Proc. Fla.State Hort. Soc. 102:297-303. 1989.

COMMERCIAL FOLIAGE : TWENTY YEARS OF CHANGE

Dennis B. McConnell changes that have occurred over the past 20 years in the University of Florida, IFAS number of readily available species and/or cultivars within Ornamental Horticulture Department economically important foliage categories and Gainesville, FL 32611 examine these changes in respect to production technol ogy- Richard W. Henley University of Florida, IFAS Materials and Methods Central Florida Research and Education Center 2807 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703 The 1988 estimated relative economic importance of specific genera, species, cultivars and/or categories of Catherine B. Kelly Florida foliage plants was based on information furnished University of Florida, IFAS by the Florida Department of Agriculture (1). Relative val Ornamental Horticulture Department ues of economic importance of foliage plants for 1956, Gainesville, FL 32611 1961, 1967, and 1975 were reported previously (5, 6). The classification of foliage plant categories in this report was Additional index words, cultivars, new plants, trends, market derived from the reporting system used by the Florida De ing. partment of Agriculture. Information supplied by the Florida Foliage Association was used to determine the Abstract. The wholesale value of plants produced by Florida's number of species and/or cultivars ofeach foliage foliage plant industry has increased from approximately 15 categorey for 1974, 1979, 1984, and 1989 (3,4). Numerical million dollars in 1969 to 279 million dollars in 1988. This data on species/cultivars listings for 1969 was obtained monetary increase has been accompanied bya dramatic in from representative grower price lists for that year. The crease in the number of foliage plant species and cultivars number of grower listings and grower locations for each available commercially. The following genera had the great year beginning with 1974 is shown in Table 1. The data est increase in species and/or cultivars during the past 20 base for 1969was too small for inclusion. Telephone area years: Aglaonema, Dieffenbachia, Ficus, Schefflera, and codes were used to classify growers as being in Central Spathiphyllum. Within the Philodendron genus, the number (407), North (904), South (305), or Southwest (813) of species available commercially has decreased, while the Florida. number of cultivars has increased.

Results and Discussion The wholesale value of plants produced by the Florida foliage plant industry has increased from $15 million in In 1975, all species and cultivars in the genus Philoden 1969 to $279 million in 1988 (8). This tremendous expan dron accounted for 20% of the estimated value of the in sion in sales volume has been accompanied by extensive dustry (Table 2). By 1988, the combined value of all changes in production technology, consumption patterns, Philodendron species and/or cultivars was slightly less than and economic factors (6, 7). 5% of total sales. No single foliage plant genus has replaced Two studies published in the 1970's have documented the Philodendron genus in sales volume, and the foliage changes in product mix and relative economic importance plant industry shows a greater diversification than in past of specific genera, species, or cultivars in the trade (5, 6). years, as no single plant genus accounted for more than Another study published in 1977 documented product 10% of 1988 total sales. This conclusion is supported by mix, container sizess, and the frequency of plants listed in increased sales volumee of "other" foliage plants to 40% of the 1977 Florida Foliage Buyer's Guide (2). However, 1988 sales. there is no published information on changes that have Dracaena—Of the 39 species/cultivars recorded for occurred in the number of species and/or cultivars of Dracaena, 10 were listed for each of the 5 sampling years foliage plants. The purpose of this paper is to examine the (Table 3), 12 at each sampling year beginning with 1974,

Table 1. Number of, location of, and % of Florida foliage nursery growers surveyed in the designated years.

1974 1979 1984 1989

%of %of %of %of Region Number Total Number Total Number Total Number Total

Central 50 65 150 58 136 57 166 53 North 4 5 18 7 22 9 29 9 South 18 23 62 24 62 26 95 30 Southwest 5 6 30 11 19 8 23 7

Total 77 99 260 100 239 100 313 99

Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. N-00106.

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 1989. 297 Table 2. Estimated relative economic importance of specific genera, Table 3. Dracaena species and cultivars listed in trade publications at des species, cultivars, and/or categories of Florida foliage plants sold in ignated years. specific years.'

Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 Product 1956 1961 1967 1975 1988 D. cv Gertrude Manda Nz N N L N -... % ._... D. arborea L L L L L Dracaena spp. 2.0 2.7 D. concinna 4.4 11.0 9.4 cv Tricolor N N L N N Epipremnum spp. 10.3 10.9 6.3 D. congesta 3.0 9.1 N N N L N Ficus spp. 2.3 D. deremensis 9.2 6.4 6.0 6.5 cv Compacta N N L N N Dieffenbachia spp. 2.1 4.8 D. deremensis 7.2 5.0 5.9 cv Compacta Variegata N N N L N Palms 2.0^ D. deremensis 2.5y 2.1y 7.0 5.8 cv Green Stripe N N L L L Aglaonema spp. 2.3 D. deremensis 1.1 1.2 2.0 4.0 cv Janet Craig L L L L L Spathiphyllum spp. X D. deremensis 0.5 1.1 3.0 3.3 cv Janet Craig Compacta N N L L L Ivy X X X X D. deremensis 3.1 cv Sandra Mastella N N L N L Philodendron scandens D. deremensis cv Warneckii L L L L L oxycardium 34.0 D. deremensis 25.8 20.1 14.0 3.0 cv Warneckii Compacta N N L N N Rrassaia actinophylla X X X D. deremensis 5.0 2.2 cv Warneckii Gold King N N L N N Syngonium spp. 4.4 D. deremensis 2.2 3.3 2.0 2.2 cv Warneckii Jumbo N N N L L Philodendron spp. (other) D. deremensis 16.1 17.7 15.5 6.0 1.7 cv White Stripe N N N L N Schefflera arboricola X X X X D. deremensis 1.3 cv Yellow Edge N N L L N —x X X D. draco 3.0 1.2 N L L L N

Combinations — 3.0 10.8 2.0 1.0 D.fragrans L L L L L Other D.fragrans 24.5 19.6 21.6 31.0 40.3 cv Lindenii N L L L N D.fragrans cv Massangeana L L L L L D.fragrans 'Source for 1956, 1961, 1967, and 1975 is Smith, Scarborough, and cv Santa Rosa N N N L L Gholston (6) and Smith and Strain (7). D.fragrans cv Victoria L N N N N D. goldieana yOnly data for Chamaedorea elegans was reported for those years. L L L N N D. marginata xData not available for those years. L L L L L D. marginata cv Colorama N N L L L D. marginata cv Tricolor N L L L L and 18 at each sampling year beginning with 1979. The D. marginata cv Magenta N N N N L D. reflexa number of Dracaena species and cultivars listed declined cv Augustifolia honoriae N L L L L D. reflexa from a maximum of 30 in 1979 to 23 in 1989. Each year, cv Song of India N N L L L D. reflexa cv Song of Jamaica the percentage of surveyed growers listing Dracaena N N L L L D. reflexa L L L L L species/cultivars has declined (Table 17). This was particu D. sanderana L L L L L larly evident among growers in south Florida. D. sanderana cv Borinquensis N N L L L Epipremnum—In contrast to the Dracaena genus, the D. sanderana cv Celes N N L N N D. sanderana cv Lovie Roehrs Epipremnum genus has only one commonly grown species, N N L N N D. surculosa cv Florida Beauty L L L L L E. aureum. The limited number of cultivars of the species D. surculosa cvjuanita N N N N L have been consistently listed each sampling year following D. surculosa L L L L L their first listings (Table 4). There has been a steady in D. thalioides N L L N N crease in production of E. aureum from 1969 to 1988 Total 13 15 30 27 (Table 2). A greater percentage of growers in central 23 Florida grow Epipremnum aureum and its cultivars than 7L = listed; N = not listed. growers in south Florida (Table 17). Ficus—Fourteen species and 43 species/cultivar listings 1989 had not been listed in previous sampling years. The were recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 5). Thirty- percentage of palm growers on both a state and regional two species/cultivars of the 43 listing were available in basis has decreased since 1974 (Table 17). 1989. However, major changes have occurred in the genus Aglaonema—-Five species and 25 species/cultivar listings as only 7 of the 13 listings in 1969 were still listed in 1989. were recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 8). Seven During the past 5 years, the number of F. benjamina cul teen of these have been listed every sampling year after tivars has increased from 3 (1984) to 10 (1989). A greater their first listing. Only 3 new cultivar listings were recorded percentage of growers in South Florida grow Ficus than for 1989. Approximately 30% of foliage growers in Central growers in Central Florida (Table 17). and South Florida surveyed grew Aglaonema spp. in 1989 Dieffenbachia—This genus showed a great amount of (Table 17). Total % of foliage growers in Florida growing variability in regard to listings. Four species and 55 species/ cultivar listings were recorded for the 5 sampling years Table 4. Epipremnum species and cultivars listed in trade publications at (Table 6). Only 4 species/cultivars were listed for all 5 sam designated years. pling years, and only 5 species/cultivars for the last 4 sam pling years. Twenty-three of the listings for 1989 were not Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 listed in previous sampling years. The percentage of grow ers listing Dieffenbachia species/cultivars has remained rela E. aureum Lz L L L L E. aureum cv Jade (Tropic Green) N tively constant since 1974 (Table 17). N N L L E. aureum cv Marble Queen L L L L L Palms—This plant grouping included 10 genera and E. aureum cv Mayan Gold N N N N L 24 species that have had a total of 25 listings in the 5 sam E. aureum cv Wilcoxii L L L L L pling years (Table 7). Seven of the species have been listed Total every sampling year, and 13 species have been listed for the last three sampling years. Six palm species listed in ZL = listed; N = not listed.

298 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 1989. Table 5. Ficus species and cultivars listed in trade publications at designa the field indicate that many of the new cultivars of H. helix ted years. are not listed in the Florida Foliage Locator. For each of the sampling years, Hedera species/cultivar growers were 1974 1979 1984 1989 Species Cultivar 1969 located predominantly in central Florida (Table 17). Philodendron scandens—Two subspecies and a total of F. cv Green Island Nz N N L L F. altissima cv Variegata N N N N L three species/cultivar listings were recorded for the 5 sam F. benjamina L L L L L pling years (Table 11). The decline in economic value of F. benjamina cv Brazil/National Pride N L N N L this plant (Table 2) has been similar to the decline in per F. benjamina cv Exotica L N L L L centage of growers producing this crop (Table 17). The F. benjamina cv Golden King N N N N L F. benjamina cv Golden Princess N N N N L F. benjamina cv Jacqueline N N N N L cv Nuda/Gulf Stream N L L L L F. benjamina Table 6. Dieffenbachia species and cultivars listed in trade publications at f. benjamina cv Phillippinensis L N L N N designated years. F. benjamina cv Spearmint N N N N L F. benjamina cv Variegata N N N N L Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 F. benjamina cv Wintergreen N N N N L F. celebensis N N N N L D. cv Aloha2 N N N N L F. cyathislipula N N L N N D. cv Angustior N N N N L F. deltoidea N L L N N D. cv Arvida L N N N N F. elastica L N L L L D. cv Aurora N N N N L F. elastica cv Asahi N N L L L D. cv Bali Hai N N N N L F. elastica cv Burgundy N N L L L D. cv Bausei L L L L L (Abidjan/Rubra) D. cv Compacta N N L N L F. elastica cv Decora L L L L L D. cv Exotica L L L N N F. elastica cv Decora Petite N N L L L D. cv Exotica Perfection L L L L L F. elastica cvDoescheri N L L L L D. cv Golden Exotica N N L N N F. elastica cv Honduras N L L L L D. cv Hilo N N N N L F. elastica cv Petite N N N N L D. cv Hoffmannii L N N N N F. elastica cv Robusta N L L L L D. cv Hula N N N N L F. elastica cv Schryeriana N N N L N D. cv Jungle Giant N N N N L F. elastica cv Tricolor N N N L N D. cv Maui N N N N L F. elastica cv Variegata N N L N N D. cv Nelly N N N N L F. lyrata cv Compacta N N N N L D. cv Paradise N N N N L F. lyrata cv Phyllis Craig D. cv Priscilla N N L N N F. lyrata L L L L L D. cv Rebecca N N N N L F. macrophylla N N L N N D. cv Royal N N N L N F. macrophylla cv Green Gem N N N N L D. cv Splendens L N N N N F. pumila L L L L L D. cv Sunview N N L N N F. retusa L N L N N D. cv Tahiti N N N N L F. retusa cv Green Gem N N N N L D. cv Torch N N N N L F. retusa cv Nitida L L N L L D. cv Triumph N N N N L F. retusa cv Nitida Variegata N N N N L D. cv Tropic Dawn N N L N N F. rubiginosa L N L N N D. cv Tropic Star N N N N L F. saqittata cv Variegata L L L N N D. cv Tropic Sun N N N N L F. triangularis N L L L L D. cv Veerie N N N L N F. triangularis cv Variegata N N N N L D. cv Victory N N N N L F. wildermanniana L N N N N D. cv Weyerii N N N N L D. cv Wilson's Delight N N N L N Total 13 14 23 19 32 D. cv Wilsoni N N N L N D. amoena 7L = listed; N = not listed. D. amoena cv Alix N N N N L D. amoena cv Golden Beauty N N L N N one or more Aglaonema spp. in Florida ranged between D. amoena cv Hi Color N N L L L 39% (1984) and 31% (1989). D. amoena cv Tropic Snow N L L L L Spathiphyllum—Three species and 31 species/cultivar D. maculata cv Angustior Lancifolia N N N N L D. maculata cv Anne N N N N L listings were recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 9). D. maculata cv Camille N N N L L Ths foliage plant category has shown recent increases in D. maculata cv Candida N N N L L number of cultivars listed, from 5 in 1979 to 25 in 1989. D. maculata cv Exotica Compacta N N L L L Most of these were available as tissue culture plantlets (4). D. maculata cv Forest N N N N L Thirteen new listings were recorded for 1984 and 14 for D. maculata cv Golden Snow N L N N N D. maculata cvjenmanii L N N N N 1989. This is the only crop that had a consistent increase D. maculata cv Marianne N N L L L in percentage of growers producing it (Table 17). A D. maculata cv Perfection Compacta N N L N L greater percentage of growers in south Florida have pro D. maculata cv Perfection N N L N N duced Spathiphyllum species/cultivars than the percentage D. maculata cv Rudolph Roehrs L L L L L D. maculata cv Silver of growers in central Florida for each of the sampling N N N N L D. maculata cv Superba N N L N N years. D. maculata L N L L L Hedera—Two species and a total of 22 species/cultivar D. memoria-corsii L N N L L listings were recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 10). D. oerstedii L N L N N The number of cultivars listed by Florida growers ex Total 12 7 20 16 37 panded rapidly between 1974 and 1979, and has since re mained relatively stable. However, author observations in ZL = listed; N = not listed.

Proc. Fla. State HorL Soc. 102: 1989. 299 Table 7. Palm species and cultivars listed in trade publications at designa Table 9. Spathiphyllum species and cultivars listed in trade publications at ted years. designated years.

Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989

Arecastrum romanoffianum V N L L L S. cv Bennett Nz N N N L Caryota mills L N L L L S. cv Carolynia N N N L N Chamaedorea Florida Hybrid N N N L L S. cv Clevelandii N L L L L Chamaedorea cataractarum N N N L L S. cv Deneve 1 N N N L L Chamaedorea costaricana N N N L L S. cv Fantastica N N N L N Chamaedorea elegans L L L L L S. cv Green Velvet N N N N L (Neanthe bella) S. cv Gretchen N N N L L Chamaedorea erumpens L L L L L S. cv Kathylyn N N N N L Chamaedorea metallica L N N N N S. cv Lillian N N N N L Chamaedorea microspandix N N N N L S. cv Londonii N N N L L Chamaedorea seifrizii L L L L L S. cv Lort Nelson N N N N L Chamaedorea tepejilota N N L N N S. cv Lynise N N N N L Chrysalidocarpus cabadae N N N N L S. cv Mauna Loa L L L L L Chrysalidocarpus lutescens L L L L L S. cv Mauna Loa Supreme N N N L L Howeiaforsterana L L L L L S. cv Petite (S. Bennett) N N N N L Livistonia chinensis N N L L L S. cv Phoenix N N N N L Phoenix canariensis N N N L L S. cv Prolific N N N N L Phoenix reclinata N N N N L S. cv Queen Amazonica N N N L L Phoenix roebelenii L L L L L S. cv Regency N N N N L Phytosperma elegans N N L L L S. cv Sensation N N N N L Ptytosperma macarthurii N N N N L S. cv St. Mary N N N L L Rhapis excelsa L L L L L S. cv Starlight N N N N L Rhapis humilis N N L L L S. cv Supreme N N N N L Rhapis subtilis N N N L L S. cv Svend Nielsen N N N L N Veitchia merillii L N L L L s. cv Tasson N N N L L Veitchia montgomeryana N N N N L s. cv Viscount N N N L L o. cv Wallisii N N L L L Total 11 7 14 18 23 S. cv White Sails N N N N L S. cannaefolium L L L N N 'L = listed; N = not listed. S'. floribundum L L L L N S. patinii L N N N N

Total 4 4 5 15 25

ZL = listed; N = not listed.

Table 8. Aglaonema species and cultivars listed in trade publications at designated years.

Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 Table 10. Hedera sspecies and cultivars listed in trade publications at de- ssignated years. A. cv Abidjan N* N L L L A. cv Bangkok N N N L L Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 A. cv Duchess N N N L N A. cv Fransher L L L L L H. canariensis Variegata Nz N L N N A. cv Malay Beauty N N L L L H. helix L L L L L A. cv Manila (Manila Bay) N N N L L H. helix Anne Marie N N L N N A. cv Maria N N N L L H. helix Brokamp N N N N L A. cv Parrot Jungle N N L N L H. helix California N N L L L A. cv Roemono N N N L N H. helix California fan N N N N L A. cv Romana N N N N L H. helix Compacta N N L N N A. cv San Re mo N N N N L H. helix Curly N N N L L A. cv Silver Duke N N N L L H. helix Glacier N N L L L A. cv Silver King L L L L L H. helix Gold Dust N N L L L A. cvSilver Queen L L L L L H. helix Gold Heart N N L L L A. cv Stripes N N N N L H. helix Hahn's self branching N N L L L A. commutatum L L L L L H. helix Hahn's variegata N N N N L A. commutatum cv Elgans L L L L L H. helix Ivalace N N N N L A. commutatum cv Emerald Beauty N N N L L H. helix Krinkle N N N L N A. commutatum cv Pseudobracteatum L L L L L H. helix Manda's crested N N L L N A. commutatum cv Snow Queen N L L L L H. helix Needlepoint N N L L L A. commutatum cv Treubii L L L L N H. helix Ripples N N N L N A. costatum N N L L N H. helix Saint Catherines N N L N N A. crispum L L L L L H. helix Shamrock N N L L N A. modestum L L L L L H. helix Sweetheart N N L L L A. pic turn L N N N N H. helix Wax N N L N N

Total 10 10 14 20 20 Total 15 13 13

'L = listed; N = not listed. ZL = listed; N = not listed.

300 Proc. Fla. State HorL Soc. 102: 1989. Table 11. Philodendron scandens subspecies/cultivars reported in trade pub 5 sampling years. Cultivar availability changed rapidly as lications at designated years. 7 cultivars listed for the first time in 1979 were not found in listings for 1984 or 1989. All the new cultivars are avail Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 able as tissue culture plantlets (4). Production of Syngonium

P. scandens cv Scandens Lz L L L L species/cultivars in 1974 and 1979 was confined to Central P. scandens oxycardium cv Aureum N N N L L Florida; in 1984 and 1989, growers in south and southwest P. scandens oxycardium cv Aureum L L L L L Florida had included Syngonium species/cultivars in their product mix (Table 17). Total 2 2 2 3 3 Philodendron (excludes P. Scandens)—Fourteen species

ZL = listed; N = not listed. and a total of 45 species/cultivar listings were recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 14). Fewer Philodendron species were listed for 1989 (3), than 1984 (6), or 1979 (9). The Table 12. Brassaia species and cultivars listed in trade publications at designated years. majority of the 23 listings for 1989 were Philodendron hy brids emanating from the breeding programs of the late Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 Bob McColley of Bamboo Gardens. The percentage of sur veyed foliage growers that list one or more Philodendron B. actinophylla Lz L L L L species/cultivars has steadily decreased since 1974, and the B. actinophylla Amate N N N L L percentage of Philodendron species/cultivar growers in cen- Total 1 1 1 2 2 Table 14. Philodendron species and cultivars listed in trade publications at ZL = listed; N = not listed. designated years, excluding P. scandens.

decline in P. scandens oxycardium sales volume can be par Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 tially attributed to the increase in sale volume of E. aureum, P. cv Angel Wing Nz N N L L a plant with similar growth habit and faster growth rate. P. cv Black Cardinal N N N L L Most growers are located in central Florida P. cv Burgundy L N N N N Brassaia actinophylla—Two species/cultivar listings were P. cv Burle Marx's Fantsy L N N N N recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 12). Similar to P. cv Emerald Duke N L L L L Philodendron scandens oxycardium, the percentage of growers P. cv Emerald King N L L L N P. cv Emerald Queen L L L L L producing this crop has steadily declined (Table 16). Ths P. cv Evansii L N N L N change is most pronounced in south Florida where 83% of P. cv Florida L L L L L the surveyed growers listed the crop in 1974, but only 17% P. cv Golden Erubenscens L N N N N listed it in 1989 (Table 17). P. cv Green Hybrid N N N N L P. cv King of Spades N N L L N Syngonium—Three species and a total of 24 species/cul P. cv Lynette L N N N L tivar listings were recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table P. cv Majesty N L L L L 13). Only one listing, (Emerald Gem) was recorded for all P. cv Mandaianum L N N N N P. cv New Red N N N N L P. cv Painted Lady N N L L L Table 13. Syngonium species and cultivars listed in trade publications. P. cv Pincushion N N L N N P. cv Pluto N N N L L Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 P. cv Prince Albert N N N N L P. cv Prince Dubonnet N L L L L S.auritum Nz N L N N P. cv Red Duchess N L L L N S.podophyllum cv Chartreuse N N L N N P. cv Red Emerald L L L L L S.podophyllum cv Cream N L L L L P. cv Red Empress N N N N L S.podophyllum cv Dwarf Green Cream N N L N N P. cv Red Hybrid N N N N L S. podophyllum cv Emerald Gem L L L L L P. cv Red Princess N L L L L S.podophyllum cv Flutterby N N N N L P. cv Rosette N N L N N S.podophyllum cv Green Cream N N L L N P. cv Royal King N L L L N S.podophyllum cv Green Gold L N N N N P. cv Royal Queen N L L L L S.Podophyllum cv Imperial White N N L N N P. cv Spider N N N L N S. podophyllum cv Ironsides N L N N N P. cv Wend Imbe N N N L L S.podophyllum cv Jenny N N N N L P. bipennifolium L L L L L S. podophyllum cv Lemon Lime N N N N L P. domesticum N L L L N S.podophyllum cv Maxima N N N N L P. domesticum cv Variegatum L N N N N S.podophyllum cv Maya Red N N N N L P. guttiferum N N N L N S.podophyllum cv Noack N N L N N P. martianum L N L N N S.podophyllum cv Patricia N N N N L P. melanochrysum N N L N N S.podophyllum cv PrincessCharlez N N L N N P. pinnatilobum L N N L N S.podophyllum cv Roanni N N L N N P. selloum L L L L L S.podophyllum cv Robusta N N N N L P. speciosum N N L N L S.podophyllum cv Roxanne N N N L N P. squamiferum L N N N N S. podophyllum cv Variegatum N L L L L P. verrucosum L N L N N S.podophyllum cv White Butterfly N N N L L P. warscewiczii cv Golden Selloum L N N N N S.podophyllum cv Xanthophyllum N L L L L P. wendlandii L N L N N S.wendlandii L N L L N P. williamsii N N L L N

Total 13 12 Total 18 14 24 25 22

ZL = listed; N = not listed. ZL = listed; N = not listed.

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 1989. 301 Table 15. Schefflera species and cultivars listed in trade publications at tral Florida is about equal to the percentage of growers in designated years. south Florida (Table 17). Schefflera arboricola—Ten species/cultivar listings were Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 recorded for the 5 sampling years (Table 15). This crop

S. arboricola Nz L L L L was not commercially grown in Florida prior to 1970. The S. arboricola Covette N N N N L number of cultivars increased significantly within the past S. arboricola Emerald Ripple N N N N L 5 years as only 1 cultivar was recorded for 1984 and 10 in S. arboricola Gold capella N N N N L 1989. Production has been balanced between central and S. arboricola Henrietta N N N N L S. arboricola Jacqueline N N N N L south and southwest Florida (Table 17). S. arboricola Renate N N N N L Ferns—Seven genera, sixteen species, and 47 species/ S. arboricola Trinette N N N N L cultivar listings were recorded for this economic category S. arboricola Variegata N N L N L for the 5 sampling years (Table 16). considerable variation S. arboricola Worthy N N N N L exists between each of the sampling years, and only 2

Total 0 1 2 1 10 species/cultivars were listed for all 5 sampling years. The percentage of surveyed growers listing ferns has steadily ZL = listed; N = not listed. decreased since 1974 (Table 17). The geatest change has

Table 17. % of reporting growers in Florida listing one or more species and/or cultivars of the listed plants at designated years. Table 16. species and cultivars listed in trade publications at desig nated years. 1974 1979 1984 1989

Species Cultivar 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 State Region State Region State Region State Region

Adiantium bellum cv. Pacific Maid V N N N N Dracaena Adiantum hispidulum L N N N N Central 32 50 24 41 25 43 22 41 Adiantum hispidulum cv. Pink Lady N L L N N North 3 50 1 17 1 14 2 21 Adiantum raddianum cv. Gracillimum L N N N N South 21 89 21 87 18 69 19 64 Asplenium nidus L L L L L Southwest 5 80 7 60 3 42 3 48 Asplenium nidus cv. Antiguum N N N L L State 61 53 47 46 Asplenium nidus cv. Compactus N N N L N Asplenium nidus cv. Crispafolium N N L L N Epipremnum Davallia fejeensis L N L L L Central 27 42 23 40 26 46 17 31 Davallia solida N N L N L North 1 25 3 39 5 54 3 38 Davallia trichomanoides N N L L N South 4 17 3 13 5 21 5 17 biserrata cv. Furcans N N L L L Southwest 3 40 4 33 3 37 3 43 Nephrolepis cordifolia cv. Duffii N N L N N State 35 33 38 28 N N L L L Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Bostoniensis L L L L L PlCUS Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Californi N N LN N N Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Bostgoniensis N N L N N Central 27 42 19 33 21 37 15 28 Robusta North 1 25 1 17 2 23 3 31 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Childsii L N N N N South 16 67 18 76 17 64 16 53 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Curly N N L L N Southwest 5 80 7 57 6 74 4 61 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Dallas N N N N L State 49 45 46 38 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. DallasT\ 11 Jewel¥ 1 XTN N XTN XTN L,i Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Fishtail Petticoat N N L N N Dieffenbachia Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Florida Ruffles N N L L L Central 27 42 25 43 24 42 18 34 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Fluffy Duffy N L L L L North 0 0 2 28 3 32 3 38 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Fluffy Ruffles L L L N N South 8 33 11 48 9 34 9 29 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Gold Coast N L L N N Southwest 1 20 2 20 3 37 4 52 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Hillsii N N L L L State 36 40 39 34 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Maasii N N L L L Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Norwoodii L N N N N ■Palms Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Petticoat N N L L L Central 31 48 22 38 23 40 18 35 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Plymouth N L L N N North 1 25 1 17 1 14 1 3 Ruffles South 21 89 16 68 14 53 16 53 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Rosseveltii N L L L L Southwest 4 60 6 47 5 63 3 48 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Trevillion N N L N N State 57 4^ 43 JO38 Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Verona L N N N N Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Welchii N N N L L Aglaonema Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Whitmanii L N L N N Nephrolepis obliterata N N N N L Central 26 40 17 29 24 42 16 31 Pellionia hastala N N L N N North 0 0 2 22 1 14 1 14 Pellionia rotundifolia N N L L L South 6 28 11 47 11 42 10 32 Platycerium bifurcatum L N L N N Southwest 3 40 2 20 3 42 4 48 Platycerium bifurcatum Netherlands N N N L L State 35 32 39 31 Platycerium bifurccatum ReginaT^ * WilhelminaY A 7*11 1 * Ly XTN XTN 1\.TIN XIN Pteris cretica cv. Mayii N N N L N Spathyphyllum Pteris ensijonnis cv. Evergemiensis N N N L L Central 12 18 12 21 18 32 18 33 Pteris ensiformis cv. Victoriae L L L L N North 1 25 1 5 1 4 2 28 South 10 44 10 42 12 47 13 42 Total 14 10 30 23 21 Southwest 0 0 3 23 4 47 5 70 State 23 26 35 38 'L ~ listed* N ~ not listed.

302 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 1989. Table 17. Continued occurred in central Florida, where 44% listed one or more ferns in 1974. By 1989, only 13% of central Florida foliage 1974 : 1979 1984 1989 growers listed one or more ferns. State Region State Region State Region State Region The number of species/cultivar listings for the 14

Hedera foliage plant categories examined in this paper have shown a general increase over the past 20 years—104 in 1969, 95 Central 9 14 6 11 11 20 5 10 North 1 25 0 0 1 9 1 10 in 1974, 196 in 1979, 194 in 1984, and 248 in 1989. When South 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 the number of botanical species in each of the sampling Southwest 0 0 1 7 1 10 1 4 years (61 in 1969; 46 in 1974; 75 in 1979; 61 in 1984; and State 10 7 14 6 63 in 1989) is divided by the number of species/cultivar

Philodendron scandesn listings for that year, we see a consistent decline—.59 for 1969, .48 for 1974; 38 for 1979; .31 for 1984; and .25 for Central 27 42 20 35 19 34 8 16 North 3 50 3 39 3 32 1 14 1989. In 13 of the 14 foliage plant categories examined, South 5 22 4 16 2 6 1 4 there has been a general decrease in the percentage of Southwest 0 0 2 20 1 10 1 4 firms producing these plants (Table 17). These facts indi State 35 29 25 11 cate an increase in specialization by the foliage industry.

Brassaia actinophylla Smith and Strain (6) in 1976 reported distinct differences between south Florida and central Florida in regard to Central 30 46 20 34 17 29 10 18 North 1 25 1 11 1 4 1 10 foliage plant product mix. We also found distinct differ South 19 83 10 40 6 24 5 17 ences in 1974 and 1979, but these regional differences Southwest 3 40 5 47 2 32 1 17 were not as pronounced in 1984 and 1989. 17 State 53 36 26 The past 20 years show 3 general trends in the Florida

Syngonium foliage plant indusstry: 1) diversification of product mix, 2) specialization by individual foliage plant growers, and Central 22 34 12 21 20 34 9 17 North 0 0 1 11 3 32 1 17 3) fewer differences between the crops produced in south South 0 0 1 6 4 16 3 10 and central Florida. Southwest 0 0 0 0 2 26 4 52 State 22 14 29 17 Literature Cited Philodendron (excludes P. scandens) 1. Bureau of Market Development and Information. 1988. Foliage Facts. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Central 34 52 21 37 18 32 11 21 2. Donnan, A., Jr., R. W. Henley, and L. Fall. 1977. Evolution of a com North 3 50 2 22 1 9 1 3 munication tool for the tropical foliage plant industry. Proc. Fla. State South 9 39 10 43 5 21 7 23 Hort. Soc. 10:345-347. Southwest 4 60 5 43 4 47 3 39 3. Florida Foliage Association. 1975. Florida Foliage Buyers Guide. State 50 38 27 22 Apopka, FL. 4. Florida Foliage Association. 1979, 1984,1989. Florida Foliage Locator. Schefflera arboricola Apopka, FL. Central 5 8 15 26 18 31 12 22 5. Smith, C. N., E. F. Scarborough, and K. F. Gholston. 1973. Product North 0 0 1 5 1 14 1 7 mix and market outlets for Florida foliage plants. Proc. Fla. State Hort. South 5 22 21 45 9 35 9 30 Soc. 86:404-408. Southwest 0 0 4 33 3 37 3 43 6. Smith, C. N. and J. R. Strain. 1976. Market outlets and product mix State 10 31 31 25 for Florida foliage plants. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 89:274-278. 7. Smith, C. N. 1981. Shifting production and consumption patterns in Ferns the tropical foliage plant industry. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 94:97-99. Central 29 44 21 36 13 22 7 13 8. U. S. Agricultural Statistics Board. 1989. Floriculture Crops. 1988 North 1 25 1 22 1 27 2 17 Summary, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. South 5 22 7 29 5 18 2 8 Southwest 1 20 4 37 2 16 1 17 State 36 33 21 12

Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 1989. 303