DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeological Theory Today

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeological Theory Today ArchAeologicAl Theory TodAy Second Edition Edited by Ian Hodder polity S Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 3 9/30/2011 4:03:49 PM Copyright © this collection Polity Press 2012. Chapter 6 © Colin Renfrew First published in 2012 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5306-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-5307-5(pb) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10.5 on 12 pt Sabon by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.politybooks.com S Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 4 9/30/2011 4:03:49 PM conTenTs List of Figures and Tables vii List of Contributors viii 1 Introduction: Contemporary Theoretical Debate in Archaeology 1 Ian Hodder 2 Darwinian Cultural Evolution 15 Stephen Shennan 3 Human Behavioral Ecology 37 Douglas W. Bird and James F. O’Connell 4 Behavioral Archaeology 62 Vincent M. LaMotta 5 Complex Systems and Archaeology 93 Timothy A. Kohler 6 Towards a Cognitive Archaeology: Material Engagement and the Early Development of Society 124 S Colin Renfrew Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 5 9/30/2011 4:03:50 PM vi contents 7 Agency: A Revisionist Account 146 John C. Barrett 8 Archaeologies of Place and Landscape 167 Julian Thomas 9 Materiality 188 Carl Knappett 10 Symmetrical Archaeology 208 Bjørnar Olsen 11 The Social Life of Heritage 229 Lynn Meskell 12 Post-Colonial Archaeology 251 Chris Gosden 13 Archaeology and Indigenous Collaboration 267 Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh 14 Archaeological Visualization: Early Artefact Illustration and the Birth of the Archaeological Image 292 Stephanie Moser Index 323 S Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 6 9/30/2011 4:03:50 PM lisT of figures And TAbles figures 1.1 One possible view of the historical relationships between the approaches discussed in this book, and of the contemporary relationships claimed by authors between them 2.1 Map of the distribution of the archaeobotany assemblage sample sites, showing the boundaries of the regions used in the analysis 2.2 Evolutionary tree of early Neolithic archaeobotanical assem- blages from southwest Asia and Europe 4.1 A generalized object life history 5.1 David Clarke in 1972 5.2 Papers with “complexity” in title or topic from 1980 to 2010 in journals indexed by ISI Web of Knowledge. 5.3 Proposed group sizes associated with stone circles of various sizes in Bronze Age Ireland 5.4 Network formed among Middle Bronze Age Cycladic sites by taking the size of the vertices (sites) to be proportional to their strength and to the total weight of the in- and out-going edges 6.1 Variations of cognition 6.2 The interrelationship between four crucial concepts 14.1 Four glass vessels from the dal Pozzo Paper Museum 14.2 Collection of bottles from the dal Pozzo Paper Museum 14.3 Series of vase type from the dal Pozzo Paper Museum 14.4 Metal utensils from the dal Pozzo Paper Museum Tables 4.1 A behavioral chain segment for maize in Hopi subsistence activities (ca. AD 1900) S 4.2 The four strategies of behavioral archaeology Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 7 9/30/2011 4:03:50 PM lisT of conTribuTors John c. barrett is Professor in Archaeology at the University of Sheffield. douglas W. bird is Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Archaeology at Stanford University. chip colwell-chanthaphonh is Curator of Anthropology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. chris gosden is Chair of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford. ian hodder is Dunlevie Family Professor of Anthropology at Stanford University. carl Knappett is Associate Professor of Aegean Prehistory at the University of Toronto. Timothy A. Kohler is Regents Professor of Archaeology at the Washington State University, External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute, and a Research Associate at Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Vincent M. laMotta is Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. lynn Meskell is Professor of Anthropology at Stanford University. stephanie Moser is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. James f. o’connell is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Utah. S bjørnar olsen is Faculty in the Department of Archaeology and Social Anthropology at the University of Tromsø. Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 8 9/30/2011 4:03:50 PM ix list of contributors colin renfrew is Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. stephen shennan is Professor of Theoretical Archaeology at University College London (UCL) and Director of the UCL Institute of Archaeology. Julian Thomas is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Manchester. S Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDYPR_PR.indd 9 9/30/2011 4:03:50 PM 3 Human BeHavioral ecology Douglas W. Bird and James F. O’Connell Many contributions to this volume demonstrate a healthy pluralism in current evolutionary approaches to describing and interpreting the material consequences of human cognition and action. These approaches are sometimes seen to be operating under a unified Darwinian umbrella (Kristiansen 2004), but that appearance is to some degree illusory, particularly with respect to so-called evolu- tionary (or selectionist) archaeology and human behavioral ecology (HBE) (Boone and Smith 1998). The strict selectionist view originally promoted by Dunnell (1980) – that evolutionary processes can account for variability in artifact form and frequency independent of the processes that shape the behavior that produced those artifacts – is now broadly rejected. Still, Shennan (2008) argues that integrat- ing certain aspects of this and other evolutionary approaches can inform on a wide range of theoretical and empirical problems in archaeology. We maintain that HBE is nevertheless distinct among them owing to its focus on adaptive function. We also stress that while there are important differences between non-evolutionary, agency-based positions and HBE, these very different analytic gambits share common interests in a growing set of questions about the dynamics of individual behaviors, the social, historical, and ecologi- cal contexts in which they are embedded, and the material patterns they produce. Several recent reviews provide more comprehensive treatment of HBE in archaeology than we can undertake here (Bird and O’Connell 2006; Broughton and Cannon 2010; Kelly 2000; S Kennett and Winterhalder 2006; Lupo 2007). Instead, we focus Hodder—Archaeological Theory Today HDY03.indd 37 9/30/2011 10:43:27 AM 38 douglas w. bird and james f. o’connell on HBE’s basic theoretical propositions and show how they can be operationalized. We stress the importance of actualistic data for evaluating the potential utility of HBE models in archaeology by reference to two ethnographic examples: Meriam intertidal foragers in the Torres Strait Islands and Martu hunters in Australia’s Western Desert. These studies not only show how the models work, but also highlight new questions especially important to archaeologists, and help identify promising means of addressing them. HBe versus evolutionary archaeology: levels of explanation Shennan (this volume) and others concerned with integrating ele- ments of evolutionary archaeology (sensu Lyman and O’Brien 1998) and dual inheritance theory aim to identify culturally determined patterns in artifact form, reconstruct lineages defined by diachronic variation in those patterns, and account for their shape and trajectory by reference to the processes of cultural information transmission outlined by Boyd and Richerson (1985). Their goal is phylogenetic: they revisit the culture histories of preprocessual archaeology and reposition them within a formal evolutionary framework, analogous to that of palaeobiology (Mesoudi and O’Brien 2009). Important as that exercise may be, interpretations of archaeological patterning require attention to more than one level of explanation (Bird and O’Connell 2006; Codding and Jones 2010): the differences between the descriptive-historical emphasis of this reformulated evo- lutionary archaeology and the functional explanations that human behavioral ecologists usually seek are important and often under-appreciated. HBE asks questions about the function of behavioral patterns in terms of their immediate, contextually contingent adaptive value to individuals (Tinbergen 1963; see also Cuthill 2005). In emphasizing the utility and dynamism of behavior
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fall Quarter 2018 Class Schedule
    FALL QUARTER 2018 CLASS SCHEDULE COURSE NUMBER COURSE TITLE SPECIAL TOPIC (IF APPLICABLE) INSTRUCTOR Core Course Archaeology M201A Graduate Core Seminar Monica Smith Archaeology C220 Archaeology of Death John Papadopoulos Anthropology 219 Selected Topics in Anthropological/Archaeological Theory Issues in Indigenous Archaeology Stephen Acabado Ancient Near East 260 Seminar: Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology Elizabeth Carter Ancient Near East 261 Practical Field Archaeology Archaeological Fieldwork (Ethiopia) Willeke Wendrich Graduate Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, Predynastic Period to Ancient Near East C267A Kara Cooney Seminars New Kingdom Art History C216A Middle Byzantine Art & Architecture Sharon Gerstel Art History C248A Art and Material Culture, Neolithic to 210 B.C. Art & Material Culture of Early China Lothar von Falkenhausen Art History C249A Selected Topics in Chinese Art Lothar von Falkenhausen Classics 245 Computing and Classics Chris Johanson Classics 250 Topics in Greek and Roman Culture and Literature Women's History Amy Richlin Archaeology M205A Selected Laboratory Topics in Archaeology Experimental Archaeology Tom Wake Conservation M210L Cultural Materials Science Laboratory: Technical Study Ioanna Kakoulli Conservation 231 Conservation Laboratory: Stone and Adobe Christian Fischer Conservation 238 Conservation Laboratory: Organic Materials II Ellen Pearlstein Lab Courses Conservation Laboratory: Rock Art, Wall Paintings, and Conservation M250 Ioanna Kakoulli Mosaics Structure, Properties, and Deterioration of
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology and the Ancient World 1
    Archaeology and the Ancient World 1 ARCH 0100 Field Archaeology in the Ancient World Archaeology and the or a course that addresses similar methodological/scientific topics, which must be approved by the concentration advisor. Appropriate courses could include, for example: Ancient World ARCH 1900 The Archaeology of College Hill ANTH 0500 Past Forward: Discovering Anthropological The concentration in Archaeology and the Ancient World provides an Archaeology opportunity to explore the multi-faceted discipline of archaeology while One introductory course in ancient art history, preferably: 1 examining the critical early civilizations of the so-called ‘Old World’– that ARCH 0030 Art in Antiquity: An Introduction is, the complex societies of the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the Near East. Students will learn about the art, architecture, and material culture of the or an ancient art history course approved by the concentration ancient world, exploring things of beauty and power, as well as the world advisor. Appropriate courses could include, for example: of the everyday. Concentrators will also learn "how to do" archaeology ARCH 0150 Introduction to Egyptian Archaeology and - the techniques of locating, retrieving, and analyzing ancient remains - Art and consider how material culture shapes our understanding of the past. ARCH 0520 Roman Archaeology and Art Concentrators are encouraged to pursue research opportunities through One introductory ARCH course in Egyptian or Near Eastern 1 summer fieldwork, museum experience, or independent study projects. archaeology, art, and/or architecture, for example: The undergraduate concentration in Archaeology and the Ancient ARCH 0152 Egyptomania: Mystery of the Sphinx and World provides students with an opportunity to explore the multi- Other Secrets of Ancient Egypt faceted discipline of archaeology, and encourages an interdisciplinary ARCH 0360 East Meets West: Archaeology of Anatolia approach to engaging with the ancient world.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeoastronomy in the Ancient Americas
    Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2003 ((CC 2003) Archaeoastronomy in the Ancient Americas Anthony F. Aveni11 Since its popular resurgence in the 1960s, the interdisciplinary field of archaeoas- tronomy, which seeks evidence from the written as well as the unwritten record to shed light on the nature and practice of astronomy and timekeeping in ancient civ- ilizations, has made ever-increasing significant use of the ararchaeological record.d. Thiss esessaybrieflytouchesesontheoriginandd historyy ofofthesesedevelopments,, discussess the methodology of archaeoastronomy, and assesses its contributions via the dis- cussssioionn ofof seselelectcted casese ststudieiess atat sisitetess inin Nortrth,h, Soututh,h, andd Mesosoamerericica.a. Spececifiifi-- cally, archaeology contributes significantly to clarifying the role of sky events in site planning. The rigorous repetition of axial alignments of sites and individual oddly shaped and/or oriented structures can be related to alterations in the calen- darr often initiated by crcrososs-cultururalal contact. TTogetherer withh evevidencee acquirired frfrom other forms of the ancient record, archaeology also helps clarify the relationship between functional and symbolic astronomical knowledge. In state-level societies, it offers graphic evidence that structures that served as chronographic markers also functioned as performative stages for seasonally timed rituals mandated by cosmic connections claimed by the rulership. KEY WORDS: archaeoastronomy; archaeology; architecture; orientation (alignment). HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Mostst ancicientt cicivivililizazatitionss paidid sosome atattetentntioionn toto whatat goeses on inin ththee skskyy.. Thee periodic cycles of the sun, moon, and planets are the most pristine, predictable, and consequently, the most reliable natural phenomena on which to anchor the counting of the days and the making of the calendar.
    [Show full text]
  • Thoughts on a Method for Zooarchaeological Study of Quotidian Life
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert Interpreting household practices Barcelona, 21-24 november 2007 Treballs d’Arqueologia 13 (2007): 5-27 THOUGHTS ON A METHOD FOR ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF QUOTIDIAN LIFE Diane Gifford-Gonzalez Abstract: The emerging focus on the structures and practices everyday life in archaeology allows us to envision the full range of occupations, activities, and actors involved in social and ecological maintenance and reproduction. Despite this, archaeological interpretation still tends to be framed in terms of grand narratives, in which the "story" is about the agency of large-scale processes as they play out in human existence. This paper offers some comments on these problems from the perspective of a zooarchaeologist analysis, exploring more deeply the articulation of mid- dle-range archaeological theory to practice theory. Resumen: El creciente interés de la arqueología en las estructuras y prác- ticas cotidianas permite contemplar la amplia gama de ocupaciones, actividades y actores que participan del mantenimiento y reproducción social y ecológico. A pesar de ésto, las interpretaciones arqueológicas siguen tendiendo a estructurarse en términos de las grandes narrativas, en las cuales la narración prima los procesos a largo plazo sobre la exis- tencia humana. En este artículo se comentan estos problemas desde una perspectiva zooarqueológica, explorando con mayor profundidad la articulación de la teoría arqueológica de rango medio con la teoría de la práctica y con otras aportaciones teóricas de orden general. Resum: L’interés creixent de l’arqueologia en les estructures i pràctiques quotidianes permet la contemplació de l’ampla varietat d’ocupacions, activitats i actors que participen en el manteniment i la reproducció social i ecològica.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCHY 469 – Theory in Archaeology
    ARCHY 469 – Theory in Archaeology Lecture: TTh 1:30 – 3:20pm, SMI 307 Instructor: Debora C. Trein Instructor’s office: DEN 133 Office Hours: F 11:30 – 1:30pm, or by appointment Email: [email protected] Source: unknown artist Course Description: How do we go from artifacts to statements about the lives of people in the past? How much of the past can we truly know, when most of the pertinent evidence has long since degraded, and when the people we aim to study are long dead? This course provides a broad survey of the major theoretical trends that have shaped anthropological archaeology over time. We will outline and examine some of the major publications, debates, and shifts in archaeological thought that have influenced the diverse ways in which we claim to know what we know about the past. In this course, we will explore the notion that the various intellectual approaches we employ to make statements about the past are influenced by the different perspectives we have of the relationship between the past and the present, the kinds of meaning we believe can be derived from the archaeological record, the questions we seek to answer, and the methods we use to retrieve (and prioritize) information. This course will start with a broad overview of the major periods of theoretical development in archaeology from the 1800s to the present, followed by discussions of how archaeologists tackle common archaeological questions through diverse theoretical lenses (and why sometimes they don’t tackle these questions at all). While the politics of archaeological practice will be 1 | Page touched upon throughout the course, we will devote the last quarter of the course to the repercussions of archaeological practice to present-day communities and stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualization and Collaborative Practice in Paleoethnobotany
    ARTICLE VISUALIZATION AND COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE IN PALEOETHNOBOTANY Jessica M. Herlich and Shanti Morell-Hart Jessica M. Herlich is a Ph.D. candidate at the College of William and Mary and Shanti Morell-Hart is Assistant Professor at McMaster University. aleoethnobotany lends unique insight into past lived Methodologies, Practices, and Multi-Proxy Understandings experiences, landscape reconstruction, and ethnoecolog- There are many methodologies within paleoethnobotany that ical connections. A wide array of paleoethnobotanical P lead to distinct yet complementary pieces of information, methodologies equips us to negotiate complementary under- whether due to scale of residue (chemical to architectural) or the standings of the human past. From entire wood sea vessels to technology available (hand loupes to full laboratory facilities). individual plant cells, all sizes of botanical remains can be The limits of archaeobotanical analysis are constantly expand- addressed through the tools available to an archaeobotanist. As ing as the accessibility and capabilities of technology improve. paleoethnobotanical interpretation is interwoven with other This is true for microscopes and software, which make it possi- threads of information, an enriched vision of the relationships ble for a paleoethnobotanist to capture and enhance the small- between landscape and people develops. est of cellular structures, and for telecommunications and digi- tal records, which are expanding the possibilities for decipher- Collaboration is a necessary component for archaeobotanical ing archaeobotanical material and for collaborating with distant analysis and interpretation. Through collaboration we make stakeholders. Improvements in technology are an integral part the invisible visible, the unintelligible intelligible, the unknow- of the exciting future of paleoethnobotany, which includes col- able knowable.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory and Practice in Archaeology
    THEORY AND PRACTICE IN ARCHAEOLOGY This book aims to show through a series of examples that an interpretive archaeology dealing with past meanings can be applied in practice to archaeological data, and that it can also contribute effectively to social practice in the world of today. Seven of the nineteen contributions included have been specifically written for this volume to act as an overview of the way archaeology has developed over the last ten years. Yet Ian Hodder goes beyond this: he aims to break down the separation of theory and practice and to reconcile the division between the intellectual and the ‘dirt’ archaeologist. Faced with public controversy over the ownership and interpretation of the past, archaeology needs a clear image of itself, be able to gain funding, win public confidence and manage the heritage professionally and sensitively. Hodder asserts that archaeologists cannot afford to ignore general theory in favour of practice any more than they can afford an ivory-tower approach. Theoretical debate is important to any discipline, particularly in archaeology, if it is not to become complacent, self-interested and uncritical Theory and Practice in Archaeology captures and extends the lively debate of the 1980s over symbolic and structural approaches to archaeology. It will be essential reading for students of archaeology and for those involved in, and responsible for, heritage management. Ian Hodder is a Reader in Archaeology at the University of Cambridge, a Fellow of Darwin College and a Director of the Cambridge
    [Show full text]
  • Arcl0042 Theory and Methods for the Archaeology of the Ancient World 2018-2019
    UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY 1 ARCL0042 THEORY AND METHODS FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD 2018-2019 Core module for second year BA ClassiCal ArChaeology and ClassiCal Civilisation 15 Credits; Thursday 9:00–11:00, Room B13 IoA Turnitin Class ID: 3884000 Turnitin Password: IoA1819 Deadlines for coursework for this module: Monday 22/11/18; Monday 14/01/19 Target dates for return of marked coursework to students: 13/12/18; 09/02/19 Coordinator: Dr. Corinna Riva Room: 406; Telephone: 07679 7536 Email: [email protected] Please see tHe last page of tHis docuMent for iMportant inforMation about subMission and Marking procedures, or links to tHe relevant webpages. 1. OVERVIEW Module Contents: This module provides students witH an introduction to arcHaeological tHeory and MetHodology relevant to tHe understanding and analysis of tHe societies and cultures of tHe ancient world. THe module will include an introduction to key paradigMs in tHe History of arcHaeological tHeory (antiquarianisM, culture History, processual arcHaeology, interpretive arcHaeology, agency tHeory etc); and key issues and MetHods in data-analysis (excavation strategies, asseMblage analysis, artifact typologies, regional analysis etc). Summary weekly sChedule: (Term 1) 1. 04/10/18: History and THeory of Classical ArcHaeology 2. 11/10/18: New ArcHaeology and Ancient Ecologies 3. 18/10/18: Interpreting Classical ArcHaeology, in tHe UK and Europe 4. 25/10/18: Individuals and Identities 5. 01/11/18: Gender and Politics in Classical ArcHaeology [5–10/11/18 – Reading Week] 6. 15/11/18: ResearcH designs in arcHaeology 7. 22/11/18: Site forMation processes 8.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives and Directions
    P1: GFU/GDB/GDX/LMD/GCX P2: GCR Journal of Archaeological Research [jar] PP078-295745 April 20, 2001 8:23 Style file version Nov. 19th, 1999 Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2001 An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives and Directions Kurt F. Anschuetz,1,4 Richard H. Wilshusen,2 and Cherie L. Scheick3 This review calls for the definition of a landscape approach in archaeology. After tracing the development of the landscape idea over its history in the social sciences and examining the compatibility between this concept and traditional archaeolog- ical practice, we suggest that archaeology is particularly well suited among the social sciences for defining and applying a landscape approach. If archaeologists are to use the landscape paradigm as a “pattern which connects” human behavior with particular places and times, however, we need a common terminology and methodology to build a construct paradigm. We suggest that settlement ecology, ritual landscapes, and ethnic landscapes will contribute toward the definition of such a broadly encompassing paradigm that also will facilitate dialogue between archaeologists and traditional communities. KEY WORDS: landscape; culture; paradigm; epistemology. INTRODUCTION The intellectual foundations of contemporary landscape approaches in ar- chaeology may be traced back to at least the 1920s (Stoddard and Zubrow, 1999, p. 686; discussed later). Despite their historical depth in the discipline’s develop- ment, until recently landscape approaches largely were subsumed within archae- ological inquiry to provide a backdrop against which material traces were plotted and evaluated (Knapp and Ashmore, 1999). Now, as evident from a review of the previous decade of Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting Abstracts, 1Rio Grande Foundation for Communities and Cultural Landscapes, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504- 8617.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Theory: an Introduction'
    H-SAE Kolb on Johnson, 'Archaeological Theory: An Introduction' Review published on Thursday, February 1, 2001 Matthew Johnson. Archaeological Theory: An Introduction. Oxford, England and Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. xv + 240 pp. $54.95 (cloth) ISBN 0-631-20295-1; $26.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-631-20296-7. Reviewed by Charles C. Kolb (National Endowment for the Humanities)Published on H-SAE (February, 2001) Archaeological Theory: A History and Current Assessment [Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein are those of the reviewer and not of his employer or any other federal agency.] Archaeological Theory: A History and Current Assessment While excavation and the excitement of discovery, is to the general public the most glamorous aspect of archaeology, other aspects are fundamental to the discipline. These include exact site and artifact descriptions, scientific analyses, classification, dating, and interpretations are fundamental components of the task of the archaeologist. Although classifications are posited on derived or established taxonomies, and relative and absolute methods of chronological determination are well known in the literature, synchronic and diachronic historical assessments of the assembled evidence are at the core of archaeology as a scientific discipline. While transmuting the interpretations of material remains and contexts into historical judgments, the contemporary archaeologist is faced with a nearly bewildering array of theoretical constructs, paradigms, and explanatory models that explain the validity of the assessments. Data may "fit" the theory -- or does the theory "fit" the data? This issue is at the heart of this new book written by a British archaeologist primarily for British students but it is of exceptional significance and utility to American scholars and students no matter what their particular theoretical stance, "school," or position.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Antiquarianism
    Rethinking Antiquarianism Tim Murray La Trobe University ([email protected]) This paper provides the opportunity to discuss the rationale for a new collaborative research project directed at creating a global history of antiquarianism. Conventional histories of archaeology, particularly those by Daniel (e.g. 1976) and to a certain extent Trigger (1987, 2006), stress that antiquarians were in essence amateurs and dilettantes, perfect figures of their age, exemplified by the brilliantly scatty John Aubrey, or by Walter Scott’s grotesque pastiche Jonathan Oldbuck. However, following ground-breaking work by Arnoldo Momigliano (see e.g. 1966, 1990), and later by Alain Schnapp (e.g. 1996) for some time it had become clear that this was an inaccurate rendering – one designed to stress the scientific credentials of the disciplines that grew out and away from antiquarianism: the modern cultural sciences of history, sociology, anthropology, art history, archaeology, and history of religion. For Schnapp, especially in his Discovery of the Past, the division between amateur and professional (a distinction also explored with profit by Phillipa Levine (1986)) was not the cause of the triumph of archaeology (or any one of the other disciplines) over antiquarianism, and it is ill informed to interpret antiquarianism as a wrong-turning on the pathway to archaeological enlightenment. In this view antiquarianism was, and perhaps still is a full-fledged and (more important) continuing body of thought and practice. This notion of continuity, including the probability that it has the potential to morph into a kind of neo-antiquarianism, is worthy of much further discussion, but at this point I just want to indicate that disciplinary history (with the exception of Schnapp (1993) and Rosemary Sweet (2004)) generally has not been kind to antiquarians or antiquarianism.
    [Show full text]
  • Anth 461 Fall 2021 History of Archaeological Theory
    Anth 461 Fall 2021 History of Archaeological Theory Prof. Chris Fennell Wednesdays, 3:00pm to 5:50pm, Room 312, Davenport Hall Overview: This course examines the prominent theories in archaeology from its inception to the present day and does so within the context of general developments in anthropological thought. The class provides a foundation for graduate students and a capstone for undergraduate majors emphasizing archaeology. Learn more about the course structure and opportunities in the general syllabus guidelines. We examine the history of theoretical approaches within the context of (1) the specific place and time during which they emerged, (2) general developments in anthropology at large, and (3) influences of broader intellectual and social trends that impacted archaeological theories. We undertake a critical analysis of different approaches, including antiquarian, evolutionary, historical, neo-evolutionary, functional and processual, ecological, Marxism, structuralism, and post-processualism (including agency, gender, practice, and performance). We will also look at examples of archaeological research conducted within the framework of each approach. The ghosts of paradigms past and earlier theories still haunt the discipline. Many theories that current students may assume to be extinct are still living and driving archaeological research. Requirements: Attendance of all classes is required. All students are expected to: 1. Read all the book chapters and articles for each class meeting. 2. Actively participate in the discussion of these readings. 3. Submit written notes on each of the assigned papers/chapters every week (see below). 4. Lead discussion of at least one weekly topic in the course. 5. Oral presentation of your term paper subject and lead discussion of two relevant papers.
    [Show full text]