DOCSLIB.ORG

Origin Names of Gochu, Kimchi, and Bibimbap

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Origin Names of Gochu, Kimchi, and Bibimbap J Ethn Foods 2 (2015) 162e172 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnic Foods journal homepage: http://journalofethnicfoods.net Original article Origin names of gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap Hye-Jeong Yang a, Dai-Ja Jang a, Kyung Rhan Chung b, Kang-sung Kim c, * Dae Young Kwon a, a Korea Food Research Institute, Songnam, Kyongki-do, South Korea b The Academy of Korea Studies, Songnam, Kyongki-do, South Korea c Yongin University, Yongin, Kyongki-do, South Korea article info abstract Article history: Background: Despite the long history of Korean foods, the truth and history behind them are either Received 16 September 2015 scaled down or distorted due to several scholars who happen to “know” hanja (漢字). A representative Received in revised form case is the distortion of the history of gochu, which inflicts serious distortion on foods that also use the 23 September 2015 very ingredient. As the distorted history of gochu is pushed forward to be true, the history and the origin Accepted 2 October 2015 name words for gochu, gochujang, and bibimbap are perverted as a result. Hence, food research will Available online 1 December 2015 proceed in the right direction when such misrepresented origin names are corrected. Methods: This paper aims to correct the existing inaccurate theories by following the principal that the Keywords: bibimbap existence of objects come before their written records, analyzing the actual old records of gochu, kimchi, gochu and bibimbap, and integrating them with the development process of Korean verbal and written lan- kimchi guage. In addition, reasons as to why scholars resorted to such distorted claims will be explained. Korean ethnic foods Results: It is entirely wrong to take hanja names as the origin names for Korean traditional foods simply word origins based on the hanja records of these foods or agricultural products. The hanja records only mean that the Korean people simply borrowed hanja to write the names of the foods they made and enjoyed for a long time. This being said, the claims that the origins names for gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap are gocho (苦椒), chimchae (沈菜), and koldonban (滑董飯) are false. In fact, the correct ones are gochyo (고쵸), dimchae (딤 ), and bubuimbap (부뷤밥). The reason why scholars kept on arguing that the hanja names are the origin names lies in their attempt to distort the history of gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap in order to rationalize their claims that gochu were introduced during Imjinwareran Wardthe Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. Conclusion: Gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap have thousands of years of history and have been called with pure Korean name words. It was only that they were recorded in the form of hanja during the time written Korean was undervalued where people insisted borrowing Chinese characters to write despite written Korean being available. Thus, gocho (苦椒), chimchae (沈菜), and koldonban (滑董飯) are not the origin names. The pure Korean names used even by the people back then are the actual ones: gochyo (고 쵸), dimchae (딤 ), and bubuimbap (부뷤밥). Copyright © 2015, Korea Food Research Institute, Published by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction which were followed by the names of the objects and their records thereafter. One must be particularly cautious with hanja records As with history and science, mankind does not advance in the because they consist of ideographic letters. However, when un- order that language comes first, then mankind, and objects there- derstanding the past by inference, records are the only means to after. It is also not the case that records come first before actual understanding background information in Asia. objects. In other words, nature, mankind, and objects existed first, Although this does not mean that records are inaccurate, it is clearly inappropriate to make fragmentary claims or distort records by going against the aforementioned order, which all nature or history of mankind are subject to. In order to discuss the names of * Corresponding author. Korea Food Research Institute, 62 Anyangpankyo-ro 1201-bunkil, Songnam, Kyongki-do 463-746, South Korea. objects, one must accurately understand the contents of records. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Y. Kwon). Before analyzing the records, it is crucial to understand the natural http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2015.11.006 2352-6181/Copyright © 2015, Korea Food Research Institute, Published by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). H.-J. Yang et al / Gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap 163 principal of order that records come at the very end. In other words, approach that follows the natural order and correct the distortions the Korean people have simply borrowed hanja to write the names surrounding the history and origin names for foods including of things that have existed for a long time. Hence these hanja gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap, which have occurred due to incorrect names, which the Korean people came up with back then, cannot claims by scholars who took on nonscientific approaches. be the origin names. It is wrong to argue that the hanja names are Accordingly, this paper aims to scientifically reveal how these the origin just because there are such hanja records. Before the claims turn out to be flawed by pin-pointing each part of these creation of Hangeul (Korean phonetic character created in 1433 by claims, examining the reasons why these claims have been made, King Sejong in Chosun Dynasty), people had to simply borrow hanja and analyzing related records and documents to discover when the to write names of things. They borrowed hanja letters that true origin names began to be recorded in hanja and prove that expressed the meaning of the word they sought to write, and had to these hanja expressions are not the origin names after all. do so since there was no written language that could convey their verbal Korean language. Not only the meanings (意), but the pro- 2. The origin name for gochu nunciations (韻) were also sought to be phonetically delivered through the hanja they borrowed. People continued to borrow In the 15th century document Kukeupkanibang (救急簡易方) [2] th hanja even long after the creation of Hangeul into the 20 century, and the 16th century book Hunmongjahoe (訓蒙字會), Choi (崔世 due to the social norm where writing Hangeul was considered 珍) [1] states that the hanja letter cho (椒) was called gochyo (고쵸) lowly. Also, people who could not write hanja were considered in Korean (Figs 1, 2). These two references are irreversible evidence uneducated because despite the existence of Hangeul, people kept to the fact that gochyo was the origin name for modern gochu [3]. using hanja. For this reason, it is illogical and going against the For a long time, the Korean people have been enjoying gochu, and order of nature to claim that the hanja versions are the origin of although it was recorded as cho in hanja, they were called gochyo. Korean name words. One must examine what kind of Korean names Despite this fact, Bae and Lee [4] began to pervert the origin name or words existed before they were written and expressed in hanja. for gochu to maintain his false claim [3,5] that “gochu were intro- The ones discovered in this process are the actual origin names. duced in Korea during the Imjinwaeran War in 1592” [4]. Those that It seems that many people who pursue research in food culture followed his view came up with other flawed yet convincing claims come across the hanja expressions of various Korean foods [6,7]. A well-known Korean history scholar who believed in Bae and including gochu, kimchi, and bibimbap in hanja books, and easily Lee's [4] claim of gochu being introduced in Korea during the claim that those expressions are the origin names. As mentioned, Imjinwaeran, ended up announcing that the origin name for gochu this is far from being true, and their claims go against human na- came from the hanja expression, gocho (苦椒) [8]. What is worse is ture. What is worse is that despite the fact that the Korean names that a Japanese scholar began to make a groundless claim [7], which are shown and recorded in Hunmongjahoe (訓蒙字會) [1], a dictio- few could counter-argue against, that the word gochu came from nary of Hangeul expressions of hanja written after the creation of Japanese since gochu was said to have originated from Japan. Such Hangeul, some still argue the Hangeul names in the book are not the unreliable claims will thus be discussed in this paper. origin names. Because of such false claims, the history of gochu As mentioned previously, Kukeupkanibang [2] and Hunmongja- (chilli), kimchi, and bibimbap is perverted, which is undercutting hoe [1] are books that were written merely a few decades after the the value of the dishes that can gain strong global presence as creation of Hangeul. Nevertheless, the books clearly show that there representative Korean foods and ultimately imposing serious re- was an object called gochyo, which was expressed in hanja as cho strictions in the development of Korean foods. It is more than (椒)(Figs 1, 2). It is paramount to see this as what it is. Unless there necessary to analyze records and documents taking the scientific is a solid basis to interpret otherwise, gochyo should be gochu.In Fig. 1. The Hangeul, 고쵸, and hanja cho (椒) are clearly printed in chapter Jolhaesu (卒咳嗽)ofKukeupkanibang (救急簡易方) wrote by Yun (尹壕) et al in 1489.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Microbial Diversity of Non-Korean Kimchi As Revealed by Viable Counting and Metataxonomic Sequencing
    foods Article The Microbial Diversity of Non-Korean Kimchi as Revealed by Viable Counting and Metataxonomic Sequencing Antonietta Maoloni 1, Ilario Ferrocino 2 , Vesna Milanovi´c 1, Luca Cocolin 2 , Maria Rita Corvaglia 2, Donatella Ottaviani 3, Chiara Bartolini 3, Giulia Talevi 3, Luca Belleggia 1, Federica Cardinali 1, Rico Marabini 1, Lucia Aquilanti 1,* and Andrea Osimani 1,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (L.B.); f.cardinali@staff.univpm.it (F.C.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (I.F.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (M.R.C.) 3 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy; [email protected] (D.O.); [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (G.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (A.O.) Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 26 October 2020; Published: 29 October 2020 Abstract: Kimchi is recognized worldwide as the flagship food of Korea. To date, most of the currently available microbiological studies on kimchi deal with Korean manufactures. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge on the occurrence of eumycetes in kimchi. Given these premises, the present study was aimed at investigating the bacterial and fungal dynamics occurring during the natural fermentation of an artisan non-Korean kimchi manufacture.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Romancing race and gender : intermarriage and the making of a 'modern subjectivity' in colonial Korea, 1910-1945 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qf7j1gq Author Kim, Su Yun Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Romancing Race and Gender: Intermarriage and the Making of a ‘Modern Subjectivity’ in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Su Yun Kim Committee in charge: Professor Lisa Yoneyama, Chair Professor Takashi Fujitani Professor Jin-kyung Lee Professor Lisa Lowe Professor Yingjin Zhang 2009 Copyright Su Yun Kim, 2009 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Su Yun Kim is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2009 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………………...……… iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………... iv List of Figures ……………………………………………….……………………...……. v List of Tables …………………………………….……………….………………...…... vi Preface …………………………………………….…………………………..……….. vii Acknowledgements …………………………….……………………………..………. viii Vita ………………………………………..……………………………………….……. xi Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………. xii INTRODUCTION: Coupling Colonizer and Colonized……………….………….…….. 1 CHAPTER 1: Promotion of
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Making Kimchi
    Understanding and Making Kimchi What is kimchi? Kimchi is a flavorful, sour, salty mix of fermented vegetables and seasonings that plays an important role in Korean culture. There are more than 200 variations of kimchi; the types of ingredients and the preparation method have a profound impact on the taste. Napa cabbage, radishes, green onions, garlic, and ginger, along with a specific red pepper, are used in classical baechu style, but region, seasonality, and cultural traditions influence the unique types of kimchi. The nutritional value of kimchi varies with ingredients but it is generally low in calories and contains vitamins A, C, and B complex, as well as various phytochemicals and live cultures of • The history of kimchi microorganisms which confer a health benefit to the host. Eating dates back thousands of kimchi can be a healthful way to include more vegetables and years and the original probiotic microorganisms in the diet. name, chimchae, translates to ‘salted How is kimchi made? vegetables.’ Making kimchi requires maintaining a clean environment and good hygiene practices, carefully following all steps, and • The bacterial cultures monitoring temperatures to foster the growth of Weissella needed for fermentation species, Lactobacillus species, and other bacteria contributing to are present on the raw the fermentation process. ingredients, so a ‘starter’ culture is unnecessary. • The process of making kimchi involves brining (salting) the vegetables to draw out the water, which helps in preservation Kimchi Resource Health Benefits of Kimchi and allows the seasonings to penetrate the food over time; the as a Probiotic Food. Park final salt concentration ranges from 2-5%.
    [Show full text]
  • Yun Mi Hwang Phd Thesis
    SOUTH KOREAN HISTORICAL DRAMA: GENDER, NATION AND THE HERITAGE INDUSTRY Yun Mi Hwang A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1924 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence SOUTH KOREAN HISTORICAL DRAMA: GENDER, NATION AND THE HERITAGE INDUSTRY YUN MI HWANG Thesis Submitted to the University of St Andrews for the Degree of PhD in Film Studies 2011 DECLARATIONS I, Yun Mi Hwang, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2006; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2006 and 2010. I, Yun Mi Hwang, received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of language and grammar, which was provided by R.A.M Wright. Date …17 May 2011.… signature of candidate ……………… I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscapes of Korean and Korean American Biblical Interpretation
    LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION INTERNATIONAL VOICES IN BIBLICAL STUDIES Jione Havea Jin Young Choi Musa W. Dube David Joy Nasili Vaka’uta Gerald O. West Number 10 LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION Edited by John Ahn Atlanta Copyright © 2019 by SBL Press All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Hous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019938032 Printed on acid-free paper. For our parents, grandparents, and mentors Rev. Dr. Joshua Yoo K. Ahn, PhD and Ruth Soon Hee Ahn (John Ahn) Sarah Lee and Memory of Du Soon Lee (Hannah S. An) Chun Hee Cho and Soon Ja Cho (Paul K.-K. Cho) SooHaeing Kim and Memory of DaeJak Ha (SungAe Ha) Rev. Soon-Young Hong and Hae-Sun Park (Koog-Pyoung Hong) Rev. Seok-Gu Kang and Tae-Soon Kim (Sun-Ah Kang) Rev. Dong Bin Kim and Bong Joo Lee (Hyun Chul Paul Kim) Namkyu Kim and Rev. Dr. Gilsoon Park, PhD (Sehee Kim) Rev. Yong Soon Lim and Sang Nan Yoo (Eunyung Lim) Rev. Dr. Chae-Woon Na, PhD, LittD and Young-Soon Choe (Kang-Yup Na) Kyoung Hee Nam and Soon Young Kang (Roger S.
    [Show full text]
  • D2492609215cd311123628ab69
    Acknowledgements Publisher AN Cheongsook, Chairperson of KOFIC 206-46, Cheongnyangni-dong, Dongdaemun-gu. Seoul, Korea (130-010) Editor in Chief Daniel D. H. PARK, Director of International Promotion Department Editors KIM YeonSoo, Hyun-chang JUNG English Translators KIM YeonSoo, Darcy PAQUET Collaborators HUH Kyoung, KANG Byeong-woon, Darcy PAQUET Contributing Writer MOON Seok Cover and Book Design Design KongKam Film image and still photographs are provided by directors, producers, production & sales companies, JIFF (Jeonju International Film Festival), GIFF (Gwangju International Film Festival) and KIFV (The Association of Korean Independent Film & Video). Korean Film Council (KOFIC), December 2005 Korean Cinema 2005 Contents Foreword 04 A Review of Korean Cinema in 2005 06 Korean Film Council 12 Feature Films 20 Fiction 22 Animation 218 Documentary 224 Feature / Middle Length 226 Short 248 Short Films 258 Fiction 260 Animation 320 Films in Production 356 Appendix 386 Statistics 388 Index of 2005 Films 402 Addresses 412 Foreword The year 2005 saw the continued solid and sound prosperity of Korean films, both in terms of the domestic and international arenas, as well as industrial and artistic aspects. As of November, the market share for Korean films in the domestic market stood at 55 percent, which indicates that the yearly market share of Korean films will be over 50 percent for the third year in a row. In the international arena as well, Korean films were invited to major international film festivals including Cannes, Berlin, Venice, Locarno, and San Sebastian and received a warm reception from critics and audiences. It is often said that the current prosperity of Korean cinema is due to the strong commitment and policies introduced by the KIM Dae-joong government in 1999 to promote Korean films.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) Character Readings by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Neuroscience http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.10.1416 • J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1416-1424 Neural Substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) Character Readings by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Zang-Hee Cho,1 Nambeom Kim,1 The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Sungbong Bae,2 Je-Geun Chi,1 Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together Chan-Woong Park,1 Seiji Ogawa,1,3 since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being and Young-Bo Kim1 purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses. Based on these 1Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea; 2Department of linguistic differences between Hanja and Hangul, we have launched two studies; first was Psychology, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan, Korea; to find differences in cortical activation when it is stimulated by Hanja and Hangul reading 3Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi to support the much discussed dual-route hypothesis of logographic and phonological University, Sendai, Japan routes in the brain by fMRI (Experiment 1). The second objective was to evaluate how Received: 14 February 2014 Hanja and Hangul affect comprehension, therefore, recognition memory, specifically the Accepted: 5 July 2014 effects of semantic transparency and morphemic clarity on memory consolidation and then related cortical activations, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Address for Correspondence: (Experiment 2). The first fMRI experiment indicated relatively large areas of the brain are Young-Bo Kim, MD Department of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Gachon activated by Hanja reading compared to Hangul reading.
    [Show full text]
  • Landscapes of Korean and Korean American Biblical Interpretation
    BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION AMERICAN AND KOREAN LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN International Voices in Biblical Studies In this first of its kind collection of Korean and Korean American Landscapes of Korean biblical interpretation, essays by established and emerging scholars reflect a range of historical, textual, feminist, sociological, theological, and postcolonial readings. Contributors draw upon ancient contexts and Korean American and even recent events in South Korea to shed light on familiar passages such as King Manasseh read through the Sewol Ferry Tragedy, David and Bathsheba’s narrative as the backdrop to the prohibition against Biblical Interpretation adultery, rereading the virtuous women in Proverbs 31:10–31 through a Korean woman’s experience, visualizing the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and demarcations in Galatians, and introducing the extrabiblical story of Eve and Norea, her daughter, through story (re)telling. This volume of essays introduces Korean and Korean American biblical interpretation to scholars and students interested in both traditional and contemporary contextual interpretations. Exile as Forced Migration JOHN AHN is AssociateThe Prophets Professor Speak of Hebrew on Forced Bible Migration at Howard University ThusSchool Says of Divinity.the LORD: He Essays is the on author the Former of and Latter Prophets in (2010) Honor ofand Robert coeditor R. Wilson of (2015) and (2009). Ahn Electronic open access edition (ISBN 978-0-88414-379-6) available at http://ivbs.sbl-site.org/home.aspx Edited by John Ahn LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION INTERNATIONAL VOICES IN BIBLICAL STUDIES Jione Havea Jin Young Choi Musa W. Dube David Joy Nasili Vaka’uta Gerald O. West Number 10 LANDSCAPES OF KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION Edited by John Ahn Atlanta Copyright © 2019 by SBL Press All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Studies of Korean Stone Heritages
    Conservation Studies of Korean Stone Heritages Chan Hee Lee Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, Republic of Korea Keywords: Korean stone heritages, Conservation, Weathering, Damage, Environmental control. Abstract: In Republic of Korea, a peninsula country located at the eastern region of the Asian continent, is mostly composed of granite and gneiss. The southern Korean peninsula stated approximately 7,000 tangible cultural heritages. Of these, the number of stone heritages are 1,882 (26.8%), showing a diverse types such as stone pagoda (25.8%), stone Buddha statues (23.5%), stone monuments (18.1%), petroglyph, dolmen, fossils and etc. Igneous rock accounts for the highest portion of the stone used for establishing Korean stone heritages, forming approximately 84% of state-designated cultural properties. Among these, granite was used most often, 68.2%, followed by diorite for 8.2%, and sandstone, granite gneiss, tuff, slate, marble, and limestone at less than 4% each. Furthermore, values of the Korean stone heritages are discussed as well as various attempts for conservation of the original forms of these heritages. It is generally known that the weathering and damage degrees of stone heritage are strongly affected by temperature and precipitation. The most Korean stone heritages are corresponded to areas of middle to high weathering according to topography and annual average temperature and precipitation of Korea. Therefore, examination of environmental control methods are required for conservation considering the importance of stone heritages exposed to the outside conditions, and monitoring and management systems should be established for stable conservation in the long term.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information
    (internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note.
    [Show full text]
  • The K-Pop Wave: an Economic Analysis
    The K-pop Wave: An Economic Analysis Patrick A. Messerlin1 Wonkyu Shin2 (new revision October 6, 2013) ABSTRACT This paper first shows the key role of the Korean entertainment firms in the K-pop wave: they have found the right niche in which to operate— the ‘dance-intensive’ segment—and worked out a very innovative mix of old and new technologies for developing the Korean comparative advantages in this segment. Secondly, the paper focuses on the most significant features of the Korean market which have contributed to the K-pop success in the world: the relative smallness of this market, its high level of competition, its lower prices than in any other large developed country, and its innovative ways to cope with intellectual property rights issues. Thirdly, the paper discusses the many ways the K-pop wave could ensure its sustainability, in particular by developing and channeling the huge pool of skills and resources of the current K- pop stars to new entertainment and art activities. Last but not least, the paper addresses the key issue of the ‘Koreanness’ of the K-pop wave: does K-pop send some deep messages from and about Korea to the world? It argues that it does. Keywords: Entertainment; Comparative advantages; Services; Trade in services; Internet; Digital music; Technologies; Intellectual Property Rights; Culture; Koreanness. JEL classification: L82, O33, O34, Z1 Acknowledgements: We thank Dukgeun Ahn, Jinwoo Choi, Keun Lee, Walter G. Park and the participants to the seminars at the Graduate School of International Studies of Seoul National University, Hanyang University and STEPI (Science and Technology Policy Institute).
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem of China in the Study of the History of Korean Science: Korean Science, Chinese Science, and East Asian Science*
    chapter 12 The Problem of China in the Study of the History of Korean Science: Korean Science, Chinese Science, and East Asian Science* Because of the Chinese origin of many ideas and artifacts of traditional Korean science, and the overwhelming Chinese influence on its development, the his- tory of Korean science suffers from a kind of identity crisis, based on the issue of whether traditional Korean science should be considered simply a part of Chinese science. Jeon Sang-woon, for example, begins his account of tradi- tional Korean science by referring to its history as “a tributary of the main- stream of scientific developments in traditional China.”1 But Jeon quickly adds that Koreans did not merely adopt ideas and techniques from China, but modi- fied them and adapted them to their own needs and conditions. This led to many ‘independent’ developments of Korean science, and often to new discov- eries and inventions. Much of the previous work – and indeed most of the early works by modern scholars – on traditional Korean science have focused on the new contributions by Koreans and their differences from the Chinese developments.2 Yet this raises a problem, which has been troubling me when I attempt to think in general terms about the history of traditional Korean science. The problem, which I call “the problem of China in the study of the history of Korean science,” is basically about the significance of the scientific ideas and technical artifacts from China that are apparently pervasive throughout tradi- tional Korean science and technology.3 What roles and meanings should be assigned to such ideas and techniques in the history of Korean science? Would it be reasonable, or permissible, for a historian of Korean science to neglect * Originally published as “The ‘Problem of China’ in the Study of the History of Korean Science: Korean Science, Chinese Science, and East Asian Science,” Disquisitions on the Past and Present, no.
    [Show full text]