Good Practice Report European Green Capital 2018 © European Union, 2016

The information and views set out in this report are those of the authors (PRACSIS sprl) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

The images included in this publication have been provided by the relevant cities, who retain all copyright.

European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6

1.1 EUROPEAN GREEN CAPITAL AWARD 8

1.2 THE INDICATOR AREAS 9

1.3 Applicant cities for 2018 Award ...... 9

1.4 THE AIM OF THIS REPORT ...... 13

1.5 STRUCTURE AND APPROACH OF THIS REPORT ...... 13

2. ENVIRONMENTAL GOOD PRACTICES 14

INDICATOR 1: CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

1. GHENT: GENT EN GARDE 16

2. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: HoWaBo ...... 18

3. TALLINN: USE OF E-SERVICES AND E-SOLUTIONS 19

INDICATOR 2: LOCAL TRANSPORT

1. UMEÅ: GREEN PARKING PAYOFF 22

2. TALLINN: FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT 23

3. NIJMEGEN: CYCLING POLICY ...... 24

INDICATOR 3: GREEN URBAN AREAS INCORPORATING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE

1. ARAD: ARADUL CURAT AWARD ...... 26

2. NIJMEGEN: GROEN VERBINDT CAMPAIGN ...... 27

3. GHENT: TEMPORARY USE ...... 28

3 INDICATOR 4: NATURE AND BIODIVERSITY

1. TALLINN: MAPPING FOR SPECIES AND HABITATS ...... 30

2. WARSAW: DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GREEN AND BLUE SPACES FOR BIODIVERSITY . . .30

3. GHENT: URBAN LANDSCAPES WITH WATER ...... 31

4. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: SPECIES REINTRODUCTION ...... 31

INDICATOR 5: AMBIANT AIR QUALITY

1. NIJMEGEN: KRONENBURGER FORUM FOR AIR QUALITY 33

2. TALLINN: FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT 34

INDICATOR 6: QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

1. UMEÅ: ULTRA-FAST RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC BUSES TO REDUCE NOISE LEVELS . . . 37

2. UMEÅ: HOLISTIC/QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT 38

3. QUIET AREAS

a. UMEÅ 39

b. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH 40

c. TALLINN ...... 41

4. NOISE-OPTIMISED ASPHALT

a. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH 42

b. NIJMEGEN ...... 43

5. NOISE MONITORING, REPORTING AND COMMUNICATION

a. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH 44

b. TALLINN ...... 45

c. WARSAW ...... 46

4 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report INDICATOR 7: WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. NIJMEGEN: ‘GO GREEN FESTIVAL’, A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY ON WASTE 48

2. TALLINN: WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE 49

3. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF BIOGAS AND RENEWABLE HEAT . . .50

INDICATOR 8: WATER MANAGEMENT

1. UMEÅ: LOWERING WATER CONSUMPTION ...... 52

2. TALLINN: PROMOTION OF TAP WATER ...... 53

INDICATOR 9: WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

1. UMEÅ: IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF INCOMING WASTEWATER 55

2. GHENT: WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE OLD DOCKS PROJECT 56

INDICATOR 10: ECO-INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYMENT

1. ARAD: ENTREPRENEURS’ GREEN CLUB ...... 58

2. GHENT: BIO-ECONOMY VALLEY ...... 59

3. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: SPARK CAMPUS FOR ECO-INNOVATION ...... 60

INDICATOR 11: ENERGY PERFORMANCE

1. GHENT: ENERGY COACHING IN COMPANIES ...... 62

2. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: RENOVATION TO ZERO ENERGY HOMES ...... 63

3. TALLINN: FIX THE FACADE 64

INDICATOR 12: INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1. NIJMEGEN: EVALUATION OF ENVIRONNEMENTAL ACTIONS 66

2. UMEÅ: SCHOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...... 67

APPENDIX – EXPERT PANEL PROFILES ...... 72

5 1. Introduction

6 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report The future of Europe depends on increased en- The European Union is one of the most ur- ergy efficiency, a low-carbon economy and the banised areas in the world. As the conduit of cultivation of our natural resources. These are economic and cultural change, Europe’s cities the key objectives set out in 2013 by the 7th are essential to the energy transition and the Environmental Action Programme (EAP), shift to more sustainable environmental prac- the leading guide for Europe’s environmental tices. Cities today are becoming increasingly policy until 2020. interconnected, but they are also increasingly in competition with each other. There has been The 7th EAP seeks to increase Europe’s energy growing demand at the EU, national and local independence, mitigate environmental risks level, for an Urban Agenda to help strengthen and protect the health and wellbeing of EU citi- the urban dimension of EU policies. zens. To this end, it sets out a strategic agenda with milestones to be achieved through tar- The EU Urban Agenda, also known as the geted legislation, education, investment, and Pact of Amsterdam, was adopted by the Coun- the full integration of environmental consider- cil on 30 May 2016. It aims at promoting coop- ations into all policies. eration between Member States, the European Commission and cities in order to stimulate Today more than two thirds of Europeans live growth, liveability and innovation in the cities in urban areas. Most cities face a common set of Europe. of core environmental problems such as poor air quality, high noise levels, greenhouse gas It is a new working method to ensure maximum (GHG) emissions, water scarcity, contaminated utilisation of the growth potential of cities and sites, brownfields and challenges in resource successfully tackle the social challenges. Part efficiency. of this new approach includes the development of a range of European partnerships. The EU cities also play a crucial role as engines of first partnerships, which were launched on 30 change, and often pioneer innovative solutions June, deal with: to environmental challenges. They have huge potential for energy savings, for mobilising • air quality, change towards a carbon-neutral economy • housing, and for driving the economy. They are places of connectivity, creativity and innovation, and • integration of migrants and refugees, service hubs for their surrounding areas. More and and more European cities are putting environ- • urban poverty. mental sustainability at the core of their urban development strategies.

7 Introduction

Within these partnerships, the European cities to inspire each other and share examples Commission, Member States and European of good practices. The winning cities so far are cities will work together to ensure that the Stockholm (2010), Hamburg (2011), Vitoria- urban dimension is strengthened in EU poli- Gasteiz (2012), Nantes (2013), Copenhagen cies through: 1. Improving the development, (2014), Bristol (2015), Ljubljana (2016) Essen implementation and evaluation of EU legisla- (2017) and Nijmegen (2018). tion; 2. Ensuring better access to and utilisation of European funds; 3. Improving the EU Creating a sustainable, environmentally friendly urban knowledge base and stimulating the city takes innovative planning, commitment sharing of best practices and cooperation and hard work from local governments. Each of between cities. these winners has shown commitment, deter- mination and creativity and has worked hard to make their city a healthy, robust and prosperous 1.1 European Green Capital place to live. Award The objectives of the European Green Capital Award are to: On 15 May 2006, the vision of 15 European cities was drawn up in a joint Memorandum a) Reward cities that have a consistent of Understanding. Representatives from record of achieving high environmental Tallinn, Helsinki, Riga, Vilnius, Berlin, Warsaw, standards; Madrid, Ljubljana, Prague, Vienna, Kiel, Kotka, Dartford, Tartu and Glasgow agreed on the b) Encourage cities to commit to ongoing importance of promoting sustainable urban and ambitious goals for further environ- planning in Europe. They envisaged an award mental improvement and sustainable to reward cities that pioneered environmen- development; tally friendly urban living. Their initiative led to the launch of the European Green Capi- c) Provide a role model to inspire other cities tal Award by the European Commission and promote best practice and experi- in 2008. ences in all other European cities.

Making a city greener has its own rewards, On a local level, the award scheme aims at but becoming the European Green Capital spreading the message that Europeans have a is a great way for cities to boost local sup- right to live in healthy urban areas. Cities should port and promote their sustainable solutions therefore strive to improve the quality of life to tourists and investors. The award enables of their citizens and reduce their impact on the

8 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report global environment. This message is captured 9. Wastewater Management by the Award’s slogan ‘Green cities – fit for life’. 10. Eco-innovation and Sustainable 1.2 The indicator areas Employment

The selection of the European Green Capital 11. Energy Performance 2018 is based on the following 12 environmental indicator areas: 12. Integrated Environmental Management

1. Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation 1.3 Applicant cities for 2018 2. Local Transport Award

3. Green Urban Areas; Incorporating Sus- A total of seven cities applied for the 2018 tainable Land Use Award. Details of the 2018 applicants are included in the table and map overleaf. 4. Nature and Biodiversity Of the seven cities to be evaluated, six are 5. Ambient Air Quality Member States of the European Union and six are signatories of the Covenant of Mayors. The 6. Quality of the Acoustic Environment smallest city by population is Umeå in Swe- den with a population of 120 000, and, with a 7. Waste Production and Management population of 1 735 442, Warsaw in Poland is the largest. 8. Water Management

Arad, Romania • Indicator • Unit • Year

• Population • 179 202 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 252.85 • km2 • 2015 • Population Density • 694 • Inh./km2 • 2013 • GDP • 7 185 • €/Capita • 2014

9 Introduction

Ghent, Belgium • Indicator • Unit • Year

• Population • 252 333 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 157.96 • km2 • 2015 • Population Density • 1 597 • Inh./km2 • 2013 • GDP • 41 223 • €/Capita • 2014

‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands

• Indicator • Unit • Year • Population • 150 999 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 118.07 • km2 • 2015 • Population Density • 1279 • Inh./km2 • 2013 • GDP • 38 862 • €/Capita • 2014

Nijmegen, the Netherlands • Indicator • Unit • Year

• Population • 170 774 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 57 • km2 • 2015 • Population Density • 3 000 • Inh./km2 • 2013 • GDP • 28 100 • €/Capita • 2014

10 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report Tallinn, Estonia • Indicator • Unit • Year • Population • 438 569 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 159.31 • km2 • 2015 • Population Density • 2 753 • Inh./km2 • 2013 • GDP • 22 832.9 • €/Capita • 2014

Umeå, Sweden

• Indicator • Unit • Year • Population • 120 000 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 51 (excluding • km2 • 2015 water)

• Population Density • 2 331 • Inh./km2 • 2013

• GDP • 40 100 • €/Capita • 2014

Warsaw, Poland • Indicator • Unit • Year

• Population • 1 735 442 • Inhabitants • 2014 • Area • 517 • km2 • 2015 • Population Density • 3 355 • Inh./km2 • 2013 • GDP • 29 153 • €/Capita • 2014

11 Introduction

Figure 1-1 Map of 2018 Applicant Cities

12 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report 1.4 The aim of this report tion forms and is supported, where necessary, by additional information. This report aims at showcasing the Environ- mental Good Practice of applicant cities, and The European Green Capital Secretariat com- benchmarking their environmental perfor- piled and edited this information, which is now mances in order to provide quantitative data presented in Section 2 in 12 individual chap- for sharing best practice examples in Europe ters, one per environmental indicator area. and beyond.

It is anticipated that this report will be read not only in cities that are current, previous, and potential applicants for the Award, but throughout Europe. This will help to dissemi- nate information, inspire cities to action, show- case tried and tested environmental practices, and promote new technologies for supporting urban resource efficiency. Ultimately, by helping to mobilise urban sustainability and fuel a green economy, the initiative supports economic prosperity and job creation in accordance with the 7th EAP priorities and the EU 2020 Strategy.

1.5 Structure and approach of this report

As part of their role, the members of the Expert Panel (details in Appendix A) were asked to identify two examples of environmental good practice for their primary indicator area. These examples were to include new and innovative initiatives that may be transferable to other European cities. The report presents the data provided by cities in their 2018 EGCA applica-

13 2. Environmental Good Practices

14 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 1: states that global temperature increase should CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION ideally be limited to 1.5 °C. AND ADAPTATION Preventing dangerous climate change is a strategic priority for the EU. It is only through local- INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME and regional-level strategies that the impacts of climate change can be mitigated. As part Climate change is a reality. Recent findings of the Europe 2020 growth strategy, the EU from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate has committed to cutting its emissions to 20 % Change (IPCC) reveal an urgent need for an below 1990 levels. EU initiatives developed to international effort to slow climate change and achieve this target and reduce GHG emissions mitigate its effects. include: an Emissions Trading System; legislation to increase renewable energy use to 20 % In 2014, the Panel completed its Fifth Assess- by 2020; setting a target to increase Europe’s ment Report (AR5) – the most comprehensive energy efficiency by 20 % by 2020; setting assessment of climate change so far, involv- binding targets to reduce CO2 emissions from ing research from over 830 scientists across new cars and vans, and; supporting the devel- more than 80 countries. The report reveals opment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) without question that human behaviour is technologies to trap and store the CO2 emitted creating lasting and catastrophic changes to by power stations and other major industrial our climate system, and that immediate ac- installations. tion is needed to protect buildings, infrastructure, businesses, ecosystems and, ultimately, The European Climate Change Programme mankind. The more we disrupt our climate, the (ECCP) has been in place since 2000 to identify more we risk severe, pervasive and irreversible and develop an EU strategy for implementing impacts. If we act now, however, we can curb the Kyoto Protocol. climate change and build a more prosperous, sustainable future. On 23 October 2014 a domestic 2030 GHG reduction target of at least 40 % compared to At the Paris Climate Change Conference 1990 was agreed at EU level. (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first universal, legally binding global Local stakeholders, citizens and civil society climate deal ever. Due to be enforced in 2020, must share the EU commitment to reducing the agreement sets out a global action plan emissions. Local and regional governments to avoid dangerous climate change by limit- need to lead action and set a good example. ing global warming to below 2 °C, although it Many of the necessary actions on energy de-

15 Environmental Good Practices

mand and renewable energy sources rely on and beyond. All cities have committed to reduce the competence of local governments. their CO2 emissions by at least 20 % from their various baseline years. Due the products and services they use, towns and cities account directly and indirectly for Some of the most commendable efforts are: more than half of human-cause greenhouse Nijmegen’s goal for climate neutrality by 2045; gas (GHG) emissions. ’s-Hertogenbosch’s goal for climate neutrality by 2050, and Umeå’s target of a 50 % reduction All of the cities applying for the European from 1990 levels by 2025. Green Capital Awards (EGCA) are working hard to reduce their CO2 emissions for 2020

GOOD PRACTICES > CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

1. GHENT: GENT EN GARDE

Summary With Gent En Garde the city of Ghent aims at achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The goals of Gent En Garde are directly concerned with climate and the environment. The City has launched communication campaigns and strategic actions on the ‘food strategy’. The initiative relates precisely to: a shorter chain; more sustainable production and consumption; the reduction of food waste, and; the optimal reuse of food waste as raw material.

Context The city of Ghent aims at being climate neutral by 2050.

Outcome Numerous initiatives and support measures were launched around the ‘food’ and ‘waste’ themes. Any measure is based on the needs of the stakeholders and the city is trying to take new steps by building a sustainable food system. Sometimes the city takes the lead role it- self, sometimes it tries to strengthen and support the existing momentum. A few examples:

16 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices • Launch of Moestdazo? First Aid for Ghent Cultivation: a platform where all Ghent citizens can ask questions about growing vegetables, herbs and fruit. • Short-chain competition: new initiatives with local producers to enhance the short chain in Ghent, can compete for a financial prize. • Nothing is Lost Festival: on 20 September 2014 between 7 and 8 000 visitors were made aware of food waste. There was a leftover banquet with 5 000 free, vegetarian meals, an inspirational market with some 40 partner organisations, debates and workshops. • Restorestje : in early 2015 the ‘resto leftover’ was launched after a long preparatory process. This local variant on the ‘doggy bag’ is used to convince citizens to take their restaurant leftovers home. There are 60 participating restaurants in Ghent; nearly 10 000 leftovers were distributed and the initiative has been followed in many other cities. • Support to school gardens and neighbourhood vegetable gardens: in Ghent neighbourhood groups and schools that start a communal vegetable garden have built up a strong momentum. The City provides experts free of charge, who help to plan and design the vegetable garden, support the installation and approach, and make sure that local enthusiasm reaps rewards. • Thursday Veggie Day: with vegetarian catering on Thursday for school workshops, chefs, and ordinary citizens, communication campaigns and so on, we see the number of participating Ghent residents increase year after year.

Link Forum page on the project: https://gentengarde.stad.gent/

17 Environmental Good Practices > CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

2. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: HoWaBo

Summary HoWaBo is an extensive and complex project to protect the city of ‘s-Hertogenbosch from flooding. An area of750 hectares between Vlijmen, Vught and ‘s-Hertogenbosch has been allocated for water storage. This area will be used when the water levels of the rivers Meuse, Dommel and Aa rise to a critical level, and the adjacent water storage area Bossche Broek has already filled. This is expected to happen approximately once every 150 years. HoWaBo can store 4.5 million m3.

Context The city of Den Bosch has a consistent record of being affected by notable floods. The city decided to take structural actions to improve the situation.

Outcome The water storage area is delimited by dykes and lockable constructions around a Natura 2000 area. The construction of this area was completed at the end of 2015. The inlet near the city of ‘s-Hertogenbosch was completed in 2012.

The water storage area partially overlaps with the ‘Vlijmens Ven, Moerputten and Bossche Broek’ network of Natura 2000 sites. In order to preserve and further develop existing nature values in this area, the phosphate-enriched top soil of former agricultural land will be excavated from about 200 hectares. On poor soils the rare fen-meadow flora will be regenerated in order to restore and extend the habitat of a butterfly species that is highly threatened in Europe; the large blue. About 25% of excavated soil will be used for dykes in the water storage area. This will save costs and limit disruption to the environment.

The HoWaBo project is being realised in cooperation with the Region. Two water boards are also involved. The Aa and Maas Water Board is responsible for implementing the project. Other stakeholders are the province of Noord-Brabant, nature conservation groups like Natuurmonumenten, Staatsbosbeheer and Vlinderstichting, the agricultural organisation ZLTO, and the municipalities of ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Heusden and Vught. ‘s-Hertogenbosch participates by providing land, expertise and the timely provision of permits.

Links Documents linked to the HoWaBo project: http://static.waterschapshuis.hosting.onehippo.com/rapport-howabo-deel-1.pdf http://static.waterschapshuis.hosting.onehippo.com/rapport-howabo-deel-2.pdf

18 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 3. TALLINN: USE OF E-SERVICES AND E-SOLUTIONS

Summary Tallinn City Government has been operating a paper-free document management system since 2001. The documents circulating in the city’s agencies and the city’s legal acts are processed only via the electronic document management system. Correspondence between municipal agencies, and communication with state agencies, companies, local authorities and other organisations outside the city, is also predominantly digital.

Context This project will allow the city to organise more efficiently, reduce environmental impact, and facilitate environmentally friendly initiatives.

Outcome Tallinn offers 567 public services in total, many of which can be applied for, and used in a convenient, paper-free way using the city’s website www.tallinn.ee. There is also a map of services online with all of the locations of service providers and photos of the sites, and it is possible to determine the location of the service provider closest to the client on the online map. This makes it possible to offer services to citizens via the internet and people do not have to visit the City Government to obtain them. The ID card (or Mobile ID) used in Estonia allows citizens to sign the necessary documents digitally, e.g. to request permits, support, services, etc., 38 % of the public services provided by Tallinn are fully electronic (the service is accessible via registers or forms that can be filled in electronically, or the service can be applied for by e-mail). Application forms for, and information about, the remaining services can be found in electronic channels. The city’s information and services are also accessible on mobile phones.

The public services database is integrated with the financial information system, the self- service process and the online map.

One of the most popular e-solutions is the real-time information system of public transport, which allows passengers to better plan their movements, as the next vehicle’s arrival at the stop is predicted according to traffic conditions. The relevant information is available online at http://soiduplaan.tallinn.ee/ as a mobile-friendly solution and is also available as a mobile application.

Links See links in the text above.

19 Environmental Good Practices

INDICATOR 2: Agency (EEA) estimates that urban transport is responsible for up to 25 % of all transport CO LOCAL TRANSPORT 2 emissions.6 These have a negative impact on citizens’ health. Developing and implementing Introduction to the theme new and clean technologies (energy efficiency, alternative fuels) and redefining green zones Cities all over Europe face similar growing (developing a pedestrian zone within towns problems linked to mobility, which include and cities, restricting access zones) can help in congestion, road safety, security, air and noise the evolution of towns and cities. pollution, and climate change due to CO2 emissions. The ability to get from one place to an- • Smarter urban transport other is a requirement of all people across the European Union. It is important both for their Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), urban quality of life and to providing healthy local traffic management and control applications and national economies. The key consider- present a potential added value for the effi- ations that cities and towns now face in the cient management of urban mobility in cities development of sustainable urban transport and towns. These measures can include smart systems and infrastructure can include: charging systems, better traveller information, the standardisation of interfaces, and the in- • Reducing traffic congestion in the urban teroperability of ITS applications in towns and environment cities as part of the solution. As traffic increases in urban areas this leads • Accessible urban transport to congestion, which can have negative economic, social and environmental impacts and As society develops and evolves citizens expect degrades the built environment. Many Euro- more intelligent and affordable mobility solu- pean towns and cities suffer from chronic traf- tions. Citizens now expect seamless and acces- fic congestion, which is estimated to cost EUR sible collective transport and safe infrastruc- 80 billion annually.5 Alternatives to private car ture for walking, cycling and private vehicle use. use, such as collective transport, walking and They expect more flexible transport solutions cycling need to be made more attractive and for both freight and passenger mobility. safe for all. Citizens should be able to switch between modes of transport easily. • Safe and secure urban transport About two thirds of road accidents and one • Developing cleaner and greener towns and third of road fatalities occur in urban areas, cities with the most vulnerable road users being The main environmental issues in towns and pedestrians and cyclists. In order to improve cities stem from the domination of oil as a this situation, possible solutions must cover transport fuel, which generates CO2, and air behavioural, vehicle and infrastructure aspects pollutant emissions. The European Environment as well as a strict enforcement of traffic rules.

5 Together towards competitive and resource-efficient urban mobility, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS 6 A closer look at urban transport – TERM 2013: transport indicators tracking progress towards environmental targets in Europe, (EEA, 2013).

20 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP) look to foster balanced development and the better integration of different urban mobility modes. Sustainable urban mobility is primarily about people, with a significant emphasis on citizen and stakeholder engagement, as well as fostering changes in mobility behaviour.

The Reference Framework for European Sus- tainable Cities (RFSC) offers guidance to cities in order to help them to encourage their citizens to change their travel behaviour e.g. trying alternatives to the car such as cycling, walking and public transport.

21 GOOD PRACTICES > LOCAL TRANSPORT

1. UMEÅ: GREEN PARKING PAYOFF

Summary In the Green Parking Payoff project, property developers provide sustainable mobility services in exchange for lower parking requirements. Examples of services are: provision of bicycle facilities such as service stations and dressing rooms; facilitation for carpooling, and; allocation of resources to a mobility management fund.

Context Umeå is one of Sweden’s fastest growing cities. This creates several challenges linked to urban development e.g. air quality deterioration and urban sprawl.

Outcome Based on an agreement between the City, the city parking company and property developers, the number of employee parking places on commercial properties can be reduced. Forecasts show that the full potential of the project is a 41 % shift from car to more sustainable transport modes at real estate level. The project aims at creating a clear win-win situation for Umeå, the real estate owner and the environment. So far the project has been a success and has been extended to incorporate more property developers including Umeå Municipality.

Umeå Municipality wants to set a good example by participating in the Green Parking Payoff. A rebuilt City Hall will result in 40 % fewer parking places than would otherwise have been requested. A new bicycle parking establishment with a service station will be built and employees are encouraged to walk, cycle, take public transport or carshare.

As a further development of the Green Parking Payoff, Umeå is examining the possibility of extending the project to include residential parking as well. This poses a greater challenge than workplace parking, but at the same time offers a greater impact on traffic and land use in the city.

Link The following website explains the initiative: http://www.eltis.org/discover/case-studies/ umeas-green-parking-purchase-model-sweden

22 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. TALLINN: FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Summary Tallinn City Council decided to implement free public transport in Tallinn in order to increase social inclusion, boost the local economy and spare the environment. Three large groups of residents have had the right to free public transport in Tallinn since January 2013.

Context Tallinn has various spatial, development and environmental strategies, along with a transport plan that sets out the overall goal for sustainable mobility.

Outcome The number of passengers increased by 6 % in 2013, in comparison to 2012, after the introduction of free public transport. The increase in the number of residents and the in- come tax received in the city budget, which occurred mainly as a result of the introduction of free public transport, has not only allowed the city to cover the lost ticket revenue, but also brought in significant additional funds that can be used to improve the quality of the service. Tallinn started compensating the train fares of its citizens within the borders of the city in October 2013. The number of train rides in the city increased 2.3 times in 2014, in comparison to 2012.

Important investments have also been made in the public transport system within the city centre.

Tallinn seeks to make public transport more convenient. In addition to the new buses, trol- leybuses and trams used every year, the speed of connections between the suburbs and the city centre is also important to residents. This is why Tallinn has allocated some lanes that are situated in, or head towards, the city centre, for public transport vehicles: 28.6 km of public transport lanes have been marked on former car lanes.

Equipment for a public transport priority system has been installed at 31 intersections in Tallinn, which makes it possible to lengthen the duration of the green light or shorten that of the red light. High connection speed makes public transport a reliable and punctual way to get around the city. These measures have made public transport a much more convenient option.

Link The official city website with useful information on the free public transport in the city is available at: http://www.tallinn.ee/eng/freepublictransport/

23 Environmental Good Practices > LOCAL TRANSPORT

3. NIJMEGEN: CYCLING POLICY

Summary In the last few years many kilometres of high-grade cycle superhighways were added with the Region’s support. Due to powerful, result-oriented steps, large parts of the city now have pleasant, exclusive traffic cycle superhighways where cyclists take priority.

Context Mobility is a pillar in the city’s sustainability agenda and cycling has been part of that agenda for a long time now. Future plans are equally ambitious.

Outcome The cycle paths go in two directions through limited traffic areas, and enjoy priority over car traffic. The creation of quality cycle superhighways has reduced of traffic jams and encouraged a shift from cars to bikes. The share of bikes in the modal split is growing, especially for short distances. Comfortable bike routes are a must for e-bikes. Cycle superhighways do not end at the city’s boundaries, but connect to surrounding villages. For instance, the RijnWaalpad, an 18 km connection between Arnhem and Nijmegen, was recently laid. A special lighting fixture gets drivers thinking: isn’t cycling a better option?

Cycling tunnels and cycling bridges are costly, but valuable for cyclists. Cyclists can then cross a traffic link safely and without delay. Nijmegen has realised six cycling tunnels and a cycling bridge in the past five years. An icon for the city is the Snelbinder cycling bridge across the river Waal, a spatial structure of 2 300-metres length, that enables people to cycle over the city.

The role of the bike in the municipal transport system is becoming valuable. There are major advances with regard to the quality of bicycle parking, with long-term effects. The best example is the bicycle Park & Ride near Nijmegen station. This location has 4 000 places, the upper level of the expensive, supervised, 24 hour car park is free. Later this year, an automated counting system will be introduced to indicate available spaces to parkers.

24 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 3: Eco Towns (GRaBS) project, which is supported GREEN URBAN AREAS INCORPO- by Cohesion Policy funds and promotes urban planning efforts aimed at preserving and RATING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE adapting open spaces to improve quality of life, while also combating climate change. INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME Generally all applicant cities for the 2018 As urban areas grow and population densities EGCA are cities with an increasing population rise, there is a risk that municipalities may densities. There is a considerable range of size neglect the need for green areas, and sacri- of urban areas and consequently very varying fice these spaces for industrial, commercial or population density within them. The composi- housing growth. Green spaces, quiet streets tion and make-up of cities and towns can vary and recreational parks are vital to the well- greatly and are influenced significantly by loca- being of citizens and it is imperative that these tion and history. areas are maintained and enhanced within the urban environment.

Urban sprawl often happens within cities, and a balance is required between the needs of urban, rural and residential areas; sustainable land use policies and practices need to be in place to help find this balance. The Territorial Agenda of the European Union was developed and adopted informally by EU ministers in 2007 to promote spatial development plans to address sprawl and promote stronger partnerships between urban and rural areas. The EU’s Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme enables the monitoring of land use in Europe through mapping at continental scale (‘CORINE land cover’) and local hot spot scale (‘Urban Atlas’).

The EU utilises funding programmes to foster green space initiatives such as the ‘Green and Blue Space Adaptation for Urban Areas and

25 GOOD PRACTICES > GREEN URBAN AREAS INCORPORATING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE

1. ARAD: ARADUL CURAT AWARD

Summary The Municipality supports awareness raising and information dissemination amongst the population regarding the importance of taking constant care of open spaces. Since 2011, the Municipality has been organising an annual competition called Aradul Curat (Keep Arad Tidy), open to owners’ associations. The competition is run with a view to keeping the City Hall actively involved in the life of the community, and financially supporting the owners’ associations that work to keep their buildings and open spaces tidy and clean, to help Arad to become a tidier and greener city.

Context A measure for increasing public engagement and improving the direct surroundings of apartment buildings.

Outcome The rules of this competition are approved by the Local Council of the Municipality of Arad, and they establish the assessment criteria, the composition of the jury and the form of reward. The jury will visit the condominiums enrolled in the competition in order to assess them in terms of the external appearance of the building and of the open space. The jury will primarily check the condition of the lawn, the condition of the soil (whether it is sown, with what it is sown), the condition of the hedges, and the condition of the trees. In addition, points are awarded for the appearance of the parking lots and garages, and also for the look and tidiness of the entrance to the building.

The best managers are rewarded at a gala during the Zilele Aradului (Arad Days) festival, an event which takes place every August. In addition to the diplomas, the City Hall will hand out rewards of tree- and flower-planting material, urban furniture and gardening tools.

Furthermore, this competition will be used to select the areas to be subjected to urban res- toration works (landscaping, urban public works), to protect the environment and to improve the quality of life of the local population.

26 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. NIJMEGEN: GROEN VERBINDT CAMPAIGN

Summary Nijmegen wants to make a greater connection between the green areas – the parks and the green urban areas – of Nijmegen i.e. Groen Verbindt (Green Connections). The initiative not only connects plants and the animals that live off them, but also unites people through the team work needed to plan and implement the connection. Groen Verbindt essentially means ‘green’ for, of, and by, the city.

Context The high (green) ambitions Nijmegen presents both in the City Vision 2020 and the Sustain- ability Agenda are very promising for further development in the city.

Outcome There is still plenty of potential for improvement in the city of Nijmegen, but over the past few years, a number of resident-focused plans have been realised, such as De Groene Tol vegetable gardens or the Van Heutszstraat personal plant and flower management.

The Groen Verbindt campaign aims at building local pride in animal and plant diversity; in the gardens, neighbourhoods, and throughout the city of Nijmegen, with a collaborative approach involving the City Council, residents and independent organisations.

The Association for the Dutch Cultural Landscape is responsible for the Urban Badgers project. Thanks to the many fences and tunnels along roads around Nijmegen, the number of badgers around Nijmegen has increased significantly. Badgers are also foraging and settling in several residential areas. In consultation with locals and nature organisations the City wants to adapt the layout and the management of land, and implement measures to limit or prevent road kill (2015).

Link More information is available at: http://www2.nijmegen.nl/wonen/milieuenafval/groen/ groen_verbindt

27 Environmental Good Practices > GREEN URBAN AREAS INCORPORATING SUSTAINABLE LAND USE

3. GHENT: TEMPORARY USE

Summary The city of Ghent wants to encourage organisers to temporarily use stragegic or disused sites in an economic, socio-cultural and participatory fashion.

Context The Ghent Spatial Structure Plan (Ruimtelijk Structuurplan Gent (RSG) – 2003) is often men- tioned as the leading plan that sets the milestones for improving spatial management in Ghent.

Outcome Ghent has developed a promising approach that may be used effectively in other cities as well.

The City has noticed a gap between the planning and the implementation of strategic projects. Many of the planning tracks for targets and key projects are now completed, yet execution on site is a lot less successful. This means that many spaces are wasted and fall into disrepair in the time between planning and implementation.

In order to mediate the effects of this gap, the City of Ghent grants subsidies for projects with temporary occupancy of unused spaces. These projects can last a few months or up to several years according to the situation. By encouraging organisers to make temporary use of these strategic sites for economic, socio-cultural and community purposes, the city can facilitate experimental initiatives, avoid neglecting the properties, and prepare the sites for their final and definitive urbanisation. This temporary occupancy can even add value for future development. Examples include: Oude Dokken (DOK), the Gasmetersite (the Site), the Muide-Meulestede district, and KERK in Gentbrugge.

Link Visit the DOK site at: http://www.oudedokken.be/

28 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 4: Location and climate also play a significant role NATURE AND BIODIVERSITY on the natural biodiversity of an area. The cli- matic conditions vary across the applicant cities for the 2018 EGCA, with maritime temperate INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME climates in Nijmegen, Ghent, ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Warsaw, whilst Arad and Tallinn have Maintaining nature and biodiversity in urban humid continental climates (the former with settings depends on the creation and conser- warm, the latter with cool, summers). Umeå is vation of green urban areas. The social benefits different, with a continental subarctic (boreal) of nature and biodiversity are immeasurable: climate. The city which receives the most pre- green spaces provide citizens with aesthetic cipitation annually is ‘s-Hertogenbosch, with pleasure, artistic inspiration, recreation, and 786 mm per annum, whilst Warsaw has the enormous health benefits. Though nature is lowest precipitation, at 515 mm per annum. more commonly associated with rural areas, cities can also be sites of rich biological diver- The following examples show what cities are sity. City administrations are required to pro- doing in terms of nature and biodiversity in the tect biodiversity and mitigate the negative ef- urban environment. fect that urban sprawl can have on it, through effective policies and initiatives.

The EU has committed to protecting biodiversity through different policy actions. In 1993 the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was established with a view to ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of the diversity of species, habitats and ecosystems on the planet. The EU has adopted a series of measures to implement this Protocol, such as the 2010 pledge to halt the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services in the EU by 2020, and restore them in so far as is feasible. In 2010, the CBD parties agreed on 20 key biodiversity goals, which are known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Cities play a central part in achieving these goals.

29 GOOD PRACTICES > NATURE AND BIODIVERSITY

1. TALLINN, MAPPING FOR SPECIES AND HABITATS

Tallinn has a particularly strong planning process for biodiversity, starting with good mapping based on survey work for species and habitats, and backed by bio-data inventories and research. The city has a good organisational structure, overseen by overall strategic planning (Tallinn Environmental Strategy to 2030 and the Tallinn Environmental Protection Plan 2013 – 18) down to local action planning, with shared objectives throughout.

A set of policies, linked through these different scales of planning, leads to a good variety of implementation measures and projects. A biodiversity action plan has been devised, as well as management plans for sites such as the Pääsküla Bog Conservation Area, and all other protected areas.

2. WARSAW: DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GREEN AND BLUE SPAC- ES FOR BIODIVERSITY

Warsaw has undertaken a major improvement of the Middle Vistula Valley through a project that is creating new breeding colonies of wading birds along a significant stretch of unregulated (‘wild’) river. The project is also restoring habitats that are typically found along braided rivers and are used by wading birds. The project – which is funded by Life+ – also aims at facilitating citizen involvement in these projects by raising public awareness and developing cooperation between public institutions.

30 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 3. GHENT: URBAN LANDSCAPES WITH WATER

Ghent is developing urban landscapes with water in order to support biodiversity across the city, with measures such as ensuring connective corridors for wildlife. Green banks and is- lands are creating opportunities for additional nature in the inner city and centre, in new construction areas and existing park areas are being renovated. Embankments along waterways are managed to connect green areas to a wider network of spaces for wildlife species.

4. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: SPECIES REINTRODUCTION

‘s-Hertogenbosch is undertaking two significant reintroduction projects, for the endangered large blue butterfly and the spadefoot toad. Work in connection with the reintroduction of the butterfly to a Natura 2000 site (Moerputten) involved collaboration with other authorities regarding verge management and the maintenance of corridors, as well as habitat development by moving strips of grassland used by the species into wider areas in the surroundings. Measures have also been taken to protect the species from flooding, via a flood management plan. Substantial funding from the Life+ Programme now supports this work.

The spadefoot toad has been reintroduced in Hooge Heide, where a nature organisation has worked with volunteers to improve and enhance the habitat. A species protection plan and a comprehensive vision have been drawn up to strengthen the process.

31 Environmental Good Practices

INDICATOR 5: lutants linked to reduced life expectancy and AMBIANT AIR QUALITY cardiovascular and respiratory related health problems.

INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME In many cities in Europe air quality has improved considerably in the past decades and Clean air is vital to our wellbeing, and cities play this is partly due to local actions in cities (EEA, an important role in delivering programmes to 2014). But a large percentage of the European maintain air quality in the urban environment. urban population is still exposed to concentra- Economic activities, in particular those related tions above the EU limit or target values, and to road transport, power and heat production, substantial health improvements are expected industry and agriculture, emit a range of air if these limits are achieved (EEA, 2015). This is pollutants. These have direct and indirect ef- a strong incentive for cities to develop efficient fects on human health, and an adverse effect abatement policies with clearly identified ob- on both ecosystems and human constructions. jectives to improve air quality.

In December 2013 the Commission adopted a Clean Air Policy Package consisting of a new Clean Air Programme for Europe, with new air quality objectives for the period up to 2030 and a revised National Emission Ceilings Directive with stricter regulations for the six main pol-

32 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices GOOD PRACTICES > AMBIANT AIR QUALITY

1. NIJMEGEN: KRONENBURGER FORUM FOR AIR QUALITY

Summary The largest connected inner-city industrial estate in the Netherlands has in-depth experience of how surroundings influence health. A forum was created to give advice and provide information to local authorities on the quality of living conditions. This a very good way to promote public and stakeholder engagement, and to share knowledge on environmental issues like air quality.

Context The city is located in an area subjected to high concentrations of CO2 due to surrounding emissions from industrial areas, traffic, ships and agriculture. Despite this Nijmegen has met the air-quality limit values introduced in 2012, and measurements reveal steadily de- creasing trends.

Outcome The City is part of an advisory body facilitating discussions regarding environmental quality and cooperation between all stakeholders around the industrial estate, such as neighbours, business associations and environmental organisations. For example, members assess the best places and methods to carry out measurements. Residents have an independent environmental expert at their disposal, paid for by the municipality. When measurement results are satisfactory, residents and local authorities discuss how standards can be raised, for example additional abatement measures.

Link http://www.westenweurt.nl/achtergrond/9

33 Environmental Good Practices > AMBIANT AIR QUALITY

2. TALLINN: FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Context Tallinn has various spatial, development and environmental strategies, along with a transport plan that sets out the overall goal for sustainable mobility.

Important investments have also been made in the public transport system within the city centre.

Link The official city website with useful information on the free public transport in the city is available at: http://www.tallinn.ee/eng/freepublictransport/

34 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 6: Road traffic is the main source of noise in QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC Europe, the report says, followed by railways, airports and industry. Generally, in cities of ENVIRONMENT more than 250 000 people, a larger share of the population is exposed to levels above the INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME legal guidelines.

Acoustic quality is an important element of The report also says that noise considerations the urban environment, and a challenging is- should be incorporated into planning and build- sue that city administrations have to manage. ing new infrastructure and that quiet areas It impacts hugely on on the quality of city life. should be protected. Finally, the document sites Ambient sound levels that are beyond com- a mounting body of evidence indicating that fort levels are referred to as environmental wildlife may also be seriously affected by noise. noise pollution. This can be caused by many different sources, such as traffic, construction The Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC) works, and industry as well as some recre- relates to the assessment and management of ational activities. Excess levels of noise can environmental noise. Its principal aim is to ‘de- cause damage to hearing, increased stress fine a common approach intended to avoid, pre- levels and blood pressure, and unnatural vent or reduce, on a prioritised basis, the harmful sleeping patterns. effects, including annoyance, due to the exposure to environmental noise’. The Directive refers to According to World Health Organisation (WHO) noise that people are exposed to continuously research, approximately one in five Europeans and not to noise created by people themselves, are regularly exposed to sound levels exceed- their neighbours, their workplaces, or noises ex- ing 55 dBA at night. According to the EEA perienced while in transit. It aims at providing a report Noise in Europe 2014, more than 125 basis for developing EU measures to reduce noise million Europeans could be exposed to levels emitted by major sources, in particular road and of road traffic noise above legal guidelines, rail vehicles and infrastructures, aircraft, outdoor yielding a range of health problems. Traffic and industrial equipment and mobile machinery. noise annoys almost 20 million Europeans, The underlying principles of the Directive include: and disturbs the sleep of an estimated eight million. The EEA estimates that environmental Monitoring environmental noise pollution noise is also linked to approximately 43 000 through the development of ‘strategic noise hospital admissions, 900 000 cases of hyper- maps’ for major roads, railways, airports and tension and up to 10 000 premature deaths agglomerations, using harmonised noise indi- per year. cators Lden and Lnight.

35 Environmental Good Practices

Informing and consulting the public about noise exposure, its effects, and the measures considered to address, manage and reduce noise.

Addressing local noise issues by developing action plans to reduce noise where necessary and maintain and improve environmental noise quality in areas where it is good.

Developing a long-term EU strategy, which includes objectives to reduce the number of people affected by noise, and provides a framework for developing existing EU policy on noise reduction from source.

EU regulations on noise management have been based on internal market objectives such as setting harmonised noise limits for mo- tor vehicles, household appliances and other noise-generating products. These laws have encouraged the development of innovations that can help limit noise pollution, such as low noise tyres and more silent road surfaces, as well as noise barriers and soundproofing. A number of applicant cities for the 2018 cycle have demonstrated the use of measures concerning noise monitoring, reporting and communication, the use of noise reduction measures, particularly in the use of low noise asphalt materials and traffic management, and also the use of measures regarding the classification, improvement and protection of quiet areas within their cities.

36 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices GOOD PRACTICES > QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

1. Ultra-Fast charging electric buses to reduce noise levels

Umeå

Due to a city’s density more people get exposed to noise and emissions. Umeå Municipality invests in electric buses in order to fulfil a comprehensive plan. The electric buses reduce noise levels up to 10 dBA and also have a significant positive impact on the climate and air quality.

In cooperation with European stakeholders such as e-Traction and Opbrid, as well as local company Hybricon Bus Systems, Umeå has been a partner in developing the world’s first ultra-fast rechargable electric buses adapted to a cold climate with hybrid backup.

Ultra-fast rechargeable electric buses with hybrid backup (Hybricon). Electric buses may reduce noise levels up to 10 dBA. The share of electric buses in the city transport system will increase from 0 % to 70 % from 2010 to 2020.

Link General information on the project: http://www.umea.se/mer/tema/greenumea/techni- calvisitsstart/inenglish/referenceobjects/ultrafastchargedelectricbuses.4.7053ae821362a1 b437c7962.html

37 Environmental Good Practices > QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

2. Holistic/qualitative approaches to the acoustic environment

Umeå

Example of the upgraded railway station in downtown Umeå, with Lev! (Live!) – a soundscape-like installation inspired by the works of the regionally acclaimed author Sara Lid- man. The installation, the largest glass art work in Europe, opened in November 2012. It draws inspiration from train travel through a birch tree landscape, and is illustrated in sound by bird-song and the author reciting from her work.

Soundscape approaches: art-work Lev! with sound installations at Umeå central train station.

38 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 3. Quiet Areas

Umeå

88 % of the citizens in Umeå Municipality are living within 300 metres of quiet areas 35 – 40 dBA Leq. There are several recreation areas that have low noise levels (below 45 dBA Leq.). These areas are of growing importance in a rapidly growing city. In central Umeå there are several parks that have noise levels up to 50 dBA at half the surface or more. One of them, Lake Bäcksjön, is noted in Umeå’s comprehensive plan as a quiet area that should be protected. The noise level in the area is below 40 dBA Leq. Umeå’s city forest, Stadsliden, is used by a large number of local residents: walking, running, skiing, picking mushrooms and berries, etc. The sound level is below 45 dBA in a large part of this area. A management plan aimed at developing Stadsliden will be adopted. The plan focuses on improving recreation values so that the experience of the quiet areas in the city forest is secured.

Figure showing sound levels 24 dBA Leq. and parks in central Umeå where investments have been made for increased access to a quite recreation area.

39 Environmental Good Practices > QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

‘s-Hertogenbosch

The figure below gives a picture of (relatively) quiet areas in ‘s-Hertogenbosch. The Mu- nicipality thinks it is important to protect the areas where it is still relatively quiet. The city focuses mainly on Zuiderpark, Westerpark and Fort Orthen where it wants to sustain these quiet areas.

More than 8 % of the population of ‘s-Hertogenbosch lives within 300 metres of one of these three quiet areas. Quiet areas are not just about a low noise level in absolute terms. The sound experience is also important. People may experience, for example, an area as silent when the noise level is relatively low in comparison with nearby areas.

Overview of quiet areas in ‘s-Hertogenbosch (Max value: 50 dB road traffic + industry, 55 dB railway traffic. Minimal surface area for quiet zone 0.5 hectares (approx. 1 soccer pitch).

40 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices Tallinn

Quiet areas, which citizens are using or could use for recreational purposes, were defined in the noise reduction action plan prepared for Tallinn in 2013. In terms of noise levels, quiet areas have been divided into two categories: quiet area (noise level Lday ≤ 55 dB) and critical quiet area (noise level Lday ≥ 55 dB). In the last 10 years, Tallinn has developed several quiet areas and made them accessible. The biggest is the 2.5 km Rocca al Mare beach promenade that connects the Kakumäe and Stroomi beaches. New parks have also been created in Lasnamäe district (Pae and Tondiloo parks).

Quiet and critical quiet areas in Tallinn (Strategic Noise Map of the City of Tallinn, 2012).

41 Environmental Good Practices > QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

4. Noise-optimised asphalt

Noise-optimised asphalt has a very even surface structure of concave plateaus with crev- ices that ensures less contact pressure with tyres; the tyres vibrate less, generating less airborne sound.

‘s-Hertogenbosch

In ‘s-Hertogenbosch’s action plan, opportunities were mapped out to improve the sound quality by changing the road surface. This mapping covers the period until 2018.

Opportunities for improving sound quality by road surface changes

42 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices Nijmegen

Nijmegen currently has 25 km of roads with noise-optimised asphalt. Some is laid on the basis of the ‘silent roads’ stimulation arrangement for which the state has granted subsidies. As a result, the façade burden of a large number of houses was reduced by approx. 3 dB. In addition, roads with noise-optimised asphalt have been laid in new developments, in accordance with the Noise Nuisance Act.

Left: Location of ‘silent roads’ – current situation; Right: Location of ‘silent roads’ to be laid over the next few years.

43 Environmental Good Practices > QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

5. Noise monitoring, reporting and communication

‘s-Hertogenbosch

The Municipality of ‘s-Hertogenbosch is committed to managing the noise of catering, and other, events. Since 2007, the City has performed noise measurements at all major events (12 to 15 annually). The City has been using unmanned measuring stations that can be read remotely for four years. When the limit is exceeded or complaints are received, the organiser is contacted immediately. The organiser can also monitor the current noise situation on a municipal website. The City has noticed that compliance has been significantly increased by regular checks and has received positive feedback from the event organisers regarding the monitoring options and the available information. In 2014 a penalty system was implemented; it is used when an organisation does not comply with the sound limits.

Noise measurements during events, and an example from the municipal website showing current noise levels.

44 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices Tallinn

The real time noise levels are constantly displayed on the noise board located at one of the largest roads connecting city districts (Sõpruse Road), and at one of the busiest roads in the city centre (Pärnu Road).

Both the noise maps and noise action plan are accessible on the website of the City of Tal- linn, but, in addition, the noise map is also been displayed on the environmental information screen located on Freedom Square in the city centre.

Noise screen installed at a main road in Tallinn, providing real time monitoring of ambient noise levels.

An environmental information screen has been set up in the city centre to inform people about the status of ambient air, the most recent noise map of Tallinn and the changing PM10 content

45 Environmental Good Practices > QUALITY OF THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

Warsaw

As part of the public consultations within the Noise Action Plan, an educational campaign was conducted, whereby residents were provided with a special brochure on environmental noise reduction.

An excerpt from the brochure ‘Does city noise annoy you?’ on environmental noise reduction.

46 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 7: However waste management needs to be WASTE MANAGEMENT considered in a wider context, with regard to objectives for sustainability, resource efficiency and the circular economy. At the end INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME of 2015 the European Commission adopted an ambitious Circular Economy Package, which European waste policy objectives aim at de- includes revised legislative proposals on waste livering a lasting shift towards prevention and to stimulate Europe’s transition towards a recycling as part of a transition to a greener circular economy. The package consists of an circular economy. Managing waste as a valu- EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy that able resource and maximising its potential for establishes a concrete and ambitious pro- reuse, recycling or recovery is a growing focus gramme of action, with measures covering the across Europe. Waste that is merely disposed whole cycle: from production and consump- of is viewed as a loss of resources, and thus as tion to waste management and the market for an inefficiency of the economy. secondary raw materials. The proposed actions will contribute to ‘closing the loop’ of product The EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/ lifecycles through greater recycling and reuse, EC) is the cornerstone of EU waste policy. It re- and bring benefits for both the environment vised the waste hierarchy as a five-step prior- and the economy. ity order, with waste prevention as the best option, followed by preparing for reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery including energy recovery. Disposal is the least preferred option and with many Member States implementing landfill bans and taxes, landfilling is quickly becoming an obsolete waste treatment approach. Lifecycle thinking was also introduced as a new waste policy concept.

47 GOOD PRACTICES > WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. NIJMEGEN: ‘GO GREEN FESTIVAL’, A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY ON WASTE

Summary The city has a strong commitment to public awareness and the dissemination of information on waste, with a focus on specific streams each year under a consistent campaign heading.

Context The Nijmegen ‘prevention and reuse’ strategy is based on two pillars: ‘the polluter pays’ and ‘reverse collection’. The Nijmegen strategy is geared towards a circular economy and processes each waste stream as sustainably as possible.

Outcome The main objective of the campaign is to increase general awareness around waste prevention and separation, and to guide the everyday handling of waste towards a sustainable future. For example, the umbrella campaign ‘Kijk! Afval = Grondstof’ (Look! Waste = Raw Material) is getting people to realise that ‘waste doesn’t exist’, that it is actually valuable raw material. Every year, specific waste streams are brought out into the open to display their social and economic value, the importance of separate collection, and to show how they can be reused. Specific actions are organised with the various target groups for each different waste stream: distribution of compost, recycling games, tours and visits at the fermentation plant, etc.

Link http://www.dar.nl/kijkafvalisgrondstof

48 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. TALLINN: WASTE MANAGEMENT CENTRE

Summary This project aims at improving the efficiency of separate waste collection with the help of Tallinn Waste Centre.

Context The city has developed its collection system, which is a mixture of door-to-door collections and bring bank facilities.

Outcome The central organisation of waste transport has several advantages. Firstly, it makes it possible to provide a single waste collection service throughout the city – there are no big differences in prices or the quality of customer service across regions. Secondly, it creates the possibility to cross-subsidise the price of the waste collection service by type of waste, e.g. establishing higher charges for emptying mixed municipal waste bins and lower charges for separately collected waste, or emptying bins of recovery waste free of charge. Thirdly, overseeing the process is easier for the City – it has current and immediate information about waste collection. The number of contracts increased by a remarkable 11.5 % in the first 10 months. Fourthly, it is possible for the City to provide several additional services (e.g. flexible transport of bulky waste, including leaves and Christmas trees, bin washing), which has directly helped to improve the waste management service and thereby boosted the willingness of people to collect waste separately.

In addition to the increase in the number of people that have joined the organised waste collection system, its implementation has also helped to create better opportunities for the separate collection of waste, and the volume of separately collected waste has increased.

49 Environmental Good Practices > WASTE MANAGEMENT

3. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF BIOGAS AND RENEWABLE HEAT

Summary By 2020, the City intends to have a completely carbon neutral waste management service, including the operation of the City’s vehicles, by extracting energy from wastewater.

Context The waste management system in ‘s-Hertogenbosch is well established and performs strongly in certain areas.

Context The Aa and Maas Water Board devised an innovative combination of existing and new techniques for extracting energy from wastewater (The Energy Factory). The city is convert- ing this idea into concrete action together with the Heineken brewery and the Water Board: biogas will be extracted from wastewater. In this project about 2 million m3 of natural gas will be replaced by biogas (at Heineken) and around 300 000 litres of diesel will be replaced

by biogas (at the waste service). The total CO2 emission reduction will be equal to 4 600 tonnes. This may be even more in the future, if the production of biogas is further increased.

The renewed wastewater treatment plant of the Aa and Maas Water Board will supply high grade biogas (bio-CNG) to Heineken for the brewing process and to Waste Management Services for its car fleet. The biomass plant of the Waste Management Services then supplies heat to the Water Board for heating its fermentation tanks. This proposed plan is a perfect example of waste treatment turning to energy production to obtain a self-sufficient energy balance.

In July 2015, the City Council made credit available for the construction of a pipeline for the transport of hot water from the Waste Management Service facility biomass installation to the Water Board. Soon the construction of the necessary pipes will be started to exchange supplies back and forth.

50 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 8: solutions to save water at home (tap aerators, WATER MANAGEMENT dual-flush toilets or low consumption domestic appliances). But it is also possible to adopt more suitable water systems. Why should we INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME use drinking water to flush toilets, to irrigate gardens or wash cars? Rainwater and grey- The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) ac- water use is one way to save water, and the knowledges that modern water management EU supports rainwater management systems needs to take account of the environmental, and the decentralised treatment and reuse of economic and social functions of water re- wastewater. The identification of where leaks sources throughout an entire river basin (EEA, occur within the system, and repair and updat- 2007). Indeed, more and more countries are ing within the distribution infrastructure, are considering both supply and demand in their critical in the minimisation and prevention of river basin management plans, and particularly wasted water resources. Techniques to reduce in their public water management (EEA, 2010). losses in water networks are particularly important, as they also allow energy savings as Water pricing and governance are among the well. strategies and measures employed to encourage sustainable use. The WFD requires Mem- All the applicant cities for 2018 have rea- ber States to consider a polluter-pays principle sonable consumption rates (Warsaw has the that would recover the cost of water services, highest domestic water consumption rates of including environmental and resource costs, all the applicant cities with each citizen using from users including farmers, industry and approximately 130 l/day). Arad has the lowest ordinary household consumers (EEA, 2007, domestic water use with only 73 l/day used by 2010a). Water metering provides a strong in- each inhabitant. ‘s-Hertogenbosch has the low- centive to save water, and experience shows est percentage of water loss in pipelines, with that households with water meters (and asso- only 2.5 % of water losses reported. Nijmegen, ciated charges) generally use less water than ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Ghent are adopting Sus- those without them, but this is only the first tainable Urban Drainage Systems and Natural step towards more rational water use. Water Retention Measures to properly manage rainwater and minimise the possible negative How can we improve water management in impacts of climate change. our homes and cities in order to reduce consumption and withdrawals? There are many techniques that can be applied to buildings, and urban areas. First of all, there are simple

51 GOOD PRACTICES > WATER MANAGEMENT

1. UMEÅ: LOWERING WATER CONSUMPTION

Summary In a two-year (2012 – 14) pilot project including 134 apartments the municipal housing company Bostaden, in cooperation with Umeå University, conducted the installation of energy-saving, ‘intelligent’, low-water-consuming equipment.

Context Future plans in water management aim at improving the water-energy nexus, finding alternative water sources, reducing leakages and combatting climate change, with an overall ambitious and integrated perspective.

Outcome The pilot resulted in a 30 % decrease of hot water consumption (15 % for cold water) compared with control apartments. Based on these results, Bostaden plans to successively sub- stitute the equipment in all its apartments (15 400 in total, corresponding to 27 % of the total housing market in Umeå, and 57 % of all rented apartments).

The study looked at the reduction of hot and cold water use with the installation of energy efficient armatures. It was based on measurements, taken over 23 months, of individual water use in 77 apartments (test and control). The test apartments were first equipped with earlier generation water armatures, to later be replaced with the latest generation energy- efficient armatures. The cold and hot water use was then logged every ten minutes, and the monitoring was based on average daily water use for the times when tenants used the apartment. Apartments with changing tenants during the test period, and other sources of error, were omitted from the study in order to reduce uncertainties.

52 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. TALLINN: PROMOTION OF TAP WATER

Summary The creation of a website and awareness-raising campaigns to promote tap water.

Context Tallinn has been working with its water board for decades to raise water-related environmental awareness amongst visitors and residents of Tallinn.

Outcome The main emphasis, 10 years ago, was on water saving. After the success of dedicated campaigns, the emphasis has now shifted to promoting the drinking of tap water. As a result of poor quality tap water in the 1990s, bottled water has become increasingly popular. The quality of tap water in Tallinn has been very high for years, yet bottled-water drinking continues to be popular. The website www.jookraanivett.eu was created to promote tap water drinking. The site provides information about the benefits of drinking tap water, saving tap water and the campaigns that will be organised. Many restaurants in Tallinn have joined the initiative Tap Water Is Drinking Water! and are happy to offer free tap water to customers. Events and advertising campaigns have also been organised where Estonian celebrities make tap-water cocktails. Another campaign Don’t Cause a Blockage! was organised to advise people what they should avoid throwing into the sewage system so as not to create blockages.

Link www.jookraanivett.eu

53 INDICATOR 9: all cases. The connection rates range between WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 87.57 % for Ghent to 100 % for Tallinn. In most cases the appropriate treatment is applied for the remaining unconnected portion. Treatment INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME levels and capacities of wastewater treatment plants satisfy the current needs of the cities. All The treatment of wastewater is a vital step in cities comply with the requirements of the Ur- the continuous water cycle but also in terms of ban Wastewater Treatment Directive according protecting the natural environment. With great to the information provided in the applications. advances in wastewater treatment and the corresponding increase in the quality of water discharged into the environment, all stakeholders are benefiting.

A clean urban environment is among the goals of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). Its objective is to protect the environment from the adverse effects of urban wastewater discharges and discharges from certain industrial sectors.

This Directive requires all cities and towns with populations of 2 000 or more to have sewage collection systems in place and to treat the wastewater to certain minimum standards before it is discharged into the environment. This legislation has helped to clean up rivers, lakes and coastal areas and has been essential for meeting the health-based standards of the Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC).

According to the data reported by the 2018 EGCA applicant cities the proportion of the total generated wastewater load connected to the collection system and subsequently treated in wastewater treatment plants is quite high in

54 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices GOOD PRACTICES > WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

1. UMEÅ: IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF INCOMING WASTEWATER

Summary Awareness-raising campaigns to improve the quality of incoming wastewater and facilitate treatment in the wastewater treatment plants.

Context Umeå documented a good wastewater performance; successfully dealing with the joint challenges of the Nordic weather and a sparse population.

Outcome Continuous and systematic upstream work is an important measure for improving the quality of incoming wastewater, for example, by minimising the presence of unwanted substances such as metals or pharmaceutical residues. Awareness-raising campaigns are organised to achieve that goal. This way, wastewater treatment can be optimised with regard to environmental standards. The city authorities run a number of information campaigns aimed at informing both industries and households about water, wastewater and waste, and to increase knowledge about environmental issues.

55 Environmental Good Practices > WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

2. GHENT: WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE OLD DOCKS PROJECT

Summary Power production through an innovative system from sewage and green and kitchen waste, developed in the newly built sustainable district, Old Docks.

Context In the area between the Dampoort and the Muide-Meulestede districts about 1 500 new homes will be built. In the first phase, 350 houses will be developed as well as a primary school, kindergarten and sports hall.

Outcome Sustainability is the central theme in this new district. The private partner makes the new development completely carbon neutral by placing a strong green emphasis on energy efficiency and renewable energy, sustainable transport and car-free living, and quality of life. In addition to energy neutrality, radical choices were made in terms of mobility, housing types (kangaroo living and co-housing) and residents’ involvement.

The ambition to produce power through an innovative system from sewage and green and kitchen waste is remarkable. In a traditional residential area, the wastewater, often highly diluted with rainwater, is collected and transported through the municipal sewer system and supra-municipal collectors to large-scale water purification plants. The collection and treatment is costly and energy intensive. In the Old Docks black wastewater (faeces) is collected in the highest concentration possible, together with the fermentable green and kitchen waste. By making use of vacuum toilets much less rinse water is used and the wastewater (due to its high concentration) becomes suitable for fermentation (an anaerobic purification method). Upon fermentation, methane gas (biogas) is released, which is a renewable energy source. This biogas can be converted into thermal energy (heat) and distributed via a heating network.

The so-called grey wastewater (wastewater from showers, dishwashers, washing machines, etc.) still carries a lot of energy and usually keeps the building at a temperature of about 28 °C. By means of a heat pump system, the energy from grey wastewaters can be recov- ered and delivered to the heating network.

Link http://www.oudedokken.be/

56 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 10: Benefits and synergies that can be realised ECO-INNOVATION AND by building a resource efficient community include: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • Jobs created in the sustainable growth sec- INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME tor, which are generally very secure, and hold a high potential for exports and eco- Sustainable employment is crucial for cities to nomic value creation; create a future for their citizens, and the green • Actions on climate change and energy effi- sector is among Europe’s most promising in ciency, which increase energy security and terms of economic development. It has con- reduce vulnerability to oil shocks; tinued to grow despite the financial crisis and is expected to generate 20 million new jobs by • Low-carbon technologies, which reduce 2020. emissions and often bring benefits in terms of air quality, noise and public health; The circular economy is a self-perpetuating • Local taxes and subsidies on the use of en- system for sustainability and economic growth. ergy or other resources, used both to steer Achieving a low-carbon economy is critical for more sustainable behaviour, and mobilise the transformation towards a green economy. job creation and economic growth; A low-carbon society builds low-energy, low- emission buildings with intelligent heating and • Increased recycling rates reduce the pres- cooling systems, and low-carbon transport sure on demand for primary raw materi- options like electric and hybrid cars, into the als, help to reuse valuable materials which day-to-day life of its citizens. The improved would otherwise be wasted, and reduce en- management of waste, water and energy re- ergy consumption and GHG emissions from sources, supporting sustainable production and extraction and processing; consumption and fostering sustainable innova- • Improving product design to reduce resource tions and clean technology are key elements demand increases the reusability of prod- for a city-developed green economy. ucts, as well as stimulating innovation, business opportunities and employment; Cities are strategically placed to promote partnerships between various private and non- • Improving energy efficiency, thus relieving profit organisations and provide networking pressure on land resources. opportunities for stakeholders to come togeth- The following examples demonstrate what er to create added value. The key to the green cities are doing in terms of eco-innovation economy is the right confluence of research and sustainable employment in the urban and marketing, and cities are the perfect hub environment. for academic development and business. The concentration of people also makes cities an ideal target for sustainable education initiatives that will facilitate employment and green growth.

57 GOOD PRACTICES > ECO-INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. ARAD: ENTREPRENEURS’ GREEN CLUB

Summary Under the supervision of the Arad City Hall, and with the support of different partners, by the end of 2016 the Entrepreneurs’ Green Club will be established.

Context Arad has constructed a sustainable-development synergy comprising the business community, higher education institutions and the local authorities. Eco-innovation is a concept promoted not only by certain modern private companies, but also by the Chamber of Com- merce, Industry and Agriculture of Arad, as well as by Arad Municipality.

Outcome The Entrepreneurs’ Green Club will support the companies operating in the city by discover- ing new models for the sustainable development of their businesses in order to reduce the impact on the environment, thus helping them:

• to increase their financial performances by using new business models; • to improve efficiency and productivity; • to reduce the costs of materials and energy consumption; • to reduce dependence on the use of hazardous materials; • to reduce the quantity of waste produced.

Link http://www.cnpcd.ro/en/the-green-club-of-entrepreneurs

58 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. GHENT: BIO-ECONOMY VALLEY

Summary Ghent Bio-Energy Valley was founded in 2005 by Ghent University, the City of Ghent, the Port Authority of Ghent, the Development Agency (POM) of East Flanders and a number of industrial companies active in the development, distribution, storage and use of bio-energy. Between 2005 and 2010 they invested more than EUR 500 million in Ghent, the highest figure in Belgium.

Context Ghent eco-innovation can rely on a dense local network of knowledge institutions, unique in Europe. These knowledge institutions also offer research expertise that feeds the industry or answers its questions.

Outcome Over the years, more and more companies joined Ghent Bio-Energy Valley and introduced new activities. Although the name suggests otherwise, Ghent Bio-Energy Valley has always supported the development of all bio-based activities: not only bio-energy, but bio-chem- icals and bio-materials as well. To more accurately reflect the activities a new name was chosen: Ghent Bio-Economy Valley. With this new name Ghent wants to remain the main driving force for the bio-based economy just as it was years before for bio-fuel.

Ghent Bio-Economy Valley promotes the development of the bio-based economy through mutual research projects, the clustering and creation of synergies between partners and communication to the general public. As the food versus fuel debate is mainly focused on the use of organic waste for bio-based production, second-generation technology is needed to convert this waste into suitable raw materials for organic-based processes.

It is estimated that 10 % of the today’s chemical products are organic based. That does not seem like much, but when we consider that five years ago it only was 5 %, this reveals a strong growth in a relatively short period of time. The general expectancy is that it will be about 30 % by 2030, and 50 % by 2050. The organic-based economy is no longer niche. This evolution is perfectly predictable because petroleum is a finite resource that also creates pollution and global warming. The alternative is the market for organic-based products.

Link http://www.gbev.org/en

59 Environmental Good Practices > ECO-INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

3. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH : SPARK CAMPUS FOR ECO-INNOVATION

Summary In 2014, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, together with other parties, founded SPARK, a campus for innovation and technology in construction.

Context In ‘s-Hertogenbosch the Municipality takes the leading role regarding sustainability and applying innovations. In this compact and historic city with agrarian roots, the authorities work closely with businesses, educational institutions and residents to make the energy supply and the agri-food sector more sustainable.

Outcome The purpose of SPARK is to significantly increase the quality of the construction environment by developing products that improve safety, health and sustainability. SPARK focuses on mobility, energy, materials and health.

SPARK results up to this point include:

• 10 strategic partnerships; • 5 living labs have been started including a power generating sound screen; • The F59 Fast Cycle Route ‘s-Hertogenbosch – Oss; • The drain-water heat recovery swimming pool Kwekkelstijn; • More than 50 companies are now members of SPARK; • 20 PhD graduates from the Eindhoven University of Technology are working on 10 SPARK themes; • SPARK has a business model prepared for organising an Accelerator Programme aimed at suportng SMEs; • SPARK is starting a crossover innovation programme for young professionals aiming at coaching and developing talent within the SPARK-ecosystem and achieving innovation breakthroughs in smart and sustainable living; • Talent Base, the Bossche Business Incubator, has been nominated for the national Social Innovation Award 2015.

Link http://www.sparkcampus.nl/

60 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 11: There is plenty of potential for energy effi- ENERGY PERFORMANCE ciency improvement in Europe. It is currently estimated that 75 % of housing stock is energy inefficient and 94 % of transport relies on oil INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME products, 90 % of which is imported. The establishment of a European Energy Union will The EU’s main objectives in relation to energy ensure secure, affordable and climate-friendly policy are to secure sustainable energy supply energy for citizens and businesses. and consumption whilst maintaining a competitive environment that ensures the afford- The following examples demonstrate what cit- ability of homes, businesses, and industries. ies are doing in terms of energy performance To achieve this, we must lower GHG emissions, in the urban environment. pollution, and fossil fuel dependence.

Under the Europe 2020 strategy, by 2020 GHG emissions must drop by 20 % or more, renewable sources must account for 20 % of energy consumed; and energy efficiency must improve by 20 %. More ambitious goals for the year 2030 are currently under discussion, supported by the international climate negotiation process and associated milestones.

61 GOOD PRACTICES > ENERGY PERFORMANCE

1. GHENT: ENERGY COACHING IN COMPANIES

Summary After an energy scan a company is assisted for a full year in the creation and implementation of an energy saving plan. Experts provide professional support for aspects like insulation, heating, cooling, relighting, and compressed air, to ensure the energy saving is structurally anchored in the company. The focus is on investment measures and behavioural measures, monitoring, maintenance and guidance.

Context In the 2015 Ghent Climate Plan 2014-2019, Ghent defines six priority activities to achieve its sustainability objectives (housing, business, renewable energy, transport, food and acting as a role model).

Outcome Between 2012 and mid 2014 the pilot project Trajectbegeleiding Energiemanagement op- erated in Ghent. This project targeted companies with a minimum annual consumption of 1 000 MWh. Fifteen Ghent companies were involved in the pilot project. Together they

achieved a reduction in CO2 emissions of approximately 1 820 tonnes and a financial saving of no less than EUR 360 000. Energy savings of up to 20 % were achieved. The European network Climate Alliance awarded this project a Climate Star because it demonstrates that a progressive climate policy goes hand in hand with economic recovery.

Given the success of this pilot project, the Ghent City Council launched a follow-up to this project in 2015. The City calls for Ghent companies to follow the 15 leaders. For 110 companies a tailored coaching route has been made available.

Companies with a minimum electrical consumption of 100 000 kWh or 345 000 kWh heat, get professional assistance worth EUR 4 000. When the annual consumption is higher than 500 000 kWh electricity or 1 725 000 kWh heat, the City of Ghent provides guidance worth EUR 7 000. The contribution of the participating companies is limited to 10 %. Companies commit to performing all actions within a minimum payback period of less than two years.

62 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. ‘s-HERTOGENBOSCH: RENOVATION TO ZERO ENERGY HOMES

Summary Between 2012 and 2014 homeowners, entrepreneurs, knowledge institutions and the municipality of ’s-Hertogenbosch cooperated in Energie Nul73 to make existing residential buildings energy neutral by overcoming financial, technical and legal issues and to enhance businesses by applying energy neutral technology.

Context In 2015 ‘s-Hertogenbosch started drafting its Roadmap to Carbon Neutrality for 2050, in a participatory process with companies, institutions and residents.

Outcome The first-ever energy-neutral renovated private-owned terraced house in the Netherlands, is a result of the Energie Nul73 project. This house was awarded The Best Energy-Neutral House of 2014 by House of Energy, a national community of energy pioneers. All the energy needed is generated by solar panels. The house, built in 1960, now has an outer insulation layer, making it stand out from the rest of the street. This project demonstrated the ten- sions between existing construction policy and the ambition for energy-neutral buildings. By approving this renovation, the municipal building authority took a ground-breaking deci- sion. This precedent of ‘s-Hertogenbosch can now be emulated by all municipalities in the Netherlands.

The Netherlands has millions of similar terraced houses, badly insulated and with high energy costs. Project Stroomversnelling (a word play on accelerated current or gaining momentum) is a movement that started in 2013 and stimulates the market to develop industrialised concepts to renovate these houses to become energy-neutral on a large scale.

In July 2015 about 100 partners in the province of Brabant made a deal to renovate 1 000 houses before 2018. The long-term ambition is an energy-neutral housing supply by 2050.

In ‘s-Hertogenbosch the two largest housing associations are starting a pilot of 100 houses in the coming year. For privately owned houses financing an energy-neutral renovation re- mains problematic. That’s why the municipality of ‘s-Hertogenbosch is offering a subsidy for the first 10 energy-neutral renovations of privately owned houses. Communication, as well as helping homeowners take the right steps towards a comfortable home without energy costs, is one of the major tasks.

63 Environmental Good Practices > ENERGY PERFORMANCE

3. TALLINN: FIX THE FACADE

Summary The city of Tallinn has three successful support measures for apartment associations that aim at improving apartment buildings and courtyards, and which have helped to make Tal- linn more attractive and energy efficient and improved the quality of living over a period of less than 10 years.

Context

Tallinn aims at reducing CO2 emissions by 40 % and increasing the share of renewable energy by 40 % by 2030.

Outcome Since 2010, Tallinn has been implementing the Fix the Facades project, with a view to helping apartment associations to make their buildings more energy efficient (insulation of facades and roofs, replacement of doors and windows, replacement or reconstruction of heating and ventilation systems). The scheme supports apartment associations in applying

for building renovation loans by covering the necessary self-financing. Apartment buildings built before 1993 are the target group of the renovation loan, as they are not heat- or soundproof. The support grant amounts to 10 % of the amount of the renovation loan applied for by the association, but no more than EUR 19 173 per year. Within the scope of the Fix the Facades project, Tallinn supported the reconstruction of 123 apartment buildings to a value of EUR 1.71 million from 2010 to 2014. The support scheme continued in 2015, when 19 apartment associations were awarded EUR 253 000.

Link http://www.tallinn.ee/fassaadidkorda/

64 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices INDICATOR 12: thorities seek to procure goods, services and INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL works with a reduced environmental impact throughout their life cycle when compared MANAGEMENT to goods, services and works with the same primary function that would otherwise be INTRODUCTION TO THE THEME procured’.1

Because the various dimensions of urban life Although GPP is a voluntary instrument, it – environmental, economic, social and cultur- has a key role to play in the EU’s efforts to al – are interwoven, successful urban man- become a more resource-efficient economy. It agement requires an integrated approach. can help stimulate a critical mass of demand Measures for environmental protection for more sustainable goods and services that and improvement should be combined with might otherwise be difficult to get onto the those for physical urban renewal, education, market. GPP is therefore a strong stimulus for economic development and social inclusion. eco-innovation. Strong partnerships between citizens, civil society, the local economy and the various The shift towards the low-carbon economy levels of government are a prerequisite for is critical to delivering increased energy ef- effective action. ficiency and improving the management of our public buildings. Green buildings that Integrated environmental management is require less energy for lighting, heating and based on a strong and broadly accepted vi- cooling through smarter use of materials, fa- sion for the future of the city. Political com- cade design and innovative air flow systems, mitments supported by an involved and are an essential component for achieving ef- knowledgeable administration are essential ficient and sustainable European cities. The for environmental and sustainable urban development of block, district and city ‘group- policy. thinking’ in relation to energy performance in cities is also critical. The development of Successful administrations are those that compatible and integrated energy infrastruc- show strong leadership, and effective man- tures on a city basis lays the foundation on agement of energy efficiency in public which smart-cities can optimise their energy buildings. performance.

Green Public Procurement (GPP) is an excel- The involvement of all stakeholders within lent method for boosting a city’s energy ef- a city, especially youth groups, is essential ficiency. This is a process by which ‘public au- to the development of a ‘smart-city’. This

1 Public procurement for a better environment, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIA- MENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS.

65 Environmental Good Practices > INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT requires support on a political level, and de- The following examples demonstrate what cit- mands that the administration is proactive ies are doing in terms of integrated environ- in bringing together city officials, innovative mental management in the urban environment. suppliers, national and EU policymakers, aca- demics and civil society.

GOOD PRACTICES > INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1. NIJMEGEN: EVALUATION OF ENVIRONNEMENTAL ACTIONS

Summary Nijmegen has a strong tradition in the evaluation of environmental projects.

Context The sectoral plans all relate as much as possible to the five main themes of the City Vision 2020. Above all the City has also committed to a long-term vision (2045) for water and energy.

Outcome Most cities monitor their key activities. Evaluation goes a step further in Nijmegen; it not only researches if activities have been implemented according to plan, but also if they were effective, if other activities could have been more effective, and if the results contribute to the original objective.

Nijmegen even has a budget reserved for bridging solutions, if a result does not answer the expectations of its citizens. An example is the monitoring process that was developed for the ‘West wants a green buffer’ project. After the opening of the new Town Bridge, in consultation with concerned residents, the current noise and air levels will be measured for five years to determine whether the goals of the project are met. Improving the living environment despite road expansion was a focal point in this. If the expected positive effects are not realised, a budget of EUR 1 million has been set aside for complementary measures.

66 European Green Capital 2018 - Environmental Good Practices 2. UMEÅ: SCHOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Summary A programme for school staff, i.e. teachers and school directors, to help them develop the skills to teach sustainability.

Context Next to awareness and knowledge, the development of skills is essential before citizens, officers, and stakeholders can change their behaviour or use their knowledge properly. Only a few cities pay attention to this element.

Outcome In Umeå there has been a long-term systematic approach to integrating sustainability into education. This gives the young citizens of Umeå an invaluable knowledge base, which they will be able to use both in their personal and professional life for years to come.

The model applied in Umeå includes skills development for teachers, teacher networking four times per year, and seminars every second week. An annual conference gathers 300 teachers and principals, for lectures and workshops focused on global sustainable development.

Once a year there is a Counsel for Sustainable Development, a collaboration between students, teachers, politicians, officials and sustainability experts. The officials and experts present the background and current issues that need to be solved or discussed. The students work with the different cases and present their results and solutions in the form of a presentation, a movie, an information folder, or any other appropriate form they choose. During the presentation the students get to ask questions and present their ideas to the politicians and officials.

67 Appendix – Expert Panel Profiles

68 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report Indicator No. 1 register; air quality network analysis and the Climate Change: mitigation and subsequent development of air quality actions plans. adaptation He was a member of the Climate Change Expert: F. Javier González Committee of the European Commission as a Vidal, Atmospheric pollution representative of the regional governments of technical advisor, Regional Spain in order to express their opinion during Government of Valencia – the negotiations of the European policies. D.G. Environment, Spain Since 2005, as a member of the Roster of Experts of the United Nations Framework F. Javier González Vidal is an industrial engineer Convention on Climate Change, Javier has who graduated from the Polytechnic University contributed to the review of national com- of Valencia. Throughout his professional career munications and inventories, focusing on the he has always focused on the promotion of Energy Efficiency Chapter, according to the environmental respect, both at the regional Kyoto Protocol commitments. He has cooper- and international level. For the last 13 years ated actively with D.G. Enlargement, providing he has been working for the Regional Govern- technical support to EU partner countries with ment of Valencia in the Directorate-General for regard to the approximation, application and Environment, where the activities and respon- enforcement of EU environmental legislation sibilities of the job have provided him with a through the Technical Assistance and Informa- broad overview of the situation related to the tion Exchange instrument. intensive use of energy, climate change, pollut- ing emissions and air quality. In 2013 he worked with the Ministry of Envi- ronment of Brazil, in the context of the sectoral The development and implementation of poli- dialogues between the EU and Brazil, on the cies to fight air pollution and climate change Climate Change and Energy Efficiency Chapter. have been one of his priorities, and he has used emissions inventories as a key tool to assess effectiveness. During this period some of the main tasks he has been involved in have been: the development, implementation and monitoring of the policies included in the regional Climate Change Strategy; the implementation of the EU ETS; the management of the PRTR

69 Appendix – Expert Panel Profiles

Indicator No. 2 sion. In 2013, Ian was invited to draft the chap- Local Transport ter on European transport policy for the Edgar Elgar book, Research Handbook on Climate Change Mitigation Law (2015, Van Calster and Expert: Ian Skinner, Director Vandenberghe, eds). of Transport and Environ- mental Policy Research, London, United Kingdom. Indicator No. 3 Green Urban Areas incorporating Sustainable Land Use Ian Skinner is an independent researcher and consultant with over 20 years of experience Expert: Dr Annemieke Smit, in undertaking research and consultancy proj- Senior researcher on Nature ects focusing on the environmental impacts of Based Solutions for Society transport. at Alterra (part of Wagenin- gen University and Research His PhD from University College London was Center), the Netherlands. on the implementation of sustainable transport policies in south-east England and he has also undertaken research at the University of Kent on the marginal cost pricing of transport. Annemieke Smit is a physical geographer with a PhD in Ecology. In 2001 she started work- After his PhD Ian, Ian worked at the Institute ing at Alterra with a focus on Sustainable Soil for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) and and Land Use. She is an expert on sustainable AEA (now Ricardo-AEA) before co-founding land use management, in urban, peri-urban TEPR in 2009. Ian’s work focuses on the im- and rural areas. She was one of the core team plementation and evaluation of sustainable members of the Dutch Community of Practice transport policies for national and interna- (CoP) regarding sustainable land use manage- tional organisations. Much of Ian’s work has ment in spatial planning. been undertaken at European level for the For the past two years she has been involved European Commission, which has involved in the Alterra Green Cities programme, combin- impact assessments and evaluations of vari- ing ecological, social and economic knowledge ous EU transport and environmental policies. about the multiple benefits of Green Infra- He has also worked for UNEP, supporting their structure for urban public and private stake- EST goes EAST project, and has been an inde- holders. She specialises in multistakeholder pendent evaluator for the European Commis- projects and is often involved in national EU

70 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report assessments on sustainable development. She and BRANCH); she acted as a peer reviewer is part of the Dutch advisory board for the de- of the EC’s C-Change project which promotes velopment of BREEAM Community. community engagement and behaviour With a focus on good and clear communica- change as well as creating multi-functional tion, Annemieke always keeps in mind that green spaces in cities. She has also worked experts tend to go deep into the subject, while on studies preparing guidance for projects af- policymakers or non-scientific partners want to fecting Natura 2000 sites, and projects con- know about the impact of the research on their cerned with rural development. world, work and options. Issues around biodiversity, water resources and rivers have been a particular interest – Indicator No. 4 as demonstrated in her book Spatial Planning and Climate Change (written with Elizabeth Nature and Biodiversity Wilson). She is a co-editor of the International Journal for Urban Sustainable Development Expert: Dr Jake Piper and is a member of the project assess- Associate and Senior Re- ment panel of the Trust for Oxfordshire’s search Fellow, Faculty of Environment. Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom. Indicator No. 5 Jake Piper has worked as a researcher and Ambient Air Quality lecturer at Oxford Brookes University for over 12 years, following on from an earlier career Expert: Christer Johansson, in environmental consultancy. Her academic Department of Environmen- background includes environmental policy tal Science and Analytic and land management. In recent years she Chemistry, Stockholm Uni- has contributed to, and managed studies of, versity and air quality expert policy development and spatial planning, fre- at the Environment and quently as related to biodiversity protection Health Administration of the and enhancement under changing climates. city of Stockholm, Sweden.

In addition to environmental consultancy for Christer Johansson’s focus area over the past infrastructure developers and for local and 25 years has been on urban air pollution. This central government in the UK, she has worked includes anthropogenic emissions, air pollution on several EC programmes (including MACIS monitoring, atmospheric dispersion modelling,

71 Appendix – Expert Panel Profiles

chemical reactions, population exposure, air Indicator No. 6 quality and health impacts. Quality of the Acoustic He has been working closely with epidemiolo- Environment gists and atmospheric scientists as well as urban planners in many national and internation- Expert: Diogo Alarcão, Spe- al research projects. At Stockholm University cialist in Acoustic Engineer- he also supervises PhD and Masters students ing, Principal Researcher and is responsible for a Masters course on Air and Professor at Instituto Quality Outdoors and Indoors, which deals with Superior Técnico University emissions, air quality management and health of Lisbon, Portugal and the risk assessments as well as cost-benefit anal- Polytechnic Institute of yses of air pollution. Lisbon, Portugal. At the Swedish National Air Quality Reference Laboratory, he was advisor to the Swedish Diogo Alarcão is a physics engineer with a PhD Environmental Protection Agency and collabo- in Acoustics. He is Principal Researcher and a rated with other reference laboratories mainly Professor in the scientific area of Acoustics at in Nordic countries. Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lis- In the city he works closely with local and na- bon, Portugal. tional authorities on air quality issues. His unit at the Environment and Health Administration He is a chartered acoustical engineer, mem- in Stockholm is responsible for operating an ber of the board of the Portuguese Acoustical air quality management system not only for Society and member of the executive com- the city, but for an association that includes mission for the Specialisation in Acoustic En- 50 municipalities, energy production compa- gineering of Ordem dos Engenheiros. nies and regional governmental agencies. The system includes monitoring stations, emission He has been responsible for major projects inventories and dispersion models and is also in environmental acoustics and noise control, used in urban planning to analyse, for example, including noise mapping and action plans for the impacts on air quality and health of future large urban areas in various Portuguese cities planning scenarios. and for many large transport infrastructures. He has also been responsible for various projects in the areas of room acoustics and virtual acoustics, including real time simula- tions and the auralisation of sound fields in enclosures.

72 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report Indicator No. 7 The ability to source, compile, analyse and pres- Waste Production and ent data is essential for the development of robust waste management systems and plans. In Management recent years Warren has led a team appointed by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency Expert: Warren Phelan, Tech- required to collate and analyse data gathered nical Director, Waste, Energy from all of the major waste treatment facilities and Environment, RPS Group in Ireland. Warren has also prepared data for Ltd., Dublin, Ireland. the Irish government, benchmarking Ireland’s performance in the sector against comparable international countries.

Warren Phelan is a Technical Director with Warren has applied his waste management the Waste, Energy and Environment Section skills and developed waste management plans of RPS. Warren is a chartered waste manager for large infrastructure projects, international and a chartered civil engineer with a Master’s airports, industrial operations and university degree in Engineering Science from University campuses. Clients have included INTEL and College Dublin. Aéroport de Paris.

Since joining RPS in early 2001, Warren Warren has worked on waste projects in the has worked in the resource and waste UK, across Europe and in the Middle East. War- management sector developing special- ren’s clients include the European Commission ised skills in policy and legislation, strategy and the World Bank, among others. Warren is and planning, stakeholder consultations, currently acting as the Irish country agent on data analysis and collation methodologies, a European Commission Horizon 2020-funded waste prevention and online resource ap- project on Sustainable Innovation (CASI project). plications. Warren has extensive knowledge and experience in the strategic approach Warren has also worked on the design of to managing wastes at a city, regional and many waste facilities including baling stations, national level. Warren is currently Project transfer stations, material recovery facilities Manager for the development of the waste and recycling centres and is currently working management plans covering the Irish State for WRAP on the redesign of a waste facility in including the preparation of strategic en- Wales. vironmental assessment and appropriate assessment documentation supporting the plans.

73 Appendix – Expert Panel Profiles

Indicator No. 8 Indicator No. 9 Water Management Wastewater Treatment

Expert: Giulio Conte, Project Expert: Ana Lončarić Božić, Manager for natural resourc- Associate Professor, Faculty es area at Ambiente Italia of Chemical Engineering and and water policy expert at Technology, University of IRIDRA. Zagreb, Croatia

Giulio Conte is a civil-environmental engineer Ana Lončarić Božić is an associate professor with 19 years of experience in environmental involved in teaching and research in the field consulting and has a specific expertise in water of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. management. Ana holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering. Her research interests include advanced technolo- He has worked on a range of projects in India deal- gies for water and wastewater treatment, ad- ing with leak detection in water supply networks, vanced oxidation technologies, photocatalysis, river basin action plans, stormwater manage- degradation of recalcitrant pollutants and con- ment, and water quality and quantity modelling. taminants of emerging concern and ecotoxic- For the last 10 years, he has worked in wa- ity. She participated in five national and inter- ter policy sectors in France and Europe. He led national research projects within academia several studies for the European Commission and industry in the field of advanced waste- on Water Efficiency Standards and the Water water treatment. She is the author/co-author Performance of Buildings and also contributed of more than 30 scientific papers published in to studies for the European Parliament. peer-reviewed journals (cited over 500 times, h-index 12). Ana sits on three editorial boards He contributed to the 2011 UNEP Green Econ- and is a regular reviewer for more than 20 sci- omy Report and also supported the EEA on two entific journals. She is also an environmental chapters dealing with social and technological management system auditor. megatrends in the European Environment State and Outlook Report (SOER) 2010. Recently, he With a background in Chemical and Environ- advised the UNFCCC on the methodology for mental Engineering and expertise in wastewa- evaluating water saving devices in the context ter treatment and water management, Ana was of the clean development mechanism. involved as an evaluator for FP7-ENV-2012, FP7-ENV-2013 and NCBR-Core 2012 calls.

74 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report Indicator No. 10 Environmental Programme (UNEP), German Eco-innovation and Sustainable Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, and the UK Employment Department for International Development (DFID). He has carried out research projects Expert: Stefan Speck, Project in Africa and Asia, and has published widely Manager for environmental on economic instruments and environmental economics and policies at financing and recently coedited the bookEnvi - the Integrated Environmen- ronmental Tax Reform (ETR) A Policy for Green tal Assessments Programme Growth (Oxford University Press, 2011). at the European Environ- ment Agency. Indicator No. 11 Stefan Speck is an environmental economist Energy Performance with a PhD in economics. His main area of research is the application of market-based Expert: Manfred Fischedick, instruments for environmental policy, environ- Vice President of the Wup- mental fiscal reform, and green economy. pertal Institute and Professor at the Schumpeter School Prior to his current position, he was employed of Business and Economics, as a senior consultant at Kommunalkredit Wuppertal, Germany Public Consulting in Austria and as a senior project scientist at the National Environmental Manfred Fischedick is the Vice President of the Research Institute/University of Aarhus in Den- Wuppertal Institute, an internationally well- mark within the EU-funded project Competi- known think tank investigating transformation tiveness effects of Environmental Tax Reforms processes for sustainable development. With (COMETR). He also contributed to the research particular reference to the areas of climate, project Resource Productivity, Environmental energy, resources and mobility, the institute Tax Reform and Sustainable Growth in Europe is looking for technical, infrastructural and so- funded by the Anglo-German Foundation. He cial innovations that support the transition to has implemented projects for a range of cli- sustainable structures. Special focus is given ents including the Danish Environmental Pro- to the transition process of the energy system tection Agency (DEPA), European Commission and cities. (EC), Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations De- velopment Programme (UNDP), United Nations

75 Appendix – Expert Panel Profiles

Manfred Fischedick also leads the research Indicator No. 12 group Future Energy and Mobility Structures of Integrated Environmental the Wuppertal Institute and is professor at the Schumpeter School of Business and Econom- Management ics at the University of Wuppertal. He has been working for more than 20 years in the field Expert: Jan Dictus, UNIDO of energy system analysis (including sustain- Eco-City Expert, Founder able urban infrastructure analysis). He is advi- of GOJA Consulting for sor to the German government as well as the Environment and Sustain- Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, author able Development, Vienna, of various publications and peer reviewed ar- Austria ticles. Manfred Fischedick is coordinating lead author for the IPCC (responsible for the chapter Jan Dictus (nationality Dutch, living and work- on industry in the upcoming 5th Assessment ing in Austria since 2000) is an expert on the Report), and a member of several national and sustainable development of cities. He has international scientific boards and advisory provided services to a wide range of clients at councils. international, European, regional and local levels on environmental and sustainable develop- Manfred Fischedick has been intensively work- ment issues. ing in the context of sustainable urban infrastructures and energy-efficient cities. His proj- He was involved in several Eco-City projects: ect experience comprises, among other things, for the City of Vienna, Jan led the development the development of long-term concepts for the of the Environmental Vision of Vienna and is German cities of Munich and Düsseldorf and presently supporting the network Cities for a the Chinese city of Wuxi. For the Innovation Nuclear Free Europe (CNFE). Also for Vienna City Ruhr Bottrop, which is kind of a real-term he was technical chair of the EUROCITIES En- laboratory in the Ruhr Valley aiming at reduc- vironment Forum. As a UNIDO expert Jan has ing emissions by 50 % between 2010 and been involved in the organisation and report- 2020, he leads the scientific accompaniment ing of conferences in Jordan and Bahrain on process. Eco-Cities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region.

Also for UNIDO and the Government of Ja- pan he is currently setting up a network of Eco-Cities in South East Asia, introducing the instrument of Peer Review for Cities.

76 European Green Capital 2018 - Good Practice Report Together with the Astronaut Marcos Pontes Foundation and UNIDO he is preparing the development of an Eco-State in Roraima, Brazil.

Jan has started a project in Morocco to develop a reference framework of sustainability for the Eco-City Zenata. In the past Jan worked on Green Industry and the promotion of Eco-Business projects in India and Thai- land, for example, and on the development of a Green Award mechanism in Cambodia.

Jan has been a member of the Expert Evalu- ation Panel for the European Green Capital Award since 2012, acted as Lead Expert for URBACT-II and is a member of the expert group for the UNEP-JCEP Sustainable Urban Development and Liveable Garden Commu- nity – China Programme in China. • http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital

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