Moduli Spaces and Invariant Theory
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Homomorphism and Isomorphism Theorems Generalized from a Relational Perspective
Homomorphism and Isomorphism Theorems Generalized from a Relational Perspective Gunther Schmidt Institute for Software Technology, Department of Computing Science Universit¨at der Bundeswehr M¨unchen, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany [email protected] Abstract. The homomorphism and isomorphism theorems traditionally taught to students in a group theory or linear algebra lecture are by no means theorems of group theory. They are for a long time seen as general concepts of universal algebra. This article goes even further and identifies them as relational properties which to study does not even require the concept of an algebra. In addition it is shown how the homomorphism and isomorphism theorems generalize to not necessarily algebraic and thus relational structures. Keywords: homomorphism theorem, isomorphism theorem, relation al- gebra, congruence, multi-covering. 1 Introduction Relation algebra has received increasing interest during the last years. Many areas have been reconsidered from the relational point of view, which often pro- vided additional insight. Here, the classical homomorphism and isomorphism theorems (see [1], e.g.) are reviewed from a relational perspective, thereby sim- plifying and slightly generalizing them. The paper is organized as follows. First we recall the notion of a heterogeneous relation algebra and some of the very basic rules governing work with relations. With these, function and equivalence properties may be formulated concisely. The relational concept of homomorphism is defined as well as the concept of a congruence which is related with the concept of a multi-covering, which have connections with topology, complex analysis, and with the equivalence problem for flow-chart programs. We deal with the relationship between mappings and equivalence relations. -
The Invariant Theory of Matrices
UNIVERSITY LECTURE SERIES VOLUME 69 The Invariant Theory of Matrices Corrado De Concini Claudio Procesi American Mathematical Society The Invariant Theory of Matrices 10.1090/ulect/069 UNIVERSITY LECTURE SERIES VOLUME 69 The Invariant Theory of Matrices Corrado De Concini Claudio Procesi American Mathematical Society Providence, Rhode Island EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Jordan S. Ellenberg Robert Guralnick William P. Minicozzi II (Chair) Tatiana Toro 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 15A72, 14L99, 20G20, 20G05. For additional information and updates on this book, visit www.ams.org/bookpages/ulect-69 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: De Concini, Corrado, author. | Procesi, Claudio, author. Title: The invariant theory of matrices / Corrado De Concini, Claudio Procesi. Description: Providence, Rhode Island : American Mathematical Society, [2017] | Series: Univer- sity lecture series ; volume 69 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017041943 | ISBN 9781470441876 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Matrices. | Invariants. | AMS: Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory – Basic linear algebra – Vector and tensor algebra, theory of invariants. msc | Algebraic geometry – Algebraic groups – None of the above, but in this section. msc | Group theory and generalizations – Linear algebraic groups and related topics – Linear algebraic groups over the reals, the complexes, the quaternions. msc | Group theory and generalizations – Linear algebraic groups and related topics – Representation theory. msc Classification: LCC QA188 .D425 2017 | DDC 512.9/434–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn. loc.gov/2017041943 Copying and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy select pages for use in teaching or research. -
Cubic Surfaces and Their Invariants: Some Memories of Raymond Stora
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Nuclear Physics B 912 (2016) 374–425 www.elsevier.com/locate/nuclphysb Cubic surfaces and their invariants: Some memories of Raymond Stora Michel Bauer Service de Physique Theorique, Bat. 774, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Received 27 May 2016; accepted 28 May 2016 Available online 7 June 2016 Editor: Hubert Saleur Abstract Cubic surfaces embedded in complex projective 3-space are a classical illustration of the use of old and new methods in algebraic geometry. Recently, they made their appearance in physics, and in particular aroused the interest of Raymond Stora, to the memory of whom these notes are dedicated, and to whom I’m very much indebted. Each smooth cubic surface has a rich geometric structure, which I review briefly, with emphasis on the 27 lines and the combinatorics of their intersections. Only elementary methods are used, relying on first order perturbation/deformation theory. I then turn to the study of the family of cubic surfaces. They depend on 20 parameters, and the action of the 15 parameter group SL4(C) splits the family in orbits depending on 5 parameters. This takes us into the realm of (geometric) invariant theory. Ireview briefly the classical theorems on the structure of the ring of polynomial invariants and illustrate its many facets by looking at a simple example, before turning to the already involved case of cubic surfaces. The invariant ring was described in the 19th century. Ishow how to retrieve this description via counting/generating functions and character formulae. © 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. -
Moduli Spaces
spaces. Moduli spaces such as the moduli of elliptic curves (which we discuss below) play a central role Moduli Spaces in a variety of areas that have no immediate link to the geometry being classified, in particular in alge- David D. Ben-Zvi braic number theory and algebraic topology. Moreover, the study of moduli spaces has benefited tremendously in recent years from interactions with Many of the most important problems in mathemat- physics (in particular with string theory). These inter- ics concern classification. One has a class of math- actions have led to a variety of new questions and new ematical objects and a notion of when two objects techniques. should count as equivalent. It may well be that two equivalent objects look superficially very different, so one wishes to describe them in such a way that equiv- 1 Warmup: The Moduli Space of Lines in alent objects have the same description and inequiva- the Plane lent objects have different descriptions. Moduli spaces can be thought of as geometric solu- Let us begin with a problem that looks rather simple, tions to geometric classification problems. In this arti- but that nevertheless illustrates many of the impor- cle we shall illustrate some of the key features of mod- tant ideas of moduli spaces. uli spaces, with an emphasis on the moduli spaces Problem. Describe the collection of all lines in the of Riemann surfaces. (Readers unfamiliar with Rie- real plane R2 that pass through the origin. mann surfaces may find it helpful to begin by reading about them in Part III.) In broad terms, a moduli To save writing, we are using the word “line” to mean problem consists of three ingredients. -
Classifying Smooth Cubic Surfaces up to Projective Linear Transformation
Classifying Smooth Cubic Surfaces up to Projective Linear Transformation Noah Giansiracusa June 2006 Introduction We would like to study the space of smooth cubic surfaces in P3 when each surface is considered only up to projective linear transformation. Brundu and Logar ([1], [2]) de¯ne an action of the automorphism group of the 27 lines of a smooth cubic on a certain space of cubic surfaces parametrized by P4 in such a way that the orbits of this action correspond bijectively to the orbits of the projective linear group PGL4 acting on the space of all smooth cubic surfaces in the natural way. They prove several other results in their papers, but in this paper (the author's senior thesis at the University of Washington) we focus exclusively on presenting a reasonably self-contained and coherent exposition of this particular result. In doing so, we chose to slightly modify the action and ensuing proof, more aesthetically than substantially, in order to better reveal the intricate relation between combinatorics and geometry that underlies this problem. We would like to thank Professors Chuck Doran and Jim Morrow for much guidance and support. The Space of Cubic Surfaces Before proceeding, we need to de¯ne terms such as \the space of smooth cubic surfaces". Let W be a 4-dimensional vector-space over an algebraically closed ¯eld k of characteristic zero whose projectivization P(W ) = P3 is the ambient space in which the cubic surfaces we consider live. Choose a basis (x; y; z; w) for the dual vector-space W ¤. Then an arbitrary cubic surface is given by the zero locus V (F ) of an element F 2 S3W ¤ ½ k[x; y; z; w], where SnV denotes the nth symmetric power of a vector space V | which in this case simply means the set of degree three homogeneous polynomials. -
Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory
Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory Han-Bom Moon Department of Mathematics Fordham University May, 2016 Han-Bom Moon Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory Part I Algebraic Geometry Han-Bom Moon Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory Algebraic geometry From wikipedia: Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Han-Bom Moon Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory Algebraic geometry in highschool The zero set of a two-variable polynomial provides a plane curve. Example: 2 2 2 f(x; y) = x + y 1 Z(f) := (x; y) R f(x; y) = 0 − , f 2 j g a unit circle ··· Han-Bom Moon Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory Algebraic geometry in college calculus The zero set of a three-variable polynomial give a surface. Examples: 2 2 2 3 f(x; y; z) = x + y z 1 Z(f) := (x; y; z) R f(x; y; z) = 0 − − , f 2 j g 2 2 2 3 g(x; y; z) = x + y z Z(g) := (x; y; z) R g(x; y; z) = 0 − , f 2 j g Han-Bom Moon Algebraic Geometry, Moduli Spaces, and Invariant Theory Algebraic geometry in college calculus The common zero set of two three-variable polynomials gives a space curve. Example: f(x; y; z) = x2 + y2 + z2 1; g(x; y; z) = x + y + z − Z(f; g) := (x; y; z) R3 f(x; y; z) = g(x; y; z) = 0 , f 2 j g Definition An algebraic variety is a common zero set of some polynomials. -
Reflection Invariant and Symmetry Detection
1 Reflection Invariant and Symmetry Detection Erbo Li and Hua Li Abstract—Symmetry detection and discrimination are of fundamental meaning in science, technology, and engineering. This paper introduces reflection invariants and defines the directional moments(DMs) to detect symmetry for shape analysis and object recognition. And it demonstrates that detection of reflection symmetry can be done in a simple way by solving a trigonometric system derived from the DMs, and discrimination of reflection symmetry can be achieved by application of the reflection invariants in 2D and 3D. Rotation symmetry can also be determined based on that. Also, if none of reflection invariants is equal to zero, then there is no symmetry. And the experiments in 2D and 3D show that all the reflection lines or planes can be deterministically found using DMs up to order six. This result can be used to simplify the efforts of symmetry detection in research areas,such as protein structure, model retrieval, reverse engineering, and machine vision etc. Index Terms—symmetry detection, shape analysis, object recognition, directional moment, moment invariant, isometry, congruent, reflection, chirality, rotation F 1 INTRODUCTION Kazhdan et al. [1] developed a continuous measure and dis- The essence of geometric symmetry is self-evident, which cussed the properties of the reflective symmetry descriptor, can be found everywhere in nature and social lives, as which was expanded to 3D by [2] and was augmented in shown in Figure 1. It is true that we are living in a spatial distribution of the objects asymmetry by [3] . For symmetric world. Pursuing the explanation of symmetry symmetry discrimination [4] defined a symmetry distance will provide better understanding to the surrounding world of shapes. -
Jhep05(2019)105
Published for SISSA by Springer Received: March 21, 2019 Accepted: May 7, 2019 Published: May 20, 2019 Modular symmetries and the swampland conjectures JHEP05(2019)105 E. Gonzalo,a;b L.E. Ib´a~neza;b and A.M. Urangaa aInstituto de F´ısica Te´orica IFT-UAM/CSIC, C/ Nicol´as Cabrera 13-15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain bDepartamento de F´ısica Te´orica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut´onomade Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Recent string theory tests of swampland ideas like the distance or the dS conjectures have been performed at weak coupling. Testing these ideas beyond the weak coupling regime remains challenging. We propose to exploit the modular symmetries of the moduli effective action to check swampland constraints beyond perturbation theory. As an example we study the case of heterotic 4d N = 1 compactifications, whose non-perturbative effective action is known to be invariant under modular symmetries acting on the K¨ahler and complex structure moduli, in particular SL(2; Z) T-dualities (or subgroups thereof) for 4d heterotic or orbifold compactifications. Remarkably, in models with non-perturbative superpotentials, the corresponding duality invariant potentials diverge at points at infinite distance in moduli space. The divergence relates to towers of states becoming light, in agreement with the distance conjecture. We discuss specific examples of this behavior based on gaugino condensation in heterotic orbifolds. We show that these examples are dual to compactifications of type I' or Horava-Witten theory, in which the SL(2; Z) acts on the complex structure of an underlying 2-torus, and the tower of light states correspond to D0-branes or M-theory KK modes. -
Arxiv:1712.01167V2 [Math.AG] 12 Oct 2018 12
AUTOMORPHISMS OF CUBIC SURFACES IN POSITIVE CHARACTERISTIC IGOR DOLGACHEV AND ALEXANDER DUNCAN Abstract. We classify all possible automorphism groups of smooth cu- bic surfaces over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. As an intermediate step we also classify automorphism groups of quar- tic del Pezzo surfaces. We show that the moduli space of smooth cubic surfaces is rational in every characteristic, determine the dimensions of the strata admitting each possible isomorphism class of automor- phism group, and find explicit normal forms in each case. Finally, we completely characterize when a smooth cubic surface in positive char- acteristic, together with a group action, can be lifted to characteristic zero. Contents 1. Introduction2 Acknowledgements8 2. Preliminaries8 3. Del Pezzo surfaces of degree 4 12 4. Differential structure in special characteristics 19 5. The Fermat cubic surface 24 6. General forms 28 7. Rationality of the moduli space 33 8. Conjugacy classes of automorphisms 36 9. Involutions 38 10. Automorphisms of order 3 46 11. Automorphisms of order 4 59 arXiv:1712.01167v2 [math.AG] 12 Oct 2018 12. Automorphisms of higher order 64 13. Collections of Eckardt points 69 14. Proof of the Main Theorem 72 15. Lifting to characteristic zero 73 Appendix 78 References 82 The second author was partially supported by National Security Agency grant H98230- 16-1-0309. 1 2 IGOR DOLGACHEV AND ALEXANDER DUNCAN 1. Introduction 3 Let X be a smooth cubic surface in P defined over an algebraically closed field | of arbitrary characteristic p. The primary purpose of this paper is to classify the possible automorphism groups of X. -
UNIVERSAL TORSORS and COX RINGS Brendan Hassett and Yuri
UNIVERSAL TORSORS AND COX RINGS by Brendan Hassett and Yuri Tschinkel Abstract. — We study the equations of universal torsors on rational surfaces. Contents Introduction . 1 1. Generalities on the Cox ring . 4 2. Generalities on toric varieties . 7 3. The E6 cubic surface . 12 4. D4 cubic surface . 23 References . 26 Introduction The study of surfaces over nonclosed fields k leads naturally to certain auxiliary varieties, called universal torsors. The proofs of the Hasse principle and weak approximation for certain Del Pezzo surfaces required a very detailed knowledge of the projective geometry, in fact, explicit equations, for these torsors [7], [9], [8], [22], [23], [24]. More recently, Salberger proposed using universal torsors to count rational points of The first author was partially supported by the Sloan Foundation and by NSF Grants 0196187 and 0134259. The second author was partially supported by NSF Grant 0100277. 2 BRENDAN HASSETT and YURI TSCHINKEL bounded height, obtaining the first sharp upper bounds on split Del Pezzo surfaces of degree 5 and asymptotics on split toric varieties over Q [21]. This approach was further developed in the work of Peyre, de la Bret`eche, and Heath-Brown [19], [20], [3], [14]. Colliot-Th´el`eneand Sansuc have given a general formalism for writing down equations for these torsors. We briefly sketch their method: Let X be a smooth projective variety and {Dj}j∈J a finite set of irreducible divisors on X such that U := X \ ∪j∈J Dj has trivial Picard group. In practice, one usually chooses generators of the effective cone of X, e.g., the lines on the Del Pezzo surface. -
Shadow of a Cubic Surface
Faculteit B`etawetenschappen Shadow of a cubic surface Bachelor Thesis Rein Janssen Groesbeek Wiskunde en Natuurkunde Supervisors: Dr. Martijn Kool Departement Wiskunde Dr. Thomas Grimm ITF June 2020 Abstract 3 For a smooth cubic surface S in P we can cast a shadow from a point P 2 S that does not lie on one of the 27 lines of S onto a hyperplane H. The closure of this shadow is a smooth quartic curve. Conversely, from every smooth quartic curve we can reconstruct a smooth cubic surface whose closure of the shadow is this quartic curve. We will also present an algorithm to reconstruct the cubic surface from the bitangents of a quartic curve. The 27 lines of S together with the tangent space TP S at P are in correspondence with the 28 bitangents or hyperflexes of the smooth quartic shadow curve. Then a short discussion on F-theory is given to relate this geometry to physics. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Martijn Kool for suggesting the topic of the shadow of a cubic surface to me and for the discussions on this topic. Also I would like to thank Thomas Grimm for the suggestions on the applications in physics of these cubic surfaces. Finally I would like to thank the developers of Singular, Sagemath and PovRay for making their software available for free. i Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The shadow of a smooth cubic surface 1 2.1 Projection of the first polar . .1 2.2 Reconstructing a cubic from the shadow . .5 3 The 27 lines and the 28 bitangents 9 3.1 Theorem of the apparent boundary . -
The Topology of Moduli Space and Quantum Field Theory* ABSTRACT
SLAC-PUB-4760 October 1988 CT) . The Topology of Moduli Space and Quantum Field Theory* DAVID MONTANO AND JACOB SONNENSCHEIN+ Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California 9.4309 ABSTRACT We show how an SO(2,l) gauge theory with a fermionic symmetry may be used to describe the topology of the moduli space of curves. The observables of the theory correspond to the generators of the cohomology of moduli space. This is an extension of the topological quantum field theory introduced by Witten to -- .- . -. investigate the cohomology of Yang-Mills instanton moduli space. We explore the basic structure of topological quantum field theories, examine a toy U(1) model, and then realize a full theory of moduli space topology. We also discuss why a pure gravity theory, as attempted in previous work, could not succeed. Submitted to Nucl. Phys. I3 _- .- --- _ * Work supported by the Department of Energy, contract DE-AC03-76SF00515. + Work supported by Dr. Chaim Weizmann Postdoctoral Fellowship. 1. Introduction .. - There is a widespread belief that the Lagrangian is the fundamental object for study in physics. The symmetries of nature are simply properties of the relevant Lagrangian. This philosophy is one of the remaining relics of classical physics where the Lagrangian is indeed fundamental. Recently, Witten has discovered a class of quantum field theories which have no classical analog!” These topo- logical quantum field theories (TQFT) are, as their name implies, characterized by a Hilbert space of topological invariants. As has been recently shown, they can be constructed by a BRST gauge fixing of a local symmetry.