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Mastering Regular Expressions Powerful Techniques for Perl And Mastering Regular Expressions Powerful Techniques for Perl and Other Tools Jeffrey E.F. Friedl O'REILLY Cambridge • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Tokyo [PU]O'Reilly[/PU][DP]1997[/DP] Page iv Mastering Regular Expressions by Jeffrey E.F. Friedl Copyright © 1997 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472. Editor: Andy Oram Production Editor: Jeffrey Friedl Printing History: January 1997: First Edition. March 1997: Second printing; Minor corrections. May 1997: Third printing; Minor corrections. July 1997: Fourth printing; Minor corrections. November 1997: Fifth printing; Minor corrections. August 1998: Sixth printing; Minor corrections. December 1998: Seventh printing; Minor corrections. Nutshell Handbook and the Nutshell Handbook logo are registered trademarks and The Java Series is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Page V Table of Contents Preface xv 1: Introduction to Regular Expressions 1 Solving Real Problems 2 Regular Expressions as a Language 4 The Filename Analogy 4 The Language Analogy 5 The Regular-Expression Frame of Mind 6 Searching Text Files: Egrep 7 Egrep Metacharacters 8 Start and End of the Line 8 Character Classes 9 Matching Any Character—Dot 11 Alternation 12 Word Boundaries 14 In a Nutshell 15 Optional Items 16 Other Quantifiers: Repetition 17 Ignoring Differences in Capitalization 18 Parentheses and Backreferences 19 The Great Escape 20 Expanding the Foundation 21 Linguistic Diversification 21 The Goal of a Regular Expression 21 A Few More Examples 22 Page vi Regular Expression Nomenclature 24 Improving on the Status Quo 26 Summary 28 Personal Glimpses 30 2: Extended Introductory Examples 31 About the Examples 32 A Short Introduction to Perl 33 Matching Text with Regular Expressions 34 Toward a More Real-World Example 36 Side Effects of a Successful Match 36 Intertwined Regular Expressions 39 Intermission 43 Modifying Text with Regular Expressions 45 Automated Editing 47 A Small Mail Utility 48 That Doubled-Word Thing 54 3: Overview of Regular Expression Features and Flavors. 59 A Casual Stroll Across the Regex Landscape 60 The World According to Grep 60 The Times They Are a Changin' 61 At a Glance 63 POSIX 64 Care and Handling of Regular Expressions 66 Identifying a Regex 66 Doing Something with the Matched Text 67 Other Examples 67 Care and Handling: Summary 70 Engines and Chrome Finish 70 Chrome and Appearances 71 Engines and Drivers 71 Common Metacharacters 71 Character Shorthands 72 Strings as Regular Expression 75 Class Shorthands, Dot, and Character Classes 77 Anchoring 81 Grouping and Retrieving 83 Quantifiers 83 [PU]O'Reilly[/PU][DP]1997[/DP] Page vii Alternation 84 Guide to the Advanced Chapters 85 Tool-Specific Information 85 4: The Mechanics of Expression Processing 87 Start Your Engines! 87 Two Kinds of Engines 87 New Standards 88 Regex Engine Types 88 From the Department of Redundancy Department 90 Match Basics 90 About the Examples 91 Rule 1: The Earliest Match Wins 91 The "Transmission" and the Bump-Along 92 Engine Pieces and Parts 93 Rule 2: Some Metacharacters Are Greedy 94 Regex-Directed vs. Text-Directed 99 NFA Engine: Regex-Directed 99 DFA Engine: Text-Directed 100 The Mysteries of Life Revealed 101 Backtracking 102 A Really Crummy Analogy 102 Two Important Points on Backtracking 103 Saved States 104 Backtracking and Greediness 106 More About Greediness 108 Problems of Greediness 108 Multi-Character "Quotes" 109 Laziness? 110 Greediness Always Favors a Match 110 Is Alternation Greedy? 112 Uses for Non-Greedy Alternation 113 Greedy Alternation in Perspective 114 Character Classes vs. Alternation 115 NFA, DFA, and POSIX 115 "The Longest-Leftmost" 115 POSIX and the Longest-Leftmost Rule 116 Speed and Efficiency 118 DFA and NFA in Comparison 118 Page viii Practical Regex Techniques 121 Contributing Factors 121 Be Specific 122 Difficulties and Impossibilities 125 Watching Out for Unwanted Matches. 127 Matching Delimited Text 129 Knowing Your Data and Making Assumptions 132 Additional Greedy Examples 132 Summary 136 Match Mechanics Summary 136 Some Practical Effects of Match Mechanics 137 5: Crafting a Regular Expression 139 A Sobering Example 140 A Simple Change-Placing Your Best Foot Forward 141 More Advanced-Localizing the Greediness 141 Reality Check 144 A Global View of Backtracking 145 More Work for a POSIX NFA 147 Work Required During a Non-Match. 147 Being More Specific 147 Alternation Can Be Expensive 148 A Strong Lead 149 The Impact of Parentheses 150 Internal Optimization 154 First-Character Discrimination 154 Fixed-String Check 155 Simple Repetition 155 Needless Small Quantifiers 156 Length Cognizance 157 Match Cognizance 157 Need Cognizance 157 String/Line Anchors 158 Compile Caching 158 Testing the Engine Type 160 Basic NFA vs. DFA Testing 160 Traditional NFA vs. POSIXNFA Testing 161 Unrolling the Loop 162 Method 1: Building a Regex From Past Experiences 162 Page ix The Real "Unrolling the Loop" Pattern. 164 Method 2: A Top-Down View 166 Method 3: A Quoted Internet Hostname 167 Observations 168 Unrolling C Comments 168 Regex Headaches 169 A Naive View 169 Unrolling the C Loop 171 The Freeflowing Regex 173 A Helping Hand to Guide the Match. 173 A Well-Guided Regex is a Fast Regex. 174 Wrapup 176 Think! 177 The Many Twists and Turns of Optimizations 177 6: Tool-Specific Information 181 Questions You Should Be Asking 181 Something as Simple as Grep 181 In This Chapter 182 Awk 183 Differences Among Awk Regex Flavors 184 Awk Regex Functions and Operators 187 Tcl 188 Tcl Regex Operands 189 Using Tcl Regular Expressions 190 Tcl Regex Optimizations 192 GNU Emacs 192 Emacs Strings as Regular Expressions 193 Emacs's Regex Flavor 193 Emacs Match Results 196 Benchmarking in Emacs 197 Emacs Regex Optimizations 197 7: Perl Regular Expressions 199 The Perl Way 201 Regular Expressions as a Language Component 202 Perl's Greatest Strength 202 Perl's Greatest Weakness 203 A Chapter, a Chicken, and The Perl Way 204 Page x An Introductory Example: Parsing CSV Text 204 Regular Expressions and The Perl Way 207 Perl Unleashed 208 Regex-Related Perlisms 210 Expression Context 210 Dynamic Scope and Regex Match Effects 211 Special Variables Modified by a Match 217 "Doublequotish Processing" and Variable Interpolation 219 Perl's Regex Flavor 225 Quantifiers-Greedy and Lazy 225 Grouping 227 String Anchors 232 Multi-Match Anchor 236 Word Anchors 240 Convenient Shorthands and Other Notations 241 Character Classes 243 Modification with \Q and Friends: True Lies 245 The Match Operator 246 Match-Operand Delimiters 247 Match Modifiers 249 Specifying the Match Target Operand 250 Other Side Effects of the Match Operator 251 Match Operator Return Value 252 Outside Influences on the Match Operator 254 The Substitution Operator 255 The Replacement Operand 255 The /e Modifier 257 Context and Return Value 258 Using /g with a Regex That Can Match Nothingness 259 The Split Operator 259 Basic Split 259 Advanced Split 261 Advanced Split's Match Operand 262 Scalar-Context Split 264 Split's Match Operand with Capturing Parentheses 264 Perl Efficiency Issues 265 "There's More Than One Way to Do It" 266 Regex Compilation, the /o Modifier, and Efficiency 268 Unsociable $& and Friends 273 Page xi The Efficiency Penalty of the /i Modifier 278 Substitution Efficiency Concerns 281 Benchmarking 284 Regex Debugging Information 285 The Study Function 287 Putting It All Together 290 Stripping Leading and Trailing Whitespace 290 Adding Commas to a Number 291 Removing C Comments 292 Matching an Email Address 294 Final Comments 304 Notes for Perl4 305 Appendix A: Online Information 309 Appendix B Email Regex Program 313 Page xiii Tables 1-1 Summary of Metacharacters Seen So Far 15 1-2 Summary of Quantifier ''Repetition Metacharacters" 18 1-3 Egrep Metacharacter Summary 29 3-1 A (Very) Superficial Look at the Flavor of a Few Common Tools 63 3-2 Overview of POSIX Regex Flavors 64 3-3 A Few Utilities and Some of the Shorthand Metacharacters They Provide 73 3-4 String/Line Anchors, and Other Newline-Related Issues 82 4-1 Some Tools and Their Regex Engines 90 5-1 Match Efficiency for a Traditional NFA 143 5-2 Unrolling-The-Loop Example Cases 163 5-3 Unrolling-The-Loop Components for C Comments 172 6-1 A Superficial Survey of a Few Common Programs' Flavor 182 6-2 A Comical Look at a Few Greps 183 6-3 A Superficial Look at a Few Awks 184 6-4 Tcl's FA Regex Flavor 189 6-5 GNU Emacs's Search-Related Primitives 193 6-6 GNU Emacs's String Metacharacters 194 6-7 Emacs's NFA Regex Flavor 194 6-8 Emacs Syntax Classes 195 7-1 Overview of Perl's Regular-Expression Language 201 7-2 Overview of Perl's Regex-Related Items 203 7-3 The meaning of local 213 7-4 Perl's Quantifiers (Greedy and Lazy) 225 Page xiv 7-5 Overview of Newline-Related Match Modes 232 7-6 Summary of Anchor and Dot Modes 236 7-7 Regex Shorthands and Special-Character Encodings 241 7-8 String and Regex-Operand Case-Modification Constructs 245 7-9 Examples of m/…/g with a Can-Match-Nothing Regex 250 7-10 Standard Libraries That Are Naughty (That Reference $& and Friends) 278 7-11 Somewhat Formal Description of an Internet Email Address 295 Page xv Preface This book is about a powerful tool called "regular expressions." Here, you will learn how to use regular expressions to solve problems and get the most out of tools that provide them.
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