea grower has young people counting the number o f insects in a given area (usually several rows) before dec1d1ng whether or not to spray In the East. apple growers and soybea n producers are be­ ginning to use biological controls on 111sect pests All of these persons are involved in the use of growing technology ca lled inte­ grated pest management (IPM). IPM 1s a systems approach to pest management and a program that combines pesticide use with other pest control techniques It 1s not a futuristic dream- it 1s here now ." What are the events that have brought about this increased interest in IPM) A qwck look at 1h e history of chemical use since World W ar II provides the answer. M odern chemicals developed 111 the late 1940's gave the American farmer a means of controlling pests at low cost. Some of these chemicals provided spectacular results and were persistent enough to give long-term crop protection, ca using many users to drop the more 1radit1onal preven- 1ive forms o f pest control. This increased cl pendence on the use o f pesticides had led to pest resistance, secondary pest problems, undesirable crop residues, and non1arget

Edwin L. Johnson 1s Deputy Assistant Administrator for Pest1c1cle Program

EPA JOURNAL effects such as the killing of bees and other thousands of copies of technical and non­ I beneficial insects. Modern agriculture technical IPM publications to extension developed since World War II resulted in personnel, libraries, researchers. environ­ the use of pesticides as the major control mentalists. growers and the general public. tool available to pest managers. a tool In addition this office has conducted which was successful and economical. conferences, made speeches and is lending Today, however. increased energy costs information and expertise to the production and environmental concern have required of an hour long television presentation of a shift in farming methods. It has been IPM to be aired in May of 1978 as pa rt of demonstrated that integrated pest manage­ the NOVA series on public television . ment systems can operate under these new Farmers, ranchers, and homeowners constraints while maintaining, and in some are now asking for more and more 111for­ cases increasing, agricultural productivity. mation of IPM. EPA is working closely with Integrated pest management is an inter­ other federal agencies to fill this growing disciplinary approach to pest control, need. incorporating a number o f the biological In addition to supplying information to and farming sciences. It is a science in its the public, the Office is improving access to own right. based on a knowledge of each information pertaining to pests, pest con­ pest. its environment, and its interaction trol methods, and IPM, and developing with natural enemies. In addition IPM takes improved processes for the registration into account the crop being grown, cultural of pheromones, hormones and other non­ practices specific to that crop, and a con­ conventional means of pest control com­ sideration of all available tools to control monly employed in IPM strategies. It also the pest and produce the crop. Frequently is exploring incentives for increased private the term integrated pest management is sector involvement. confused with biological control. EPA Agricultural pest management decisions stresses that biological control is only affect the environment, commodity pro­ one component of IPM. The agency also duction and production costs. While the stresses that chemical pesticides often are pesticide user is motivated by profit, part of a particular IPM strategy. society is also concerned about adverse Integrated pest management is not new. environmental effects. Congress has recog­ The rapid development of numerous nized IPM as a means of reducing the ad­ and relatively inexpensive pesticides after verse effects of pesticide use. World War II put IPM on the back burner The President has called for a national of American food and fiber production. integrated pest management strategy. The Environmental concern. pest Environmental Protection Agency w ill be resistance. higher material and labor costs. working closely with the Council of Environ­ and government regulations have brought it mental Quality, the United States Depart­ to the forefront in recent years. ment of Agriculture, the State Department's IPM contrasts sharply with the currently Agency for International Development. more common practice of spraying "by National Academy of Sciences. National the calendar" without first determining Science Foundation. and with the private a need for such pesticide applications In sector 111 response to the President's the allocation of resources. IPM offers the request. alternatives of more efficient pesticide IPM is not a return to the " bad old days" use and reduced costs. when little boys picked beetles off potato EPA was assigned responsibility by a plants for a penny a jar. It is, instead. a 1 975 amendment to the Federal Insecti­ move toward pest control that uses cide. Fungicide and Rodenticide Act pesticides efficiently together with other (FIFRA) to make IPM information available methods to help us produce the food we upon request in cooperation with the U .S. need to the farmer's advantage and with a Department of Agriculture. In response to minimum impact upon the environment . D requests to date. the Office of Pesticide Programs has developed and sent out

MARCH 1978 7 Forum This section of the magazine provides an opportunity for discussion of current envir onmental issues by authonties who may view them from different perspectives IPM Evolution or Revo tion? By James R. Mills

hill is Integrated Pest Management Agncultural practices. including pest W (IPM ). and what isn't it/ You get about management techniques, are not haphazard as many answers as there are people acts. Rather. they are simply management involved Everyone has his own idea of what tools which a farmer adapts to his operation it should do. And therein lies one of the after long-term scientific research indicates ma1or diff1cult1es which must be overcome if to him that a particular tool may fit his local the notion is to achieve much of the promise conditions. This is a necessary arrangement which its proponents claim for 11 . by which the farmer tests the effectiveness The big push for !PM at the Federal and dependability of a technique. year in level results from a mix o f different motives. and year out. Practices don't change over­ some of which are philosophical, some night. Many years are usually needed to pol1t1cal. some scientific. and in some in­ apply the "test of time." The farmer has only stances. practical This article is an attempt a few months out of each year to experi­ to address these and other aspects with a ment. and to find out what works best in pragmatism which hopefully will shed more his fields. light than heat Those who would have sudden changes It came as a surprise to me when. in the imposed upon farmers for va rious reasons ea rly 1970's, IPM was unveiled as a "new might well place themselves in his position. approach to pest control" by a group within Standing in his shoes. you can see that his the USDA During my college studies and crop yield and quality represent his only the eight years following in the 1 950's as source of income. interest on a substantial a county agent, I had studied and worked investment. retirement. social security, with the practical matter of pest control. unemployment insurance. and education The terms and tools available included an indelible mark on recorded history. It is for his children. Farming is already enough resistant varieties. crop rotation. cultural generally accepted that the main difference of a gamble that the farmer has been called practices. hot water seed treatment. fly­ that sets U .S. agriculture apart from that the eternal optimist. putting substantial free planting dates. physical barriers. of most other countries 1s the traditional 111vestments in the ground each Spring harvest dates. hosts and alternate host s for freedom of choices a farmer in this country and praying that weather and environment both pests and beneficial species. timin£1 o f could make to manage his resources. don't combine to cancel out al l his efforts. sprays. harvests. and the like. The big element in whether he will or His payday, so to speak, comes with the Later. as both a working newsman and as won't use new ideas or technology harvest. rather than once a week or once the news editor at the Ohio Agricultural 1s whether it has a practical use on his farm a month. Quite candidly , there is every Research and Development Center. I and how 1t may fit into his system. As a reason why the farmers of the country followed and reported on new add1t1ons sharp manager he 1s interested in whether might not be expected to jump on the IPM to the "package o f practices" made possi­ he can reduce costs without sacrificing bandwagon until they are sure that it fits ble and available to fa rmers and growers yi eld; whether he can increase yields their needs. Results with a single insect through basic and applied research through more efficient allocation of in­ species 1n an orchard are not eq uatable to Throughout the entire period I remained a puts; and s111ce his income 1s dependent o ther species in corn. soybeans or cotton. pract1c1ng conservationist. and continue to upon both yield and quality, the net impact Despite its popular appeal. the fact of clo so This 1s not a dichotomous position. on final yield and grade of whatever crop the matter is that the concept. while pro­ all things are related ancl are not mutually he 1s growing. mising. is still pretty much in its infancy in exclusive 1n a b1olog1cal and scientific IPM as a philosophy for pest control is the minds of most researchers and farmers. sense One needs to recognize the leg1t1macy naturally appealing to a large number of Too much so to risk the fate of a crop on it. of each concern With this 1n mind let's look people for a variety of reasons. The environ­ And this is a normal state in the orderly at Integrated Pest Management to see 1f we mentalist is offered the hope or promise of advance of science and agriculture. can gain some perspective reduced use of pesticides, the farmer may Singh ( 1971). an agricultural banker. Pest management has been a constant see a chance to reduce costs; the scientist. stated the danger of bringing prec1p1t ous concern of the farm community for many the possibility of more dollars for his own change to agriculture when he stated that years The ability to control (or not to con­ area of research; and the politician a chance " .. in eva luating an agricultural problem t rnl) a wide variety of crop pests has left to identify with a popular ca use. Such it is vitally important to be acquainted with appeals are understandable. But they may many disciplines because inadequate ad­ James R Mills 1s Director of have led to a level of rising expectations vice is not much help to the farmer . Quite Communicat10ns. National Agncultural well beyond the ability of the IPM program often the expert's opinion is exaggerated . Chemicals Assoc1at10n to produce Co11/J1J1JNI on page 36

8 EPA JOURNAL The uture of Integrated Pest g ment By Carl B. Huffaker A gricufture is our most important But by employing pest1c1des jud1c1ously and /-\ endeavor. It enables us to feed. house. selectively, their use can be made to aug­ and clothe ourselves (Other endeavors ment the control that can be had by use of participate in satisfying these basic needs such alternatives - perhaps not for some and in elaborating our lives beyond them.) pests. but more generally, for the whole Agriculture. which includes forestry . has complex of pests on a given crop The over­ also become our mainstay in helping to all pesticide reduction possibilities are alleviate the acute problem with our inter­ readily apparent. and many programs national balance of payments deficit. illustrating such have already been proved The American farmer has proved to be to be economical for growers. This has been the world's greatest innovator 111 the pro­ accomplished by ut1liz111g a truly new ap­ duct1_on of food and fiber crops No other proach. a new technology of pest control. country comes even close to our own 111 which is fast becoming a new technology production per man engaged in agriculture of crop production - integrated pest man­ M uch of the phenomenal gain in production agement in the full sophisticated sense per acre and per man hour engaged since How did this come about. and where 1s World War II has been occasioned by in­ 1t going? I must deal briefly with the general creased use of fertilizers. use of better justification for establ1sh111g a program to varieties. improved and expanded irriga­ gain the necessary information and sc1ent1f1c tion. heavy use of pest-control chemicals basis for !PM This requires a brief d1scus­ and by improved mechanization, which has s1on of the familiar dilemma w ith respect to enabled better timing of plantings, cult1va­ the need to produce 1ncreas111g quant1t1es t1on. and harvesting. and at the same time of cheap food and fiber in ways that are has reduced the labor and labor costs 111 - delete the use of pest1c1des. except per­ not 111 the long run counterproductive volved. haps for some crops and arecis. even if through breakdown of effectiveness. escalat­ Much of this gain has been claimed to Pimentel's estimates were more nearly ing costs. or hazards to public health and the be clue to increased use of better correct. environment pesticides than we had before The USDA It is clear. however. that reduction in Shortly after World War II pest con- has estimated that if no pesticides were the use of pesticides is both highly desirable trol had shifted largely from a biological used the American farmer would lose some (even demanded by an aroused public) and discipline to a chemical one This era of such 70% of his production to pests. On the other practical. It is desirable because the farmer dependence on pesticides provided. indeed. hand. Professor David Pimentel o f Cornell cannot afford to apply these chemicals spectacular 111sect control There was also University has estimated that. with various at their current costs and levels o f use. effort to develop crop variet 1es concen­ reallocations in land use and the growing because excessive use itself creates the trating only on high yields, with disregard of less susceptible crops or the same crops demand for still heavier use (since natural for resistance to insects Both of these in less susceptible areas. etc , the agricul­ enemies are killed off) and because it en­ " advances" with time came up short. as ture losses from cfelet1ng all pesticides dangers the health of our workers and the you have often been told Neither has rested would be far less than this - in fact. only public in general. threatens our wildlife on the broad ecological dictum of con­ about 16%. but w ith much heavier losses and domestic stock and contaminates our sidering the whole 111teract1ng system One than the average for such crops as the air and water. I will not go further into reason 1s that sc1ent1sts are by nature deciduous fruits, potatoes. and ca bbage. these items- it is the old refrain again specialists and 1ndividual1sts. we like to clo These two estimates illustr ate the broad Reduction of pesticide use is practical our own thing. To a regrettable degree gap that exists in our thinking and our facts because equally good or better. and often individuals. departments of research and relative to the need for. and value of. using fess risky and more enduring pest control extension 111 the same un1vers1ty and to a pest1c1cles. I will not. however. try to ascer­ can be achieved w ith less use of pesticides. greater degree those in different un1vers1t1es , tain which estimate is nearer the truth I do not say without use of pesticides. or have concerned themselves very little with The fact remains that we cannot afford to by use of alternatives to pesticides. By and what the others were doing A ma1or ob­ large, pesticides will continue to be re­ jective has been to bring diverse expertise Dr. Carl 8 . Huffaker of the University of quired for many, if not most. of our pest and 1nst1tutions to bear on the common Caldornia has had the lead responsibdity control problems. They are our most reliable problem(s). A second major objective has for a national integrated pest management solution for an immediate problem . Alter­ been to develop a deeper appreciation of program supported by the National Science native tactics will furnish a complete solution the complexity and integrity of agricultural Foundation. EPA. the U. S Department of for the whole complex of pests on a crop ecosystems and their processes Agriculture and 7 8 universities. for only a minimal number of situations. Con11n11ecf on pa(/t' JI

MARCH 1978 9 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is not new. IPM Integ_r~ted methods of one kind or another have been used for years - and farmers tend to get a little annoyed. and under­ Pest Management standably so. when government bureaucrats talk about "integrated pest management" as if it is the first agricul­ tural improvement since the horse-drawn plow. Ecologically oriented pest-control strategies were pur­ sued in the United States long before today's widespread use of petroleum-based pesticides. Entomologists working on the boll weevil during the first few years after its inva­ sion into this country from Mexico in the early 1 890's for tto example. made exceptional contributions. Without insecti­ cides. they employed tactics that included use of resistant varieties. phytosanitation practices. and various biological controls. While we do not know how effective this system was by today's standards. it was effective enough to be By Steven 0 . Jellinek used even after calcium arsenate was introduced in the early 1920 's. As we all know. the advent of petroleum-based pesti­ cides, along with aerial applications,.. . halted or greatly reduced the use of ecologically oriented pest control tech- niques in cotton and other crops. Today, there are some very good reasons for us to take a new look at some of these past practices to control pests and stimulate agricultural production and productivity. We are beginning to see that there are limits to the advances that chemical pesticides have created. IPM techniques ­ vastly improved and expanded in recent years-offer one way to go beyond these limits. to better serve a world that is constantly in need of more food. A number of factors suggest that there are sound eco­ nomic. social. agricultural. and public health reasons for exploring and utilizing alternatives. substitutes. and sup­ plements to petrochemical-based pesticides :

•First, petroleum-based pesticides have become, and w ill continue to be, dramatically more expensive. Eighty per­ cent of the billion pounds of pesticides used in the United States each year are petrochemically based - that is, the active ingredient is a petroleum derivative. This figure does not include pesticides whose production or extraction processes require petroleum-based solvents. nor does it account for the use of petrochemicals as "inert" ingre­ dients in non-petrochemical pesticides. • Second, the ability of pests to develop resistance to chemicals continues to erode the effectiveness of conven­ tional pesticides. As California farmers know very well, scores of insect species no longer succumb to the chemi­ cals that were originally designed to eliminate them. Other pests have become economically important because chemicals have eliminated their natural enemies.

•And third, there is growing public concern over health and environmental hazards resulting from the extensive

Steven D. Jellinek is EPA 's Assistant Administrator for Toxic Sub­ stances. This article was excerpted from a speech Jellinek gave on Dec. 6. 1977. to the State of California Integrated Pest Manage­ ment Conference.

10 EPA JOURNAL use of chemical pesticides. Science is improving our ability that IPM will produce adequate pest control and be eco­ to identify and quantify these health and environmental nomically feasible. The evidence is there. and it is growing. risks, thereby generating a constantly growing body of The fact is, integrated pest management programs. hard evidence to back up this public concern. employing IPM consultants, almost always save growers EPA, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and more money in insecticide application costs. as opposed Rodenticiqe Act and the new Toxic Substances Control to conventional chemical control. than the cost of their Act of 1976, is firmly committed to reducing the serious services. health and environmental risks created by hazardous Large-scale field programs have demonstrated the prac­ chem·1cal substances. f1cal feasibility at using IPM on major agricultural crops. President Carter's Environmental Message said: These have demonstrated that there is no reduction in "The presence of toxic chemicals in our environment is crop yield or quality, and that greater net profits can be one of the grimmest discoveries of the industrial era. realized than would have been possible with conventional Rather than coping with these hazards after they have pesticide-control programs. escaped into our environment. our primary objective must Other, more recent examples illustrate that IPM is more be to prevent them from entering the environment at all." effective. less costly. and less hazardous to people and the IPM is an important component in these goals. It is an environment than pesticide-based. conventional pest­ environmentally protective approach to meeting our control strategies. But IPM development and implemen­ needs for food and fiber. It is an approach that emphasizes tation continue to move at a snail's pace. Only a small the use of natural control factors and de-emphasizes the percentage of U.S. farmers have adopted modern /PM rote use of chemical pesticides. It does not mean the elimi­ technology. For the most part. IPM has been used only in nation of chemicals from the farmer's. battery of tools to areas where high levels of insecticide resistance have control pests. It does mean emphasis on using a variety of developed in insect pests. thereby forcing farmers to seek tools for pest control-not pest eradication. alternative solutions to conventional pesticides. Some people contend that the IPM revival is simply a A variety of factors contribute to this slow development return to past practices that cannot meet today's needs. and implementation. Although many researchers have Those who question the current interest in !PM develop­ made significant contributions to IPM. there remains a ment charge that its proponents are rediscovering tech­ widespread lack of understanding and support for multi­ niques that many wise farmers have known about for disciplinary IPM research and for companion educational years, and that farmers do not want to go back to methods and demonstration programs. Also. th.ere still are a num­ that were overtaken by the development of effective and ber ot major crops for which reliable IPM techniques economical pesticides. have not been developed. This work will require more The present concept of lPM, however, does not mean a researchers, educators, and others who really understand return to the hoe and mule. the IPM concept. As an advanced scientific system, IPM relies on the best Even when an IPM strategy is developed, it is very diffi­ experience of many disciplines to develop modern pest cult to translate its advantages and necessity to farmers management strategies that are practical, effective. eco­ and others. including commerci~I credit institutions. who nomical, and protective of both public health and the often remain bound to chemical control techniques by environment. Classical farming practices such as use of faith and tradition. Many perceive the risk from pest pest-resistant varieties, crop rotation. irrigation tech­ damage to be much higher than is warranted by actual niques, and tilling methods certainly are important com­ circumstances. They continue to use pesticides on a pre­ ponents of IPM. But these techniques must be coupled ventive. often needless schedule as a form of insurance with modern strategies possible through sophisticated rather than risk making a wrong decision based on actual scientific, economic, and technical skills. need. This use is fostered by those who traditionally pro­ Foremost among these new strategies is awareness of vide the information that growers use to make decisions the status of each pest problem at a given time. The tem­ on pesticide use. poral and localized nature of pest management programs As a former employee of the Council on Environmental require a carefully tuned and sensitive approach that uses Quality, I have been interested in IPM since the Council's knowledge and information about the pest itself. the con­ 1972 report on the subject. At EPA I am now able to help dition of the host. the prevailing climatic factor, the poten­ implement the concepts and policies recommended ir. that tial for biological and natural controls, and the proper report and by CE Q's forthcoming new report on /PM. I am timing of chemical application. looking forward to working with CEO. the U.S. Depart­ While we still have a lot to learn from research, many of ment of Agriculture, the land-grant university system, and the means necessary to implement IPM strategies are avail­ the States in promoting the adoption of integrated pest able and are being used. Others will become accessible in management. 0 the near future. But none of this will count if farmers fail to adopt \PM techniques and instead rely wholly on chemi­ cals as crop "insurance." Farmers are realistic business people. They need hard evidence from a credible source

MARCH 1978 11 provides for the mcindatory pro­ for fear of increasing the range to reach regulatory conclusions h1b1tion of any carcinogenic food of certain harmful fruit flies. on EDB and other pesticides Guarding add1t1ve ." (At present. several foreign that may pose some degree of It was the Delaney Clause countries. including Japan, will cancer risk." which recently attracted public not accept U .S. fruit not treated Often. a significant part of the Against attention when the Food and with EDB. and no substitute information which the Agency Drug Administration proposed compounds now exist to fumi­ must review involves the results Cancer banning saccharin, the artificial gate stored citrus.) of testing laboratory animals. sweetener These are the social benefits by Dave Cohen "EPA's approach to regulating and economic impacts associa­ suspected carcinogens. such as ted with EDB. But weighing those in the area of pesticide against use of this chemical are ,,.~. compounds. involves weighing these findings : A National all major considerations," Cancer Institute study con­ Dr. Anderson explained. "The ducted from 1972 through 1974 ne of EPA's most d1ff1cult Agency emphasizes that every showed that EDB. when intro­ O tasks is the responsibility effort must be made to reduce duced into the stomachs of mice to protect the American people environmental contamination by and rats. caused stomach from possible long-term health carcinogens to the lowest level tumors that spread to other hazards. including the risk of while taking into account the organs. Also. experiments have cancer. which may be involved social and economic impacts of indicated that the chemical can 1n the use of certain pesticides. that action." damage the genetic material The initial determination that a To date. EPA has cancelled For example, last December in bacteria, plan ts. insects. and substance is carcinogenic is a some or all uses of the pest1c1des EPA called for a formal review of mammalian cell cultures. And difficult t ask. Obviously, testing DDT. Aldrin. D1eldnn. and Mirex. the pesticide ethylene dibromide. U.S. and Israeli studies con­ suspected cancer-producing and temporarily suspended uses or EDB, which has been used in ducted over the past 20 years chemicals on humans is not of the pesticides Heptachlor. several ways in the U .S. since show that bulls and rats exposed feasible. Furthermore, the Chlordane and. most recently. the mid-1950's. It 1s in1ected to EDB suffer temporarily latency period for cancer in DBCP. In each case. at least part into the soil to control destruc­ lowered sperm levels or sterility. humans can be as long as 50 of the reason leading to the tive roundworm "nematodes" EPA has several options when years. Thus. scientists have government's action was the before planting peanuts. tobacco. confronted with evidence of a turned to animals to help them belief that the pesticide in ques­ and vegetables such as tom­ potential adverse health effect. assess what substances m ig ht tion could cause cancer in some atoes. lettuce. carrots. string Short of drastic action-suspen­ cause cancer. proportion of the general beans. and potatoes. It is also sion- EPA has developed a re­ "With present methods. we population used to fumigate vegetables. view process which is designed cannot be absolutely certain." How does EPA arrive at this grapefruit and other citrus crops to hear all sides of a question said D r. Roy Albert. who is conclusion. and how accurate 1s 1n California. Florida. Hawaii. regarding any potential risk. The Chairman of the Carcinogenic 11? Furthermore. how does EPA and Texas in order to destroy pesticide can be used during the Assessment Group, and Deputy go about deciding what the fate fruit flies. And it 1s applied to review period. Ail segments of Director of the Institute of of a given substance should be. grams 1n storage elevators to society- agriculture, industry. Environmental M edicine, New after being confronted with eliminate weevils, borers. and environmentalists. consumer York University Medical Center. evidence that 11 might be other bugs. groups. etc. - are welcome to "The best available evidence that carcinogenic? participate in this review pro­ an agent is a human carcinogen Dr Elizabeth L. Anderson. cess. EDB is presently the sub­ is provided by adequate epi­ Executive Director of EPA's ject of this type of review. demiological data backed by Carcinogenic Assessment " This review process- tech­ animal tests. Group. an advisory body which nically called a rebuttable we­ "We do know this m uch: Most assesses the possible health sumption- does not constitute a substances known to cause risks of suspect carcinogens ban," said EPA pesticides chief cancer in humans will do so in entering the environment, Edwin L. Johnson. "We publicly animals. On the other hand, states "In general. two decis­ announce the potential hazards substances that are not car­ ions must be made w ith regard \I . of the chemical. in this case cinogenic usually do not cause to each potential carcinogen. t\\ EDB. which have been indicated ca ncer in animals. The number The first 1s whether a particular ~,,,,,, by laboratory tests. At the same of substances that cause cancer substance constitutes a cancer time. the makers and the users in lab animals is small compared risk The second decision is what Preliminary studies show that of the pesticide are given the to the total number which have regulatory action. 1f any. should the ban of EDB could result in chance to challenge the studies' been tested. be taken to reduce the risk. an estimated grain loss valued at validity, submit information " Admittedly, our methods are "The laws which EPA en­ $249 million per year. boost about human exposure, and cite not perfect. But animal testing forces." she explained. "are tobacco growers' pest control the pesticides' merits and is still the best red-flag alert signif1c;mtly different from the costs by $3 .3 million per year. advantages. While the review is regarding a substance that Delaney Clause m the Food. cut peanut farmers' yields and in progress the product may might cause cancer," Dr. Albert Drug and Cosmetics Act which increase pesticide costs by continue to be used and sold. said . $608.000 per year. increase "Then," Johnson stated, " we EPA has published g uidelines Dave Cohen is an Assistant vegetable farmers' cost for must decide what actions to for carcinogenic risk assess­ Editor of EPA Journal. substitute pesticides S 1 Oto S20 take regarding the compound. ment. "The development of per acre. and prohibit shipment Through information gathered in these guidelines." Dr. Anderson of fruit and vegetables worth its review process. EPA hopes explained. " is independent but $43.3 million per year in inter­ complement ary to those of the state commerce or overseas National Cancer Institute. Their

12 EPA JOURNAL report recognizes the complex­ Even if tests in animals are ity of the problem of character­ necessary, isn't 1t a big leap to izing agents as human car­ Animal tise information from rat cinogens. It points out the 'lack tests to soy what may happen o f absolute certainty in identify­ Tests in humans? Rats and man, ing an agent as a human car­ other than being mammals, cinogen from animal dat a 'This differ in important ways. approach 'corresponds to the and What meaningful information EPA's'weight of evidence' c:in W"' learn from rat approach in which the evidence s ud1esJ is regarded as a warning Human A lot. We human animals share signal." basic biological mechanisms The preamble to EPA's formal with other animals. and appar­ ca ncer assessment procedures Cancer ently one of those basic bio­ states that "cancer is the second­ logical mechanisms involves ranking cause of death in this get ting cancer. Insects get country; it has a particularly Dr. Richard Bates, cancer. fish get cancer, plants severe impact on the affected the Food and Drug get cancer. And cancers in individuals and their families in Administration's laboratory animals are essen­ terms of physical and mental tially the same as cancers in suffering and economic costs. Associate Commis­ human beings. Also. with the " There is evidence that a sub­ sioner for Science, possible exceptions of arsenic stantial amount of human can­ was recently and benzene, all substances cer is caused by chemical and known to cause cancer in physical agents in the environ­ interviewed in people also cause cancer in ment . .. (Scientific ) programs. FDA Consumer laboratory animals. We can't c urrently testing hundreds of magazine on the purposefully set up an experi­ substances, are beginning to ment to see if substances known show that some important indus­ significance to cause cancer in animals also trial and agricultural chemicals to human health cause cancer in humans. but it are carcinogens for animals and of animal tests would be foolhardy to assume are. therefore. candidates for for cancer. they won't. regulatory actions." Rats and humans have The following excerpts similar genetic mechanisms and are from that article. generally similar enzyme mechanisms t o deal with foreign chemicals such as those asso­ ciated with cancer. Even bac­ teria have genetic mechanisms so similar to humans that they are being used in a new test for c hemicals. If a chemical causes the bacteria to mutate, there appears to be a strong possi­ bility thilt the chemical may be cancer-causing . The American Cancer Society estimates that one in every four lsn t 1t a fact, though, that if Americans now living will you overload any animal's develop cancer. and only about system with a chemical, you one third of those who get it are going to find cancer? stand a good chance for survival. Isn't it just common sense Are some of the seeds of that too much of anything will cancer being sown down on the give you cancer? farm. or is the Environmental It's common sense that the Protection Agency creating world is fl

MARCH 1978 13 chemicals 111 mice at high doses. animals metabolize and excrete Most humans, on the other chemical being developed as an Only 1 1 were found definitely a substance 111 comparison to hand, do not live in sheltered 1nsect1c1de , 2 -acetylaminoflu­ to cause tumors. And these man environments, without stress orene, was tested on guinea chemicals were not randomly and with a guaranteed snug bed pigs and found to be harmless selected. The majority of them But how can thesn animal and nutritious three squares a In contrast, rats g iven the chem­ were p icked because they al­ tests using large doses of a day. Our population includes the ical developed cancer It was ready were suspected of causing c herrncal be relevant to ill and the weak - people who found that the chemical needed cancer. Despite this, and despite humans who use much lower would be comparatively more to be metabolized (broken down the very high doses fed the mice, doses of something like susceptible to cancer than test 111 the body) in a certain way 111 most o f these suspected can­ -,ac charrn? animals And we are exposed to order to cause cancer. Rats cer-causing chemicals did not It rs true that there rs no way of not one, but many environ­ metabolize rt in this way; the cause cancer. Other studies predicting, exactly, on the basis mental dangers, some of which guinea pig has another way of have supported these findings of animal tests. how many hu­ may interact to multiply our metabolizing it. It should also be that high dosage alone will not mans will develop cancer from risk of cancer. So this is another noted that man metabolizes this cause cancer. using a given product, but there reason to pay careful attention chemical in the same way as the are methods by which scientists when we find that any chemical, rat. But why feed these animals can make estimates. (In the case regardless of dose, causes Now, 1f those testing the so much? It iust seems that of saccharin, FDA scientists cancer in test animals. chemical had been content to giving them such extraordin calculate that even moderate rely on one species, the guinea ary large amounts can't use of saccharin over a lifetime You say " rngardless of dose," pig, this really potent substance produc<> findings useful to by every American might lead but I still can't keep from would have been given a clean humans to the poss1bil1ty of up to 1,200 thrnkrng that there is a rela bill of health. Thus, when we Using high doses 1s the only add1t1onal cases of bladder t1onsh1p between the dose of hear that saccharin doesn't really practical way to deter cancer a year. With thousands of d chemical and its ability to appear to cause cancer in some mine 1f a substance will cause Americans dying from cancer trigger il cancerous reaction primates, we cannot take this cancer in a small proportion o f every day, this additional risk is To a degree 1t does depend on information and say it proves the people who use 1t You see, if one we ca n do without) how much. If you decrease the that the substance will not we ilssume that a low dose of a There is something else that size of the dose of a cancer­ ca use cancer in man. chemical m ight cause cancer 111 should be kept in mind. That 1s caus1ng substance to which one out of every 1 00,000 that experimental animals get a people are exposed. fewer of Are animals more susceptible humans or animals, 'lhen a test special kind of treatment, some­ them will get cancer. The rub 1s to cancer than humans? to detect this one cancer could thing humans do not. Only we can't g uarantee that even 1f Given the great variety of spe­ take as many as 1 00,000 healthy animals are used 1n we keep lowering the dose no cies of animals and types of can­ animals. even more. Now I laboratory tests; they live in a one will get cancer When you cer as well, it would be impos­ realize that one in 100,000 protected environment and are are dealing with cancer-causing sible to give a simple yes or no sounds like an ins1gnif1cant well fed They are usually substances science hils yet to answer to that question. There number. but that works out to exposed to only one suspe.ct find il dose small enough - what is no doubt, however, that can­ 2.000 cases o f cilncer in our chemical m ight be called a no-effect dose cer 1s one of our most serious tot al population of more than level- that we are certain that human health problems. Dr. 200 million no cancer will be caused. David Rall, director of the Na­ Obviously, a test with 100,000 t ional Institute of Environmental animals would be impractical. Which means what? Health Services. says the fact There aren't enough animal It means that although 1t may that 385,000 people are dying breeders. tissue exilminers, seem logical that a threshold from cancer a year is telling us time, or money for that kind of should exist below which even something. It is telling us that, 1ob What scientists can do, the most potent cancer-c

14 EPA JOURNAL Truman Temple Pesticides and Bees

"The public will become aware of the populations across the land. Because many they also have been killed off in large I problem when apples start costing S1 5 crops depend on pollination by bees, some numbers by the use of pesticides. apiece observers fear that excessive bee mortality Bees are the foundation of an industry That's the way one beekeeper sums up a will bring food shortages and higher prices. that most people take for granted but which controversy now r aging between the Bees are in danger for a variety of makes a major contribution to our food honey-producing industry and users of reasons. Their habitat is being disrupted in unseen ways. There are more than pesticides that are allegedly destroying bee and in many cases destroyed by the spread 210.000 beekeepers in the United States. of urban development and highways. They Most of them- about 200,000- are Truman Temple is Associate Editor of EPA are afflicted like other beneficial insects Journal by environmental pollution. In recent years, Continued on pag 3 9

MARCH 1978 15 all of them They are sometimes called On the other hand, this specificity may "natural controls," sometime "biologicals," be a bane as well as a boon. Fooling and at other times "third generation pesti­ "In some cases, a biological's effective­ cides" - the first two generations being a ness against only one or a few pests results handful of compounds developed around the in a limited market," according to EPA's Insects turn of the century, such as the copper­ Jim Touhey, Chief of Pesticide's Efficacy based "Paris Green," and the multitude of and Ecological Effects Branch. By Larry O'Neill chemical pesticides created after World "This 111 turn can make it difficult for the War II, of which DDT is probably the best developer to recoup his research invest· he technique of usrng an artificial sex known example. ment and the money spent in conducting Tperfume to confuse amcrous male Whatever you call them, these newer the various safety tests required by EPA moths will help protect the U.S cotton crop pesticides have major environmental for registration. Some type of assistance, from one of its worst pests. advantages over the numerous persistent, government or otherwise, may be necessary The moths 111 this case are the broad-spectrum compounds, such as to encourage new products in this area." pink bollworm, whose young are proficient DDT, chlordane, and dieldrin, that have Another difficulty of third generation destroyers of southwestern cotton. The dominated U.S. pest control. One observer pesticides is that special knowledge and pheromone or man-made sex scent techni­ compares natural controls to conventional care are som(!times needed to make them que for controlling them has been field­ pesticides as using "a rifle with a telescopic work. Take for example "Altosid," a chemical tested for safety and effectiveness and sight versus a shotgun." cousin of a natural mosquito hormone registered by the Environmental Protection But natural pesticides are not necessarily manufactured by the Zoecon Corp. of Palo Agency to allow commercial marketing. a panacea. They do have some drawbacks. Alto, California. The artif1cal sex allure is used to distract Conrel's pheromone, trade-named Altosid will not kill just any mosquito at the male moths and keep them away from "Gossyplure," illustrates both the promise just any time. Rather, to be effective, it fertile females. and problems of these pesticides that fool must be applied to breeding waters of the The plieromone, made by the Conrel Co . insects . "floodwater mosquito" (a major variety) of Norwood, Massachusetts, serves to For example, Gossyplure, like certain during certain stages of it progression from exemplify an increasing number of pesticides other biologicals, is extremely specific in a worm-like larva to a winged adult. During that curb unwanted species by disrupting the types of insects it affects. In fact, it these times, the hormonal action of the their liie cycles or afflicting them with large affects only one : the pink bollworm. pesticide w ill deform juvenile mosquitos doses of natural diseases. As a result, it appears to do no harm to so that they soon perish. It will not even These pesticides include genuinely natural beneficial insects that may themselves slow down an adult mosquito. substances. such as insect viruses. diseases. prey upon the worms. In addition, the scent Finally, certain natural controls may not and pathogenic fungi, and man-made coun­ appears to cause no ill effects in people. be able to entirely substitute for more toxic terfeits such as the pheromone described chemicals. Rather, the two must sometimes above. be combined in a type of pest control called No sing/ label may adequately describe "integrated pest management ." For ex­ ample, Gossyplure alone would probably not control pink bollworms over an entire Larry O'Neill is an EPA Headquarters cotton season to the point where no other Press Officer. pesticide treatments were needed. But it ought to reduce the frequency of these treatments, thus providing an additional measure of human and environmental protection. Similarly, insect scents used to trap pests in the field can provide an index of pest build-ups so that pesticide sprayings

EPA JOURNAL can be properly timed and limited to those keted by the Nutrilite Co. of Buena Park, help eliminate any future repetition of the areas that really need them. California, BT is now approved for use 1974 emergency in which EPA allowed use Martin Rogoff, an EPA Associate Divi­ against more than 30 caterpillar pests all of the cancelled pesticide DDT against the sion Director in the pesticides program and of the same insect order. moths because no effective substitute was a former developer of viral and bacterial Crops treated with this disease agent available. insecticides, said that "increased acceptance include alfalfa, corn, celery, beans, broccoli, Still, a Forest Service spokeswoman of biologicals may depend upon farmers cabbage, cucumbers, peas, potatoes, soy­ said that not enough of the disease would and commerical users changing their beans, and tomatoes. Several BT products probably exist even by the early 1 980's to understanding of and attitudes toward are available for backyard flower and treat the next anticipated moth explosion. pest control. vegetable gardeners including "Dipel," What does exist will be used, she said " Growers are used to spraying a field "Thuricide," and "Biotrol." But some chemical controls w ill have to and watching the insects drop shortly after­ Two other natural controls now registered be employed as well. ward. But because they operate on natural by EPA are insect viruses of a type called Biologicals now being reviewed by EPA principles and are not fast-acting poisons, "nuclear polyhedrosis." for possible registration include a plant natural controls may take several days to One kills cotton bollworms and bud­ bacterium to prevent a serious disease 111 decimate a pest so that growers notice worms, which along with boll weevils, are fruit trees and another virus for con­ fewer of them." the major scourges of cotton in the South­ trolling gypsy moths. which ravage the "This is not to say that biologicals. be eastern U.S. But this virus, developed by foliage of eastern hardwood trees they natural substances or man-made Sandoz, Inc. of Homestead, Florida, was Natural controls not yet registered by copies, are inferior to conventional pesti­ dealt a setback about two years ago when EPA but field-tested under Agency permits cides," he noted. "A farmer's bottom line the chemical pesticide with which it was are : is crop yield and profits. Biologicals have to be combined was taken off the market • a fungus that destroys certain weeds demonstrated that they can put money in by its manufacturer as a possible human competing with rice plants for soil nutrients growers' pockets." cancer threat. and thus reducing the size and yield of this The U.S. Forest Service developed the crop. Advocates of natural pesticides can point other virus to control the notorious • a different fungus to control certain to an impressive performance on their Douglas fir tussock moths that reach " mite" bugs that retard the number and part. For example, the granddaddy of bio­ epidemic proportions in the Northwest size of citrus and other fruits. These mites logicals-"Bacillus popilliae," better known every five to ten years. The caterpillar rire currently considered the number one as milky spore disease- has been a major young of this insect can strip the needles citrus pest in Florida, costing growers more weapon for reducing populations of ornate off commercially valuable fir trees to the than $1 3 million per year in chemical treat­ but destructive Japanese beetles in this point where the trees weaken and die. ment costs. country. The last major moth outbreak 1n 197 3 e a protozoan to control grasshoppers Identified by the U.S. Department of caused $77 million wortn of timber damage, on western livestock grazing land. Agriculture and first marketed in 1939, according to the Forest Service. • a pheromone of the elm bark beetle milky spore disease disrupts the equivalent Approved in 1 976, the virus should that helps spread Dutch elm disease, which of a blood system in ground-dwelling now fells some 400,000 U.S. elm trees Japanese beetle grubs. This is a genuinely annually. This beetle scent would entice natural pesticide consisting mainly of the bugs to baits poisoned with a chem1cril ground up infected grubs. It is applied as a 111sect1cide. dust on residential and park property. II • <1dd1tional uses of BT bacterium to is not widely used in agriculture since plow­ curb insect pests on alfalf<1, corn, peanuts, ing stirs up the soil too much to make milky sorghum, and wheat. 0 spore effective. This beetle illness has never been noted to cause problems in people or other forms of life. Another insect bacterium, "Bacillus thuringiensis" or BT, does not fit the mold of a one or two-pest biological. First mar-

MARCH 1978 17 Environmental Almanac: March 1978 A Glimpse of the Natural World We Help Protect

Terror· the Insect Jungle ne warm morning this winter and place it in O Spring a bizarre baby their refrigerator. When insect will emerge from a warm weather arrives the walnut-size egg case on a egg cases can be attached weedy plant and dangle to a prized plant and head down on a silk-like allowed to soften in the thread. sun until the young mantis This tiny creature will insects emerge. then work itself free of its Harmless to human birth sac and, along with beings, the mantis is some­ dozens of brothers and times kept as a pet. It will sisters being born from eat bits of hamburger meat the same egg case, will and drink from a spoon. find a twig where its chitin Fearless and combative, shell can harden in the it will rear up for battle sun. if a finger is poked in its Soon this new born crea­ direction. ture is ready to begin its The life of the male role in life as the terror mantis often ends some­ of the insect world and one what prematurely when he of humanity's best friends. is devoured by his mate. It is the praying mantis, Jean Fabre, the noted so called because of its French entomologist, re­ habit of holding its forelegs raised as though in silent ported that one female mantis he observed consumed prayer. eight of her suitors. Another female, according to the Despite its often reverent attitude, the mantis is a horrified Fabre, turned its head and began to eat the largely indiscriminate and highly efficient killer. It is also male during the mating act. one of the beneficial insects that can help protect your The reason for this ruthless cannibalism is the garden from some of the billions of insect pests being economy of nature, according to Edwin Way Te ale, a born this spring that will attack garden plants and farm well known authority on insects. crops. "The male has served his purpose in life when he ferti­ Much larger than the ladybug, another well known lizes the female," Teale says. "If he dies when his mission beneficial insect the mantis will consume far more pests. is fulfilled, the food he would otherwise consume is saved. As a hunter the green and brown mantis generally This cannibalistic instinct, it is believed, dates from some waits motionless on a twig or hidden among leaves for long-ago age when food was at a premium." its victim. Sometimes, however, it creeps forward like The destruction of one insect by another plays a a tiger. significant role in maintaining the critical balance that Once the prey is within reach, the mantis shoots out allows other an imals and plants to survive. its barbed and powerful forelegs and clamps them shut In the long process of evolution, insects have become over the back of its victims. Then the mantis begins its the dominant group of animals, far exceeding al l others meal by biting into the back of the insect's neck to in numbers. sever the main nerve ganglia. The progeny of one pair of houseflies in one summer While the mantis will eat some beneficial insects, would be 191,000,000,000,000,000,000 if all the eggs most of its diet consists of the bugs we most want to hatched successfully and the young survived, scientists destroy. estimate. As a result. there are nurseries that sell mantis egg Fortunately, other insects and animals such as birds, cases for use in gardens. Of course, there is no guaran­ as well as weather, hold in check these potentially tee that the mantis will stay in your yard if the hunting staggering populations. is better elsewhere. The dangers of thoughtless tampering with this deli­ Some people buy an egg case or find one outdoors in cate balance of nature are obvious. - C.D P.

18 EPA JOURN AL People Gloria Steinem, (second from Hazel Henderson. (seated on the left) editor of MS. magazine, couch with Deputy Adminis­ visited EPA recently to discuss trator Blum) Co-direct or of the with Deputy Administrator Princeton Center for Alternative Barbara Blum the ties that exist Futures. Also attending the or could be developed between meeting but not shown were environmentalists and women's Byron Kennard. Co-Director of organizations. Also present flt Environmentalists for Full the meeting were Beth Sullivan, Employment, and Joan Martin (left) Special Assistant to the Nicholson, Director of the Office Deputy Administrator. and o f Public Awareness.

Barbara Blum readers send in their ballots lat1on Fund; Marian Wright dent of the Joseph P. Kennedy, The EPA Deputy Administrator and these are computed- and Edleman, Director. Children's Jr. Foundation and Founder of has received the honor of being then by a blue ribbon jury, Defense Fund; Frances T. Flame of Hope. Inc.; and Nan nominated for the Ladies' which makes its determinations " Sissy" Farenthold, President, Waterman. Cha irperson. Com­ Home Journal " W omen of the from the names receiving the Wells College; Sister Ann Ida mon Cause. Year" program for 1978. most votes." Gannon, former President. Ballots for the sixth annual According t o Lenore Hershey, Bl um has been nominated in Mundelein College; Carolyn R. Women of the Year program Editor of the magazine. " there the category " The New Social Payton. Director . Peace Corps, appear on pages 77-78 of the are ten women named in each Responsibility." Other nominees Felice Schwartz. President and Februf!ry La dies' Home Journal. of eight categories by a panel selected in that group include Founder of Catalyst. a national All ballots must be postmarked of authorities and our own First Lady Rosalynn Carter; organization for women's no later than Mf!rch 1 5 . Results editors. Fina l selections are Robin Chandler Duke, Chair· career needs; Eunice Kennedy will be announced in a Spring made first by popular vote- person of Draper World Popu- Shriver. Executive Vice Presi- issue. Sheila M . Prindiville As Director of Region 9's International Development. She is the new Deputy Regional Water Division. she was credited 1964-1 969. and the Office of Administra tor for EPA's with a major role in the dele­ Economic Opportunity . She is Region 9 o ffice in San Fran­ gation of the Region's Con­ a graduate of Mundelein Col­ cisco. Prindiville has been with struction Grants Program to lege. and has an M .A. in Inter­ the Fe deral Government for the State of California. She has national Relations from 1 4 years. seven of them with also served as Director of the Georgetown University. EPA. She is a recipient of the Re gion's Management Division. William A. Jump Memorial and as Special Assistant to the Foundation Meritorious Award Administrator in Washington. ( 1974), and the EPA Gold D.C. Medal for Exceptional Service Prior to joining EPA. Prindi­ (1976). ville was with the Agency for

James A. Chamblee at this year's Federal Govern­ paperwork reduction program survey of the need and estimated The Chief of the Needs Assess­ ment Paper Work Awards cere­ that includes regulatory reform cost for sewage treatment ment Section. EPA Office of mony for outstanding contri­ and a significant lessening in facilities in the Nation's com­ W ater Program Operations. has butions in improving records information requirements in munities. The new form was received an Award of Special and information management the Agency's reporting system. used in the 1976 survey . re­ M erit from the Association of systems. Presentation of the The Agency-wide program 1s in sult ing in a savings of 720,000 Records Managers and Ad­ awards was by Dr . James B. keeping with President Carter's printed pages. minis trators. Chamblee is Rhoads. Archivist of the United commitment to regulatory credited with reducing a 37- States . reform throughout the Govern­ page Federal questionnaire to Chamblee also received ment . a single page. praise from Barbara Blum. EPA The questionnaire that He was one of 45 Federal Deputy Administrator. who Chamblee greatly simplified em ployees who were honored earlier this year initiated a is used in the biennial national

Dolores Gregory Hea lth Organizat ion. and the reports collection is used ex­ The former Director of the Food and Agriculture Organiza­ tensively to keep EPA staff. Division o f Visitors and Infor­ tion. and other interested groups. mation Exchange. Office of Before taking on her new informed of environmentf!I International Activities, has job, she was responsible for management and legislative taken a position at the Depart­ EPA exchanges with national developments in other countries. ment of State in the Office of environmental agencies in She received her degree in Environmental Affairs. In her other countries. She also de­ chemistry at Duke Unive rsity new role. she conducts liaison veloped and managed the Inter­ in 1954. activities with international national Documents Exchange organizations such as the under which EPA trades reports United Nations Environment w ith sixty environmental centers Programme (UNEP). W orld around the world. The foreign

MARCH 1978 19 People

Warren R. Muir vironmental Health since June He has been deisgnated to be 1 975. There he was responsible the Deputy Assistant Admini­ for developing and supervising strator for Testing and Evalua­ all aspects of CEO programs in tion by Steven 0 . Jellinek. the areas of toxic substances. Assistant Administrator for environmental health, pesticides. Toxic Substances. Dr. Muir's integrated pest management. appointment is subject to Civil occupational health, and con­ Service approval. sumer health. as well as systems Or. Muir comes to EPA from for monitoring, storage and the Council on Environmental analysis of environmental data. Quality, where he served as a As a Staff Member at CEO. Senior Staff Member for En- 1972-75. Muir was responsible

Marilyn C. Bracken mental Information Systems. She has been chosen to be At Mitre she was responsible Deputy Assistant Administra­ for projects concerning the tor for Program Integration and assessment of potentially toxic Information in the Toxic Sub­ substances in the environment stances program, subject to and workplace. and analysis Civil Service Commission of bioassay systems and approval. technical information systems Dr. Bracken comes to EPA requirements. from the Mitre Corporation From August 1973 to October where she was Department 1 976 she served as Director Head for Energy and Environ- of the Division of Scie ntific

Edwin L. Johnson tivities of the Agency. which in­ received a Master's in P'ublic Edith Tebo The Deputy Assistant Adminis­ clude the development of Admini?tration in 1 962 and a She has been appointed Direc­ trator for Pesticide Programs strategic plans for controlling Master's in Economics in 1 963 tor of the recently established will continue to serve 1n that adverse effects of pesticides from Harvard . Great Lakes National Program capacity. Steven D. Jellinek. and for the establishment of Office located in Region 5 . As Assistant Administrator for policies and regulations which Director o f the Program O.ff ice, Toxic Substances. has w ill lead to a more judicious Tebo will support Region 5 Ad­ announced and environmentally acceptable m inistrator George R. Alexander Johnson has served as Deputy use of pesticides. in his management of the Grea t for Pes11c1de Programs since Johnson is a 1957 graduate Lakes National Program . April. 1975. managing cind of Yale, where he earnecl his The Program Office will pro­ directing the pesticide ac- BE in Civil Engineering. He vide technical support. sur­ veillance. research, special

Richard L. O'Connell nor on all matters relating to en­ 9 Enf orcement Division. his Formerly Director of EPA's vironmental quality control. responsibilities included apply­ Region 9 Enforcement Division. In over twenty-five years of ing regulatory controls and he has recently accepted a one­ service w ith various Federal monitoring compliance w it h year assignment as Director agencies, O' Connell was with enforcement of al l Federal of Hawaii's Office of Environ­ the U.S. Air Force in the Medical environmental programs under mental Quality Control through Service Corps. 1951 -1 956; EP A's jurisdiction affecting a State and Federal Agreement. the U.S. Public Hea lth Service. industries and municipalities In his new role. O'Connell 1956-1966. and the Federal in Ca lifornia. Nevada. Arizona. serves directly under Governor Water Pollution Control Ad­ Hawaii, Guam. American Samoa George R. Ariyoshi. His respon­ ministration. 1966-1 970. and the Tr ust Terr itories. sibilities include acting in an He has been w ith EPA since cidvisory capacity to the Gover- 1 970. As Di rector of the Region

W . Edward Wood level oifice and is responsible James Byrne He has been named Director for the State's major environ­ He has been appointed Director o f the Rhode Island Department mental programs. Wood re­ of Personnel for EPA Region 5 . of Environmental Management places William W . Harsh who Byrne was formerly employed by Governor Joseph Garrahy. left the Directorship last in personnel by the Department Wood is a former reporter for October to work on natural of Interior and the Department the Providence Journal-Bulletin. resources reorganization for of Hea lth. Education and Wel­ He also served on the State's the Office of Management and fare in Washington, D.C .. and Public Utilities Commission and Budget in Washington, D .C. Nevada. In his new position, as Deputy Direct or of the Rhode he will be the personnel chief Island Department of Natural for more than 600 employees Resources . in the professional. administra­ The new position is a Cabinet tive. scientific, and clerical areas.

20 EPA JOURNAL for policy development and over­ toxic substances. Robert J . Mitkus admin1strat1ve analyst with the sight of Federal programs re­ Dr. Muir received his BA He has been named Director of Department of Defense in lating to toxic substances, pesti­ from A mherst College. A mherst. Region 3's Surveillance and Philadelphia before coming to c ides, integra ted pest manage­ Mass .. in 1967. He received Analysis Division. With that EPA EPA He received a Bachelor of ment, occupational health, and an MS from Northwestern Region since 1 973. he has pre­ Science Degree in Industrial environmental monitoring and University in 1 968, an d re­ viously held the posts of Execu­ Management from LaSalle educat ion. ceived his Ph.D. from that in­ tive Assistant to the Regional College, Philadelphia, 1n 1964 . From 1 9i1 to 72 he was a ;titution in 1 971 . In 1 978 he Administrator. Deputy Director Staff Assistant at the Office of received an MHS from Johns of the Office of Congressional Management and Budget where Hopkins University. and Public A ffairs, and Chief he headed several task forces of the Program Planning Branch responsible for oversight of of the Management Division. Federal programs relating to Mitkus was a management and

Coordination in the Bureau of models for research and University in Pittsburg h; her Biomedical Science, U .S. Con­ regulatory problems. MA from the American Uni­ sumer Product Safety Com­ From June to September of versity in Washington, D.C. in mission. performing program 1 975 she served as Specia l 1967, and her Ph.D. from that interface functions between Assistant to the Executive school in 1971 . the Bureau and Comm ission Director at the Commission, Field offices and laboratories. where she prepared studies The Division's responsibilities and position papers regarding also included the coordination regulatory decisions in the and development o f information course of her duties. processing systems and the Dr. Bracken received her BS development of mathematical in 1957 from Carnegie-Mellon studies, remedial programs and University of Virginia and has David R. Alexander sorts of analyses for industry environmental planning, as done post doctoral work at He has been designated to be and government. well as program administra­ Harvard University. She is the the Deputy Re gional Administra­ Alexander received his tion, management and reporting author of many articles on lasers tor of EPA's Re gion 7 Office in Bachelor' s Degree in Economics functions essential to an effec­ which have been published in Kansas City. Previously. he was in 1960 from Northwestern tive national program technical journals and govern­ Director of the Program Man­ University in Evanston, Ill., Dr. Tebo has been em ployed ment publications. agement Division of the Motor where he has also done gradu­ by the U.S. Army at Fort Mon­ Emission Laboratory in Ann ate work. The appointment is mouth, N .J .. since 1952, where Arbor, Mich. subject to Civil Service approval. she served as Chief of the Laser Before joining the Agency in Components Team, Laser Tech 1971 , Alexander worked w ith Area. CS&TA Laboratory. the Planning Research Corpora­ She holds a Ph .D. from the tion, which performs various

Earl N . Kari related programs since that time. searc h and development pro­ He has been designated as the His work experience includes gram assigned to the laboratory new Deputy Regional Adminis­ serving as the Regional Director. " Earl has a strong back­ trator for EPA Region 6. Dallas. Ohio Basin Region. of the ground tor his new respon­ The appointment is subject to Federal Water Quality Adminis­ s1bilit1es, and I know that he Civil Service approval. tratior. . He has been the will make a valuable contri­ In announcing her selection. Deputy Director of the bution to the continuing success Regional Administrator Adlene Environmental Research of EPA's Regio n 6 program s. " Harrison stated. "Earl started Laboratory in Corvallis. Or .. Ham son added. his government career in since November. 1971 . where March. 1960, with the Public he shared fully in the planning. Health Service and has been em­ developing. organizing, and ployed in environmentally- directing of the national re-

Byrne received his BS de­ Richard E. Stanley been acting deputy director ment of Science. His confir­ gree from the University of He has been confirmed as of the laboratory since Sept. m ation was announced by Maryland in 1968 and has Deputy Director of the U.S. 30, 1977. pending confirmation George B. Morgan. laboratory done advanced study in per­ Environmental Protection of his appointment by EPA director. sonnel matters at other Agency's Environmental Headquarters in Washington. universities. M onitoring and Support Before coming to Las Vegas, Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nev. Stanley was an Air Force Stanley. a veterinarian with officer for seven and a half additional degrees in zoology years and had a private prac­ and radiation biology, has been tice of veterinary medicine in associated with the Las Vegas Ohio. He is a member of the pollution monitoring research American Veterinary Medical laboratory since 1 966. He has Association and the American Association for the Advance-

MARCH 1978 21 2/ EPA JOURNAL Model Farm Pro·ects he United States Depart­ direction of Joseph A. Krivak, Oklahoma - Little Washita T ment of Agriculture and the Chief of EPA's nonpoint source River with typical south central Environmental Protection water program, and the USDA Oklahoma water pollution prob­ Agency have joined forces to 208 work group. The USDA lems caused by sediment from accelerate efforts that will help 208 group is made up of the gullying cropland and county maintain productive soil and im­ Soil Conservation Service. the roadsides as well as oil and gas prove the quality of the Nation's Agricultural Stabilization and development waters. Conservation Service. Coopera­ South Carolina - Broadway The joint effort, called the tive Extension Service. the Agri­ Lake watershed east of Ander­ Model Implementation Program cultural Research Service, the son City, where serious degrada­ (MIP). has been launched under Cooperative State Research tion of water quality stems from an agreement of cooperation Service. the Economic Research sedimentation. agricultural signed by Agriculture Secretary Service, the Forest Service. chemicals. ilnd an imal wi!ste. Bob Bergland and EPA Adminis­ the Farmers' Home Adminis­ South Dakoti!-Lake Herman, trator Douglas M . Costle. tration and the Rural Elec tric natural lake near Madison in The two agencies will pool Association. These USDA 208 Lake County, a recreational existing resources and expertise work groups are formed both lake with water pollution prob­ to demonstrate the united nationally and in each State lems that include soil erosion efforts necessary to clean up and have well established ar­ and sedimentation. water quality problems caused rangements for working with Washington - Sulphur Creek, from no npoint water pollu- farmers. ranchers. and others Yaki ma County. whose chief tion sources. These sources whose activities in rural areas pollution problem is due to the would include such things as affect water quality. sedimentation, salts. and sediments from croplands. The seven M l P's were se lected nutrients from irrigation return forests, road and stream banks. from 50 applications from 42 flow animal wastes from feedlots State US DA coordinating com­ Funds for the Model Imple­ and pastures. and nutrij'nts mittees in cooperation with mentation Program w ill come and pesticides from agricultural many local and State conserva­ from various EPA and USDA lands. tion and water quality pollution on-going progrilms. including All of the fifty States and four control agencies. EPA's clean lakes progrnm. and Te rritories are presently de­ The Model Implementation rese11rc h and development 11c ­ ve loping areawide and state­ Projects selected are : tivities. and from several USDA wide water quality management Indiana - Stotts Creek and program s from which the Agri­ plans as mandated by Congress Eagle Creek watershed where cultural Conservation Progrnm under Section 208 of the 1972 heavy sediment loads are will be a major cont1·1 butor Amendments to the Clean Water affecting water quality. USDA and EPA o ff1c1ills are Act. The Model Implementation Nebraska - Maple Creek encouraging the applicants Projects program is an effort watershed. essentially a crop­ from t he 35 states not selected to implement a local plan and will land area. with an exceptionally for fhis,nitial program to imple­ give emphasis to loca l and State high annual soil loss. Sediment ment their pro1ects even though control. It is expected the and accompanying nitrogen. they have not received n11t1on11I projects will be completed in phosphorus. and pesticides are designation 0 two to three years. polluting many of the 230 miles The cooperative program is of streams in the project area. being conducted under the New York- Delaware River West Branch watershed where agricultural and forest harvest activities have caused serious erosion and sediment problems.

MARCH 1978 23 Organic Farming

Many farmers are nowgrowrng who farms almost 800 acres, wife and boy. W e had been eat­ c1 ops hy "organic methods" quit chemicals about the same ing the normal processed foods. an

24 EPA JOURNAL " And when you have your well as in the New York Times. " A good consulta nt should soil in balance. weeds iust don't " You would never have be­ know both nutrition and soil, grow as fast and you don't lieved 1t ." he said. " W e out­ tell you what you need and what grow as many o f them Another yie lded our neighbors by 1 00 you as a farmer can do But thing 1s that when we used percent or better on everything good consultants are hard to chemical we had a clotty soil during recent drought condi­ come by." he said Now 1t will run through your tions. W e have a The Washington Post story hands iust like flour at times root system that goes reported that the Shannon Earthworms and other life in down and gets the water. farm in Ca l1 forn1a has been the soil are alive and can loosen We have a plant that picks up advised by a man named 1t It's easy to push the weeds nitrogen from the air People Richard Clebenger . a 36-year­ right over when we cultivate " have come from all parts of old agronomist He is one of Farmer Hobbie has had the the State. and they just stand few people 1n that geographical same experience· "If you have in amazement." said Livermore area who do this sort of coun­ a balanced soil . and you have "Even my sons used to farm seling And although as Cle­ the right minerals in it . you won't with chemicals." said Walter benger himself says. "there still have any problem with bugs. Hobbie. " but they've switched are a lot of farmers who can't It's when the soil isn't balanced over. Now they don't use sleep right unless they've given that plants get weak That's the ff dN hoqs 0'1 orga111cally chemicals either." their fields a good spray." his the time when the bugs go to 1 own 'lr, in fr<"lm ~,1c farrr Each organic farm seems to business 1s now worth work " have its own requirements $400.000 and advises more And Don Hart. the fa rmer from inches. but they have to plant Walter Hobbie uses gypsum than two dozen clients Texas. concurs with this ap­ 20 to 30 days before me. and organic fertilizers on his For the self-taught K C Liver proach · 'Tm trying to get to a " W e've never run a dryer for soil "Yes. gypsum. the mineral." more, 1t was easier "There was balanced type of farming which our corn either. and never in­ he explains ''They mine 11 on one big chemical dealer in the will give me hardy plants and tend to . It costs a lot of money the M1ss1ss1pp 1down around area who kept coming around." will control the pests by way of to run. So we make less trips Des Moines .. K C Livermore. on he recalled " But when he saw natural predators" across the field than they do. the o ther hand. relies heavily on that we really were done w ith All of the fa rmers interviewed and we save on drying expenses animal manures and compost chemicals. he said to me. 'You'll by the EPA Journal relied on Beyond that our rainfall goes " It's good fertilizer It puts do all right ' conventional methods of farm­ in the ground. because we have organic matter back 111 the soil." " We'd like to see this thing ing such a crop rotation and earth worms and other b1ot 1c he said get turned around." Livermore simple tandem. heavy disc. or activity. so we don't get any But organic farming can have went on " We'd like to see the chisel plows runoff. and therefore we need its d1ff1cult 1es. and perhaps wildlife and the birds back her "I cultivate my corn once or less or no irrigation." none more trying than to find a like 1t was 1n the 1940's nncl 50's twice," said K.C. Livermore K C Livermore's incredible qual1f1ed person to test the soil Is that a profitnble way to .. Our chemical neighbors, even success with organic farming Don Hart said that it has been farm7 You bet 1t 1s We use one after using a herbicide. culti­ has been written about on the a battle He claimed that most fourth less input and get as vate three or four times on corn. front page of the Los Angeles. as consultants seem to be con­ much or more back thnn ilny On beans. some of them go nected with a certain kind of body else That should be real seven times. I seen one of them add1t1ve and suggest that only easy to calculate in your out there cultivating 111 August theirs will work- not mind "D yet Our rows are both 40 unlike a doctor who owns the drug store filling prescriptions

MARCH 1978 25 Pesticides Before a product the administrative review from the Pesticide Pro­ A can be registered process 1s followed . If gram at the Regional Congress passed the the law requires the the Admm1strator decides. Offices. Farmers Federal Insecticide, Fungi- manufacturer to prove on the basis of scientific The final outcome of the c1de. and Rodenticide Act that the product when evidence, that a pesticide review can be that the Guide 1n 1947 to deal with the properly used is effective poses an " imminent pesticide w ill be fully dangers posed by certain against the pests listed on hazard to the public wel­ registered, that some or toE ~ pesticides This act was ad - the label. that it will fare" he can immediately all uses will be restricted. ministered by the Depart - not pose an "unreason- suspend the registration, or that the Agency will by Chris Perham ment of Agriculture until able" risk to people or the and stop the production announce an intent to EPA assumed authority for environment. and that and sale of the pesticide cancel some or all uses­ While farmers have a 1t in 1970. In 1972 the Fed- it does not leave illegal during the review proc­ or a combination of these close personal involve­ eral Environmental Pesti residues on food or feed . ess . In such a case, an options. Manufacturers ment with the environ­ cide Control Act amended A tolerance level for resi­ expedited hearing can be and users can request ment. most of them don't t he act of '4 7 and expanded dues of pesticides for requested by the manu­ hearings to challenge a have the time to keep up the responsibilities of EPA food commodities must facturer. Lists of sus­ decision to cancel the with al l Federal regulations to include regulation of all be established by EPA. pended and cancelled product affected. The only and programs. Often, pesticides in interstate EPA recently restricted pesticides are available pesticide that has been however, the information and intrastate commerce. certain uses of 23 pesti- from the Pesticide Pro­ cancelled through the EPA has available can be and to provide civil and cide ingredients and is con- gram in the Regional rebuttable presumption important and helpful to criminal penalties for sidering restriction of Offices. The Agency process against regis­ agricultural operations. misuse of pesticides. The others. Those not re- strives to offer lists of tration thus far is kepone The following guide is law requires that all manu- stricted will remain for alternatives to products Fieldworker Reentry designed to highlight some facturers of substances general use. Restricted that can no longer be used. Farmers should not allow of the ways that EP A for sale in the United products will be labeled as Rebuttable field-workers to enter regulations affect farmers. States to control pests such, and instructions Presumption Against fields that have been The first point of contact must register their pro- for use must be clearly Registration treated with pesticides for information is usually ducts with EPA. spelled out on the label. The 1 972 law also re­ until sprays have dried or the local agricultural EPA is also directed to It is against Federal law quires EPA to investigate dusts have settled. Longer organizations and the classify pesticides for to use any pesticide in a all previously registered waiting periods are re­ county, regional. and general or restricted use manner inconsistent with pesticides to ensure they quired for certain pesti­ State environmental according to their label directions. meet the updated safety cides. People who must agencies. EPA has ten potential risk to the user Pesticide Applicator requirements. In order enter treated fields be­ Regional Offices (see or the environment. The Certification to identify and review the fore waiting periods are opposite page for Agency has set standards The law requires certifi- products which may not over should wear pro­ location) across the for the certification of cation of people who wish meet today's safety re­ tective clothing; long country that work with people who use restricted to use the restricted quirements the Agency sleeves, long pants. socks. these agencies and can pesticides. Restrict ed use pesticides. EPA has set has developed a process boots. and a hat. Warning help provide information pesticides may only be standards for the certi- called "rebuttable pre­ signs should be posted for farm groups used by. or under the fication of applicators sumption against regis­ at entrances to treated Non-technical publica­ direct supervision of. but the States actually tration'.' fields or workers should tions about EPA's involve­ a person certified to use conduct training and cer- A pesticide that shows be informed about the ment in all aspects of them. tification programs. Train- potentially dangerous dangers posed by pesti­ environmental protection If a chemical poses an ing is conducted with the characteristics can be a cides. Pesticides warnings are available from the unreasonable hazard the State Cooperative Ex· candidate for this process. should be presented in Office of Public Awareness EPA Administrator may tension Service and in- This does not mean that language understandable at the Regional Offices. suspend its use or per- eludes instruction on sa fe the chemical is banned. to the workers. More Information on individual manently cancel the regis- pesticide use. and dis· It means that EPA is information about the programs follows : tration. These decisions posal. pest identification, gathering extensive waiting periods for specific can be appealed by the pesticide labeling. and scientific information chemicals can be obtained Cfrus Pt•rlwrn is an manufacturer. EPA can other aspects of handling in order to evaluate the from the Pesticide Pro­ Assisi.int tc/1101 of EPA authorize emergency use these chemicals. Farmers risks and benefits involved gram at the Regional Jcn11 ncJ/ of an unregistered pesti- are classified as private in use of the pesticide Offices. cide, experimentation. applicators. Pesticides are targeted Safe Storage and and research into new Suspended and for review if they are Disposal of Pesticides applications. Cancelled Pesticides highly toxic and can pose Section 1 9 of the 1 972 The law also requires If there is a significant a threat of immediate law required EPA to set that all registered pesti­ question about the safety poisoning to people or guidelines and regulations cides must be labeled with of effectiveness of a regis­ animals, if they ca n cause for storage, handling, and instructions for use. and tered chemical EPA can serious long-term health final disposition of pesti­ that EPA outline pro­ take action to cancel problems (tumors. mut a­ cides and pesticide con­ cedures for storing and products which contain tions). or if there is no tainers. disposing of pesticides. it. If a cancellation notice emergency first-aid treat­ Agency guidelines re­ Registration is issued, the manufacturer ment for them. Approxi· quire that pesticides be EPA gathers scientific may appeal this action mately 25 pesticides are stored in areas w here evidence about the health and the product can be involved in the review they will not be subject effects and effectiveness produced and sold while process at this time. A to wind or flood waters. of pesticides. complete list is available Structures should be well-ventilated. fire-proof,

26 EPA JOURNAL easily accessible, away updated by the 1977 recommending State or exist as well. Information States Served by from food or feed. and Clean Water Amend­ local agencies best suited on these programs is EPA Regions clearly marked with ments. Congress gave to implement the long­ available through the Regron 1 (Boston) warning sign?. Records EPA the authority for term water quality Regional Offices. Co~n •c: c • i\.,;HPC AS~ Chus !~ > NP-vi~ of the quantity, type, and implementing the Act but management program. H milshrre Rhode Is .incl locations of the pesticides reserved the primary To ensure that agncul- Air 'vt)rn10~: 172?37210 should be kept up-to-date, responsibility for water tural problems are given Under the Clean Air along with p"lans for pollution control for the adequate consideration by legislation, EPA does not Regron 2 !New York dealing with leaks and States. the 208 planners, farmers regulate farmers directly. City) N "Jers<·v v. York spills. If large quantities A major part of the should contact local The Agency has done Pu.-rt R C'O \ rg1n of pesticides are stored effort to control water agencies like the Co- research on ways to con- ls'a~ds 2: 264 2h2b this information should be pollution involves citizen operative Extension Ser- trol dust and particulates made available to local participation in clean-up vice. the Soil and Water that escape during agri- Region 3 (Philadelphral Dt• ;w."r{' ~" ~a,.v antJ police, fire, and public plans under the Areawide Conservation District. cultural activities. Th is p~...,~syl"arnn Virg1~1a health departments. Water Quality Manage­ the Agricultural Stabiliza- information is available Vvt•st V1rg1nta D1stnc.t ct Cc 1 bra If leftover pesticides ment Planning Program. tion and Conservation through the Air Program 215597'18 4 cannot be used or re­ This effort, often called Service, and Soil Conser- at the Regional Offices. turned to the dealer EPA the 208 program be­ vation Service, or other Most controls on farm Region 4 (A tlanta) A ,a!J.1ma Georq1J,)lt landfills can also be used been identified as a major Some Best Management obtained from State and Region 6 I Dallas I for chemicals that cannot source of water pollution. Practices for agriculture local air quality agencies. A rkansc1s L lna be incinerated. Some Farming contributes to under the 208 program A directory of government 0 1..lahOI' ld t , ~ '' "\ M "c pesticides can be plowed pollution from croplands have been outlined by EPA. air pollution control :?l 4 76'2GOO back into the soil, or runoff because of erosion These include conserva- agencies is available from treated with chemical which carries nutrients, tion practices that have the EPA Library (MD-35). Region 7 (Kansas! IV\\ a K 11 s th \ ~ 1~s0 processes that render pesticides, and sediment been used for many years Research Triangle Park, t•bras"-a them non-toxic. More into streams and lakes. including terracing, con- N . C. 27711 . 8 lt.J 314 b4 g1 information on all of these EPA refers to this pollu­ tour strips, and minimum Region 8 !D enver) processes is available from tion an non-point source, tillage. Best Management ColorCldo Ut,1h Research and w-..-01 1nu \.11.v'ta' ,'.l the Pesticide Program at since it generally cannot Practices information is Nortt' oa~o l 1t S(Htth the Regional Offices. be collected and treated . available through the Non­ Development 0,1~,,til 303 837 3895 Used pesticide con­ The only way to control point Source Office at A wide variety of agri­ tainers should be triple­ it is through better care the Reg ional Offices. and culturally-related scientific Region 9 !San rinsed, with the waste and management of water from the agricultural studies are carried on in Frnncrsco) A • :/1 'r'..l C41ldor Ha liquid recycled into new and land resources. agencies listed above. EPA laboratories and t'\.Cld.l H~v.. au bathces of the pesticide. Under the 208 program Farmers can get through grants and con­ 4 l J br>G 2 PO The cleaned containers each State designates financial assistance for tracts with universities, Region 10 (Seattle) can be returned to a areas that have the most establishing pollution research organizatio ns. A .dS" .1 ld,1h1 01' I l V\. ,1... t· .·lql dealer or drum recon­ critical water quality abatement practices from and public agencies. The ))\l 4»} 1217 ditioner for reuse, sent problems for manage­ several sources. EPA has research and development to a scrap dealer for re­ ment plans. A local or cooperative programs program has many on­ cycling, or placed in an regional agency is selected with the Department of going projects that may approved sanitary land­ to carry out the planning Agriculture to implement be of interest to farmers, fill. Detailed information process, with help form long-term soil conserva­ including studies on on rinsing and disposal committees made up of tion for improving water salinity problems re lated is available from the local citizens. In addition quality under approved to irrigation, studies of Pesticide Program in the to Area-wide Planning, 208 plans. The Federal the effects of pesticide Regional Offices. the State has the respon­ Government can pay up to runoff on water quality, sibility for developing 50 percent of the cost and studies of the effects Water Statewide Water Quality of installing control of air pollution on vegeta­ A sweeping effort to Management Planning mechanisms to reduce tion. Reports of EPA clean up the Nation's processes as well. agricultural runoff. The findings in these areas waters was initiated in The planning process Small Business Admini­ can be obtained from the 1972 when Congress includes identifying the stration also has a loan Research and Develop- passed the Federal Water problem, locating pollu­ program to assist farmers ment representatives in Pollution Control Act tion sources. recommend­ in implementing control the Regional Offices, Amendments. The Act ing guidelines for Best techniques. Likewise the or from the Technical set water quality goals Management Practices to Farmer's Home Admini­ Information Division and established provisions curb this pollution, rec­ stration provides low-cost (RD-680), EPA, Wash­ for curbing and eliminat­ ommending regional pro­ loans for some conser­ ington, D.C. 20460. ing water pollution. These grams if necessary, and vation practices. Some goals were clarified and State and local programs

MARCH 1978 27 he Environmental Protec­ Drinking Ttion Agency believes that based upon current scientific knowledge, long-term exposure .Water to organic chemicals in drinking water poses a risk to public health, including a cancer risk, Reform and should be regulated as pre­ By Victor J. Kimm scribed under the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA accordingly has pro­ posed regulations that will re­ quire major treatment changes in many of our Nation's water supply systems. The regulations are based upon recent findings concerning the widespread prevalence of these substances and their potential health risk. The application of sophisti­ cated analytical techniques in the early 1 970's enabled re­ searchers to begin to identify and quantify many trace or­ ganic contaminants in drinking water. Thus far about 700 specific organic substances have been found in drinking water, even though current analytical techniques measure only a portion of all the organic substances potentially present. However, EPA anticipates that its list of specific organic con­ taminants of concern will in­ crease with advances in analytical techniques. EPA 1s concerned with two elements of the problem of organic chemicals in drinking waterThe first is a family of com­ pounds called trihalomethanes (THM's). including chloroform, which are produced during conventional water treatment due to the interaction of chlorine added for disinfection and naturally occurring substances present in the untreated water. Chloroform is a known animal carcinogen. With chlorine dis­ infection, the Nation's water utilities have virtually eliminated waterborne diseases such as typhoid. EPA is very concerned that the bacteriological quality of drinking water not be sacrificed as we move to reduce THM levels. Fortunately, tech­ nology exists to allow both reduction of THM levels and adequate disinfection. The second part of the prob-

Victor Kimm is EPA 's Deputy Assistant Administrator for Water Supply.

EPA JOURNAL /em deals with a wide range of untested chemicals in drinking The THM regulation would typical residential family's bill specific man-made or synthetic water and because the extrapo­ become effective 1 8 months might increase $5 to S 10 per chemicals which enter drinking lation models are imprecise and after promulgation to allow year. water due to p.ollution of our require more comprehensive time for the utilities to conduct EPA is limiting these regula­ water sources. These organic national occurrence data than monitoring on a prescribed fre­ tions initially to public water contaminants are not signifi­ is currently available. quency and modify treatment systems that serve 75,000 cantly reduced by conventional However. EPA has long pur­ operations where necessary. or more people. These systems water treatment practices. sued a policy of reducing human This would also allow States serve a total of 1 00 million Rather than deal with such exposure to identifiable carcino­ sufficient time to modify their people or half of all Americans contaminants on a case-by-case gens to the extent possible. regulations to incorporate these served by public water systems. basis. EPA believes that the use In order to do so. EPA is be­ changes. The regulations would There are several reasons for of an available technology will ginning a two-pronged attack apply initially to systems serv­ this limitation. First, these larger provide broad spectrum removal on the problem by requiring ing populations greater than systems generally have the of groups of organic chemicals more stringent control of the 75,000. However. systems serv­ engineering sophistication and and provide the best health discharges of toxic and hazard­ ing between 1 0 .000 and 7 5.000 highly trained personnel neces­ protection with the least com­ ous pollutants as well as the people would also be required sary to implement a technology plicated regulatory approach. development of control tech­ to monitor their water supplies which is not now standard Although organic contami­ nologies within water supply and report the results to EPA practice in this country. Second. nants can cause both acute and facilities to provide an added and the States. Since this is for the THM regulation, we do chronic effects at higher levels. level of health protection. The an initial action based upon not want the smaller. less EPA's primary concern is with former effort will be carried feasibility. EPA expects that sophisticated systems to make their potential contribution out under the water pollution the maximum contaminant level changes in their disinfection to elevated cancer risks at the control and solid waste pro­ would be lowered and the cover­ practices which could. without low concentrations in which grams administered by EPA and age extended over time. adequate control. lead to less they appear to occur in drink­ the latter action under the Safe The treatment technique effective disinfection. In addi­ ing water. At this time. no one Drinking Water Act. would also be initially appli- tion, the limited technical understands the specific causes Improved control within a cable to communities serving assistance capacities of EPA of cancer. but there is growing water treatment facility is also populations greater than 75,000 and the States make it necessary agreement within the scientific needed where hazardous sub­ which are vulnerable to con­ to limit the number of impacted community that prolonged ex­ stances are inadvertently pro­ tamination by synthetic organic systems. However. EPA will posure to carcinogenic con­ duced during normal treatment chemicals of their source of raw extend coverage over time for taminants in the environment. operations or where the source water. Thus, although 390 systems of all sizes as soon as including food. air. and water of drinking water is subject to water systems are in that cate­ 1t is feasible to do so. contribute to the incidence of significant upstream waste gory, only about 50 would EPA views the proposed this dread disease which ac­ discharges and contamination actually be required to make regulations as the f irst step counts for about 350.000 from agricultural and urban significant changes in their toward controlling organic deaths annually. Other long­ sources. Even the best waste­ treatment systems. The im­ contaminants in dr inking water. term risks such as mutagenicity water treatment plants don't pacted systems would be re­ The knowledge and experience and teratogenicity also are of remove all pollution and are quired to develop plans for using gained from the implementation concern. (Mutagenicity is the subject to periodic upsets. granular activated carbon on a of these regulations will help tendency to cause mutants. Furthermore. surface waters case-by-case basis following us in a number of ways in the that is. genetically abnormal are also subject to other planned sound engineering practice. future. Most importantly. the offspring . Teratogenicity is discharges and spills. This work would normally American water works industry the tendency to produce The two interim primary include pilot studies to select will get practical experience bi rthdefects .) drinking water regulations about types of carbon contact time with and gain confidence in EPA. other Federal agencies. to be proposed by EPA will be and carbon regeneration fre­ the granular activated carbon and many other public health ( 1 ) an interim maximum con­ quencies to provide the criteria treatment technology . The pri­ institutions around the world taminant level (MCL) of 0 .10 to design a system tailored to vate sector will be further en­ have adopted a policy of limiting milligrams per liter of water or the unique characteristics of the couraged to develop less costly human exposure to carcinogens 1 00 parts per billion for tri­ local water and existing treat­ alternative technologies. The to the maximum degree feasible. halomethanes. and (2} a treat­ ment processes . Those systems problems that undoubtedly will This is consistent with. and ment technique requiring the not subject to significant con­ be encountered. and their carries out. the protective addition of granular activated tamination by synthetic organic solutions. will enable us to judge philosophy of the Safe Drinking carbon to the water treatment chemicals would be granted the extent to which the techno­ Water Act. plants of systems vulnerable variances from the treatment logy can be extended to small As with most pathways of to significant contamination requirement. public water systems. Finally, exposure to cancer-causing from synthetic organic con­ Assuming that about 75 sys­ the data that w ill be gathered agents in the environment. taminants in their raw water tems are ultimately required to from pilot studies and the re­ there is no direct evidence that source. Alternative treatment modify treatment practices quired monitoring w ill form part consumption of drinking water techniques may be substituted significantly, the total capital of the data base along with an has actually caused human if they can be shown to produce expenditures will be about $350 intensive. concurrent EPA re­ cancers. However. EPA believes equivalent reduction of a million to $450 million over a search effort that our Agency that such carcinogens when broad spectrum of organic three to five year period and will need to develop maximum present in drinking water pose contaminants. annual expenditures thereafter contaminant levels for specific an unreasonable risk to public of about S50 million to $60 synthetic organic chemicals health. We cannot quantify the million per year. For the large and to revise the THM standard magnitude of the risks since systems, we estimate that the in the Revised Primary Drinking there are many unmeasured and average cost per capita served Water Regulations. 0 will be between S3.50 and $6.50 per year and that a

MARCH 1978 29 annual environmental prizes recognizing by the pa rt1c1pat1on of c1t1zen and volun· Spr·ng outstanding achievement 1n areas of world· tary organizations throughout the world wide concern and publishes an Earth The U S -based organizations were 1nstru· Almanac which 1s an annual assessment of mental 111 helping to formulate our Nation's Environmental the current state of the world's natural policy on international issues resources The Sierra Club 1s one of the organiza· s This year's Earth Day celebration wtll be lions that part1c1pated at the Stockholm highlighted by the ringing of the U n1 ted Conference and since 1 972 has developed By Ruth Brown Nations Peace Bell, which wtll 1naugurate an active international program, which the various events being developed to occur concentrates on a number of environmental on Earth Day across the United States and problems that transcend pol1t 1cal bound· throughout the world The bell will be rung aries Among them are efforts to prevent at 6 30PM. EST as this 1s the instant of pollution from ships. assess ocean policy the vernal equinox when the pos1t1on of alternatives, assure the preservation of the sun. 111 its course through the universe, .tropical rain forests, and to help decide the causes day and night to be of equal length course of development 1n Antarctica on Earth The equinox brings Spring to the This year the Sierra Club. cooperating Northern Hemisphere and Autumn to the with the U S. Environmental Protection Southern Hemisphere At this time all Agency and the United Nations Environ· peoples of the Earth are encouraged to ment Programme. will coordinate World pause and devote a moment to pledge them· Environment Day activities in the United selves to protect and nurture Earth life States. his Spring. three world-wide events will Margaret Mead, 1 978 Earth Day Chair· Hundreds of non-governmental organiza· Tfocus at tention on the global nature o f person. reminds us that "Earth Day cele· t1ons have been asked to work w ith their environmental problems and our need to brat es the interdependence within the State and local chapters to plan a wide reaffirm our commitment to the care of natural world of all l1v1ng things. humanity's range of activities. These include arranging our planet The season will beg111 with utter dependence upon Earth - man's only for environmentalists to speak on local talk arth Day on March 20. continue through home shows. holding fund-raising dinners and Sun Day on May 3 . and conclude with Sun Day 1s a project of Denis Hayes. car washes for the benefit of local environ­ World Environment Day on June 5 an environmental act1v1st who was a lead· mental groups. encouraging mayors to The organizers of th se events 1n the 1ng promoter of the first Earth Day cele· issue special proclamations. planning United States have io1ned forces to gain brat ion He 1s now with the Worldwatch guided tours through parks and gardens. public alt nt1on and support for act1v1t1es I nst1tute. an independent. non-profit re· running poster contests and encouraging that will take place 1n commun1t1es through· search organization created to 1dent1fy and participation by all local schools. New York's out the Nation Celebrations wtll 1nvolve to focus attention on global problems Mr. Rockefeller Center will be the site o f a major broads gments of the population 111clud111g Hayes feels that we must make a rapid day-long Gia nt Earth Fair featuring environ­ labor unions. school. 111dustry. c1v 1c. bust· transition from dependence on otl to an era mental exhibits. speeches. music and dance ness. onsumer. and environmental of "safe, nonpollut111g. decentralized on June 3 . groups Plans mclude teach-111s. fairs. and energy sources" dominated by solar power. The U.S. Environmental Protection block parties with an environmental theme. Plans include lectures. conferences. Agency. through its Headquarters and xh1b1t1ons of conservation measures and debates. tours of solar homes. a travel111g Regional Public Awareness Offices. can energy alternatives. tree plantings. cleanups slide show dep1ct1ng agricultural uses of help advise you of the numerous activities of parks. waterfronts. and playgrounds. sun. wind. methane. and other fuels avail· planned in your area during the Environ­ bic ycle rides. h1k1ng trips. recycling prOJ· able right on the farm. tec hnology fairs. mental Season. In addition. the ects. and environmental poem and song sun art shows and a barrage of media Agency invites individuals and non-profit contests publ1c1ty aimed at making the general pub­ organizations to apply for limited amounts Public part1c1pat1on 1s encouraged Ac t1· lic aware of the potential and feas1btl1ty of funding from the Regional Offices if v1t1es should reflect an 111d 1v1dual's spec1f1c of solar energy and alternate energy they would like to stage their own cele· interest. which may relate to his or her sources brat ions community, employment or lifestyle It Most localities are concentrat111g on a Show that you care. The quality of life wtll be a chance for you or your group to one-day program but Sun Day 1n New York depends on the quality o f our environment stand up and let the world know you are City wtll run from May 3 to May 6 and in· 0 concerned about the environment . elude events that will involve participation Contacts Earth Day was organized 1n 1 970 by the by hundreds of thousands of metropolitan Earth Day- Earth Aid Society. which 1s dedicated to residents An 1nternat1onally-oriented early Earth Aid Society establ1sh111g an "equilibrium between man morning ceremony at the United Nations 1 0 East 49th Street and nature " The Society sponsors a JO tnt will kick off the celebration. which will New York. New York 10017 membership program that supports the include seminars on economic oppor­ (21 2) 288-2610 programs of five prom111ent conservation tunities 1n solar energy, continuous film groups· The International Oceanographic programs. concerts. and a Solar Energy Sun Day­ Foundation. The National Audubon Society. Show at New York City's Old Custom House. Suite 1100 The National Wildlife Federation. The A massive public rally 1s scheduled for May 1028 Connecticut Ave .. NW W 1ldern ss Soc1 ty. and The World Wild· 6 in Central Park. W ashington. D .C. 20036 ltfe Fund World Environment Day 1978 will mark (202) 466-6880 In aclcl1t1on, the Society awarcls seven the Sixth Anniversary of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. It World Environment Day­ Ruth Brown 1s an EPA Headquarters was 1n 1972 that the United Nations first Sierra Club International Public Informal/On Officer and the EPA officially laced the crucial nature of 111ter· 800 Second Ave. Coordinator for Environmental Season na tional environmental issues. The effec· New York. New York 1001 7 Acliv1/ies. liveness of the Conference was enhanced (212) 867-0080

30 EPA JOURNAL equinox makes planetary Earth Day celebrates the Earth Day is a great idea, well l observance of a shared event interdependence within the founded in our present scientific possible, and a flag which natural world of all living things. knowledge, tied specifically shows the Earth as seen from humanity's utter dependence to our solar universe. But the space appropriate. The choice upon Earth- man's only home­ protection of the Earth is also has been made of one of two and in turn the vulnerability a matter of day-to-day decisions, equinoxes, the springtime of of this Earth of ours to the of how a field is to be fertilized, one hemisphere, the autumn of ravages of irresponsible a dam built, a crop planted, the other, making the rhythmic technological exploitation. It how some technical process relationship between the two celebrates our long past in is to be used to enrich or capable of being shared by all which we have learned so much deplete the soil. It is a matter the people of the Earth. trans­ of the ways of the universe. of whether the conveniences lated into any language. marked and our long future. if only we of the moment are to override on any calendar, destroying apply what we know responsibly provision for our children's no historical calendar, yet and wisely. It celebrates the future. All this involves deci­ transcending them all. Where importance of the air and the sions, some taken by individuals, men have fought over oceans to life and to peace. On some by national governments, M<1rgoret Mead, an mter calendrical differences in the the blue and white wastes of some by multinational corpora­ nc1l1011allv recogmzed anttu o past and invested particular the picture of Earth from space, tions, and some by the United 110/o[Jist. cdcrc<1tor. tJncl <1ct1111st days like May Day or Christmas there are no boundary lines Nations. Planetary house­ 111 war Id ,1ffc11rs, 1s the 1978 with desperate partisanship, except those made by water keeping is not - as men's wor k t,1rth Dav chclll /)(JrSOn invoking their God with en ­ and mountains. Yet in this has been said to be - just from thusiasms which excluded picture of the Earth. the sun to sun, but. as has been others, the prayers tor EARTH harsh impersonal structures said, like women's work that is DAY are silence- where there of world politik disappear: there never done. EARTH DAY lends is no confusion of tongues­ are no zones of influences, itself to ceremony, to purple and the peal of the peace bell political satellites. international passages of glowing rhetoric, ringing around the Earth, as blocs, only people who live to a catch in the throat and a now satellites transform dis­ inlands. on land, that they tear in the eye, easily evoked, arth Day is the first holy day tance into communication. cherish. but also too easily wiped away Ewhich transcends all national borders, yet preserves all geo­ Eart h Day uses one of graphical in tegrities. spans humanity's great discoveries, mountains and oceans and time the discovery of anniversaries belts, and yet brings people by which, throughout time, all over the world into one human beings have kept their resonating accord, is devoted By Margaret sorrows and their joys, their to the preservation of the har­ M ead ~ victories, their revelations and mony and nature and yet draws their obligations alive, for re­ upon the triumphs of tech­ celebration and rededication nology- the measurement of JJ another year, another decade. time and instantaneous com­ another century, another munication through space. aeon. But the noblest anni­ versary, devoted to the vastest Earth Day draws on astro­ enterprise now in our power, nomical phenomena in a new the preservation of this planet way: using the vernal equinox, could easily become an empty the time when the Sun crosses observance if our hearts are the equator making night and not in it. EARTH DAY reminds day of equal length in all parts the people of the world of the of the Earth. To this point in continuing care which is vital the annual calendar, EARTH to Earth's safety. DAY attaches no local or divisive set of symbols, no statement of the truth or superiority of one way of life over another. But the selection of the March

MARCH 1978 3 1 When I was first asked to be the Over the past years. Region 3 they will not be enough to Regional Administrator of the has had many successes. and ensure attainment of national Middle Atlantic Region of EPA. pollution in many areas has air quality standards. I am con­ I was surprised. After all. I was been reduced. But like many vinced that transportation con­ a Missourian and really didn't other new agencies anxious to trol plans. especially Inspection know the region very well. But get immediate results. EPA and Maintenance programs for 1n the few short months I have tended to tackle the easier automobile exhaust emissions. been here. I have learned much problems first. Thus. many of remain the only alternatives This is a troubled Region, and the solutions to the tougher that will work. For some time 1t is very easy to see why. problems have been delayed . . . we have been trying to get People make pollution. and or the problems avoided. My Pennsylvania to start an In­ the closer people are to each first major goal for Region 3 spection and Maintenance other. the more pollution they is to uncover and resolve the program. The State has not been make and the greater its ad­ problems that have festered responsive. and last February verse impacts. Region 3 has here over time. we were forced to bring suit the second highest population One of the most important against the State. It appears density of any of the EPA of these problems is water that lengthy court action may Regions. pollution from the city of be necessary. Manufacturing makes pollu­ Philadelphia. Over half of the These are all tough goals, tion. Region 3 ranks third among pollution entering the Delaware but I believe they can be at­ Regions in this activity. River comes from the city's tained. The key is that everyone Extraction of minerals from three sewage treatment plants. must work together in a spirit the ground makes pollution. The solution lies in accelerating of cooperation and common Region 3 is second 1n mineral the construction of expanded purpose. Too often in the past. production. first if petroleum and upgraded sewage treat­ those that cause pollution. es­ II- is included. ment facilities. The city also pecially industry. and the EP A All these items together mean dumps its sewage sludge in the have been antagonists. My ex­ that Region 3 has among the Atlantic Ocean. Although both perience has proven to me that worst. the most numerous. and the EPA and Congress have this situation need not continue. the most concentrated pollu­ mandated that ocean dumping Industry forgets that EPA's goal tion problems of any Region. must end by 1981 . the city has is to end pollution, not make Nearly every major city in not yet found acceptable land­ life tough for businesses. We Region 3 fails to meet air based alternatives. A t this would always rather help a quality standards for two or writing. we are actively nego­ polluter find a way to solve a more criteria pollutants. Nearly tiating with the city to resolve problem. than have to the entire Region will fail to both of its water pollution prob­ take enforcement action. meet standards for photo­ lems. W hen I drafted and sponsored chemical oxidants if something The steel industry continues environmental laws as a State is not done about air pollution. to be a major air pollution legislator in Missouri. I was Many rivers. streams and source in the Region. Earlier heavily lobbied by business lakes of the Region are badly consent orders signed with the interests. While the laws I pro­ polluted by industrial and muni­ Jones & Laughlin Steel Company posed were not exactly what Report cipal discharges. runoff from for its Pittsburgh Works and the they always wanted. I believe urban and agricultural areas, or U .S. Steel Corporation for its that they considered my ap­ By Jack J . Schra mm acid drainage from active and Clairton Coke Works were proach to be fair. The approach f r , /1 1 r r abandoned coal mines. Toxic viewed as major milestones in I favored as a Missouri leg isla­ materials that threaten our reducing air pollution from the tor was reflected in the wisdom health and endanger our drink­ steel industry. However. t he of the legal philosopher who ing water supplies continue to recent economic problems of held that law w ith no except ions show up in unexpected places. the industry forced the com­ is bad law, while law t hat is all panies to change some of their exceptions is no law at all. I plans. and the new Clean Air trust that Region 3 businesses Act Amendments have also will also consider this approach made it necessary for certain t o be fair. portions of the consent orders to be reconsidered .

Air Pollution Air poll ution ca used by auto­ mobiles remains a major prob­ lem in most of the large cities of the Region . While exhaust emission controls have signifi­ cantly reduced the poll ution levels coming from automobiles.

32 EPA JOURNAL But I am no longer a legislator of bureaucracies in general, become even more contro­ and now wear another hat-the and the Federal bureaucracy versial. hat of an administrator. I can no in particular. I think this opinion Our task, then, is to convey longer propose new laws or is unfair, and particularly so in to the public, realistically and policy. I must now implement the case of EPA. I have rarely persuasively, that all of these what is already on the books. seen a more able and genuinely goals are compatible, that we But even though my role is dedicated group of people. in EPA share them, too, and different I believe that my And they are dedicated not just that they are all achievable. philosophy regarding the law in a professional sense, but also Difficult in the coal mines of can also be adapted to enforce­ dedicated to the ideal of a clean West Virginia? Difficult in the ment of the laws; i.e., " an en­ environment and an enhanced steel mills of Pennsylvania) Yes, forcement policy that provides quality of life. of course. But we are not with­ no exceptions is bad policy, But we sometimes inadver­ out our allies even in those while an enforcement policy tently bring public opinion down places. although they themselves that is all exceptions is no policy upon ourselves by presenting sometimes find the going rough. at all." a bureaucratic image to the Let us, then, give them added While industry has long con­ public. A ll too often we quote support. Let us rebuild our sidered EPA as being too tough laws and regulations as the natural constituencies, and add and unreasonable, environ­ parochial attitudes. They must justification for our decisions. others. In this process, let us mentalists have many times felt take the position that is best While laws and regulations must not speak to our fellow citizens that EPA has been too easy on for society as a whole ... and be obeyed, a bad decision in­ of amendments and regulations polluters. I have always con­ for the Region as a whole. variably results if there is no butofheartsandlungsand sidered myself an environmental­ That is a difficult thing to do. logical explanation for that livers and kidneys- of life itself. ist, and having viewed the world It requires that we stop shouting decision. Perhaps the decision And, finally, let the EPA voice both from within EPA and with­ at one another and start com­ in such cases is not technically be heard in the highest councils out, I believe that the problem municating with one another. It bad, but it is bad for the image of government calling for a lies not in EPA being either too requires listening to one another. of the Agency. We have all cross-fertilization of national tough or too easy , but in indus­ It requires civility and patience seen necessary Agency pro­ goals, endorsing goals other try and environmentalists and reason . It requires a clea r grams collapse completely than our own. and clarifying taking parochial positions that vision of what our society's when the public cannot under­ strategies to attain them. Let become mutually exclusive. goals are. And it requires a de­ stand them or support them. us ourselves not be parochial! After digging their trenches, termination to make the parti­ The transportation control And if EPA excellence and leader­ many cannot then see that what cipants in this process respond plans of past years are a good ship can be an example to all is right for General Motors (or in ways that are consistent with example. of government in the very diffi­ the Sierra Club) is not necessarily those goals. So we must make additional cult zero base budgeting proc­ right for the United States. The As a relative outsider to efforts to ensure that our ess. why cannot we set yet answer to a polluting industry Region 3. I bring to my respon­ decisions are understandable another example of excellence is not "close the bum up." The sibilities no preconceived and logical and based on facts. and leadership in the bold answer to the need for a very notions regarding who the W e must comply not only with suggestion of an integrated expensive piece of pollution guilty are. I am thereby per­ the letter of the law but its national policy-and strengthen control equipment is not "for­ mitted the luxury of taking a spirit. We must involve the our public image, our credibility, get it. or how about five years fresh look before making a public in the rulemaking and and the effectiveness of our own from now." decision . I am personally not decision m a king process when­ mission in the process? interested in laying blame but ever possible and appropriate. When these steps are taken. Solutions rather in getting results . perhaps we will see stronger The solutions to many of our results that clean up the environ­ Difficult Days support from the public, as more important problems can ment and protect the public. Let me make a further and re­ well as from industry and the be found in developing com­ One thing does bother me, lated observation. These are environmental groups. With pliance techniques that get the and that is the public image of difficult days for environmental their help we have a right to job done and, at the same time, EPA. I am not talking about the concerns. They used to be greater expect ations. So it is preserve our economic vitality. Agency's image as perceived " motherhood and apple pie." that I look forward to the next All too often, many of these by the special interest groups But now the decisions are few years . .. years in which problems become embroiled but our image as perceived by tougher. They often appear Reg ion 3 will experience its in politics or in endless bickering the general public Many public to affect other important greatest challenges yet. We­ and nitpicking. That is unfor­ opinion polls have shown that national goals- adequate energy al! ol us in the Region- like to tunate because. more o ften the people hold a low opinion supplies and full employment. think we're ready. D than not. technical solutions to name the two we hear most are available. But to make them about. If the American people work, public officials, business feel that they must choose be­ and industrial leaders. indeed tween equally compelling na­ the public itself, must drop their tional goals, our decisions will

MARCH 1978 33 Around the Nation

Region 1 Administrator dumped in the ocean - it Drinking Water near West Plam Beach, William R. Adams, Jr. 1s disposed of in landfills Contamination are against the plant but commented that the pro- or by incineration Any Region 3 has recently some 50 people spoke at 1ect would result in v10- illegal dumping of garbage completed a notification the hearing. many of them lat ion of water quality could not be in sufficient process that began with opposing any discharge st andards and would quantities to generate the discovery of carbon into the Loxahatchie compromise the recrea- explosive methane gas. In tetrachloride 1n Phila ­ River . Opponents see the t1onal potential of the area . the second place. methane delphia drinking water plant as a stimulant to Certificate of Adams also noted that cannot be generated by last November. The City growth and in conflict Appreciation the Draft Environmental sewage sludge except in of Philadelphia had with their goals of The Norwood. M ass . Impact Statement anaerobic conclitions- notified EPA that abnor­ limiting development and W omen's Community 1dentif1es a number of that is. in the absence of mally high levels of car­ population expansion Committee. Inc . has been other sites in New England oxygen. The current bon tetrachloride, a in the area . awarded the Region 1 with better capacity and condition of the coastal suspected carcinogen. Certificate of Apprecia­ generation potential than waters is highly oxygen- were turning up in treated Elsewhere in the Region tion in recognition of its Dickey-Lincoln. These atecl , according to our drinking water. Subse­ EPA has granted S83,000 many efforts to improve alternative sites would recent monitoring results . quent tests traced the to Tampa, Fla . to imple­ the quality of life in its consume less land and Furthermore sludge has contaminant to chlorine ment a voluntary auto­ community. The Certifi­ water area and would been clumped at the New used in the treatment mobile inspection and cate. signed by Region 1 have a better cost/benefit York-New Jersey disposal process. Philadelphia maintenance program. Administrator William R. ratio. according to the site for years without removed the contaminated Region 4 personnel.ac­ Adams. Jr .. is given to statement. The Agency evidence of methane chlorine from use and companied by repre­ groups and individuals in believes that these and formulation." EPA went to work tracing sentatives of the New England who have other options deserve a the chemical back to its Manufacturers of made meaningful contri­ more thorough environ­ manufacturer. Then every Emission Controls Asso­ butions toward an im­ mental and economic water supply utility that ciation. have visited Tampa proved environment. The ::inalysis. could have received part to start work on the W omen's Committee The comments made by of the contaminated ship­ program. has worked to educate EPA and others will be ment was notified. A The State of Mississippi Norwood residents about consiclerecl by the Corps total of 1 33 water supply has requested an emer­ the need to protect the and incorporated into a systems. 74 in Reg ion 3. gency exemption under environment around final impact statement. Chesapeake Bay t he remainder in Regions Section 1 8 of the them. They have spon­ due next August. which Study Set 1 and 2, were warned of Federal Insecticide. Fungi­ sored community clean­ will help determine the Region 3 has announced the possible danger. cide. and Rodenticide Act ups, prepared slide shows fate o f the project. plans for several major Regional officials took for the M ississippi Im­ for elementary schools water quality related steps to ensure that the ported Fire Ant Authority about recycling. planted studies for the Chesapeake chlorine manufacturer to apply degradable Mirex . flower boxes. sponsored Bay. The studies will in- would control carbon Several other States are campers at the M assachu­ vestigate such problems tetrachloride contamina- likely to seek similar setts Junior Conservation as toxic materials, eutro- lion in the future EPA exemptions. Camp. and issued policy phica tion. and submerged officials also met with the statements stressing the aquatic vegetation. Future Chlorine Institute. a manu- Some 200 Federal offi­ importance of protecting studi.es being considered facturer's association, to cials from 25 agencies the town's water supply. Sludge Connection include dredging and spoil develop an interim stan- attended a Region 4 disposal. wetland altera- dard for carbon tetra - workshop on Environ­ EPA Comments on Denied tions, hydrological chloride in chlorine. mental Impact Statements. Dickey-Lincoln Region 2 Administrator modifiC'cltions, fisheries Region is working with The topics covered in­ Region 1 has notified the Eckardt C. Beck has cle­ 3 modifications, boating. EPA Headquarters and cluded new rules from the Army Corps of Engineers bunkecl the reported and shipping. The plans the Chlorine Institute on Council on Environmen­ of serious environmental theories that unexplained were announced after a a final chlorine standard. tal Quality, endangered concerns about the pro­ explosions o ff the New species. unique farmlands. posed Dickey-Lincoln Jersey coast may be re­ meeting of the Chesa- ~ and archeological review. hydro-electric proiect in lated to ocean dumping of peake Bay Policy Steering '?-<;;,G northern Ma111e . EPA has sewage sludge and gar­ Committee, which is been reviewing the Draft bage. " In the first place." made up of EPA staff Scott Paper Company of Environmental Impact said Beck. "garbage is not from Region 3 and Head­ Mobile. Ala. has signed a Statement prepared by' quarters, State repre­ consent decree with Reg ion 4 for its failure the Corps for the hydro­ sentatives. and citizen to meet a July 1, electric project. representatives. 1977 In a letter to the Corps. Plant Opposed deadline calling for use A number of people of best practicable tech­ turned out in Jupiter. nology. The firm agreed Fla . to testify against a to pay a $50,000 fine. S 1 0 million municipal wastewater treatment plant. Not all the citizens of the community, located

34 EPA JOURNAL Air Citation Texas Assumes Cedar River Polluted Jetport Proposal Cooperative Effort Region 5 issued a 30-day Emission Offset Region 7 Administrator Studied An lnteragency Inspector's Notice of Violation under Responsibility Dr. Kathleen Camin has Noise Control personnel Orientation Program the Clean Air Act recently The Texas Air Control ordered an "in-depth and members of the has been established in to the Metropolitan W aste Board has agreed to im- evaluation" of pollution regional evaluation Region 9 as part of a Control Commission of plement the Federal re- in the Cedar River. The branch are reviewing cooperative effort by EPA the Twin Cities area. to quirement for emission Iowa Department of En- a proposal from the and three other Federal control air pollution from offsets in Texas. Adlene vironmental Quality Federal Aviation Admini- agencies-Food and its Wastewater Treatment Harrison. Reg ional Ad- ordered Salsbury Lab- stration to extend the Drug Administration, Plant near Pig's Eye Lake ministrator, said the oratories to stop dumping runway at Jackson Hole Occupational Safety and in St. Paul, Minnesota. decision is "in the best wastes and remove all Airport, Jackson, Wyo- Health Administration Regional Enforcement interest of the people of pollutants from its 5- ming which is located and the Consumer Product Director James 0 . Texas, industry, the State acre site on the river south in Grand Teton National Safety Commission. The McDonald said the notice and EPA." of Charles City, Iowa, Park. This would allow the program describes each was directed at eight Harrison said the Texas after toxic wastes from airport. the only one agency inspection pro- sewage sludge incinera- board has demonstrated the laboratory were located in a national park, gram and emphasizes the tors emitting over 3,976 that it has the technical found in the drinking to accommodate com- inter-relationship of the tons of particulate matter capabilities to effectively water of Waterloo. Iowa. mercial jet aircraft. The various agency inspection a year in violation of ease air pollution in a 50 miles downstream. 2.000 foot runway ex- programs. State Air Pollution way that will assure clean, Salsbury Laboratories tension would accom- Regulations. The regula- healthy air throughout produces chemical modate regularly tions allow emission of Texas. This is the first products for industry and scheduled jet aircraft, and 104 tons of particulates a step toward a program pharmaceutical products an unknown number of year. McDonald sa id am- that would allow a new for veterinary uses. lt charter jets. EPA per- bient air quality levels for industrial source to go· has used a dump on the sonnel are carefully particulates in the area to a single agency, the Cedar River as a sludge evaluating the effects that near the plant are among Texas Air Board, to apply disposal site since 1953. noise from the jets would the worst in the State and for all air pollution con- EPA staff and Hickock have on the pristine Lake Restoration violate the National Am- trol permits. Associates, a State con- wilderness environment Grants bient Air Quality Standard Emission offsets are tractor, took many of the park. While the Region 1 0 granted for health. Pollution con- required by the 1 977 samples of the dump, river provision of jet service $1, 717.562 to Longview. trol equipment on three Clean Air Act when con- water, and drinking water, would increase the con- Washington recently for of the incinerators that st ruction of a new pol- and found that arsenic, venience to one percent the rehabilitation of the previously enabled them lution source is proposed phenols, and other of those travelling to the city's Lake Sacajawea. to achieve an adequate in an area that exceeds chemicals had leached Jackson Hole area , it raising the lake restora- level of emission reduction the national ambient air into the river sediment. could also destroy the tion grants total in the has been deactivated by quality standard. In order very qualities of the park Pacific Northwest to more the Commission. A total to permit construction, lnteragency Forum sought by over 4 million than $4 million. Lake of seven incinerators are the emissions from exist- Held visitors annually. This Sacajawea. a 53-acre body presently uncontrolled. ing sources in the area "Working Together for factor and others are of water, has eutrophica- The remaining incinerator must be reduced (offset) Health and Safety" was being considered by EPA tion problems that have has inadequate control by more than the the theme of an inter- while developing the prevented the 60,000 equipment. emissions from the new agency forum held re- Agency's position on this people who live nearby facility. The new source cently , in Kansas important and contra- from enjoying the lake must use the best avail- City, Mo. The forum was versial issue. to its full potential. Seven able control technology sponsored by EPA, the lakes in Washington and to prevent significant Consumer Product Safety one in Oregon have re- deterioration in areas Commission (CPSC}, the ceived EPA funds for where air quality is better Food and Drug Admini- restoration work. In two than the national standard. stration (FDA) and the cases the goal is to protect Since the decision was Occupational Safety and drinking water sources. announced, the Health Administration in the six others, it is to staff has been working to (OSHA). It provided an enhance recreational uses. finalize the details for opportunity for citizens providing Federal grant to voice their concerns funds to the air pollution about the regulatory ac- control agency. tions of each agency.

MARCH 1978 35 !PM-Evolution or Revolution? EPA analysts entitled "National Strategy because they work for an industry which Continued from page 8 for Integrated Pest Management." sells pest control products. In my opinion, They have objected to the use of based upon intimate contact with workers in IPM as a regulatory mechanism, and industry, government. and institutions pointed out that it is not in accord with the of higher learning, the charge is fallacious intent of the 1 977 Food and Agriculture and must be viewed as a political ploy. ft may, for example, be technically correct Act (P.L. 95-113) which states: "The Secre­ What really bothers me is that such but economically catastrophic." Thus. it tary of Agriculture shall· coordinate all tactics neither contribute to the necessary would seem prudent to resist the tempta­ agricultural research, extension and teach­ cooperation which is needed among all tion to propose or impose seemingly obvious ing activity conducted by the Department agricultural researchers nor does it advance and appealing simplistic solutions to com­ of Agriculture, and to the maximum extent the level of understanding of the scientific plex pest problems based upon appeal possible, by other agencies of the Executive method among members of the general alone. It also seems obvious that govern­ branch of the United States Government." public. ment agencies should not be pushed down They said further that integrated insect Fact of the matter is that all researchers the primrose path or lead the public to management systems have not been refined deal in a product; for some it is the data believe that adequate crop protection by to the extent that permit the concept or developed and published through govern­ farmers can be achieved without the con­ practices to be included in Federal regula­ ment or university programs; in industry tinued use of contemporary pesticides. at tory programs nor has technology on de­ the research sometimes leads to a specific least until alternate methods are fully livery systems for lPM systems been pest control product. These products are developed and tested in the ultimate developed to the point that enables the judged by the farmer customer on merit laboratory-the farmer's fields. development of a national information alone-results he achieves in pest control. The matter of insects developing resis­ system on IPM. No company or its salesmen could stay in tance to pesticides has been advanced as Use of the word "integrated" was initially business by giving bad advice. Thus, most a reason for moving in other directions to inserted for scientific entomological salesmen are highly trained and know­ achieve pest control. Lest there be some interests. but seems to have taken on an ledgeable in agricultural production and the misunderstanding. it is a biological fact of unfortunate and potentially dangerous use of products which the pesticide industry life that any population, plant or animal, interpretation. Obviously, it has been con­ has developed. tends to develop resistant characteristics strued by some in the government and Industry relies upon sale of commercial to accommodate the conditions present public interest groups to mean that there products to meet its payroll and other in its environment. whether man-made or is on hand a "grand scheme" of pest sup­ financial obligations; university and govern­ natural. Given the vast pool of genetic pression that can be applied universally ment research gets public funding, grants. material in any single insect population. across agriculture. Dr. J.M. Good. Director and contracts. Both systems contribute such resistance occurs in just a matter of of Pest Management Programs for the greatly to American agriculture and to time. Federal Extension Service, offers further society, and. hopefully, all workers receive Scientifically, it is conceivable that the perspective contained in a November. regular paychecks. Neither group is de­ development of resistance to naturally 1977 memo to Mr. Jellinek on IPM imple­ serving of the "black hat" categorization. occurring forces would equal or even exceed mentation. He wrote, "I am assuming that The best effort and cooperation from both that which has been experienced with cer­ you are thinking of IPM as we do in USDA, will add knowledge from which sound tain man-made pesticides. This is well and not merely pesticide management or as judgments will be made. understood within the scientific community. a regulatory tool. There also are differences One of the basic strengths of American But. perhaps the public has been inadver­ between education and voluntary accept­ agriculture has evolved from its foundation tently misled into believing otherwise. It ance with those of persuasion and on science, both basic and applied, coupled would seem appropriate to make this and regulation. with a perhaps imprecise. but nonetheless other information known so that the level effective problem-solving technique in­ of expectation might not rise higher than "Some points to consider are: volving wide-ranging disciplines within the it should be. scientific community. Once a problem has What has many in the agricultural com­ 1. IPM. and even monitoring techniques. is been identified each works in his own way munity and in the agricultural chemicals not developed for many crop and pest to add to the body of knowledge and ulti­ industry concerned is that a state of the situations. mate solution. There may be and often is a art is presumed for IPM that does not yet difference of opinion among scientists. but exist. Nonetheless. there are signs that it 2. Monitoring and data keeping costs may scientific controversy is but another step may be precipitously imposed on agricul­ be prohibitive for some pests. in the search for truth. ture by impatient agency personnel within Most of the difficulties arise when science. the government. 3. There will not be enough qualified ex­ which in a true sense faces no time con­ Such concern does not stem from idle perts to make such regulatory decisions straints, interfaces with the political struc­ speculation. Assistant Administrator in the foreseeable future. ture for which time and speed are of the Jellinek is on record to the effect that EPA essence. Science moves too slowly for the will try to use IPM as an alternative to can­ 4. For many years it would not be feasible political structure. and the political structure cellation proceedings against pesticides. to use this approach for entire crop areas moves too fast to absorb much of the avail­ feeling that it represents a positive. pro­ on more than one or two pest situations able scientific data. mising direction in agriculture and pest per year in most States." When the term "integrated" was added to control. To make the 'promising program pest management in the early 1970's I was grow.' he suggested use of incentives and It is unfortunate that some who are in­ dismayed to learn that one of the pro­ disincentives. saying that IPM crop insurance volved in the political jockeying to advance ponents in the USDA had stated that In­ was an incentive and pesticide cancellation the cause of IPM have at times lowered dustry can be expected to oppose it. Why if IPM was not used was a disincentive. the discussion to attacks on the integrity should industry be expected to oppose Responding to such a concept. con­ of those who do not share their views. This something it had been involved in for so ferees of the Annual Conference on Cotton has led to the suggestion that industry many years? The answer was not forth­ Insect Research and Control recently scientists and fieldmen are lacking in inte­ coming. As a matter of record and policy considered a working draft prepared by grity and allegiance to scientific principles "NACA endorses and urges support of

36 EPA JOURNAL programs which have as their ultimate venient term that embraces the use of just one treatment per field. The pest manage- objective the achievement of pest suppres- any combination of measures for control!- ment system devised by the soybean proj- sion based on sound ecological principles ing the pests on a crop-even the isolated ect is being widely used in Louisiana and which integrate chemical. biological. and use of two or more different pesticides, other States and is credited with preventing cultural methods into a practical program. without analysis of their need or considera- escalating insecticide use for soybean insect where necessary and when possible." tion of other possible tactics beforehand. The control. The project is credited with saving In my view there should be common term. however. means something distinctly the soybean industry from the same agreement a·bout the desirability of en- different from this. It has evolved from the catastrophic situation pest control in cotton couraging the development of pest sup- earlier used term "integrated control" was in a few years ago. pression techniques based on sound ecologi- which in general has meant the augmenta- In alfalfa, a simplified management sys- cal principles. By any measurement it would tive integration of a combination of tactics tern for alfalfa weevil control, wherein bio- seem imprudent to place any great reliance (e.g., cultural. biological, pesticidal. behavior logical control factors and chemical control upon an unproven or theoretical system modifying, crop resistance techniques) used are integrated, has been tested in Illinois, without adequate testing which showed in an ecological context and supportive, in which growers cooperated fully and made dependable results. And since I know farm- wherever possible, of existing natural con- their treatments only as recommended by ers as prudent managers I would be surprised trols to maintain pest populations at non- program advisers. if they accepted IPM at face value. There is economic densities. In citrus. evid.ence suggests that high too much at stake. By the same token. I would The above described project and related quality fruit can be produced using insecti- also be surprised if a government program research have recently made major advances cides only minimally. in some seasons or was needed to lead them to a practice which in the degree of sophistication in establish- areas none at all. An effective system is helped them do a better job of producing ing the real need to take any action and in ready for adoption on some 76,000 acres our food supply. The ultimate test of any determining what actions are best. This in- of oranges in Southern California. In Florida, new idea or combination of new and old volves a more profound determination of the introduction of the parasite Aphytis techniques must pass one critical test- the various factors in the growth of the lingnanensis for control of snow scale alone its applicability to the special needs found crop, as well as those affecting the destruc- is saving the citrus industry some 8 to 1 0 in the farmer's fields. For. in the final analy- tive potential of the pests. Thus. currently: million dollars annually, in the amount of sis, it is these results that count. D "integrated pest management" embraces insecticides required. thereby imposing no an analysis of the production system as disruption of the existing integrated control The Future of Integrated Pest specifically related to pest impact. and the system used there. and reducing the ad· Management specific physical, biological. and cultural verse environmental and health effects Continued from page 9 factors and their interactions that bear upon correspondingly. that impact. and the combining of all For cotton in Arkansas, in a region of over appropriate measures to optimize the bene- 100 sq. miles. a pest management system fits of pest control in the broadest sense. based on a prediction model for Heliothis Before a pest control system can claim was adopted in 1976 and 1 977 by essen- to fill this ideal definition. much more needs tially all growers in the area. An average of to be learned about the growth of our crops, only two chemical treatments in 1976 and All these circumstances have called for the pests themselves. and the measures one in 1977 were used. devising a new approach from that of simply that might best be used to control them. This A most exciting event has been the de- applying a pesticide at each instance of a is what the new technology is all about. velopment in Texas of short-season. dwarf pest occurrence. A national IPM project The project particularly emphasized eco- types of determinate fruiting cottons and opening up such new frontiers was sought nomic injury. and the real need to use the development of IPM "packages" for by the International Biological Program (IBP) insecticides. While the weather cannot be insect pest control on these cottons. The in 1969-70, and in 1 972 it was supported manipulated directly, we can intensify its system offers promise in greatly reducing by NSF. EPA. and in various ways by harmful effects on the pests and lessen insecticide use. alleviating secondary pest USDA and 18 universities. I have had the those on the natural enemies. or to favor outbreaks, use of less water, less fossil lead responsibility of organizing, developing host plant resistance. by various cultural fuel and labor, and less growing time. with and coordinating this effort since its origin. or management practices. The other two the latter point suggesting that some extra This project is.an example of what might major natural control factors. plant resis- crop per year might be grown on the same be done on a much broader scale. The prac­ tance and natural enemies. have been taken land and the former that the crop can be tical gains already achieved suggest the as the cornerstone of the effort. In addition. grown more cheaply. more profitably, and potential of such programs and the justifi­ efforts have been intensified to find better with less risk. while conserving water and cation for re-aligning policies. funding pro­ ways of using chemical pesticides-pri- fossil fuels. Tests indicate that some of these cedures. and laws and regulations in ordet marily by using non-selective ones in eco- cottons grown under more narrow spacing to make integrated pest management a logically selective ways. produce even higher yields than conven- broadly-based reality. It has engaged some 1would like to give briefly a few highlights tional varieties and spacing. 250 scientists for the past six years. A of what the program has accomplished in a For pine forests. a much improved under- unifying force has been the gradual shift­ practical sense. standing of forest stand dynamics. bark ing of the program toward concentration For apples in affected States there has beetle behavior. conditions favoring out- on the crops themselves and on systems been an approximate 20-50% or more re- breaks and both economic and recreational analysis, rather than on the insect pests duction in use of insecticides and acaricides, impact of bark beetle outbreaks have been specifically. The systems chosen for this in Washington. only slightly due to the gained. These findings suggest better possi- effort were alfalfa. cotton. soybean. citrus, effects of this project. but in Michigan and bilities for managing bark beetles. through pome and stone fruits and pine forests. Pennsylvania as a major consequence of it. silvicultural and/or use of behavior modify- Just what do V>fe mean by "integrated pest For soybean. a management system ing chemicals (pheromones). management (IPM)?" The term is becoming tested for soybean insect control in North Development of a project in IPM requires almost a household word. The trouble is Carolina required a single treatment on the coordinated effort of scientists from that everyone seems to have a different idea only 20% of the acreage but no treatments many disciplines. such as agronomy. plant of what it means. Some consider it a con- otherwise. whereas adjacent farms averaged Continued on page 38

MARCH 1978 37 The Future of Integrated Pest emphasis will be on overselling of insecti­ Without such updating. the extension ser· Management cides. [See e.g. Glass, E. H. coord. 1975. vice could not begin to cope with future Contmued from page 37 Integrated pest management: rationale. needs. Private consultants. too, will be able potential, needs. and implementation. to utilize the new pest control guidelines Entomol. Soc. Amer. Sp. Publ. 75-2. and obtain their own practical monitoring 141 pp.] data to put into mini-computers. which will physiology, entomology, nematology, 2. The second problem rests on the fact utilize formulae for optimizing decisions on plant pathology, weed science. mathemat­ that we know far too little about the dynamic pest control. ics. ecology, engineering, and computer aspects of economic thresholds for most of Substantial practical benefits have been science. simply to examine the various our major pests, even as single-pest species. gained. and others could be gained. without interacting factors in a crop system. The and we are even more ill-informed about the using systems analysis and modeling. Other general analytical methods used in assess­ combined treatment thresholds where gains have been made and can only be ing such complex problems and reaching several pests attack the crop concurrently. made by use of systems analysis. The sys­ a solution are referred to as "systems 3. We need to know far more about how tems approach, is, in fact. almost synony­ analysis". we can encourage and foster better bio­ mous with the first dictum of IPM. "consider It is in this coordinative. integrative area logical control. the (whole) ecosystem". We feel that the that much of our research has failed to meet 4. Considerable successful research has tools of systems analysis offer us a path by the full requirements of IPM. This is not to been conducted to develop crop varieties which we can establish the re- say that our past research has been un­ having resistance to plant disease patho­ search needs. explore the biological, physi­ productive. Indeed, IPM requires two major gens and to an extent against insects. The cal. economic. and social problems that are categories of research: ( 1 ) that on direct possibilities in both areas offer major suggested. and then assess the results as control tactics and (2) that on supportiv.e possibilities. and research to find varieties components of a single interlocked system. tactics. The first refers to direct methods of capable of countering the adverse effects Needed are facts and more facts. rather controlling the pests (e.g. chemicals. bio­ of weeds has been essentially nonexistent. than "educated guesses". It is by develop· logical control. cultural methods, resistant 5. We know far too little about the selective ing an understanding in depth that we can varieties etc.). and the second refers to possibilities for the various pesticides confidently settle on the main criteria. methods which do not control a pest but that may be used to control certain pests in neglecting endless details, and simplify which furnish the scientific understanding a way so as to protect or to foster natural the monitoring and delivery systems, as of the problem so that the various possible enemy or antagonist action. We know must be done, if we are to establish realis­ tactics may be employed optimally. too little about how we may use the broad tic. implementable IPM programs on a What has been lacking is the organiza­ spectrum materials in selective ways. crop-wide national scale. tion and research needed to develop a 6. We do not yet have adequately effi­ Finally, I would point to two major comprehensive understanding of the whole cient. yet cheap. methods for assessing factors that have hindered development system as a unit and to put together optimal natural enemy action. and more significantly and achievement of improved pest control. solutions for growing the crop (or live­ the populations of the pests and their ex­ The first is that the chemical industry has stock) and protecting it from all the pests. pected damage. Monitoring systems must for too long dominated the pest control Our traditional systems of using creative be improved and yet boiled down to their scene, and this has resulted in an almost scientific individualism, conducted separa­ very lowest requirement. complete departure from some of the older. tely, has indeed led the world in develop­ 7. There is currently a shortage of more ecologically based methods of pest ment of various solutions for specific pests. specialists concentrating on practical control. A virtual army of pesticide sales­ There can be no lessening of. this emphasis integrated pest management research. and men have in some parts of the country because these fundamental individualist also a shortage of practitioners adequately practically replaced the traditional depend­ efforts are absolutely necessary to give us trained to use the techniques that are being ence of the farmer on his university for specific methods to control specific pests. developed. advice. There must be some way that this because no amount of greater understand­ We are on the verge of transforming can be corrected. We should put a force of ing and insight, or systems analysis ever insect control from a system of science independent professional biologist-agri­ controlled any pest. These basic experi­ and half guesses to one based primarily culturists in the field to do the necessary mental studies. pest by pest and crop by on facts. in which the promotion of insecti­ monitoring and assessment of the need for crop, will furnish the nuts and bolts needed cides will no longer be a decisive deter­ treatment and to ascertain what measures, in the analysis of the systems and synthesis minant of what is to be done. In doing so if any, are best. of holistic solutions. we are also entering the era when not only Secondly. the method of funding and We can hardly be faulted that we have insect control but all pest control, and in­ managing research programs to develop not already done all this (it is an entirely deed crop production itself. will be more improved pest control. i.e .. IPM. must allow new frontier); we can be faulted if we do not scientifically based. Priorities will be deter­ for some changes. Existing routes of rise to the challenge now made so evident. mined through an orderly process of farm funding through small individual research So we may objectively ask just what are decision making. based on actual results grants on small pieces of basic or applied the problems that prevent faster develop­ from monitoring the fields for the condi­ research, or through the USDA have been ment and implementation of IPM? These tions that affect crop growth and yield. inadequate. At present. most of the manage­ can be reduced to a few major ones: A corps of highly trained professionals ment of pest control research is automati­ 1 . The first problem is that advice and will be needed to monitor the major fea­ cally subject to the cross-currents. opposing pest control chemicals are being sold by the tures required. A weather network designed viewpoints. and yes. parochialisms or special same entity. So long as sale of pesticides and computerized to satisfy the needs for backgrounds. of the administrators at and sale of advice concerning the need to modeling events throughout the Nation is different levels in the several universities use them are vested in the same entity­ needed. We have seen how such a network and the Federal Government usually in­ the pesticide company-there will not be a is effectively used in insect pest manage­ volved in such "coordinated" programs as bona fide, large scale implementation of a ment in Michigan. We have seen how a now exist. A program of appropriate scope rational, scientifically based pest control telecommunication network, tied into a and technical depth. centered on use of technology. So long as earnings are based data bank of pest incidence, crop conditions. systems science and modeling, as a means on the quantity of pesticides an advisor and pest control tactics can be used to of setting research priorities. guiding re­ sells rather than the quality of his advice. the update our traditional extension service. search. evaluating results. and optimizing

38 EPA JOURNAL economic and social benefits to the farmer Pollination is the transfer of pollen from ton, D.C. with William C. Holmberg. Direc­ and society n:~quires a strong centralized stamens to ovules in plants, resulting in tor, Operations Division, Office of Pesticide management largely independent of fertilization and seed formation. Cross­ Programs, as program chairman. domination by these administrators, and pollination between two plants, often made Attendees included representatives from lacking the dilution of dollars as they are possible by insect carriers such as bees, Federal and State agriculture departments, filtered down to various individual scientists. has genetic advantages since this produces universities, pesticide manufacturers, and The large !PM program l have coordinated more varied progeny with a better chance ot the bee industry. became possible because government survival than self-pollination within a single One of the special problems for bee­ realized the need for such a centrally plant. Entomologists point out that many keepers is a relatively recent development managed and block-funded effort. The pro­ bee-pollinated plants are unable to repro­ called microencapsulated pesticides. With gram that various participants have de­ duce themselves in areas where certain the banning pf DDT. chemical companies scribed attests to the success that can be kinds of bees are not present. have been turning to highly toxic organo­ had when such programs are solidly Honeybees kept by professional bee­ phosphate insecticides. Although they established and strongly supported. keepers are often rented out to farmers for degrade rapidly and therefore do not pre­ But we have just begun! We need to pollination purposes. Without the domesti­ sent a Jong term danger to the environment, establish more solidly the insect control cation of honeybees by professionals. repeated applications are necessary to programs we envisage for the six crops we many foods could not be produced on a protect crops effectively. However. such have worked with. and develop similar large scale. These include production of repetition is costly and time-consuming, programs for all our crops, and to look at cherries, avocados, tangerines. apricots, and manufacturers are slowing down the the livestock pest and urban situations. But almonds, apples. several vegetables. and degrading process by enclosing fine drop­ we need first to bring in the other kinds seeds for forage crops such as clover and lets of liquid pesticide in tiny polymer of pests-plant pathogens. nematodes. and alfalfa. spheres. This microencapsulation permits weeds (which we have not done). and the Yet every year pesticides destroy an the active chemical to be made as a powder whole gamut of crop and livestock pro­ estimated 1 0 percent of the Nation's honey­ with individual grains only 30 to 50 microns duction. bee hives and substantially reduce the wide. {A micron is one thousandth of a A farming operation is a complex sys­ populations of another 30 percent. The millimeter or .000039 of an inch long.) tem. By using systems science we can U.S. Department of Agriculture became Microencapsulation permits the pesticide serve the farmer better than we have. The worried about the problem of bee mortality to be applied as a water-based spray with farmer deserves more than he has gotten a decade ago and launched an indemnifica­ ordinary equipment. in the past and more than the most tion program to help beekeepers recover The problem is that the tiny capsules are dedicated individual scientists or pesti­ from losses incurred by pesticides. As of picked up by bees and carried back to their cides salesmen can give him. He needs to this writing USDA has paid out approxi­ hives before the insecticide is released. The have his (her) whole farm operation looked mately $23.5 million to reimburse apiarists result: Other bees including hive workers at as a unit, the options organized. and the for damage to their bee colonies since 1967. and brood are poisoned. Where most consequences detailed for him. Moreover. However. bee industry specialists believe pesticides kill only bees working in a field, if the family farmer is going to be able to that less than a fourth of the losses are being this type is hazardous to the entire bee meet the competition from the ever-in­ indemnified. They estimate that actual colony. Studies at the University of Oregon creasing corporation operation. he will losses are totalling at least S 1 2 million a and Washington State University entomo­ need the clear insight and predictive poten­ year or 400,000 hives. logy departments suggest that extensive tial for cost/benefit analysis and decision­ Commenting on the lack of communica­ bee losses have been caused by misapplica­ making that systems science and accurate. tion between farmers and bee keepers, Roy tion of Penncap-M, a microencapsulated detailed information afford. 0 Barker of the U.S. Department of Agricul­ insecticide patented by Pennwalt Corpora­ ture's Bee Research Laboratory in Tucson, tion of Philadelphia. The company, in an Bees Arizona, complains: "There are very few effort to help solve the problem. underwrote Continued from page 15 areas where beekeepers and pesticide the cost of last November's meeting in applicators are seeing each other. Mostly Washington. they see each other in court." Among other views aired at the Washing­ The other side of the picture, of course, ton conference were the following: is that growers often complain of lack of understanding and cooperation by bee­ • A principal point of contact within the hobbyists, and the rest are part or fulf­ keepers when pesticides are being used in Federal Government is needed to represent time professional beekeepers. fields where bees are not needed for the interests of beekeepers, coordinate bee Alf told, their bees produce about S 1 00 pollination. research efforts, and improve communica­ .million worth of honey annually and around "We have programs in many states to tion between beekeepers and growers. S3.4 million worth of beeswax used in notify beekeepers when spraying is sched­ cosmetics. medical ointments. candles. and uled," explains one food industry represen­ • :rraining of growers and spray applicators other products. tative. "But it's difficult at times to get the should focus to some degree on bee pro­ But bees fulfill a much more important apiarists to cooperate when we suggest they tection measures. function. While making their rounds of cover the hives or remove them from nearby various plants in search of nectar. they fields. For example. the bees will move into • Label precautions must be improved as pollinate billions of dollars worth of food sweet corn fields where we are spraying for well as State enforcement of pesticide crops each year-about a third of all the corn earworm or borer control. and they regulations. food that shows up at the dinner table. They are killed. Bees are not needed for pollena­ also pollinate untold numbers of trees, tion in corn or other grain crops. It is not • More grant resources for bee research shrubs, and flowers, including everything helpful when the beekeepers simply tell us. should be identified and utilized. from wildflowers to the vegetation used in 'If you kill my bees, you'll be sued."' protecting watersheds. By serving as a link To bring together various organizations • A public relations effort is needed by bee­ in the reproduction of such plant life, the concerned with the problem, the Environ­ keepers to explain their problems to the bee is a vital and even indispensable part of mental Protection Agency sponsored a public and the significance of bee losses to the web of life. conference in November, 1977 in Washing- food production. D

MARCH 1978 39 News Briefs EPA Restricts Sale For the first time under authority provided by the and Use of 1972 Federal pesticides law, the Environmental Protection 2 ,00 0 Pesticide Agency has restricted the sale and use of some 2,000 Products pesticide products.

Only farmers and corrunercial users who have been certified and shown competent to handle the products safely will be allowed to use them . The products contain 23 poten­ tially hazardous ingredients such as calcium cyanide, endrin, and strychnine . The restricted list includes agricultural insecticides applied to crops such as cotton , wheat, soybeans, and other vegetables and fruit ; certain weed-killing compounds, and pesticides for control of rodents such as rats and mice .

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amended in 1972 required EPA to restrict hazardous pesticides to certified users or persons working under their supervision. This mass action by the Agency is the first time it has used this authority , and came after extensive study and analysis of the products.

"These restrictions begin a new chapter in U.S . pesticide use," declared EPA Administrator Douglas M. Castle. "Competent growers and applicators will continue to have the chemical tools they need to raise crops and control pests . The public wi ll be protected from possible illness or environmental contamination resulting from unskilled use of these compounds." Update

A listing of recent Agency 032, PDS #3579. This 59-page Toxic Substances priorities into future planning publications and other items of report is a more comprehensive EPA publishes inventory re­ efforts resulting from Federal use to people interested in the description of all activities of porting regulations for chemical legislation. Abstracts of per­ environment. the $330 million lnteragency manufacturers and importers; tinent and timely papers on Program through mid-1977. It effective 1-1-78,Pp 64572-596. the following topical areas are explains each of the 1 4 inter­ In the December 23 issue . Toxic requested : 1 ) hydrology, water General Publications agency categories and lists Substances Control Act ; interim quality, and water resources The following publications are major projects. procedures for handling management, 2 ) ecology and available in limited supply from Who's Who in Energy {Part confidential business informa­ ecosystems management. 3) EPA's Office of Research and 111). tion. Pp 1836. Jan 1 2 issue. resource, regional, and com­ Development. To obtain 600/ 9 -77-011 , PDS # 3868 munity planning. and 4) history, complimentary copies, send a This 22-page directory was pre­ culture, and archeology. self-addressed adhesive mailing pared for EPA to provide a Call for Papers Literature surveys on these label with the EPA report means o f access to information The first annual Pine Barrens topical areas with specific number. PDS number, and on projects funded by the Research Conference pre­ reference to the Pine Barrens number of copies desired lnteragency Energy Program. sented by the Center for En­ are also requested. Abstracts written on the label to Energy It lists many key individuals vironmental Research at must be submitted by April Publications, US EPA, (RD-681), .involved in this Federal pro­ Stockton State College, Pomona, 14, 1978 to Mr. Robert W ashington, D.C. 20460. gram with addresses and tele­ N.J. has issued a call for papers. Maestro, Center for Environ­ Inter agency Energy I Environ­ phone numbers. The Conference. cosponsored mental Research, Stockton ment Research and Develop­ by the Center for Coastal and State College, Pomona, New ment Program. Environmental Studies at Jersey, 08240. 0 March, 1977. EPA-600/ Federal Register Rutgers University and the New 7 -77-007, PDS #3605 Notices Jersey Department of Environ­ 7he ielephone number !tsted 111 This 20-page publication by Copies of Federal Register mental Protection, will be held the Juni1<1ry Update for ohtarn­ EPA's Office of Energy, notices are available at a cost May 22 and 23 at the Resort l{)y copies of "Progress m the Minerals, and Industry presents of 20 cents per page. Write International Hotel, Atlantic Prevention and Control of Air a general look at the lnteragency Office of the Federal Register. City. N.J. Pollution" should lwve heen Energy/ Environment R & D National Archives and Records The purpose of this con­ 202 755 2557 not 755 0890 Program . Service, Washington, D.C. ference is to bring together the Energy Status Report. 20408. researcher and planner to de­ Opposite Cornstalks 1n a farm April, 1977. EPA-600/ 7 -77- fine and integrate research and field

40 EPA JOURNAL

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