INDEX

Abelli, José (worker-leader in Alperovitz, Gar 167 , 258 MNER) 216 , 217 , 237n. 1 alternative energy sources 55 aboriginal peoples Misión Guaicaipuro 192–3 growth in social movements 63 , social ethics distinct from 68–9 capitalism 5 platformism and 57–60 spiritual belief, see also especifi smo interconnectedness 50–1 anarchist-communist tendency 58–60 , see also indigenous cultures 62 , 64 , 66–7 About Face Mission anarchist federations 57–8 , 62 , 64–5 , 68 (Venezuela) see Misión Che anarchists Guevara (creating education and participation in movements xvii , training ) 62–3 , 158 abundance “social insertion” strategy 57 , 60 , as key concept of solidarian 63–4 see also especifi smo economies 88–91 ANTEAG (National Association of accumulation see wealth Workers in Self-Managing accumulation, concentration Enterprises) 14–15 , 19 activism anticapitalism xxiii , 31–3 , 160 , 161 as repeated cycles of antiracism working groups 158–9 protest 61 , 64 Anti-Racist Action (ARA) 155 Afro-neoliberalism in South antisocial behaviour 228 Africa 242–6 apartheid, white movement agricultural cooperatives as pillar of 243–4 as central to Prout 52 , 54 ARA see Anti-Racist Action (ARA) in 248–50 Arab Spring xii , xvi–xvii Kadishi (farming support and Ardito, Ernest (director, El Corazón de maize processing) 250–2 la Fábrica) 235 urban organic food production 252–3 barter clubs “Argentine see also EcoVillage and EcoCity model,” 79–84 Trust Kadishi cooperative cinematic productions on the (maize) occupations 235 agro-food complex (in South civil society, cooperatives and the Africa) 241–8 , 253 , 254 state in 220–4 Albert, Michael 25 , 258 community-based citizenship, allocation context 211–12 decision-making regarding 41 especifi st organizing in 66–9 problems of central planning 40 growth of worker cooperatives problems of markets 39–40 in 227–8

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monetary pluralism 78–9 Banco del Sur (Bank of the South) 75 recession, fi nancial collapse of Banco Palmas () 85 December 2001 78 , 83 , 84 , bank(s) 212 , 213 antitrust, breaking up big 174 recuperation of factories, cooperative capitalization 138 enterprises 14–15 , 19 , 214 , 232–5 cooperative workers’ savings (Caja revolutionary opening/closing 210 Laboral Popular) 101 , 103 Social Economy Movement 228 ecobank 80 Arizmendiarrieta, José María 100 , bankruptcy 213–18 , 220 103 , 123n. 12 Hotel Bauen 225–6 assembly/assemblies laws regarding 211 , 214 , 215 , 217 , 229 in Argentinian barter networks 84 of the monetary system itself 85 of the GTWA 161–3 bargaining power 26 , 130 as open organization 163 see also collective bargaining ; platformism 61 concessions, loss of bargaining for worker self-management 7 , 9 , 10 , power ; unions 18 , 223 , 224 , 228 barter clubs/networks see also Greater Toronto Workers’ beginnings of 78 , 83–4 Assembly neighborhood Global Barter Network 82 assemblies popular assemblies as paradigm shift (outside assets competition/scarcity) 89 collectively owned 251 see also complementary currencies ; occupations to prevent removal social currencies of 131–3 see also expropriation base-building atiriktam as revolutionary project 8 as incentives, or task-related Basque Country, Euskadi privileges 49–50 Franco, language repression Auca (Rebel) 66–8 in 123n. 11 austerity 150 , 158 , 216 history of un/employment rates see also neoliberalism in 104–5 Austria, negative interest currency public fi nancing of cooperative successes in 1930s 76 , 89 research 102 , 138 authoritarianism, capitalism and, xxii , bombing of 100 Autogestión y Globalidad ( Sarasua technology network 106 and Udaondo) 98–100 see also innovation ; Mondragón autonomy Corporación Cooperativa as a cooperative’s economic (MCC) independence 4 , 228 Bastiat, Frédéric 41 fl ying squads and 160–1 Benn, Tony (British MP) 138 social movements and 58 , 63 factory occupations as “Benn technological, cooperative R&D 102 cooperatives,” 128 , 136 Azevedo, Alessandra B. 95 , 258 biodiversity, protection of 51 151 bailouts 158 , 172 Blanco, Walter 228 bakery cooperatives 227–8 , 256n. 18 boliburguesía (Chavista balanced job complexes 36–8 Bolibourgeoisie) 200 Banco de la Nación (Argentina) 225 , Bolivarian Venezuela, assessments 228 of 198–200

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Bolsheviks, anarchists contrasted Hotel Bauen workers with 58 occupation 225–6 boom, postwar xiv , 168–71 Movements for Recuperated see also war, and economic Enterprise (MNER & growth MNFRT) 214 , 215 , 216 bosses Movimento de Unidad Popular enterprise without (“Factories (Popular Unity Movement, without Bosses”) 6 , 221 unemployed workers) 66 “rule of law” and 151 , muncipal council legislation for 164 see also class struggle ; cooperatives 214–15 , 228 coordinator class neighborhood assemblies direct bourgeousie action 228 of 5 , 8 wide spread of worker-managed liberal ideology of 7 enterprises 215 rise of the 2–3 , 12 , 16 state protection of xviii , 13 CAIN Agrupación Anarquista Braverman, Harry 10 (Anarchist Association) 68 Brazil Caja Laboral Popular (CLP) 101 , 103 , anarchism and especifi smo in 57–8 , 123n. 18 64–5 Cameron, David (British Prime Bruscor Rope and String Company Minister) xiv Ltd 19 Canadian Auto Workers 158 , Central Bank repression of 159–60 community currencies 76–7 Canadian Labour Congress cooperative model comparisons with (CLC) 152–4 , 158 Mondragon (Spain) 96 Canadian Union of Public Landless Workers Movement xviii , Employees see CUPE-Ontario 64 , 65 , 124n. 30 , 216 capitalism legislation of cooperatives 8 , 13 cooperatives and 5–7 , 16–17 , 135 , social currencies integration 85–6 140–1 , 236 Solidarian Economy in 74 , 88 criminality of 27 Brazilian Network of Solidarian crisis see fi nancial crisis Economy 85 defi ning features of 2 , 25–6 bread profi teering 4 , 242 , 247–8 discipline of workers 18 , 26 see also food insecurity ; wheat-to- First Industrial and 6 bread value chain as hegemonic mode of production 6 , Britain see Great Britain 12 , 142 British law/institutions, employment (im)morality of 26–7 , 40 , 142 , 181 contract 2 , 131 opinion surveys on 181 British union movement 4 , 129–30 , 135 repression of Earth/ Brukman clothing factory environment 90 self-management 19 , 235 as suicidal economic model 44 Bruscor Rope and String Company “unbelonging” character of 99 Ltd 19 , 20 unemployment crucial to 68 Buenos Aires unions’ integration with 157 AUCA and the OSL 66–7 see also anticapitalism barter clubs in 78 , 81–4 carbon foot print, South African Brukman factory occupation 19 agro-food complex 247

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Caro, Luis 216 , 217 , 218 , 221 , 232 role of unions in 157 Catholicism 100 , 120 , 238n. 6 social stratifi cation and 212–13 CAW (Canadian Auto Workers) 152 , strikes, and 17 158 , 160 suffrage, ruling class concessions 2 centrally planned economies, problems see also of 40–1 , 55 climate change 168 , 247 change, as a constant 55 closed shop 164 Chávez, Hugo (President, Venezuela) Coates, Ken 127 , 132 , 134 antipolitical character 199 Colibri Project 90 , 259 interest in Argentine experience (of collective bargaining recuperation) 230–2 in Canada (UAW strike 1945) 164 loyalty, becoming institutionalized and routinized 129 , authoritarianism 200 157 missions, social/economic see also leverage, in occupations power 190 , 196 , 197 collective responsibility 57 , 60 , 61 1998 election platform 184–5 , 187 commodities social contract 185–6 grading of (essential, semiessential, Mission 198 luxury) 48 Chicago 176 speculation on 178 child labor 40 5 , 51 , 214 Chile 74 China anarchist-communist anarchist movements in 59 tendencies 58–9 , 62 , 64 , 66–7 Cultural Revolution 55 as ineffi cient, joyless, dull 54 industrial policy and US 176–8 see also socialism ; state/statism statism abandoned in 13 community currency Chomsky, Noam 41 local pecularity in naming 80 civil disobedience 149 see also barter clubs/networks; civil society complementary currencies; cooperatives and 15 , 232–6 social currencies duality, material nature of 210–11 , Comox Valley, BC (LETS) 77 229–30 competition global vs. state sovereignty 232 as basic to capitalism 7 , 26 hegemony of 220–1 cooperatives and 236 solidarian economic development innovation and 109 and 74 , 79 , 87 as discipline of the market 2–3 , 4 , xix , 6 , 20 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 7 , 39 , 40 44 , 58 complementary currencies 76–8 , class struggle xxii , 3 , 16–17 , 41 , 59 , 88–90 224 concessions, loss of bargaining anarchism and 59 , 64 , 68 power 3 , 63 , 129 , 156 , 161 especifi smo and 58–9 , 60–1, 63 Confederación Nacional del Trabajo expropriation a victory of 222 (CNT) 59 parecon as transcending 44 congress, role in cooperative strategic period of marginalization, decline management 106 in xxii , 139 see also councils replaced by bargaining, consciousness concessions 156 oppositional, workers’ 7 , 141 , 200

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political, little changed by credit cooperatives 7 , 14 cooperatives 138–9 , 141 see also microcredit, consumer(s) microenterprises councils of 42 credit crunch see recession discontent, marketing to 39 criminalization food cooperative(s) 228 of dissent, demonstrations xviii , Cooperativa La Cacerola 227–8 153–4 cooperative(s) of labor movements 164 British movement of 128 , 135 , crisis 143 , 154 collapse see also fi nancial crisis competition and 236 cooperative savings funds , “green” against 107 designs 5 , 173 , 180 as paradigmatic 87 formed from factory CUPE-Ontario 151–2 occupations 127–30 , Local 3903 fl ying squad and 134–6 , 143 , 214–15 OCAP 160 see also expropriation currency systems housing 173 Argentinean model 84–5 impact on social movements and rise of complementary 76–7 civil society 232–5 see also barter clubs/networks ; social as instrumental (not ideological) 138 currencies movement origins 6 problems around Days of Action (Ontario labour capitalization 137–8 , 141 movements) 154–5 , 160 Prout as favorable to 48 decay, economic, systemic decline 180 reinvesting surpluses to create new , as democratizing co-ops 103 principle 181 state legislation of 13 , 189 democratization of the economy 6 , 46 , and tensions within 100 capitalism 6–8 , 12 , 134 , effi ciency, creativity and 19 138–9 endogenous challenges to 9–10 worker-producer 249 , 251–4 exogenous challenges to 11–12 see also Basque Country, General Congress Euskadi ; Mondragón decision-making 106–7 Corporación Cooperativa ; organizational forms of self-management/self-managed self-management 102–3 enterprise demurrage (negative interest coordinator class 39–40 system) 76 , 86 , 89 corporation see also Gesell, Silvio in state form as semi-facist 180 Depression (Great) of1930s 170–2 see also incorporation design, R&D for advanced process corruption 46 , 184 , 199 , 249 technologies 110 councils see also research and development direct, worker-led municipal 210 Detroit, Michigan 181 Ideko “Consejo Rector,” 116 Dielo Trouda (Workers’ Cause) 58 , 59 , workers and consumers 35 , 42 61 , 68 for workplace self-management 38 see also assembly/assemblies anarchist-union workshops on 158

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historical traditions of 129 , 161 struggles for accessibility 65 , 194 in social movement strategy and technical and polytechnical tactics 149 , 229 , 233 schools 107–8 see also research transcending the divide between and development mass action and 142 , 163 Edwards, Michael 234 see also occupations ; sit-in Egypt, fall of Mubarak xvi–xvii (occupation, cooperative) endogenous development 196 discipline energy, Prout and alternatives to fossil of the market 2 , 39 , 40 fuel 55 in militant movements 61–2 engineering, mechanical, The Dispossessed (LeGuin) 28 cooperative 112–13 , 117–18 distribution England see Great Britain rational, Prout model 53 , 54 environment diversity co-operative principles and respect importance of societal respect for 54 for 5 , 180 as value of parecon 29–30 , 38 and liberalism 168 see also biodiversity, protection of see also ecological crisis/defense, division of labour importance in socioeconomic in Chinese Cultural Revolution 55 theory ; global warming in corporate capitalism 25–6 equilibrium, dynamic (Prout: in parecon 36–8 pramá) 55 dualism, in organizational equity, parecon defi nitions of 30–2 participation 59 especifi smo dual power 67–8 development of 57 Durruti, Friends of 59 Federação Anarquista Gaúcha “Dutch disease” (single product export (FAG) 64–5 model) 195 , 198 infl uences on 59 and 58–9 Earth (as Great Mother) xi , 5 , 51 , 90–1 in social movements/insertion 60–4 EcoCity Trust 252–3 essential commodities and services 48 ecological crisis/defense, importance in Euskadi see Basque Country, Euskadi socioeconomic theory 39 , 44 , experts, and relations to self-managed 46 , 50–1 , 53 , 99 , 180 , 185 , 188 , enterprise 10 200 , 249 exploitation see also environment ; Mother Earth of the Earth, opposition to 5 (Pacha Mama) of labor 129 export orientation ideological and cultural infl uences Afro-neoliberalism 245–8 upon 45 agro-food complex 53 , 247–8 prerequisites for 46 single product model and growth of Prout as People’s Economy 48 imports 195 see also solidarian economy expropriation 137 , 214–18 , 221–2 , Ecovillage and EcoCity Trust 253–4 225 , 226 , 230–1 , 235 education eyesight see ophthalmologic care as essential service 48 importance to Prout 54 factory occupations Misión, cooperatives for 192 Bed & Bath Factory / Dignity role in cooperative development 100 Returns (Bangkok) 19

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Brukman (Buenos Aires) 19 , SELs (Systèmes d’Échanges fair trade, movement origins 11 , 12 Locaux) 77 Fair Trade Labeling Organisations Friends of Durruti 59 International 11 Front of Oppressed Classes 66 farmer’s urban market (feria, mercado Fuller, R. Buckminster 53 acopio) 228 farmland, as food for locals fi rst 47 , G20 summit in Toronto (2010) 150–6 52 , 54 , 250–1 Galbraith, John Kenneth 52 see also Kadishi cooperative (maize) Galeano, Eduardo 27 fascism 59 , 155 Gall, Gregor 127 , 258 “friendly,” 180 Garaia Innovation Pole 108 Federação Anarquista Gaúcha gardening, organic, for (FAG) 64–5 sustenance 253 Federación Anarquista Uruguaya General Motors 39 , 176 (FAU) 57 (s) 129 , 154 , especifi st commitment General Union of Anarchists 59 to 60 genetically modifi ed organisms Federal Reserve Board 174 (GMOs) 247 fi nancial crisis xxiii Georgetti, Ken (President, Canadian Argentina, December 2001 78 , 83 , Labour Congress) 152–4 84 , 212–13 cooperative independence Regio system for promoting local from 97 economies 86 global, 2008 xii , xxiii , 15–16 , 158 , Gesell, Silvio (The Natural Economic 187 , 196 Order for Free Land and Free social currencies avoidance of 86 Currency ) 76 , 89 systemic change, innovations GINI coeffi cient (inequality necessary 87 index) 186 , 195 , 201 , 212 fi sheries, exhaustion of 185 Gitahy, Leda 95 , 259 fl ying squads 159–61 Glass Steagall Act 169 food globalization agro-food complex (in South and neoliberal hegemony xv , 142 Africa) 241–8 , 253 , 254 of 73 , 99 , 232 as basic necessity 46 global warming 168 , 247 cooperatives as response to Glover, Paul 77 insecurity 248–9 , 253 GMOs 247 insecurity, and resistance to xvi , 66 , Gramsci, Antonio 200 , 220 , 234 196–7 , 241 , 242 , 248–9 Great Britain as regional priority 47 , 54 early cooperative organization 4 staple commodities 49 , 242 , 247–8 land ownership in 52 Venezuelan Misión law/institutions, employment Alimentación 192 , 196 contract 2 , 131 fossil fuel dependence 55 , 247 19th century markets in 40 see also agro-food complex (in South recession of 2007 on 127 Africa) ; petroleum industry, union movement in 4 , 128–30 , 135 sabotage by Great Depression 170–2 Fourth Republic 186 , 187 , 190 , Greater Toronto Workers’ 191 , 200 Assembly 161–3

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greenhouse gas emissions 247 open to everyone vs. hidden, “green revolution” in apartheid South elitist 49 Africa 243 incorporation growth management as trap of 145n. 28 as gradually increasing quality of of Mondragón Corporación life 47 , 50 , 52 Cooperativa 106 , 107 war-related boom 170 India Prout for self-suffi ciency in 46 health indigence, and poverty rates in American health care system 170 , Argentina 212–13 174–5 indigenous cultures as essential service 48 land claim defense 63 physical, metaphysical (individual/ Misión Guaicaipuro 192–3 societal) 53 views on property rights 50 , 238n. 9 Venezuelan Misión Barrio Indignados (the Indignant) xvii Adentro 190 , 192 , 196 individualism 6 , 8 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 210 Industrial hoarding, restriction of access to Movement 138 goods 90 , 200 industrial cooperatives see also petroleum industry, R&D centres and 108 sabotage by Industrial Workers of the World homeless people/workers xv , 75 (IWW) 158 see also Landless Workers Movement inequality (MST, Brazil) ; OCAP (Ontario in Argentina 212 Coalition Against Poverty) of land ownership 52 horizontalism 68 (neo) liberalism, markets and xiii , 3 , Hotel Bauen occupation / 39 , 184 cooperative 225–6 , 235 Parecon elimination of 44 housewives (Madres del Barrio) 193 in South Africa 242 , 248 housework in 168–9 Prout cost allowance for 49 in Venezuela 186 , 195 , 201 hunger 241 , 248 , 252–4 see also GINI coeffi cient (inequality see also food insecurity index) infl ation 47 , 168 Ideko Research and Development infrastructures of resistance 157 Center 115 inheritance 30 , 91 Ikerlan 115 cosmic, Earth as common 51–2 cooperative research agenda 102 , 121 as perpetuating inequality 91 cooperatives participating 125n. 34 of wealth, property, land ownership 52 organizational map of 113 innovation size and scope of 109 causalities between unemployment technological innovation 121 and 96 see also Mondragón Corporación the Garaia Pole 108 Cooperativa (MCC) in organizational modelling 102–3 , imagination (social or radical) xxiii , 108 16 , 41 , 77 , 199 self-management and incentives 224 technological 96–8 , 105–6 , as integral to a Proutist economy 47 120–2

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synergy of MCC, competition in Klein, Naomi (author, director of The markets 109 Take ) 235 widespread, monetary 87–8 KME cooperative see Kirby see also Mondragón Innovation Manufacturing and Engineering & Knowledge (MIK-research (KME) cooperative centre on MCC administration) ; Kneebone, Eddie “Kookaburra” 50 research and development knowledge production 9–10 , 74 Institute for Workers’ Control Kropotkin, Peter 32 , 58 (IWC) 127 , 134 intellectual property, cooperative labor research and 115 , 116 offi cials, discipline of interconnectedness 50 militancy 152–7 inter-cooperation in fi nancing, progressive reform and 171 R&D, distribution 97 , 98 , 99 , land 103–4 , 107 dispossession as part of interest apartheid 242–5 compounded, tends to see also Afro-neoliberalism in concentration 90 South Africa currency (offi cial vs. social) 85 indigenous ecological negative interest currency/demurrage perspectives 51 systems 76 , 86 , 89 -less workers/tenant International Cooperative movements xviii , 57 , 64 Alliance 4–5 ownership (centralization) 52 International Monetary Fund 66 , 78 , see also latifúndios 84 , 198 trusts 173 see also structural adjustment uncultivated as liability 52 programs Landless Workers Movement (MST, internet xvi , xviii , 86, 91 Brazil) xviii , 64 La Plata anarchists in 59 especifi smo organizing 66 cooperative movement (and civil latifúndios xviii , 189 , 194 society) in 138 , 232–3 law/legislation Ithaca “hours” currency 77 on bankruptcy 211 , 214 , 215 , 217–18 , 225 , 229 job complexes, balanced 36–8 see also expropriation job creation 134 on cooperatives 13 , 189 , 209 , Jung, Carl G. 90 229–30 currency 78 Kadishi cooperative (maize) 250–2 demonstrations and xviii , 151 , 164 Kennedy, Margrit 90 around employment 16–17 , 131 , 229 Keynes, John Maynard 26–7 on labor action (picketing, Keynesianism xiv , 26–7 , 171 severance) 131 , 211 , 213–14 Kirby Manufacturing and Engineering neoliberal establishment in 2 (KME) cooperative 128 , state and capitalist rule of 2 , 151 , 136–8 154 , 164 Kirchner, Néstor (President of LeGuin, Ursula (The Dispossessed) 28 Argentina) 210 , 232 , 235 , LETS (Local Exchange Trading 237n. 2 System) 77

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leverage, in occupations 130–2 , 133 fi nancial, global neoliberalism Lewis, Avi (author, director, The Take ) 235 and xiii , xiv , 73 , 225 liberalism pricing 26 as bourgeois ideology 7 , 62 solidarian see solidarian economies conceptions of enterprise 6 Marx, Karl as ineffectual against war 168 on the association of producers 234 origins of 2 on civil society 184 , 210–11 political 3 declining rate of profi t xviii social (Labor’s “third way”) 142 on hunger, social stratifi cation 213 state formation 12–13 on tyranny of circulation 11 in US reform or crises 167 marxist (and post-) theory xxiii see also neoliberalism mass pickets 131 liberalization of trade 244–5 materialism, Prout’s rejection of 54 , individualistic vs. maternity leave 224 universalistic 6 Mathomo Mayo Organic Agricultural Lietaer, Bernard 90 Cooperative 252–4 life, necessities of 46 , 52 MCC see Mondragón Corporación Lilley, PJ 69 Cooperativa (MCC) Linton, Michael 77 Medicare and Medicaid legislation 170 literacy campaigns, in see also health care Venezuela 194 Menem, Carlos 212 living wage campaigns 180 Mészáros, István 198 local economies metaphysics Prout as sustaining 47 see spirituality, or metaphysical Locke, John 50 , 211 resources/development lockout(s) Mett, Ida 58 oil industry 195 , 196 , 203 microcredit, microenterprises 75 , luddism (or Ludditism) 85–6 , 191 , 197 inverted (“inside-out”) 14 , 22n. 7 workers’ savings bank and 101 migrant(s), defense of 160 Macdonald, José Brendan xii , xix , migrant laborers xxiii , 1 , 259 Prout’s welcome of 47 machismo 238n. 6 militants, social struggle of 155 , 157 Maheshvarananda, Dada 45 , 259 see also anarchists ; ; maize growing 243 , 247 , 251 piqueteros movement Makhno, Nestor 58 military, neoliberalism and xiv Mammonism 5 , 7 , 21n. 3 Mill, John Stuart 26 managerial prerogative minimum wage 3 , 52 , 163 , 168 markets Misión 13 de Abril (for building allocation problems of 41 socialism) 191 barbarity of 40 Misión Alimentación (food subsidies barter 89 and distribution) 192 , 196 British economists and “free,” 2 Misión Barrio Adentro (access to coercive environments of 29 , 39 health care) 190 , 192 , 196 competition, discipline of 2–3, 4 , 7 , Misión Che Guevara (creating 26 , 39 , 40 education and training cooperatives competing in cooperatives) 190 , 192 , global 109 , 119 , 138 197 , 198

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Misión Ciencia (science & technology money see complementary currencies ; culture) 192 currency systems ; social Misión Cultura (participatory currencies valorization of culture) 192 morality Misión Guaicaipuro (indigenous “moral economy,” depravity 40 , restitution) 192–3 142 , 151 Misión Habitat (study of urbanism, moral panics xv health) 193 Morris, William 37 Misión Identidad (expedites ID card Mother Earth (Pacha Mama) xi , 51 , 90–1 granting) 193 Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Misión Madres del Barrio (support for Sem Terra (MST, Brazil, aka housewives) 193 Movimiento Sin Tierra) xviii , Misión Milagro (ophthalmological 64 , 65 , 124n. 30 , 216 help) 193 Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Misión Negra Hipólita (alleviating Recuperadas (MNER National extreme poverty, street Movement of Recuperated crime) 193 Companies) 214 , 216 , 225 , Misión Piar (mining) 193 228–32 , 230 , 231 Misión Ribas (secondary school MTD (Movimiento de Trabajadores completion) 194 Desocupados/Unemployed Misión Robinson I & II (literacy) 194 Workers Movement) Anibal Misión Sucre (access to Verón 68 university) 194 Mudrooroo 50 Misión Vuelvan Caras see Misión Che municipal land development Guevara (creating education and strategies 175–6 training cooperatives) Murúa, Eduardo (worker-leader Misión Zamora (land tenure in the National Movement reorganization) 194 for Recuperated missions of Bolivarian Venezuela 190–6 Companies-MNER) 217 , 219 , see also each Misión 225 , 228 , 230 MNER. see Movimiento Nacional de mystics 54 Empresas Recuperadas Molina, Virna (director, El Corazón de nationalism la Fábrica) 235 Afrikaner 242 Mondragón Corporación Cooperativa Basque 145n. 43 (MCC) 7–8 , 10 Bolivarian 185 founding and evolution of 95–6, nationalization 129 , 133 , 140 , 100 , 106 222–3 Polytechnic School, University of see also occupations Mondragón 100 necessities of life 46 , 52 research and development negative interest see demurrage centers 110–11 (negative interest system) Technical School and training neighborhood assemblies 66 , 162 , 211 programs 97–8 in a bakery occupation 228 Mondragón Innovation & Knowledge neoliberalism (MIK-research centre on MCC “Afro-neoliberalism,” 241–6 administration) 108 , 110 Argentine worker cooperatives Monedero, Juan Carlos 183 , 259 confronting 236

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Chávez, Venezuela as Ontario, resistance to neoliberalism against 199–200 in 150–4 economic pluralism as departure Ontario Coalition Against Poverty from 73 (OCAP) 155 , 160 , 161 formation of xiii–xiv , 13 Ontario Federation of Labour 151–2 , impedances to 200 155 industrial restructuring, workplace ophthalmologic care 193 closures 127–8 , 142 organic farming 66 , 252–3 limitations of 45 see also food, cooperatives as in Ontario, resistance to 149–50 , response to insecurity ; Kadishi 154–7 cooperative (maize) Reganomics 158 Organización Socialista Libertaria and ‘rights’ assertion 45 , 50 (OSL, Libertarian Socialist see also liberalism ; privatizations, Organization) 66–8 enforced ; structural adjustment organization programs intercooperation and longterm New Deal 169 , 171 , 172 planning 103 New Democratic Party (Canada) 154 , problems of effectiveness, 157 , 161 durability 58–62 1970s wave of worker factory strategic inter-cooperation and occupations 128 , 132–4 , 136 , longterm planning 98 , 99 , 140 103–4 , 105 99 percent (of US) 168–9 organizational modeling nomenklatura 13 , 200 democratic, cooperative Novaes, Henrique Tahan 11–12 self-management 102–3 , 108 nutritional disorders/defi ciencies 242 , see also innovation ; Ulgor 248 cooperative (part of Mondragón see also hunger Corporación Cooperativa -MCC) Obama, Barack xiv , xviii , 170 Organizational Platform for a General OCAP (Ontario Coalition Against Union of Anarchists 59 Poverty) 155 , 160 , 161 see also platformism occupations outsourcing, occupation as resistance in Britain 128 , 129 , 132–3 to 130–2 as compared with strikes 130–2 ownership see cooperative(s), 1970s wave of 128 , 132–4 , 136 , 140 worker-controlled ; property of schools, community centers 133 (private) ownership ; work-in(s) from sit-ins to worker cooperatives 128–30 , 134 , Pacha Mama (Mother Earth) xi , 51 , 214–15 90–1 Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS), palmares, palmas (social currency, Scotland 1970s 128 , 132–3 Brazil) 85 see also cooperatives (formation of) ; parecon, values of 27–34 direct action ; sit-in (occupation, Paris 41 cooperative) ; work-in(s) xvii , 209–10 Occupy Wall Street xvii , xviii participatory planning 42–3 oligarchy 17 , 200 and Prout’s self-reliance 47 1 percent (of US) 2 , 168–9 , 181 patents 116 , 121 , 125n. 32 , 125n. 36

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Ikerlan R&D for 114 G20 demonstrations, labor as included in worker factory and 150–2 occupation 211 , 214 “Military Keynesianism“ xiv peasantry 5 , 58 , 64 , 66 , 216 , 224 , 234 see also G20 summit in Toronto pensions 175 (2010) people’s economy pollution, aggressive controls on 51 Prout as 48 poor people’s movements xiv , 63 , 68 in Venezuela 187–97 see also OCAP (Ontario Coalition Peru 73 , 74 Against Poverty) ; piqueteros petroleum, a “jet for each movement citizen,” 200 popular assemblies 66 , 67 petroleum industry, sabotage by 195 , Popular Resistance Committees 64 196 , 203 see also neighborhood committees ; Phillips, Jim 141–2 , 144n.12 n. 12 , popular assemblies 145n. 47 populismo 185 phoenix (enterprises), rising from Porto Alegre xii ashes 128 , 136 , 139 see also World Social Forum picket(s), (-ing), (-ers) 131 poverty, alleviation of extremes CAW strike against Falconbridge of 194 , 203 (2001) 160 pramá (dynamic equilibrium) 55 see also (picketers) movement pricing, market 12 , 26 Pioneers of Rochdale 3 , 254n. 3 Primavera, Heloisa 71 , 259 piqueteros movement privatizations, enforced 78 and cooperatives, support for 211 , producer cooperatives 128–9 , 249 , 251 220 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 229 see also cooperative(s) Libertarian Socialist Organization profi t and the 68 declining rate of xviii state welfare and 215 , 218 market emphasis on 7 women’s participation in 224 , 238n. 6 as means not end 4 , 5 , 6 see also MTD (Movimiento de Prout rejection of 46 , 47 Trabajadores Desocupados/ programme (for action) 60 , 62 Unemployed Workers see also planning ; platformism Movement) Anibal Verón property (private) ownership 25 , 30 , planning 50–2 participatory 42–3 as where “capital overlaps with the see also allocation state” 230 platformism 58 , 59–60 , 69–70 damage to, or destruction of as development of theoretical at G20 150–4 , 153 and tactical unity 59 indigenous cultural views on 50–1 see also especifi smo latifúndios xviii , 189 , 194 pluralism, monetary 78 of the means of production 25 , see also complementary currencies ; 36 , 41 social currencies Prout’s differences with 51–2 Polanyi, Karl 2 , 184 see also inheritance police prosumer (producer and consumer) 79 brutality against demonstrators xii , Prout (Progressive Utilization Theory) xvi , xvii , xviii ecological and spiritual clearing factory occupiers 131 , 224 perspectives 50–5

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economic boards decision-making 53 see also Ideko Research foundations of 46 and Development fundamental principles of 52–5 Center Ikerlan Misión Ciencia public ownership 176 , 179 , 181 (science & technology culture) of banks 174 resistance of health care 174–5 infrastructures of 157 see also nationalization revolution economic democratization as 8 , Quebec solidarian economies 48–9 meetings 73 social vs. political 16 Quebec City rights discourse 143 2001 demonstrations 154 , 158 RIPESS (Réseau Intercontinental de Promotion de l’Economie racism Sociale et Solidaire) 73 apartheid, white controlled risk, banks and cooperatives 81 , 85 , agro-food complex in South 100 , 137 Africa 241–5 robotics 110 divisions of working class 161 “whites-only” cooperatives 243–4 , sabotage 157 254n. 3 “by” petroleum (2002–3) 195 , 196 , Ranis, Peter 209 , 260 203 rank-and-fi le committees 160–1 see also luddism, inverted see also fl ying squads (“inside-out”) rank-and-fi le militancy salary gaps 52 discipline against 152–7 , 157 see also 99 percent (of US) wages, Reagan, Ronald xiii–xiv, xiii–xv , 158 , waged labour 180 Samuelson, Wayne (OFL recession President) 155 Britain (late 2007+) 127 1929 vs. São Paulo 75 , 76 , 84 , 86 2007 171–2 Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan 46 recuperation (of enterprises) 14–15 , as founder of Prout 46 214 , 217 , 236 and a “people’s economy,” 48 see also occupations work-in(s) society as “collective body,” 53 redistribution (of abundance/income/ Satgar, Vishwas 241 , 260 land/wealth) xiv , xv , xx , 49 , 91 , scarcity, criticisms of 89–91 107 , 195 , 197 , 200 , 220 , 244 scientifi c culture 192 redundancy, resisting workplace Scotland, Upper Clyde Shipbuilders closure and 128–32 , 142 (UCS) occupation 128 , 132–3 reform Scottish Daily News 128 , 138 as progressive strategy 171 sectarianism, especifi smo’s rejection rent/rentier condition 62 , 91 , 195 , of 65 198 , 199 , 200 , 249 security, private infrastructure 150 research and development self-immolation xvi centrality to cooperative self-management/self-managed independence 97 , 103–6 enterprise horizontality of centres for 106 , benefi ts, potentialities for 110–11 , 114 , 120 workers 10 , 18 , 20 , 98–100 Prout and 55 challenges to 9

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at heart of social economies 98 worker-controlled enterprise occupations of 1970s 134–6 and 211–12 , 222 , 232–4 as parecon core value 33–6 see also civil society as 2nd principle of cooperatives 4 social service self-suffi ciency Prout’s government as 53 Prout as model for 46 provisions SELs (Systèmes d’Échanges for 101 Locaux) 77 social weaving 65 Shantz, Jeff xii , 57 , 149 , 150 , 260 solidarian economies 4 , 11 shoplifting 248 parecon as 44 sit-in (occupation, cooperative) 128 recent history of 72–6 as different from ‘strike’ and relationships to social response 130 currencies 87–91 see also occupations ; strikes, relationships with local banks, state sit-downs regulation 85 Smith, Adam 37 , 91 see also barter clubs/networks ; social contract 185 complementary currencies ; social currencies people’s economy ; social establishment of 79–81 currencies historical development of 76–8 solidarity not a commodity (suffi ciency, outside across community organizations 65 , scarcity) 89 161 regulation and crisis in Argentina 83 as cooperative basic (& 7th) as subversion of speculative principle 4–5 fi nance 88 cooperatives and research on 96 , 120 social economy 72 , 98 downtowns in 139 Argentine worker cooperatives especifi st-working class as 227 , 228 organizing 63 Venezuelan project 183–205 global labor 19 see also solidarian economy importance to barter clubs 82 social insertion strategy 57 , 60 , 63–6 redistribution of cooperative socialism income 107, 197 defi nitions of 16 as a value of a good economy 28 in opinions of younger see also inter-cooperation in generation 181 fi nancing, R&D, distribution opinion surveys on 181 South Africa political (in Venezuela, agro-food complex 241–8 Bolivia, and Ecuador) 17 neoliberal globalization and 241–6 Venezuelan revolution as 191 , 197 , solidarity economy food 199–200 cooperatives 248–54 Socialist Labor Party (Argentine) 223 Soweto 247–8 socialists, support for factory spirituality, or metaphysical resources/ occupations 223 development 46 , 50 , 53 , 54–5 , social movements 57 , 63–5 , 99 , 134 , 100 238n. 9 staple food commodities 49 , 242 , and law/repression, property 247–8 destruction 67 , 149 state/statism unions and 153 , 155 , 161 functions of 13 , 232

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productivist 21n. 6 see also design, R&D for strikes advanced process technologies ; general 129 , 154 , 155 innovation ; research and limitations of tactic 134 development on-site sit-downs 133 , 164 Thailand, worker occupation of the as tactic compared with Bed & Bath Factory (2003) 19 occupations 130–2 Thatcher, Margaret xiii , xiv , xv UAW 1945 against Ford 164 Tilly, Charles 234 , 238n. 9 wildcat 156 , 157 Toffl er, Alvin (The Third Wave) 79 structural adjustment tool machines, cooperatively programs 78 , 84 built 105–6 , 106 , 110 , 111 , 112 struggle, social mobilization as 61 , 62 , Toronto 209 CUPE 3903 fl ying squad support for see also class struggle ; social OCAP 160 insertion strategy G20 summit (2010) in 150–6 student-worker organizing 65 , 66 see also Greater Toronto Workers’ subsidies/subsidiarity 217 , 219 , 236 , Assembly 237n. 2 trade liberalization of food (workers/distribution) 190 , South African agricultural 191 , 192 , 242 , 243 , 250 , 251 products 244–5 suffrage 16–17 “trade not aid” slogan 11 Supreme Being (or Consciousness) training, importance to and concepts of ownership 51 , 53 cooperatives 97–8 , 115 Surin, Kenneth xv Triumph Meriden Motorcycles (worker self-managed period) 128 , 136 WIR bank 86 synthesist tendencies UAW (United Auto Workers) 164 , 176 especifi st rejection of 57 , 60–1 Ukraine 58 see also Dielo Trouda (Workers’ Tahrir Square (Cairo, Egypt), Cause) Makhno, Nestor xvi–xvii Ulgor cooperative (part of Mondragón Tarrow, Sidney 233 Corporación Cooperativa tax(es) -MCC) 101–3 barter and 81 UNASUR (Union of South American cooperatives and 8 , 13 , 218 , 243 Nations) 75 in liberal/neoliberal ideology xiv , xv , unemployed workers’ organizing 18 , 50 , 168 , 176–8 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 on 1 % wealthiest a trillion 169 into cooperatives 227 -payer investments 176 OCAP (Ontario Coalition Against postwar boom and high Poverty) 155 , 160 , 161 revenues 170 Unemployed Peoples Movement technocrats 7 , 10 , 55 , 100 (UPM-South Africa) 248 technological learning Unemployed Workers’ Movement and cooperative effi ciency 118–20 (MTD) Anibal Verón 68 and cooperative independence, unemployment sovereignty 96–8 , 192 community currencies reducing 76 , 89 strategic importance of innovation cooperative solidarity against 101 , in 119–22 236–7

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Spain, industrial decline and 104 regional trading of oil for goods, unions services 75 (British) attitudes to worker see also Chávez, Hugo (President, self-management 129–31 , 135 Venezuela), social economy bureaucracy centralization/ video conferencing control 156 in 18 concessionary compromises of 3 , 129 , 156 , 161 wages, waged labour and cooperative movement 129 abolition vs. bargaining domestication, co-optation by over 129–30 , 229 capital 17 , 129 , 237n. 4 cooperatives and 8 , 229 dues checkoff, closed shop won 164 industrialization and 16 fl ying squads 164 living wage campaigns 180 main role as contract minimum wage 3 , 52 , 163 , 168 supervision 157 , 163 “real,” and infl ation adjusted 47 , New Deal and organized labor 171 168 , 194 offi cialdom vs. rank-and-fi le 160–1 , reducing gap between minimum and 163–4 maximum 52 offi cial responses to actions against Wall Street, public anger at xii , xvii , G20 summit 150–4 xviii , 174 and police collaboration 152 war and tensions with cooperative and economic growth 169–70 , 172 movement 137 liberalism, ineffectual resistance and tensions with social to 168 movements 155 see also class struggle war boom economy and 169–70 water, necessity of access to 39 , 46 , see also CAW (Canadian Auto 48 , 51 , 52 , 253 Workers) ; CUPE-Ontario ; UAW wealth accumulation, concentration (United Auto Workers) as ineffi cient 25–6 , 53 United Auto Workers 164 , 176 social practices that reinforce xv , United Socialist Party of Venezuela 200 91 , 181 universities welfare systems xiv , xv , 215 , 236 access to 65 , 194 wheat-to-bread value chain 242 , 247 alternative economic modeling, white-controlled agro-food complex in collaborative research 74–5 , 85 , South Africa 241–5 95–100 , 108 , 115 , 121 wildcat strikes 156 , 157 as essential services 43 Windsor, Ontario 164 intellectual vs. manual labor 55 WIR Bank 86 , 87 utopia(s) xii–xiii , 17 , 49 women 238n. 6 in cooperative-run factories 138 , value, Prout and existential 51 139 , 224 , rejection of 62–3 in organic food gardening 253 Venezuela Prout as against exploitation constitution 187–9 , 190 , 194 , 206n. 6 of 46 Human Development Index 201 Wörgl, Austria, negative interest inequality (and GINI index in) 186 , currency 76 , 89 195 , 201 work principal missions of 190–4 monotonous, tedious 6 , 36 , 137

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onerous, diffi cult 31–2 , 38 working conditions 31 production obscured by in liberal ownership vs. democratic 6 capitalism 28 Working Families Party 180 “right to work” discourse 143 World Bank 66 , 84 worker cooperatives see cooperative(s) structural adjustment work-in(s) programs 78 compatibility with general working World Social Forum xii class rebellion 139 Detroit (2010) 180–1 limitations of 140 Mumbai (2004) 72 as temporary “fi x” to attract Porto Alegre (2000) xii capital 136 see also occupations Yoruban elders 51 working class broadly defi ned 153 , 161 Zanón factory (under workers’ unions’ reliance on capitalism 157 control) 221–5 , 228 , 235 , see also class struggle 237n. 3–238n. 5

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