An Analysis of Spatial Equilibrium Of
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DOI 10.29042/2018-3572-3582 Helix Vol. 8(4): 3572- 3582 An Analysis of Spatial Equilibrium of Urban Land Use Case Study: Nowsud City *1Masoud Taghvaei, 2Farzin Sayadi 1Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan 2PhD Student, Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran *Email: [email protected] Received: 24th Feb 2018, Accepted: 1st May 2018, Published: 30th June 2018 Introduction Abstract Today, economic and social inequalities are ever- Today, spatial analysis is one of the important increasing phenomena (Lees, 2010: 1 & UNDP, issues of urban planners and practices. The spatial 2010), which have been taken into consideration equilibrium in the public services of city reflects a since the early 1821s (Laurent, 2011: 263). In well-organized and desirable urban structure that recent decades, one of the most important has expanded the city's public services and utilities consequences of the accelerated growth of appropriately for the residents of the city. The city urbanization and the physical development of cities of Nowsud, one of the border towns of Iran with a in the country has been the dismantling of the population of about 1800 people and according to distribution system of service centers in the city, its sensitive regional situation, needs attention to which has been the cause of social inequality of the urban structure and the provision of public citizens in enjoying this service (Hatami Nejad, needs so that citizens will be satisfied with them 2009: 71). This has made urban management not and will require people to stay more in the city. The only difficult to provide public services but, in the purpose of this paper is to examine how the level era of globalization, has made efficient and and per capita of the city's public services are effective management as a passive and contingent distributed and supplied. Educational spaces, green management (Varesi, 140: 2008). The spaces, cultural space, etc. are important elements concentration of service centers at a specific in the formation of urban neighborhoods and its location, while creating bipolar and high and low bone structure. The research method is areas in cities, causes an influx of consumer development method in terms of purpose and is populations into these areas, so that on the one descriptive and analectic in terms of the value and hand, environmental pressure, traffic, pollution, in order to measure the spatial distribution of noise, air and so on. .., and on the other hand, due applications, Williamson coefficients and Shannon to the absorption of complementary, parallel entropy models as well as GIS ARC software were applications, there is an intensification of spatial used to provide more detailed maps and analyzes. polarization in cities, in such a way that cities face The results of the research show that the city of drastic, unfavorable, and unsuitable environments Nowsud is composed of two old and new main with sustainable development (Khakpur, 187: neighborhoods in its spatial structure. The 2009). Unfortunately, so far, the distribution of population of the old neighborhood is about one- urban services has been more studied in the form of third of the city's population, with a very high land use plans and per capita consumption criterion population density than the average of the city. But and there has been less importance for the it should be noted that the placement of most public accessibility of residents to urban services. While utilities and services in the new neighborhood is one of the main elements promoting the quality of new so that so that the new neighborhood which is the urban environment is the development of in the southern of the city, faces a surplus in per accessibility indicators, and optimal access is capita and the old neighborhood (the northern part considered an essential factor for the success of the of the city) faces with a huge shortage in per capita. urban environment (Rahnama 137: 2006). In the Also, many land uses are not properly located due city, justice along with three principles of to their functional radius, which indicates the unfair efficiency, environmental quality and vitality are spatial distribution of land uses as well as the four major categories of urbanization (Saeid Nia, inefficient spatial organization of this city, that 2003:54). Justice is the concept of the distribution finally, some suggestions have been presented to of functions, services and facilities, access to address it. centers of service and activity (location of facilities), without discrimination and Keywords: Space Justice, Nowsud City, differentiation between residents of a city and urban Williamson Coefficient, Shannon Entropy Model areas (Behravan, 2006: 15). Public services are generally defined as economic activities that are 3572 Copyright © 2018 Helix ISSN 2319 – 5592 (Online) Helix Vol. 8(4): 3572- 3582 public institutions. The foundation and setting them facilities, which are more focused on a single type is under the control of public institutions, although of facility (Tsou et al., 2005: 424). public service is also provided for private sector David Harvey presented the essence of social investment (40, cho 2003). of course, obtaining justice to measure the equitable distribution of public services on a large scale is directly affecting resources and services under three criteria. The people's daily lives. Their responsibilities are with necessity as the most important criterion, public different and different authorities such as benefit, and entitlement. Harvey argues that social educational services, green space, sports, medical, justice in the city should be in a way that responds cultural and religious services. These services all to the needs of urban populations. In his view, the have spatial functions. The location of these concept of social justice ultimately means "fair centers, the radius of access, the access network, distribution" (Harvey, 1997: 136 :). Regarding the the spatial link with other services, and the scale of fairness of service distribution planning, Corton and the supporting institutions, are their spatial Wake recommend three basic principles: 1. Prior to characteristics (1978, 1978). The concept of any service distribution, equality of opportunity accessibility from a variety of aspects is a broad should be recognized for all individuals. 2. Any concept, such as the physical, psychological, deviation shall be supported if the most deprived economic and financial accessibility that can be persons benefit from this diversion. 3. There should related to the nature of the land use and the always be a minimum level, in quantitative and transport network (Dadashpour and Rostami, 2011: qualitative terms, for the distribution of services 7). Accessibility is in fact the ability of the city's and access to individuals, in such a way that residents to have a good access to activities, individuals and services are placed at a higher level. resources, services, and the similar cases. The division, which Lucy (1981) and Krapton and Therefore, this concept is highly dependent on the Wick (1988) have used, and later used by Trolau city's spatial form, access network, type of travel, (1993) and Marsh and Sklin (1994) and Thalen and form of travel (Lotfi, 2009:134). Public (1998) and others, are useful in this regard. These services must be easily accessible to them authors categorize justice in the distribution of regardless of its spatial dimension, limitations and resources and services in four ways, each of which financial resources or physical capacity (: 22006 alone or in combination can be a way to distribute kaphle). The domination of capitalism on cities, on fairly. These categories are: 1. Opportunity equality the one hand, and overemphasis on the planning 2. Compensatory justice (Marsh and Schelin) or process on the other hand, have led to urbanization lack of justice (Lucy) 3. Accountability equal to in cities. This issue has brought many consequences demand (tastes and preferences in Lucy's for cities (Hilier, 2012, 1), the most important of classification) 4. Follow the market system (Power which is the injustice of space and inequality in the Payment in Lucy's category) (Cho 2003: 40). distribution of services and resources in cities. The concept of justice is controversial and its definition The Theoretical Framework of Research depends on the time, place and political and social The theoretical framework of the research includes structures of society (Ashori, 2006,9). In the 1970s, the process of doing the work and the methods and the notion of justice in the distribution of resources models are presented below: and services was first introduced by David Harvey Research Purposes (neomarxist) (et al, 2010, 9 Tabibian) and in 1. Review of Spatial equilibrium in the city subsequent decades by researchers, including of Nowsud and how to supply and Rawls 1, Fanstein 2, Sandrak 3 Yong 4, Soja 5, distribute the uses of public city. Lucy 6, Talen 7, etc., were considered in urban 2. Equilibrium strategies for urban services planning (Rostami, 2011, 28-29). Few practical studies have focused on the equity of urban public Graph 1 - Research Theoretical Framework 3573 Copyright © 2018 Helix ISSN 2319 – 5592 (Online) Helix Vol. 8(4): 3572- 3582 Case Study: Nowsud and this settlement has since been known as the Nowsud is one of the cities of Kermanshah city. Prior to the establishment of the municipality, province in western Iran. This city is the center of this settlement was one of the villages of the Paveh the Nowsud district of Paveh city. The distance city, established in 1337 as the city of Paveh and from Nowsud to Paveh is about 35 km and is Oramanath. The features of this city are very located in the northwest. 80 years ago, the small rugged and steep topographic position, close town of Nowsud was headed by Ja'far Soltan (one proximity to the border, the high capacity of of the Uraman clerks).