Earth Geology
Geology Earth Earth Earth topography
red=mountain blue=depression Earth’s surface looks different from other
planets.
It seems to have defined ‘continents’.
Why is this? The continents fit together! After rearrangement, rocks and mountain belts match. After rearrangement, past climates seem to match (for example, by looking at geological evidence of glaciers, or swamps).
Glacial grooves After rearrangement, fossils match. The theory of continential drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s to explain these observations. The theory of continential drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s to explain these observations.
However, his ideas weren’t popular. People said: • How are you going to move entire continents? • What force is strong enough to move continents?
• How can you move rocks across rocks? Continental Drift Revived, 1940s & 1950s: Supported by Magnetism of rocks • The Earth has a magnetic field. • When molten rocks cool, they lock in their current magnetic field direction. • If they are moved from their point of origin, their internal magnetic signal shows it • The continents DEFINITELY moved! A new theory was postulated to explain continental drift: “Plate Tectonics” • Earth’s surface divided into many plates that move slowly over the surface and interact with each other
• Their movements are driven from below - internal heat and convection in the Earth (What is convection?)
• This was a REVOLUTIONARY idea
Let’s make sure we understand this. Earth layers
Crust = 7 - 50 km Mantle = 2,900 km Core = 3,470 km Plates move by “sliding” along soft upper mantle material. Mantle convection Upwelling beneath ridges •Hot, buoyant material causes ridges to sit “high”
Downwelling at subduction zones •Cooler, denser, material sinks Sea Floor spreading (Hess, 1962)
New crust created at ridges (divergence) Old crust consumed at subduction zones (convergence)
Predicts sea floor is young near ridges and ages away from the ridges Tectonic Plates Plates are rigid, pushed along by sea floor spreading. Plate Boundaries
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? Once Plate Tectonics was described, geologists discovered a ton of evidence to support it.
Age of Sea Floor
Cascade Mountains - Famous volcanoes
Hot spots
Shield (hot spot) Volcanoes are different from other volcanoes... Hot spots - Hawaii Plate Tectonics: Take-home messages • Earth’s geology is dominated by the processes of plate tectonics. This is UNIQUE to the Earth. • Earth’s crust and upper mantle are divided into plates. The plates slide around. • Plate movement is driven by convection in Earth’s mantle. • Crust is continuously being re-generated and removed. • Where plates interact, they form earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains.
Why does the Earth have plate tectonics and not other planets?
Is plate tectonics necessary for life?