The Thermoelectric Generators Use for Waste Heat Utilization from Conventional Power Plant
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Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2019 (Quadrillion Btu)
U.S. energy consumption by source and sector, 2019 (Quadrillion Btu) Sourcea End-use sectorc Percent of sources Percent of sectors 70 91 Transportation Petroleum 24 3 28.2 36.7 3 5 2 <1 (37%) (37%) 1 34 40 9 Industrial 4 3 26.3 Natural gas 12 33 (35%) 32.1 16 11 (32%) 36 8 44 7 Residential 41 11.9 (16%) 12 9 22 39 Renewable energy 7 3 Commercial 11.5 (11%) 2 <1 9.4 (12%) 56 49 10 Total = 75.9 Coal <1 11.3 (11%) 90 Electric power sectorb Nuclear 100 8.5 (8%) Electricity retail sales 12.8 (35%) Total = 100.2 Electrical system energy losses 24.3 (65%) Total = 37.1 a Primary energy consumption. Each energy source is measured in different physical content of electricity retail sales. See Note 1, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at the end of units and converted to common British thermal units (Btu). See U.S. Energy Information EIA’s Monthly Energy Review, Section 2. Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review, Appendix A. Noncombustible renewable c End-use sector consumption of primary energy and electricity retail sales, excluding electrical energy sources are converted to Btu using the “Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach”, see system energy losses from electricity retail sales. Industrial and commercial sectors EIA’s Monthly Energy Review, Appendix E. consumption includes primary energy consumption by combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and b The electric power sector includes electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) electricity-only plants contained within the sector. plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. -
ARIZONA ENERGY FACT SHEET Energy Efficiency & Energy Consumption April 2016
ARIZONA ENERGY FACT SHEET Energy Efficiency & Energy Consumption April 2016 An Overview of Energy Efficiency Quick Facts: Energy efficiency means reducing the amount of energy Population, 2014: 6,731,484 that you need to perform a particular task. When you Population growth rate, 2006-2014: 0.79% per year practice energy efficiency, you increase or maintain your Number of households, 2014: 2,387,246 level of service, but you decrease the energy used to Source: United States Census Bureau. provide that service through efficient technologies. Examples include ENERGY STAR appliances, compact fluorescent and LED light bulbs, better insulation for Primary Energy Consumption (2013) buildings, more efficient windows, high efficiency air Primary energy consumption: 1,415 trillion Btu conditioning equipment, and vehicles with higher miles Growth rate, 2006-2013: -0.57% per year per gallon (mpg). Another distinct strategy is energy con- servation, which means that you change your behavior or Primary energy consumption per capita: 213 million Btu lifestyle to reduce energy use. Examples include carpool- Ranking, energy consumption per capita: 43 ing, using mass transit, turning thermostats down in the Ranking, total energy consumption: 27 winter and up in summer, and other behavioral changes. Ratio of consumption to production: 2.38 Improving energy efficiency is a “win-win” strategy — Energy Expenditures (2013) it saves money for consumers and businesses, reduces the need for costly and controversial new power plants, Total energy expenditures: $ 22.8 billion increases the reliability of energy supply, cuts pollution Ranking, energy expenditures: 23 and greenhouse gas emissions, and lowers energy Energy expenditures per capita: $ 3,434 imports. -
Investigation Into the Energy Consumption of a Data Center with a Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger
Article Mechanical Engineering July 2011 Vol.56 No.20: 21852190 doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4500-5 SPECIAL TOPICS: Investigation into the energy consumption of a data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger ZHOU Feng, TIAN Xin & MA GuoYuan* College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China Received October 18, 2010; accepted February 17, 2011 A data center test model was used to analyze the energy dissipation characteristics and energy consumption of a data center. The results indicate that adequate heat dissipation from a data center cannot be achieved only from heat dissipation through the build- ing envelope during Beijing winter conditions. This is because heat dissipation through the building envelope covers about 19.5% of the total data center heat load. The average energy consumption for an air conditioner is 4 to 5 kW over a 24-h period. The temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air for the data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger is less than 20°C. The energy consumption of the thermosyphon heat exchanger is only 41% of that of an air conditioner. The annual energy consumption can be reduced by 35.4% with a thermosyphon system. In addition, the effect of the outdoor temperature on the en- ergy consumption of an air conditioner is greater than the indoor room temperature. The energy consumption of an air conditioner system increases by 5% to 6% for every 1°C rise in the outdoor temperature. data center, energy consumption, thermosyphon heat exchanger, ambient energy Citation: Zhou F, Tian X, Ma G Y. -
Chapter 1: Energy Challenges September 2015 1 Energy Challenges
QUADRENNIAL TECHNOLOGY REVIEW AN ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES Chapter 1: Energy Challenges September 2015 1 Energy Challenges Energy is the Engine of the U.S. Economy Quadrennial Technology Review 1 1 Energy Challenges 1.1 Introduction The United States’ energy system, vast in size and increasingly complex, is the engine of the economy. The national energy enterprise has served us well, driving unprecedented economic growth and prosperity and supporting our national security. The U.S. energy system is entering a period of unprecedented change; new technologies, new requirements, and new vulnerabilities are transforming the system. The challenge is to transition to energy systems and technologies that simultaneously address the nation’s most fundamental needs—energy security, economic competitiveness, and environmental responsibility—while providing better energy services. Emerging advanced energy technologies can do much to address these challenges, but further improvements in cost and performance are important.1 Carefully targeted research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) are essential to achieving these improvements and enabling us to meet our nation’s energy objectives. This report, the 2015 Quadrennial Technology Review (QTR 2015), examines science and technology RDD&D opportunities across the entire U.S. energy system. It focuses primarily on technologies with commercialization potential in the mid-term and beyond. It frames various tradeoffs that all energy technologies must balance, across such dimensions as diversity and security of supply, cost, environmental impacts, reliability, land use, and materials use. Finally, it provides data and analysis on RDD&D pathways to assist decision makers as they set priorities, subject to budget constraints, to develop more secure, affordable, and sustainable energy services. -
Router Energy Per Bit Router Energy Efficiency 10000
Energy Considerations in Data Transmission and Switching Rod Tucker Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne Summary • Big‐picture view of data and energy in network & DCs • Snapshot of 2017 and projections for 2021 • Key energy bottlenecks – Access networks – Servers in data centers – Data storage – Switches and routers – Global optical transmission • Gap between technology limits and reality The Internet Storage Servers Switches Router Routers etc Global Data Core Network Base Center Station Switch Data Center Data Networks Center Metro/Edge Access Network Network Data Center Content Distribution OLT ONU Data Networks Router Center This talk Fiber Optical TX/RX Router Data usage in 2017 ‐ 1.5 Zettabytes >15 ? 12 Zettabytes/year 200 Tb/s 3200 Tb/s 800 Tb/s (40 %) 1.5x1021 bytes/year* Global 500 Tb/s (avg.) Data Core Network 135 kb/s (avg.) Center Data Center Data Networks Center Metro/Edge Access Network Network Data Center 300 Tb/s Content Distribution 3.7 billion users Data Networks (50 % of world pop.) Center 300 Tb/s (60 %) Sources: Cisco, VNI*, 2016‐2021, (2017); Google; Facebook; Akamai 2021 ‐ Twice as much data as 2017 > 40 ? 25 Zettabytes/year 300 Tb/s 6.4 Pb/s 1.6 Pb/s (30 %) 3.3x1021 bytes/year* Global 1Pb/s (avg.) Data Core Network 220 kb/s (avg.) Center Data Center Data Networks Center Metro/Edge Access Network Network Data Center 600 Tb/s Content Distribution 4.5 billion users Data Networks (60 % of world pop.) Center 700 Tb/s (70 %) Sources: Cisco, VNI*, 2016‐2021, (2017); Google; Facebook; Akamai Data, energy and efficiency Data (~ 25 % p.a. -
New York City's Roadmap to 80 X 50
New York City’s Roadmap to 80 to City’s Roadmap x 50 York New New York City’s Roadmap to nyc.gov/onenyc The City of New York #OneNYC Mayor Bill de Blasio @NYClimate Anthony Shorris Printed on 100% post-consumer recyled paper First Deputy Mayor New York City’s Roadmap to 80 x 50 is published pursuant to Local Law 66 of 2014. This report was produced by the New York City Mayor’s Office of Sustainability. This document was designed by Elisa Chaudet Cover Photo: Michael Appleton, Mayor’s Photography Office 80 x 50 Table of Contents Letter from the Mayor 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 15 Methodology 23 Energy 35 Buildings 55 Transportation 79 Waste 99 Actions New Yorkers Can Do 110 Next Steps 113 Glossary 117 Directory of Abbreviations 127 End Notes 129 nyc.gov/onenyc 80 x 50 1 80 x 50 Letter from the Mayor 2 80 x 50 nyc.gov/onenyc 80 x 50 Friends, Two years ago, I joined 400,000 others as we marched for action on climate change and committed that New York City would continue to lead by reducing greenhouse gases 80 percent by 2050, or 80 x 50. We detailed this commitment in our OneNYC report. Since that time, the nations of the world have come together to agree on a ground- breaking Paris Agreement, and just this month the world’s two biggest emitters, the US and China, committed to joining that agreement, putting it on a path toward ratification. Locally, we have continued to drive down our emissions, but we have much more to do. -
Energy and Power Units and Conversions
Energy and Power Units and Conversions Basic Energy Units 1 Joule (J) = Newton meter × 1 calorie (cal)= 4.18 J = energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1◦C 1 Btu = 1055 Joules = 778 ft-lb = 252 calories = energy required to raise the temperature 1 lb of water by 1◦F 1 ft-lb = 1.356 Joules = 0.33 calories 1 physiological calorie = 1000 cal = 1 kilocal = 1 Cal 1 quad = 1015Btu 1 megaJoule (MJ) = 106 Joules = 948 Btu, 1 gigaJoule (GJ) = 109 Joules = 948; 000 Btu 1 electron-Volt (eV) = 1:6 10 19 J × − 1 therm = 100,000 Btu Basic Power Units 1 Watt (W) = 1 Joule/s = 3:41 Btu/hr 1 kiloWatt (kW) = 103 Watt = 3:41 103 Btu/hr × 1 megaWatt (MW) = 106 Watt = 3:41 106 Btu/hr × 1 gigaWatt (GW) = 109 Watt = 3:41 109 Btu/hr × 1 horse-power (hp) = 2545 Btu/hr = 746 Watts Other Energy Units 1 horsepower-hour (hp-hr) = 2:68 106 Joules = 0.746 kwh × 1 watt-hour (Wh) = 3:6 103 sec 1 Joule/sec = 3:6 103 J = 3.413 Btu × × × 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3:6 106 Joules = 3413 Btu × 1 megaton of TNT = 4:2 1015 J × Energy and Power Values solar constant = 1400W=m2 1 barrel (bbl) crude oil (42 gals) = 5:8 106 Btu = 9:12 109 J × × 1 standard cubic foot natural gas = 1000 Btu 1 gal gasoline = 1:24 105 Btu × 1 Physics 313 OSU 3 April 2001 1 ton coal 3 106Btu ≈ × 1 ton 235U (fissioned) = 70 1012 Btu × 1 million bbl oil/day = 5:8 1012 Btu/day =2:1 1015Btu/yr = 2.1 quad/yr × × 1 million bbl oil/day = 80 million tons of coal/year = 1/5 ton of uranium oxide/year One million Btu approximately equals 90 pounds of coal 125 pounds of dry wood 8 gallons of -
Thermophotovoltaic Energy in Space Applications: Review and Future Potential A
Thermophotovoltaic energy in space applications: Review and future potential A. Datas , A. Marti ABSTRACT This article reviews the state of the art and historical development of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion along with that of the main competing technologies, i.e. Stirling, Brayton, thermoelectrics, and thermionics, in the field of space power generation. Main advantages of TPV are the high efficiency, the absence of moving parts, and the fact that it directly generates DC power. The main drawbacks are the unproven reliability and the low rejection temperature, which makes necessary the use of relatively large radiators. This limits the usefulness of TPV to small/medium power applications (100 We-class) that includes radioisotope (RTPV) and small solar thermal (STPV) generators. In this article, next generation TPV concepts are also revisited in order to explore their potential in future space power applications. Among them, multiband TPV cells are found to be the most promising in the short term because of their higher conversion efficiencies at lower emitter temperatures; thus significantly reducing the amount of rejected heat and the required radiator mass. 1. Introduction into electricity. A few of them enable a direct conversion process (e.g. PV and fuel cells), but the majority require the intermediate generation A number of technological options exist for power generation in of heat, which is subsequently converted into electricity by a heat space, which are selected depending on the mission duration and the engine. Thus, many kinds of heat engines have been developed within electric power requirements. For very short missions, chemical energy the frame of international space power R&D programs. -
U.S. Mining Industry Energy Bandwidth Study
Contents Executive Summary.................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................5 2. Background ..................................................................................................................7 2.1 Mining Industry Energy Sources ...................................................................................7 2.2 Materials Mined and Recovery Ratio ............................................................................7 2.3 Mining Methods.............................................................................................................8 3. Mining Equipment.......................................................................................................9 3.1 Extraction.....................................................................................................................10 3.2 Materials Handling Equipment....................................................................................11 3.3 Beneficiation & Processing Equipment.......................................................................12 4. Bandwidth Calculation Methodology ......................................................................13 4.1 Method for Determining Current Mining Energy Consumption .................................14 4.2 Best Practice, Practical Minimum, and Theoretical Minimum Energy Consumption 16 4.3 Factoring -
1. Energy and Power1
1. Energy and Power1 © John Dawson At the end of the Cretaceous period, the golden age of dinosaurs, an asteroid or comet about 10 miles in diameter headed directly towards the Earth with a velocity of about 20 miles per second, over ten times faster than our speediest bullets. Many such large objects may have come close to the Earth, but this was the one that finally hit. It hardly noticed the air as it plunged through the atmosphere in a fraction of a second, momentarily leaving a trail of vacuum behind it. It hit the Earth with such force that it and the rock near it were suddenly heated to a temperature of over a million degrees Centigrade, several hundred times hotter than the surface of the sun. Asteroid, rock, and water (if it hit in the ocean) were instantly vaporized. The energy released in the explosion was greater than that of a hundred million megatons of TNT, 100 teratons, more than ten thousand times greater than the total U.S. and Soviet nuclear arsenals. Before a minute had passed, the expanding crater was 60 miles across and 20 miles deep. It would soon grow even larger. Hot vaporized material from the impact had already blasted its way out through most of the atmosphere to an altitude of 15 miles. Material that a moment earlier had been glowing plasma was beginning to cool and condense into dust and rock that would be spread worldwide. Few people are surprised by the fact that an asteroid, the size of Mt. Everest, could do a lot of damage when it hits the Earth. -
Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings Opportunities For
Energy Efficiency and Cost Saving Opportunities for Metal Casting An ENERGY STAR® Guide for Energy & Plant Managers January 2016 Document Number 430-R-16-001 Office of Air Programs—Climate Protection Partnership Division Energy Efficiency and Cost Saving Opportunities for Metal Casting An ENERGY STAR® Guide for Energy and Plant Managers Katerina Kermeli, Utrecht University Richard Deuchler, Utrecht University Ernst Worrell, Utrecht University Eric Masanet, Northwestern University January 2016 Disclaimer This guide was prepared for the United States Government and is believed to contain correct information. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any persons or organizations involved in its development, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or any persons or organizations involved in its development. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Development of this guide was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The research embodied in this report was initially supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and was completed under the U.S. Environmental Protection Contract No. -
Energy Modeling and Power Measurement for Mobile Robots
energies Article Energy Modeling and Power Measurement for Mobile Robots Linfei Hou 1, Liang Zhang 1,* and Jongwon Kim 2 1 School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Electromechanical Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-130-6118-7255 Received: 20 October 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018; Published: 22 December 2018 Abstract: To improve the energy efficiency of a mobile robot, a novel energy modeling method for mobile robots is proposed in this paper. The robot can calculate and predict energy consumption through the energy model, which provides a guide to facilitate energy-efficient strategies. The energy consumption of the mobile robot is first modeled by considering three major factors: the sensor system, control system, and motion system. The relationship between the three systems is elaborated by formulas. Then, the model is utilized and experimentally tested in a four-wheeled Mecanum mobile robot. Furthermore, the power measurement methods are discussed. The energy consumption of the sensor system and control system was at the milliwatt level, and a Monsoon power monitor was used to accurately measure the electrical power of the systems. The experimental results showed that the proposed energy model can be used to predict the energy consumption of the robot movement processes in addition to being able to efficiently support the analysis of the energy consumption characteristics of mobile robots. Keywords: robot energy modeling; energy measurements; energy consumption; mobile robot 1.