Seafloor Classification with a Multi-Swath Multi-Beam Echo Sounder Trung Kiên Nguyen

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Seafloor Classification with a Multi-Swath Multi-Beam Echo Sounder Trung Kiên Nguyen Seafloor classification with a multi-swath multi-beam echo sounder Trung Kiên Nguyen To cite this version: Trung Kiên Nguyen. Seafloor classification with a multi-swath multi-beam echo sounder. Signal and Image processing. Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique, 2017. English. NNT : 2017IMTA0035. tel-01825173 HAL Id: tel-01825173 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01825173 Submitted on 28 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE / IMT Atlantique Présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire Trung Kiên Nguyen pour obtenir le grade de Préparée dans le département Signal & communications DOCTEUR D'IMT Atlantique Spécialité : Signal, Image, Vision Laboratoire Labsticc École Doctorale Mathématiques et STIC Thèse soutenue le 19 décembre 2017 devant le jury composé de : Seafloor classification Christophe Collet Professeur des universités, Université de Strasbourg / rapporteur et président with a Multi-swath Multi-beam Pierre Cervenka Directeur de recherche, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert / rapporteur Echo sounder Samantha Dugelay Chercheur, CMRE NATO - La Spezia (Italie) / examinateur Didier Charlot Ingénieur, Ixblue - Brest / examinateur Xavier Lurton Chercheur, Ifremer- Brest / examinateur Gilles Le Chenadec Maître de conférences, ENSTA Bretagne / examinateur Jean-Marc Boucher Professeur émérite, IMT Atlantique / examinateur Ronan Fablet Professeur, IMT Atlantique / directeur de thèse Michel Legris Enseignant-chercheur, ENSTA Bretagne / invité Sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays dela Loire En accréditation conjointe avec l’ École Doctorale – SICMA Seafloor classification with a Multi-swath Multi-beam Echo Sounder Thèse de Doctorat Mention : STIC – Sciences et Technologies de l’Information et des Communications présentée par Trung-Kien NGUYEN Département : IMT Atlantique – Signal et Communication Laboratoire : Lab-STICC , Pôle CID, Équipe TOMS Directeurs de thèse : Jean-Marc Boucher et Ronan Fablet Soutenue le 19 décember 2017 Jury : M. Christophe Collet - Professeur; Université de Strasbourg; iCube (Rapporteur) M. Pierre Cervenka - Chercheur; l’Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert; MPIA (Rapporteur) M. Jean-Marc Boucher - Professeur émérite; IMT Atlantique; Lab-STICC (Directeur de thèse) M. Ronan Fablet - Professeur; IMT Atlantique; Lab-STICC (Directeur de thèse) Mme. Samantha Dugelay - Ingénieur; CMRE (Examinateur) M. Gilles Le Chenadec - Enseignant-chercheur; ENSTA Bretagne; Lab-STICC (Examinateur) M. Didier Charlot - Ingénieur expert; iXblue; (Examinateur) M. Xavier Lurton - Chercheur, IFREMER (Examinateur) M. Michel Legris - Enseignant-chercheur; ENSTA Bretagne; Lab-STICC (Invité). Remerciements J’adresse mes plus sincères remerciements à Jean-Marc et Ronan, mes directeurs de thèse, pour m’avoir proposé cette aventure scientifique. Vous m’avez été d’une aide précieuse, non seulement pour les questions scientifiques, mais aussi vous m’avez aidé à m’intégrer dans la communauté scientifique de mon domaine de recherche. Je voudrais également remercier Didier, mon tuteur de l’entreprise, pour toutes les explica- tions sur le SONAR et ses applications dont je n’avais avant aucune expérience. Je tiens aussi à remercier Gilles et Michel, mes encadrants, pour m’avoir suivi durant ma thèse. Merci à Pierre, Christophe, Samantha et Xavier pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury. Vos remarques m’ont permis d’améliorer mes capacités à transmettre mon travail et à améliorer les points faibles de mes raisonnements et de mes arguments. En espérant n’oublier personne, je remercie chaleureusement mes collègues de l’entreprise iXBLUE, du département SC de IMT Atlantique ainsi que mes amis de Brest pour leur soutien durant ces 4 années de thèse. Merci pour tout, spécialement pour votre présence pendant ma période de maladie. i ii Contents Remerciements i Abstract vii Résumé ix Résumé étendu 1 1 Introduction 5 2 Seafloor mapping sonar system 7 2.1 Seafloor Scattering ................................... 7 2.2 Classical systems .................................... 9 2.2.1 Single-Beam Echo Sounder .......................... 9 2.2.2 Side-Scan Sonar ................................ 9 2.2.3 Multi-Beam Echo Sounder ........................... 10 2.3 Multi-Swath Multi-Beam Echo Sounder ....................... 10 2.3.1 Historical .................................... 10 2.3.2 Current system ................................. 12 2.4 Conclusion ........................................ 14 I Raw Data Processing 15 3 Backscatter data acquisition and processing 17 3.1 Sonar principle ..................................... 17 3.1.1 Beam-Forming ................................. 18 3.1.2 Emission ..................................... 19 3.1.3 Transmission .................................. 20 3.1.4 Reception .................................... 20 3.1.5 Bathymetry detection ............................. 21 3.1.6 Target strength ................................. 22 3.1.7 Backscatter strength .............................. 23 3.2 SEAPIX Backscatter Processing ............................ 23 3.2.1 Emission ..................................... 23 3.2.2 Reception .................................... 24 3.2.3 Information extraction ............................. 25 3.3 Backscatter Imagery Processing ............................ 28 3.3.1 Backscatter imaging methods on the classical bathymetry mode . 28 3.3.2 Multiswath Backscatter Imaging with Seapix ................ 30 iii Contents 3.4 Acquisition campaign .................................. 31 3.4.1 Selection of the reference area ......................... 31 3.4.2 Survey parameters and dataset ........................ 33 3.5 Data collection for seafloor classification ....................... 35 3.5.1 Data collection for the bathymetry mode ................... 35 3.5.2 Data collection for the longitudinal mode .................. 36 3.6 Conclusion ........................................ 36 4 SEAPIX backscatter data analysis 37 4.1 Statistical analysis for SEAPIX operating modes .................. 37 4.1.1 Bathymetry mode distribution analysis .................... 40 4.1.2 Longitudinal mode distribution analysis ................... 44 4.2 Inter-mode statistical analysis ............................. 51 4.2.1 Visualization of BS distribution features ................... 51 4.2.2 Distributions comparison ........................... 52 4.3 Pulse modulation consistency ............................. 54 4.4 Conclusion ........................................ 54 II Seafloor classification 57 5 State of the art of seafloor classification and application to SEAPIX 59 5.1 Level-based classification ................................ 60 5.2 Profile-based classification ............................... 62 5.3 Texture-based classification .............................. 69 5.4 Conclusion ........................................ 70 6 Feature extraction for seafloor classification from Multi-swath MBES system 73 6.1 Introduction ....................................... 73 6.2 Problem statement and related work ......................... 74 6.3 Multi-swath MBES and survey data ......................... 76 6.3.1 Multi-swath MBES ............................... 76 6.3.2 Survey Data ................................... 78 6.4 Feature extraction ................................... 81 6.4.1 Point-wise statistical features ......................... 82 6.4.2 Histogram of Oriented Gradients ....................... 82 6.4.3 Covariance feature ............................... 84 6.5 Evaluation ........................................ 84 6.5.1 Experimental setup ............................... 84 6.5.2 Seafloor classification performance ...................... 85 6.5.3 Seafloor segmentation ............................. 88 6.6 Conclusion and perspectives .............................. 89 7 Fusion of MS MBES system data for seafloor classification 91 7.1 Introduction ....................................... 91 7.2 Problem statement and related work ......................... 92 7.3 Proposed approach ................................... 94 7.3.1 Elementary classification models ....................... 94 7.3.2 Intra-mode fusion ................................ 96 iv Contents 7.3.3 Inter-mode fusion ................................ 98 7.4 Results and Discussion ................................. 102 7.4.1 Considered dataset ............................... 102 7.4.2 Single-mode classification results ....................... 102 7.4.3 Intra-mode fusion ................................ 104 7.5 Conclusion & Future works .............................. 116 8 Conclusions and Perspectives 123 Bibliography 133 v vi Abstract Abstract: This thesis, co-directed by Jean-Marc Boucher and Ronan Fablet (IMT Atlantique) and co-supervised by Didier Charlot (iXBlue), Gilles Le Chenadec and Michel Legris (ENSTA Bretagne), was realized in the context of a convention CIFRE with the company iXBlue. iXblue develops and commercializes a multibeam echosounder (MBES) SEAPIX primarily dedicated to the fishery market. The system is
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