Technical Vocabulary for Cultural Property Conservation

English - Arabic

By Fatma Marii and Usam Ghaidan

JAPAN \    

                         UNESCO/Japanese Trust Fund for the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage

Project : Restoration of the Laboratory of the Iraq Museum in Baghdad

CLT/2011/PI/H/1

©UNESCO, 2011 UNESCO Iraq Office – Culture Unit

Printed in 2011 by Ebaa International           Technical Vocabulary for Cultural Proprety Conservation Foreword

The Iraqi National Museum, first established in 1923, has been hosted at its present location since the building inauguration in 1966. Built to inter- national standards, the National Museum has become the centerpiece for showcasing Iraq’s rich cultural heritage to both researchers and the public alike. It has thus been a tragedy that the museum will be forever remembered for the shameful looting of 10-12 April 2003, but this event nonetheless galvanized national and international efforts to restore both the museum and its priceless collection of artifacts. Restoration of the museum premises and exhibition halls has been supported by Japan, Italy and the U.S.A. and UNESCO; while the effort to recover stolen artifacts continues, the museum now boasts a laboratory, supported by these same countries and UNESCO, which is able to maintain and repair damaged artifacts.

Efforts to restore physical capacity, however, must be matched with efforts to restore national capacity to maintain and upgrade the activities of the museum. With this in mind, UNESCO, with the generous financial and tech- nical support of the Government of Japan, launched the Project for the Res- toration of the Conservation Laboratory of the Museum to build the capacity of Iraq conservation experts to the highest international standards. From 2004 to 2010, training courses ranging from two to six months duration were arranged at the Tobunken – the National Research Institute for Cultur- al Property (NRCIP) in Tokyo, for fourteen Iraqi conservation experts. The trainings focused on the study of advanced techniques and protocols for the conservation of museum artifacts of different materials such are bone, metal, wood, parchment, pottery, and glasses. After reviewing the reports presented to NRICP and UNESCO by the Iraqi experts at the conclusion of their respective training courses, they were found to be so rich and interesting that UNESCO proposed to keep a record of this experience so that they could be shared with other muse- ums in Iraq. This publication, The English-Arabic Technical Vocabulary for Museum Conservation, is the fruit of that effort; all the terms found within are taken from the above-mentioned reports, they will stand over time as an unexpected but valued result of this initiative. It is UNESCO’s earnest hope that the community of Iraqi museums will appreciate this publication and that it will have a lasting impact on efforts to restore their institutions to the standing they so richly deserve.e.

Mohamed Djelidd Director UNESCO Iraq Office, AmAmman,maan, JordaJordann

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A ﻣﺎﺳﺤﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ 3D Digital Scanner ﺃﺩﺍﻩ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ (ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ) ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ 3D scanner is a device that analyzes ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ (ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ). a real-world object or environment to ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺠﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ collect data on its shape and possibly its ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ. ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ appearance (i.e. colour). The collected ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻮء ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ ﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ -data can then be used to construct digi ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﻪ, ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﻤﺎﻣﺔ tal, three dimensional models useful for ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺴﻮﺡ, ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ. .a wide variety of applications ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ IPM) Integral Projection Model) ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ّﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ّﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ A technique used in computer vision to ﺍﺳﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ. .extract information from an image ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ -3D Digitizer X-Ray Analytical Micro ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ scope ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﹼﻣﺠﺴﻢ 3-Dimensional Imaging ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ّﻣﺠﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ -Technique capable of recording three-di ﺍﻹﻳﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ. mensional visual information or creating the illusion of depth in an image. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﺷﻄﺔ Abrasive ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺞ ﺃﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ it is a material, often a mineral, that is ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ used to shape or finish a work piece ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ. through rubbing which leads to part of ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ. the work piece being worn away. While finishing a material often means polish- ing it to gain a smooth, reflective surface it can also involve roughening as in satin, matte or beaded finishes. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳑﺘﺼﺔ Absorbed ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ Absorbs Oxygen ﺍﻹﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ Absorption ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻝ it is the incorporation of a substance in ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎ، ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ one state into another of a different state ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ. e.g. liquids being absorbed by a solid or) gases being absorbed by a liquid). ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ Accession ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ّﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ّﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ. -the process of registering and catalogu ing an item into the collection of a museum. ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺪ Accession Number ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ. the number which is assigned to each individual item during accessioning into the museum’s collection. 3 ﺗﺄﻗﻠﻢ Acclimatisation ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ. Process of adjusting to a new climate or environment. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤﺔ Accrete Emulsion ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ. .to be used to strengthen the old wood ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ، ﹼﺍﳋﻠﻮﻥ Acetone ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ -is the organic compound with the formu ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ. ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ,la (CH3)2CO. This colourless, mobile ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ. ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ flammable liquid is the simplest example ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺜﺮ. ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺎً ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺎً ﻫﺎﻣﺎً. of the ketones. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. ﺣﺎﻣﺾ Acid ّﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺁﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء، A compound that produces hydrogen ّﻭﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺣﻤﻮﺿﻴﺔ ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻵﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ -ions (H+) in aqueous solution. The con ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. centration of hydrogen ions in water is known as acidity. ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ Acquisition ﺷﻲء ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺙ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ -An object which has been donated, pur ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ. chased or bequeathed and accepted into the collection of a museum. ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻲ Acrylate Resin ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ. ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻼﺕ The acrylate ion (C H2=CHCOO−) is ﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ. the ion of acrylic acid. Acrylates are the salts and esters of acrylic acid. They are also known as propenoates (since acrylic acid is also known as 2-propenoic acid). ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻲ Acrylic ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ. ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ is a clear plastic. It resembles glass, but ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻭﺃﺧﻒ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. is stronger, lighter, and has many other advantages. ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻚ Acrylic Colour ﻫﻰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻼﺕ it is fast drying paint containing pigment ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻼء ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ .suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ.ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ,Acrylic paints can be diluted with water ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺻﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺴﺪﺓ .but become water-resistant when dry ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ. ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ Acrylic Painting ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻚ. -it is a painting done with acrylic pig ments and colours. 4 A ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ Acrylic Resins ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ -these are a group of related thermoplas ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ، tic or thermosetting plastic substances ﻭﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ. derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds. ﻣﻠﺘﺼﻖ Adhered ﻭﺻﻒ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. description of material or object that is bond with another material. ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺇﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ Adhesion Bonds ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ chemical bonds caused by adhesive ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﻤﺎﻍ. .chemicals or materials ﺻﻤﻎ Adhesive ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺁﻟﻲ (ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ) ﺃﻭ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ a substance capable of bonding materials ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ّ.ﺗـﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻠّﺼﻖ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ to each other by chemical or mechanical ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ. -action, or both, and which may be acti vated by water, other solvents, pressure, heat or other means. ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ Adhesive Bond ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ Adhesive Support ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻍ ﺍﻷﺷﺮﻁﺔ ّﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺼﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴّﺔ articles such as tapes and labels are ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻐﺸﻰ ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻻﺻﻖ ﺛﻢ ّﺗﺠﻔﻒ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳّﺎ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ made from liquid adhesive by coating ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻠّﺼﺎﻕ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ. -the adhesive on a support and evaporat ing the organic solvent or waiter carrier usually in a hot air dryer. ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺻﻖ Adhesive Techniques ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﻟﺼﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ. ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺼﻖ -adhesion, the attachment between adhe ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ sive and substrate may occur either by ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺼﻮﻗﺔ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺼﻖ -mechanical means, in which the adhe ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ sive works its way into small pores of ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ. ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ -the substrate, or by one of several chemi ﺗﺘﻮﻟّﺪ ّﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ّﻓﺘﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ. cal mechanisms. In some cases, an actual chemical bond occurs between adhesive and substrate. In others, electrostatic forces, as in static electricity, hold the substances together. ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﺍﺎﻭﺭ Adjacent Glucose ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ، ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ Adjustment ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ؛ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ، ﻣﻮﻗﻒ. ﺃﻭ -the act of adjusting; adaptation to a par ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ، ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ,ticular condition, position, or purpose ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍء ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ. or the state of being adjusted; orderly relation of parts or elements. 5 ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Administration of the Objects ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺃﻭ this is mainly applied in museums or ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ galleries or any collection centres, and ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﻬﺎ that is to organize the objects of the ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ. ,collections in terms of their registration cataloguing, storing, conserving and exhibiting. ﹼﻣﺞ. ﹼﲤﺼﺮ Adsorption ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠّﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ the removal of materials by breaking ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ. chemical bonds from the surface of a solid so that they become gaseous. ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ Adsorptive property ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺟﻤﻊ (ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻠﺔ) ﻋﻠﻰ ,the characteristic to gather (a gas, liquid ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ. or dissolved substance) on a surface in a condensed layer. ﺍﻹﻣﺘﺰﺍﺯ (ﳌﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ) ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻂ Adsorptive to activated carbon ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ Aesthetic Value ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ is a branch of philosophy dealing with ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻭﻕ ، ﻭﻣﻊ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ. the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ Affinity ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ -the force by which atoms are held to ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ .gether in chemical compounds ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ After Conservation ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ After Eradication ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭﻳﻘﻮﻥ (Agaricales (pl. Agarics ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﺧﻴﺸﻮﻣﻲ (ﻻﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ)، the fungal order Agaricales, also known ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ. -as gilled mushrooms (for their distinc tive gills), or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. ﺃﺑﺪﻱ Ageless ﺧﺎﻟﺪ، ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ. timeless; eternal: an ageless quality ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Agent for insecticide ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﺪ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ Materials that are used as a pesticide ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻁﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ. used against insects in all stages of growth. ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ (ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ) (Agents (RP system ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Aio guard ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ

6 A ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ Air abrasive ﻫﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ it could be a machine that is useful for ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ. removing stiff dirt or corrosion from the surface of an archaeological objects. ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ Air pollution ﻫﻮ َﺗ َﻌ ﱡﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ -is the introduction of chemicals, particu ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻯ late matter, or biological materials that ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ، ﺃﻭ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ cause harm or discomfort to humans or ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ. -other living organisms, or cause dam age to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. ﻛﺤﻮﻝ Alcohol ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ in chemistry, an alcohol is any organic ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ -compound in which a hydroxyl func ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ. tional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, usually connected to other carbon or hydrogen atoms. ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ Algae ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ,are a large and diverse group of simple ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ، typically autotrophic organisms, ranging ﻣﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ (ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎء + ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ,from unicellular to multicellular forms ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ) ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ (ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ) ﺗﺨﺘﺰﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ. .meters in length ﻗﻠﻮﻱ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ Alkali ّﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺁﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء. -A substance capable of forming hydrox ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻣﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ .yl ions (OH-) when dissolved in water ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ. Alkalis neutralise acids producing a salt and water. ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ Alloy ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ّﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻬﻮﺭﺓ. ﻣﻦ A material composed of two or more ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ّﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ّﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ —metals which are mixed and united ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ّﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ. .usually when they are in a molten state Alloys are created to improve properties such as the appearance, strength and durability of metals. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ALP ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ Alpha ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ. the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 1. ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ Alternation of generations ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ describes the life cycle of plants, fungi ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ .and protists ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ. 7 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ Ambient temperature ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ -it is a non-specific phrase used to de ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ. .scribe the outside temperature ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ Amenable ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ، ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ، ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ، is capable of or agreeable to being ﺍﻟﺦ. .tested, tried, analyzed, etc ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻲ Amino acid contents ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ these are molecules containing an amine ﺃﻣﻴﻦ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ group, a carboxylic acid group and a side ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ -chain that varies between different ami ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ no acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ، ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ. ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ nitrogen. They are particularly important ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ in biochemistry, where the term usually ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ. .refers to alpha-amino acids ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ Amorphous silica ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ a naturally occurring or synthetically ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ. produced oxide of silicon characterized ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ. -by the absence of pronounced crystal ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ line structure. It may contain water of ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ. hydration or be anhydrous. Used as an extender pigment, a flatting agent, and a desiccant. Also known as crystalline silica. ﻧﺸﺎ Amylum ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ is a carbohydrate consisting of a large ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻴﻠﻮﺑﻴﻜﺘﻴﻦ، ﻭﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ number of glucose units joined together ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ (ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ. ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء .by glycosidic bonds ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ. ﲢﻠﻴﻞ Analysis ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺤﻴﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ّﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻨﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ the process of considering something ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء ّﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ. carefully Or using statistical methods in order to understand or explain it. ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ Analysis methods ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ in the field of archaeological science this ﻭﺗﻤﺤﻴﺼﻬﺎ. ّﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻌﻨﻲ ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ term refers to the dating of finds and the ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ examination of their composition. The ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨّﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ,artworks, building materials, furniture ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﻞ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ّﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ and similar items collected from a site can all be analyzed, while any texts can ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ّﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ usually be deciphered. These techniques ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ.ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ّ frequently provide information that would ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻛﻤﻴّﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻲ ّﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴّﻦ not otherwise be known and therefore ﻭﻧﺴﺒﻬﺎ. contribute greatly to the understanding of a site. Chemists use analysis to identify 8 the components of a particular chemical A compound as well as their proportions inside the mixture. ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ Analysis of condition ﻭﺻﻒ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ. -describing and studying the current con dition of an object or monument. ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ Analytical ﻭﺻﻒ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ. .description of analysis study ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ Analytical Information ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ -any information resulted from the ana ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ، ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ، ﺇﻟﺦ. -lytical study, such as chemical composi tion, descriptive information, etc. ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ Analytical Results ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ Analytical techniques ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ an analytical technique is a method that ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ is used to determine the concentration of ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ -a chemical compound or chemical ele ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ (ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ) ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ (ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ) ﺇﻟﻰ -ment. There are a wide variety of tech ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ niques used for analysis, from simple ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ. weighing (gravimetric) to titrations (titrimetric) to very advanced techniques using highly specialized instrumentation. ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ Anatomy ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ is a branch of biology and medicine that ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ. is the consideration of the structure of ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ. .living things ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ Ancient ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ. ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ .refer to something dating from the past ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ : ﻣﺨﺼﺺ -Ancient implies existence or first oc ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ. currence in a distant past: an ancient custom. ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ Ancient technology ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ّﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ the growth of the ancient civilizations ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ّﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴّﺔ، ّﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ّﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ produced great advances in technology ّﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ -and engineering which stimulated societ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ: ﺇﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ّﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ies to adopt new ways of living and ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻦ governance. Examples: The Egyptians ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻋﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴّﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ invented the ramp to aid construction ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. processes. Ancient India invented the sailing craft, the Chinese invented paper and cast iron and the Mesopotamians invented irrigation and the wheel. 9 ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ Ancient temples ﻳﻤﺜّﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺃﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ a temple is an edifice constructed for ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ. ّﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴّﺔ -religious worship. Because of the im ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺘﻬﺎ ّﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ. ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ّﺇﻥ portance of worship in a society, temple ّﺯﻗﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺰﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ architecture represents the best of a culture’s design. Temple design varies ﻭﻣﺒﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ّﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ّﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻶﻟﻬﺔ، widely between one religion and another. ﺇﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﻏﺮﻓﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺾ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﺁﻟﻬﺘﻬﻢ The ziggurats of Ancient Iraq were ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴّﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ. ّﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ elaborately designed and decorated, and ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ّﻣﺼﻤﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺰﺍﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺢ their stepped style ascended to a point ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ. where the gods dwelt. The Classical Greek temple was a windowless room housing an image of a god and the alter stood outside the temple. Roman temples were similar but placed the alter inside the temple. ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺰ Andean cultures ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ is a collective term used to refer to the ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﺰ، ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ -indigenous cultures of the Andes moun ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺒﺮﺍﻁﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺎ. tains, especially those that came under the influence of the Inca empire. ﻧﺒﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ (Angiosperm (pl. Angiosperms ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ -are seed-producing plants like the gym ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ nosperms and can be distinguished from ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ، -the gymnosperms by a series of syna ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ، ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ .(pomorphies (derived characteristics These characteristics include flowers, ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ. endosperm within the seeds, and the pro- duction of fruits that contain the seeds. ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﺭﻳﺪ Anhydride units ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ، ﺳﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ any chemical compound obtained, either ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ، ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ -in practice or in principle, by the elimi ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ. .nation of water from another compound ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ (ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ) Animalia ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﹼﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ Animalization ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ. .representing a subject in animal form ﺃﻧﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ Anions ﻫﻲ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ these are atoms or groups of atoms that ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ. .have gained electrons ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ Anisotropic ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ exhibiting properties with different ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. -values when measured in different direc tions.

10 A ﺃﻧﻮﺑﻴﺪﺍ (ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ) (Anobiidae (Death-watch beetle ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ. ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ It is a family of beetles. The larvae of ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﺍﻛﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ”ﺣﻔﺎﺭ a number of species tend to bore into ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ“. ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ -wood, earning them the name “wood ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﺖ ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ، ﻻ worm” or “wood borer”. A few species ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻭﺗﺶ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎء ﻭﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎء ﺃﺛﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ. are pests, causing damage to wooden furniture and house structures, nota- bly the death watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum, and the common furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum. ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻛﺴﻴﺎ Anoxia ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ the term anoxia means a total decrease in ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ، ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ the level of oxygen, an extreme form of ”ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ“. .”hypoxia or “low oxygen ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ Antenna factor ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ، ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺋﻲ -in telecommunications, the antenna fac ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ tor is defined as the ratio of the incident ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺧﻂ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ. electromagnetic field strength to the voltage on the line connection of an antenna. ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ Anthrenus verbasci ﻫﻮ ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎء 3 ﻣﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ,it is called the varied carpet beetle ﺁﻓﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ. ﻭﻳﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ which is a 3 mm–long beetle that can ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ. be a serious household pest. It feeds on natural fibers and can damage carpets, furniture and clothing. ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ Anti-earthquake system ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ Antiquities ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠّﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ things such as buildings, statues, or ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎﺷﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ. coins, etc. that were made in ancient times and have survived to the present day. ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ Antiquity treatment ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ ,any process the antiquity pass through it ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﻢ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ، ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ، ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ، -is consider a treatment, such as: record ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻡ، ﺇﻟﺦ. .ing, conserving, restoring, packing, etc ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ Anti-rust treatment ﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ، it is a treatment mainly done for metal ﻭﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ objects to prevent corrosion, and it could ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. be preventive by providing suitable environemnt, or interventive by adding chemical materials.

11 ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﻘﺲ Anti-weather ability ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ، ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ Appearance ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ، ﻭﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ the state, condition, manner, or style in ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ، ﻭﻧﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ -which a person or object appears; out ward look or aspect. ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Appearance of the objects ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻭﺗﺤﻴﻞ the visual appearance of objects is given ﺍﻟﻀﻮء. by the way in which they reflect and transmit light. ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ، ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ Application ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻟﻠﺸﻲء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ. the special use or purpose to which something is put ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ Appropriate countermeasures ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺬﺓ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ a countermeasure is a measure or action ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺁﺧﺮ. ﻛﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ، ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻞ .taken to counter or offset another one ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ (ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ -As a general concept it implies preci ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ) ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ sion, and is any technological or tactical ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ. solution or system (often for a military application) designed to prevent an un- desirable outcome in the process. ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ، ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ Appropriate texture ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ the suitable characteristic structure of ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ. ,the interwoven or intertwined threads ﺃﻭ، ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ، strands, or the like, that make up a textile ﻛﺎﺋﻦ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ، fabric. Or, the characteristic physical ﻭﻧﺴﺐ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ. ,structure given to a material, an object etc., by the size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of its parts. ﺣﻮﺽ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ Aquarium ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻈﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ is a vivarium consisting of at least one ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺗﺤﻔﻆ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ transparent side in which water-dwelling ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ (ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ). -plants or animals are kept (plural aquari ums or aquaria). ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻠﲔ ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ Aqueous PEG solution ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ Aqueous Solution ﻫﻮ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ an aqueous solution is a solution in ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﺤﺎﻕ (ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ) ﺇﻟﻰ which the solvent is water. It is usually ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ. ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ، -shown in chemical equations by ap ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ، ﺃﻭ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ .pending (aq) to the relevant formula ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ The word aqueous means pertaining ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء. to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is an ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. 12 A ﺻﻤﻎ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ Arabic Gum ﻫﻮ ﺻﻤﻎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻎ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ is a natural gum made of hardened sap ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻂ؛ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ. taken from two species of the acacia ﻭﻳﺤﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ .tree; Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ The gum is harvested commercially ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎ ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ from wild trees throughout the Sahel ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ. ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ -from Senegal and Sudan to Somalia, al ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ though it has been historically cultivated ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ. in Arabia and West Asia. Gum arabic is a complex mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins that is used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer. ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﺐ Archaeological ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ,related to archaeology, such as site ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴّﺔ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ,object or information derived from a dig ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ. .etc ﺣﻘﻞ ﺃﺛﺮﻱ Archaeological Field ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء it is the methodological process by ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ which archaeologists collect information ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻱ. -about the location, distribution and or ganization of past human cultures across archaeological site. ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﹼﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ -Archaeological materi ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﻹﻛﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ als analysis-SEM-EDS 1) ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ ّﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ (SEM (scanning electron microscope (1 ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ is a type of electron microscope that ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ّﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻓﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ images the sample surface by scanning it ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ with a high energy beam of the electrons ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻚ interact with the atoms that make up the ﻫﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ. sample producing signals that contain 2) ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ّﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴّﺔ ﻣﺸﺘّﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ information about the sample’s surface ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ -topography, composition and other prop ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻠﻚ ّﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ .erties such as electrical conductivity ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴّﺔ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray (2 ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ spectroscopy) is a technique used for the ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ّﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ. -elemental analysis or chemical charac terization of a sample. It is one of the variants of X-ray fluorescence spectros- copy which relies on the investigation of a sample through interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter.

13 ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ Archaeological Monuments ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻹﺣﻴﺎء ﺫﻛﺮﻯ are a type of structure either explicitly ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ created to commemorate a person or ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﻢ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ. ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ important event or which has become ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ. important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past events. They are frequently used to improve the ap- pearance of a city or location. ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ Archaeological Object ﻟﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻱ. artefact found by archaeologists in the course of excavating a site. ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ Archaeological Sciences ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ، ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ archaeological science, also known as ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ. ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ archaeometry, consists of the application ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ. ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ of scientific techniques to the analysis of archaeological materials. Archaeom- ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ etry is now considered its own scientific ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ field. Archaeological science involves dating, suveying, conservation science and studying ancient materials. ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ Archaeological Techniques ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ before any practical work can begin a ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ّﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻴﻦ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -clear objective as to what the archae ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ، ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ: ologists are looking to achieve must be ّﺃﻭﻻ ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ agreed upon. The work after that may ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ. ,be divided into four stages. Firstly ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴّﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ surveying the site to find out as much as possible about it and the surround- ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ. ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺎﺕ ing area. Secondly, an excavation may take place to uncover any archaeologi- ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ. ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ cal features buried under the ground. ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻷﻧّﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ّ Thirdly, once artefacts and structures ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ have been excavated, or collected ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ. from surface surveys, it is necessary to ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ properly study them in order to gain as ّ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒّﻴﻦ ّﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﺒﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ much data as possible. This process is ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. normally the most time-consuming part of the archaeological investigation. It includes cleaning and cataloguing the found artifacts and comparing them with similar ones found elsewhere, in order to classify them typologically and to identify other sites with similar artifact assemblages. Fourthly it is then considered good practice for the information to be published so that it is available to other archaeologists and historians. 14 A ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ Archaeological Values of Objects ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ it is the value of the archaeological ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ. ,objects which is based on the human community and market values. ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ Archaeology ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ the study of the sciences and peoples of ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ّﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻁﻼﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ the past by examining the remains of ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. .their buildings, tools, and other objects ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ Architectural style ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ it classify architecture in terms of the use ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ، ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ -of form, techniques, materials, time pe ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ، ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ -riod, region and other stylistic influenc ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ es. It overlaps with, and emerges from ﻫﻮ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ the study of the evolution and history of ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ architecture. Hence, architectural style ﻣﺜﻞ ”ﻧﻤﻂ“ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻁﻴﺔ. is a way of classifying architecture that gives emphasis to characteristic features of design, leading to a terminology such as Gothic “style”. ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﻥ Argon ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ is a chemical element represented by ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ، ﻋﻠﻰ 0،93 ٪، ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ the symbol Ar. Argon is the third most ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ. ﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﺳﻢ ,common gas in the Earth’s atmosphere ”ﺍﻷﺭﻏﻮﻥ“ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ”ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻂ“، at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide. The name “argon” is ﻓﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻻﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻷﻱ derived from a Greek word meaning “the ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ inactive one”, a reference to the fact that ﺧﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ -the element undergoes almost no chemi ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ cal reactions. Argon is mostly used as an ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ. ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ inert shielding gas in welding and other ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻫﺠﺔ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﻥ، ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ high-temperature industrial processes ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ. where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive. Argon gas also has uses in incandescent and fluorescent lighting, and other types of gas discharge tubes. ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ Arid condition ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻨﻘﺺ -a region is said to be arid when it is char ﺣﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ، ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ acterized by a severe lack of available ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ. ﻓﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ water, to the extent of hindering or even ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ preventing the growth and development ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ. -of plant and animal life. As a result, en vironments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. 15 ﺩﺭﻉ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ (Armor (archaeological ﺃﻱ ﺷﻰء ﺗﺮﺗﺪﻳﻪ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ any covering worn as a defense against ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ. .weapons in the ancient times ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﻴﺔ Armor object ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ Art and design museum ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ّﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ. a museum specialized in exhibiting works of art and design. ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﹼﻓﻨﻴﺔ Art works ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺯﻳﺘﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ product of one of the fine arts; especially ﺗﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴّﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ. painting or sculpture of high artistic quality. ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﹼﺔ Artefacts ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ monuments, tools, or other objects that ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ّﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴّﺔ are made by human beings, especially ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴّﺔ those that are historically or culturally interesting. ﺇﺿﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ Artificial lightings ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻺﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ، any source of lighting is not natural such ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ، ﺇﻟﺦ. ..as fire, lamps, etc ﻓﻨﻲ Artistic ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ -conforming to the standards of art; satis fying aesthetic requirements. ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ Asexual Reproduction ﻫﻮ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ it is a mode of reproduction by which ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ، ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ، ﻓﻤﻦ offspring arise from a single parent, and ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ، inherit the genes of that parent only, it ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ. ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ is reproduction which does not involve ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ -meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertiliza ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ. ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ tion. Asexual reproduction is the primary ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ. form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea, bacte- ria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ Asphalt ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺰﺟﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ -is a sticky, black and highly viscous liq ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ uid or semi-solid that is present in most ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﺘﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲ crude petroleums and in some natural ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ .deposits sometimes termed asphaltum ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻖ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ The primary use of asphalt is in road ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗﻴﻦ. construction, where it is used as the glue or binder for the aggregate particles.

16 A ﲡﻤﻴﻊ Assembly ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ، ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء، ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ an assembling or coming together of a ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ. number of persons, objects, etc. usually for a particular purpose. ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ Assessment ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳّﺔ ﻟﺸﻲء ّﻣﺎ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. consideration of someone or something and a judgment about them. ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ. Assessment of methods ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ (ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ) Assessment of Psychometric ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ,it is an evaluation to the psychometrics ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ، that is the field of study concerned with ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ، the theory and technique of educational ﻭﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ. ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ and psychological measurement, which ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ -includes the measurement of knowl ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ. edge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits. The field is primarily concerned with the construction and validation of measurement instruments, such as questionnaires, tests, and personality assessments. ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Associate Curator ﻫﻮ/ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ s/he performs routine professional ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺽ، ﻭﺣﻔﻆ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ museum and cultural work including ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻖ، -exhibition, preservation, storage, pre ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﻅﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ. sentation graphics and design under the supervision of the Curator and in direct collaboration with the museum technical staff. ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ، ﻻﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ Asymmetrical ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ not identical on both sides of a central ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ؛ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء : ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ .line; unsymmetrical; lacking symmetry ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱء. In chemistry: having an unsymmetrical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ Atmosphere ﻫﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ is a layer of gases that may surround a ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ material body of sufficient mass, and ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ. ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻁﻮﻝ، ﺇﺫﺍ that is held in place by the gravity of the ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ، ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ body. An atmosphere may be retained ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ. ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ for a longer duration, if the gravity is ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ high and the atmosphere’s temperature ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. is low. Some planets consist mainly of various gases, but only their outer layer is their atmosphere. 17 ﺃﺗﺎﺟﻴﻨﻴﺲ Attagenus ﻫﻮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ. ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻲ it is a genus of beetles. This genus is ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ، ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ، ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ، ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ found in tropical Africa, the Palearctic ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ. including Europe, the Near East, the Nearctic, North Africa and East Asia. ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻨﺎﻓﺲ Attagenus japonicas ﺃﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ Authenticity ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﺩﻋﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ، ﺳﻼﺡ، ,it is a measure of how close an item ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ، ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ prop, action, weapon, or custom is, to ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ. what would actually have been used or done in the time period being depicted. ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺎﻡ Autoclave method ﻭﻋﺎء ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ the metal container tightly lock is used ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ -for sterilization by steam and pressure protected. ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ Automated fumigation chamber ﻣﻌﺪﻝ، ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ Average ﻛﻤﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ -a quantity, rating, or the like that rep ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ resents or approximates an arithmetic mean ﲡﻨﺐ، ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺀ Avoid ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻳﺔ Axial parenchyma (ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ: ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ .parenchyma cells of the axial system ﺣﻴﺔ) ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ. ﻣﺤﻮﺭ Axis ﺧﻂ ﻭﻫﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ. .line around which an object rotates ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ B Backing support materials ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ these are different materials that are used ﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ mainly to support fragile or sensitive ﺍﻷﻭﻝ. objects during exhibiting, or mainly transporting. ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ Bacterial action ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻡ، ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮ Bacterium ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ is a unicellular microorganism which ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ. represents one of the most basic and primitive forms of life. ﻧﻘﻞ/ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ Bad handling ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ، ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ this is when moving objects, especially ﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ، ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ the fragile or sensitive ones, without ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ. ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺟﺮﺓ ﺧﺰﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺾ، ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺪ -considering the basic for proper han ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ. dling. Such as hold ceramic jar from the handles, or holding the fragile objects without enough support. 18 B ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺳﻲﺀ Bad restoration ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ this is when the restoration can be very ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ، ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ visible on the object, that it looks very ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ. odd, or when unsuitable materials are used while restoration. ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ Balance ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻊ ,an instrument for determining weight ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ، ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻁﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻖ typically by the equilibrium of a bar with ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻋﺎء، ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ a fulcrum at the center, from each end ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ. ,of which is suspended a scale or pan one holding an object of known weight, and the other holding the object to be weighed. ﺧﻴﺰﺭﺍﻥ Bamboos ﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻉ ﻧﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. ﺍﻧﻬﻢ are some of the fastest growing plants in ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ 60 ﺳﻢ (24 ﺑﻮﺻﺔ) ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ -the world. They are capable of grow ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ. ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ing 60 cm (24 in.) or more per day due ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺰﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ .to a unique rhizome-dependent system ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ However, the growth rate is dependent ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ، ﻭﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ، .on local soil and climatic conditions ﻭﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍء، ﻭﻛﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎ. Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in East Asia and South East Asia, being used for build- ing materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. ﺿﻤﺎﺩﺓ Bandage ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ it is a piece of material used either to ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺒﻴﺮﺓ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎء ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ -support a medical device such as a dress ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ. ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ing or splint, or on its own to provide ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ، ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻋﺎﻡ، ﻋﻠﻰ -support to the body. Bandages are avail ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺃﻁﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ -able in a wide range of types, from ge ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ neric cloth strips, to specialised shaped ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺠﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ bandages designed for a specific limb ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ. ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ or part of the body, although bandages ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ، ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ”ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺔ“ ﻟﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﻠﻊ can often be improvised as the situation ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ، ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺡ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ demands, using clothing, blankets or ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺿﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺧﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ، other material. In common speech, the ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺡ. word “bandage” is often used to mean a dressing, which is used directly on a wound, whereas a bandage is technically only used to support a dressing, and not directly on a wound.

19 ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ Banding methos ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺿﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﻟﺘﺤﻒ these methods used when preparing ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ، ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ. bandage for fragile artifacts, especially while lifting during excavations. ﳊﺎﺀ، ﻗﺸﺮﺓ Bark ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ it is the outermost layers of stems and ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ roots of woody plants. Plants with bark ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ. ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ .include trees, woody vines and shrubs ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ Products used by people that are derived w: ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ، ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻧﻴﻦ، ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ -from bark include: spices and other fla ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ,vorings, tannin, resin, latex, medicines ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻠﻮﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻦ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ، poisons, various hallucinatory chemicals ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺭﻕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ، and cork. Bark has been used to make ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ. -cloths, canoes, ropes and used as a sur face for paintings and map making. ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ Barrier-film ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ Base resin ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic chemicals ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ these depends on the field that they ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ، ﻣﺜﻞ: ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ,will be used in. Mainly, solvents, acids ﻭﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ، ﺍﻟﺦ. .acrylic resins, alkalis, etc ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﹼﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic conservation ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺆﺛّﺮ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳّﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ -any non-interventive act by a conserva ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴّﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻻﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ tor to protect an object. Such acts should ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ. be revesible, and the object should be able to be returned to the state in which it was prior to the intervention. ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic conservation practice ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ/ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ -Basic conservation treatment/treat ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ments these are the main procedures ﻫﻲ : ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ، ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ، ,in conservation, which are: assessment ﺍﻟﺦ. ,cleaning, consolidation, restoration packing, etc. ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﹼﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic conservation works ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﺨﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ -acts carried out by a conservator to nul ﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ّﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ. lify or reduce the rate of deterioration of an object. ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic knowledge

20 B ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﹼﺍﻷﻭ ﹼﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ Basic knowledge of conservation ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴّﺔ expertise, gained through training and ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴّﺔ ﻭﻁﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ، ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ experience in examining, handling and ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﻍ maintaing works of cultural heritage; as ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴّﺔ. well as skill in using effective methods to keep them as close to their original condition as possible. ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic pest management ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ,this includes the environment control ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ، ﺍﻟﺦ. ,pesticide chemicals, proper storage handling, displaying, etc. ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic principles and methods ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﹼﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic skills ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ّﺗﻤﻜﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮء ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ّﻣﺎ the knowledge and ability that enable ﺑﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ. .you to do something well ﻓﺤﺺ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ Basic testing ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ّﻣﺎ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. the activity of examining something in order to find out information. ﻧﻈﺮﻳﹼﺔ ﹼﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic theory ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ set of rules and principles that form the ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ. .basis of a practical subject or skill ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ Basic unit ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ. .the major unit in any division ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ Basidiomycota ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ (ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ is one of two large phyla that, together ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ”ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ“ ﻝ) ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ -with the Ascomycota, comprise the sub ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ. ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ، kingdom Dikarya (often referred to as ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻓﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺱ، ﻭﻫﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ، ﻭﻧﺠﻮﻡ the “higher fungi”) within the Kingdom ﺍﻷﺭﺽ، ﺳﻤﻮﺗﺲ، ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺑﺎﺕ، ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ، ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺮﺁﺓ، -Fungi. More specifically the Basidi ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ. ,omycota include mushrooms, puffballs stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other poly- pores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus. ﻗﻴﺼﺮﻳﹼﺔ Bedestan ﺳﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﻘﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﻘﺒﺐ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻧﻴﺖ enclosed market where goods of high ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﺼﺮﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﻛﻮﻙ value are handled. A surviving badestan ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻴﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺎﺑﻜﻪ ، ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮﻳﻪ within the citadel of Kirkuk consists 540 ﻡ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻱ 34 ﺣﺎﻧﻮﺗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ of 34 shops in two rows with a central ﻣﻤﺸﻰ . space. The area of this bedestan is 540 m2. 21 ﻧﺤﻠﺔ/ﻧﺤﻞ (Bee (pl. Bees ﻫﻲ ﺣﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ، ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ these are flying insects closely related to ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﻭﺷﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ، ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ wasps and ants, and are known for their ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ 20.000 ﻧﻮﻉ، ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ role in pollination and for producing ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ. .honey and beeswax ﺑﻨﺰﻭﺗﺮﺍﻳﺎﺯﻭﻝ Benzotriazole ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ. ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ it is a heterocyclic compound with the ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ formula C6H4N3H. This aromatic is a ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ commonly used corrosion inhibitor. It is ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ. a colourless solid that is soluble in polar solvents, including water. Benzotriazoles are also a class of compounds containing the benzotriazole skeleton. ﺑﻴﺘﺎ Beta ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ -is the second letter of the Greek alpha ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ bet. In the system of Greek numerals it .2 has a value of 2. ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ Bibliography ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺼﺮ -it is the product of the practice of bib ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺒﻠﻴﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ liography, is a systematic list of books ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ .and other works such as journal articles ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ”Bibliographies range from “works cited ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ lists at the end of books and articles to ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ .complete, independent publications ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ. ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺓ Bifocals ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﻴّﺰﺗﻴﻦ. these are eyeglasses with two distinct ﺍﻟﻨّﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜّﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨّﺎﺱ -optical powers. Bifocals are most com ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺮﺽ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ -monly prescribed to people with pres ﻳﺘﻄﻠّﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ًﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨّﻈﺮ، ّﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ، ﻭ/ﺃﻭ byopia who also require a correction for ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ. .myopia, hyperopia, and/or astigmatism ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﺑﻂ Binding Agents ﻭﺛﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﻳﺠﻒ، -a liquid component of paint that solidi ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ fies as it dries and thereby serves to bind ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ. ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻖ. -the pigment particles and develop adhe sion to a surface. Also known as binder. ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎﺕ (Binocular Microscope (BM ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ a light microscope adapted to the use of both eyes.

22 B ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ Biological ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺔ the processes and states that occur in the ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ .bodies and cells of living things ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ (ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ) Biological Analysis ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ it is the methods access data regarding ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ one or more images of a plurality of ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ -different combinations of biological re ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ceptors which individually have reacted ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ، ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻀﻢ with one or more biological indicators ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ. ,of a biological sample, analyze the data and based on the analysis, create a pro- file comprising values representative of the biological indicators. ﺗﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ (ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ) Biological Deterioration ﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ. it is found principally in the form of ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ insects and fungi. While this activity can ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺨﺒﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺇﺳﺎءﺓ result in the complete destruction of an ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ object, it pales by comparison to use and ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ، ﻭﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ the abuse by humans. And by contrast to ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻣﻨﻌﻪ. ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ -human intervention, biological deterio ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ration is an often preventable form of ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ. damage. Most of the biological damage is started in poor environmental condi- tions for storage and display. ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ (ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ) Biological Laboratory ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ it is a place where different types of ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ experiments and research concerning ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ. ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ all the disciplines of life science takes ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ place. A biology laboratory commonly ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺗﺨﺪﻡ serve industries, schools, undergraduate ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء. ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ and graduate studies and research. They ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ : ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ، ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ، are equipped with sophisticated biology ﻣﺸﺮﻁ، ﻭﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺎﺕ، equipments serving all disciplines of ﺍﻟﺦ. biology. Basic equipments and tools in it are: microscope, magnification glasses, scalpel, insect storage boxes and bottles, etc. ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ (ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ) Biological Life Cycle ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ : ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ it is a period involving all different ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻠﻔﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ generations of a species succeeding each ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ، ﺳﻮﺍء ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ,other through means of reproduction ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ.. whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. 23 ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ Biological Niches ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ it is the part of an ecosystem that is ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ. ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ -suited and occupied by a particular spe ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻻ cies. It basically defines their role within ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ -that ecosystem, and two organisms can ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ، ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ not occupy the same niche in the same ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ. ﻷﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻲء location without causing disruption of ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ، ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ the ecosystem, since the balance in the ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء، ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ ecosystem is lost. Because a species role ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. is a very complicated thing, the most important parts are usually the local food chain, space, other resources, environ- mental hazards and competition from other species. ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ Biologist ﺷﺨﺺ ّﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺔ. scientist concerned with the science of living things. ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻮﻻ Birch ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ these species are generally small to ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ، ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ. medium-size trees or shrubs, mostly of ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺴﻨﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ. ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻤﺮﺓ temperate climates. The simple leaves ﺳﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ may be toothed or pointed. The fruit is ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ. a small samara, although the wings may be obscure in some species. ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ Bird seeds ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻠﻪ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ these are the different seeds that birds eat ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺯ، ﺍﻟﺦ. .it, which can be corn, wheat, rice, etc ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ Black metallic beetle ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﻔﺴﺎء ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً. .known as Japanean beetles as well ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ -Blattella germanica Tineola bissel liella Reticulitermes speratus Tinea translucens Ctenolepisma villosa Thermobia domestica Liposcelis bostrychophilus ﺑﻼﺗﻴﺪﻱ Blattidae ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﺻﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻲ، ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ the Blattidae is a family of the order ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﺻﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ. Blattaria (cockroaches). It contains several of the most common household cockroaches. ﹼﻣﺒﻴﺾ Bleach ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ a chemical that is used to make cloth ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠّﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ. white, or to clean things thoroughly and kill germs. 24 B ﺗﺒﻴﻴﺾ. ﺇﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ Bleaching ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ the cosmetic whitening or reduction of ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ. coloured substances by the chemical ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ .action of an oxidizing or reducing agent ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ The process is likely to weaken paper or textiles and is rarely a recommended ﺗﻀﻌﻔﻬﺎ. conservation treatment. ﹼ ﺗﺒﺜﺮ Blistering ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼء ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼء bubbling between layers of paint or ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺐ. -between paint and the surface it is cover ing, often caused by heat. ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﺚ Block Infection to prevent pollution ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ Block invasion ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ Bonding ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺨﺪﻣﻪ. -could have several meaning depend ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ، ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ,ing on the field it service. In general ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ، ﻭﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ، ﺍﻟﺦ. it’s a any physical or non-physical link between two or more persons, materials, etc. ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ Bonding power ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﻳﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ Dmitri Mendeleev used the property of ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻪ. ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ bonding power when developing his ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ periodic table. Bonding power refers to ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ the number of bonds an element forms during a chemical change. But Mende- ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ. leev could not explain bonding power because he didn’t know about the struc- ture of atoms. ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ Books corrode ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺸﻴﺪﺍ Bostrichidae ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 700 ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ. are a family of beetles with more than ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻭﺟﻴﺮ، ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺁﺧﺮ -described species. They are com 700 ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺁﺧﺮ. ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ -monly called auger beetles, false pow ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻭﺟﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﻕ، ﻛﻤﺎ derpost beetles or horned powderpost beetles. The head of most auger beetles ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ. cannot be seen from above, as it is ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ downwardly directed and hidden by the ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎء. thorax. An exception is the powderpost beetles from the subfamily Lyctinae. ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ Botanical ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ، ﺃﻭ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ. .anythig, made from, or containing plant ﺣﺪﻭﺩ Boundary

25 ﺣﺠﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ (ﻛﻮﺩﻭﺭﹼﻭ) Boundary Stone, Kudurru ﺑﻼﻁﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﺽ ُﻭﻫﺒﺖ ﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻉ a form of boundary stone employed to ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ّﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷــﻴّﺔ (ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ record and display land grants given to 16 ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ 12 ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ). ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ,.vassals during the Kassite period (i.e ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻌﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻜﺚ .(the 16th through 12th centuries BCE These stone slabs were inscribed with ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻮﺩ. ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ information pertaining to the owner, the ّ ّ ﻭﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻯ ﺁﻟﻬﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ruler, the nature of the land grant, and ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﺒﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ. -the divine curses that might be associ ated with its violation. Kudurrus were usually decorated with representations that often included the image of the ruler and a series of symbols associated with specific gods and goddesses charged with enforcing and safeguarding the land tenure agreement. ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺷﺔ Brakes ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺴﺤﻖ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ tool to crush the wood parts of the flax ﻋﻨﻬﺎ .fibers to separate them ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ Brand new entirly new ﻛﺴﻮﺭ Breakages 1) ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ. .The act of breaking (1 2) ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ. .A quantity broken (2 3) ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ. -Loss or damage as a result of break (3 ing. ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ Breeding ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺏ ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻞ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ it is the reproduction, that is, producing ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ .of offspring, usually animals or plants ﺧﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ Broadleaf type (wide leaf) ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻮ ﺍﻳﺜﺎﻥ (ﺍﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ) Bromoethane ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ it is also known as ethyl bromide, it is a ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ. chemical compound of the haloalkanes group. ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰ Bronze alloy ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ it is a metal alloy consisting primarily ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ of copper, usually with tin as the main ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ -additive, but sometimes with other ele ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ. ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻭﻫﺸﺔ، ,ments such as phosphorus, manganese ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ، ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ aluminum, or silicon. It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ. in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal. 26 B ﺻﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰ Bronze Disease ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰﻳﺔ. it is a form of corrosion that affects ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ bronze artifacts. It manifests itself as ﺃﻭ ﻛﻔﻴﻠﻢ ﺛﺆﻟﻮﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ. either a powdery green substance on ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺗﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺓ، ﻓﺈﻥ the surface of the metal or as a warty or ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ. ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰﻳﺔ .waxy film over the surface of an artifact ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ. ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ -However, while a patina is not destruc ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰﻳﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ .tive, bronze disease most certainly is ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ Bronze disease is the result of a complex ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ. ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ chemical reaction. It is known as bronze ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ disease because the reaction produces a ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء. green powder on the surface of bronze artifacts that resembles a fungus. This corrosion is caused by a circular set of reactions that involve the chlorides of a copper alloy and water. ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ Brush ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺃﻭ ,this refers to devices with bristles ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ، ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ، ﻭﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ -wire or other filaments, used for clean ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ، ﻭﻟﻠﺪﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ، ﻭﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ,ing, grooming hair, make up, painting ﻭﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ. ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺴﺎﺕ surface finishing and for many other ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. .purposes ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ/ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ (Bubble (pl. Bubbles ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ. a nearly spherical body of gas contained in a liquid. ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ Bulking treatments ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻨﺎﻥ Bumblebee ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ is a social insects that are characterised ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ، ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ. ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﺑﻌﺾ by black and yellow body hairs, often ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﺩﻫﻢ، ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ in bands. However, some species have ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ. ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻗﺮﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻳﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ orange or red on their bodies, or may ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻖ ﻭﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻊ ﻭﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻹﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ be entirely black. Like their relatives ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 250 ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ، ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ the honey bees, bumblebees feed on ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ nectar and gather pollen to feed their ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ. -young. There are over 250 known spe cies, existing primarily in the Northern Hemisphere although they are common in New Zealand and Tasmania. ﺑﻮﺑﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﺪﺍ Buprestidae ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ is a family of beetles, known as jewel ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﻌﺔ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ .because of their glossy iridescent colors ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ، ﻣﻊ 15000 ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ The family is among the largest of the 27 ﻭ450 ﺟﻨﺴﺎ. ﻭﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﺓ ﺟﻤﻊ beetles, with some 15,000 species known ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ -in 450 genera. The larger and more spec ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ. ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ tacularly colored jewel beetles are highly ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻮﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ، ﻣﺜﻞ prized by insect collectors. The elytrae of ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ. -some Buprestidae species have been tradi tionally used in beetlewing jewellery and decoration in certain countries in Asia, like India, Thailand and Japan. ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻦ Burial ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ is the act of placing a person or object ﺑﺎﻁﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ. ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺧﻨﺪﻕ ﺃﻭ into the ground. This is accomplished ﺣﻔﺮﺓ، ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻰء ﻓﻴﻪ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻐﻄﻰ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ. by excavating a pit or trench, placing an object in it, and covering it over. ﺗﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻦ Burial mound ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ artificial hill of earth and stones built ﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ. ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ -over the remains of the dead. In Eng ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﻰء ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺭﻛﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺏ. ;land the equivalent term is barrow in Scotland, cairn; and in Europe and elsewhere, tumulus. ﻗﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺌﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﹼﺗﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ (Burial, Earth-Cut (Shaft ﺩﻓﻦ ﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺸـﺮﻳّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳّﺔ an inhumation of human remains within ﺗﺸـﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ. a chamber (or series of chambers) that has been cut directly into the ground and is situated at the bottom of a vertical shaft. ﻗﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ Burial, Intramural ﺩﻓﻦ ﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ. (an inhumation of human (or animal ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺘّﺒﻌﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ remains within a building—usually ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ. beneath the floor of a house. This was a common practice in certain regions of Mesopotamia, particularly during the Early Dynastic period. ﻗﺒﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ Burial, Tomb ﻗﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ an underground chamber, complete ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻟﺪﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ with walls, floors, and ceilings, usually ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ composed of brick or stone materials ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻦ، ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ، ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ,designed for the inhumation of human ﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ or animal remains. Such structures may ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭ. ,range from simple, rectangular designs to the elaborate, multi-chambered ar- rangements of tombs such as those found at the Royal Cemetery of Ur. ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻥ Buried Cultural Heritage 28 B ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻞ Butyl rubber ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ، ﻭﻛﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺴﻮﺑﻮﺗﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ is a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of ﺃﻳﺴﻮﺑﺮﻳﻦ. ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻞ isobutylene with isoprene. A synthetic ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ -rubber, or butyl rubber is imperme ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ -able to air and used in many applica ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ tions requiring an airtight rubber. Butyl rubber is used in the manufacture of ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ، ﻭﻗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ، ﻭﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ adhesives, agricultural chemicals, fiber ﻭﻻﺻﻖ، ﺗﺘﺸﺒﺚ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ optic compounds, ball bladders, caulks ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ (2 ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ)، ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﻭﻓﺘﺎﺕ ,and sealants, cling film, electrical fluids ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ، ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺻﺒﻐﺎﺕ، lubricants (2 cycle engine oil), paper and ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ، ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺘﻢ pulp, personal care products, pigment ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ concentrates, for rubber and polymer ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ، ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ/ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ، -modification, for protecting and seal ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻜﺔ. ing certain equipment for use in areas where chemical weapons are present, as a gasoline/diesel fuel additive, and even in chewing gum. C ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ Calcium ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ is a chemical element. It is a soft gray ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ abundant element by mass in the Earth’s ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ crust. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater by ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻻﺭﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ، ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ، both molarity and mass, after sodium, ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ. ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ -chloride, magnesium, and sulfate. Calci ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ، ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ. ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ -um is essential for living organisms, par ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻑ، ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ticularly in cell physiology. As a major ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ. material used in mineralization of bones and shells, calcium is the most abundant metal by mass in many animals. ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ، ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳋﻂ Calligraphy ﻓﻦ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻤﺔ the art of giving form to signs in an ﻭﻣﺎﻫﺮﺓ. ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ expressive, harmonious and skillful ﻣﺆﻁﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ، ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ manner. The story of writing is one of ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ، ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ. ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻧﻤﻂ aesthetic evolution framed within the technical skills, transmission speed(s) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺔ، ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ. and material limitations of a person, time and place. A style of writing is described as a script, hand or alphabet. ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﻮﺭﻱ Calories ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ. ﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ it could be a metric unit of energy. Or ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ. it could be and expression for the food energy.

29 ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ Cambium ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ in botany this is a layer or layers of ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ,tissue, also known as lateral meristems ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ -that are the source of cells for second ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺦ ﺧﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻴﻦ : ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺦ ary growth. There are two types of ﺧﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺦ ﺧﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ cambium: Cork cambium and Vascular ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ. .cambium ﻛﺎﻓﻮﺭ Camphor ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺚ، ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ is a waxy, white or transparent solid ﺷﻤﻌﻴﺔ، ﺑﻴﻀﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ .material with a strong, aromatic odour ﻭﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ. ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﻮﺭ It is found in wood of the camphor laurel (ﻗﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻮﺭ). ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ Cinnamomum camphora). It can also) be synthetically produced from oil of ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ، ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺦ (ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ)، ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ,(ingredient in cooking (mainly in India ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ، ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻁﺒﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ. as an embalming fluid, for medicinal purposes, and in religious ceremonies. ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺎﺯﻥ Caom processing ﺧﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ Caravanserai ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻻﻳﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻌﺘﻬﻢ -a building which provides accommoda ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ -tion and shelter to travelers, their ani ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺠﻮﻗﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ mals and their goods. This is an ancient ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ. ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ building type but became widespread during the Seljuk period (11th and 12th ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻩ centuries) with the expansion of trade. ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ . ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ Caravanserais were erected along the ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ trade routes at distances of a day’s ّ ﺑﺈﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻜﻪ ّﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﻪ ، ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﻩ journey from each other. In Iraq, remains ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ of a number of caravanserais along the ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ trade routed with Iran, Turkey and Syria ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ have survived. There are also remains of 16th century Safavid khans along the road which leads from Iran to the holy shrines in west Iraq. ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ Carbohydrates ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ are organic compounds which consists ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ. ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ .only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻬﻢ. Carbohydrates can be viewed as hydrates ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ، of carbon, hence their name. The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻟﻼﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺪ. ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺩﺍء a synonym of saccharide.Carbohydrates ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ .perform numerous roles in living things ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ (ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ، ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ) Polysaccharides serve for the storage of ﻭﻛﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ (ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ energy (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ). ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ structural components (e.g., cellulose in ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ، ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ plants and chitin in arthropods). In food 30 C ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ,science and in many informal contexts (ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﺮﻭﻧﺔ) ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ the term carbohydrate often means any ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ (ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻨﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ، -food that is particularly rich in the com ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ) . ,plex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals bread and pasta) or simple carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams and desserts). ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ Carbon ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ 6. ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ is the chemical element with symbol 14 ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ، ﻓﻬﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ C and atomic number 6. As a member ﻭﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ of group 14 on the periodic table, it is ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ، ﻣﻊ 13C 12C ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ، ﻓﻲ chemical bonds. There are three natu- ﺣﻴﻦ 14C ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ، ﻳﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ rally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 5730 ﺳﻨﺔ. ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ -13C being stable, while 14C is radioac ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ. ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ tive, decaying with a half-life of about ﻭﻓﺮﺓ 15 ﻓﻲ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ years. Carbon is one of the few 5730 ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ elements known since antiquity. Carbon ﻭﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ. ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ is the 15th most abundant element in the ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ -Earth’s crust, and the fourth most abun ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ (ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 18،5 ٪) ﺑﻌﺪ dant element in the universe by mass ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ، ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ is present in all known lifeforms, and in the human body carbon is the second ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ most abundant element by mass (about ﺍﻷﺭﺽ، ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ,after oxygen. This abundance (18.5% ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ. together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their unusual polymer-forming ability at the tempera- tures commonly encountered on Earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life. ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ (Carbon dioxide (CO2 ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ is a chemical compound composed of ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﻭﻫﻮ two oxygen atoms covalently bonded ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ. CO2 ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth’s atmosphere in this state. ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ : ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ CO2 is an acidic oxide: an aqueous solu- ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﻱ. ﺇﻧﻪ ﺃﻧﻬﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ tion turns litmus from blue to pink. It is ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻚ، ﺣﻤﺾ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ، the anhydride of carbonic acid, an acid ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻔﺰ ,which is unstable in aqueous solution ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﻢ، ﺍﻷﻧﻬﻴﺪﺍﺯ .from which it cannot be concentrated ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻚ. In organisms carbonic acid production is catalysed by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. 31 ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ Carbon dioxide control method ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ is available for plant research. This is to ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ. monitor the carbon dioxide level in the greenhouses or increase it. ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ Carbon dioxide treatments ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ Carbon Fiber ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ، ﻭﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ، ﻭﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ is a very strong, light, and expensive ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ. composite material or fiber-reinforced polymer. ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ (ﺗﻮﺭﺍﻳﻜﻤﺎﺕ) (Carbon fiber sheet (Toraycamat ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺯﻡ sheets or mats made of carbon fiber are ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ. -used for biomedical or industrial sup plies. ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥCarbon-14 dating 14- ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ method of determining the age of fossils ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ and archaeological specimen by means ّﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ 14 ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ. ﺇﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ of the content of the carbon isotope ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭﻳﻼﺭﺩ ﻟﺒّﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ 1946. ﻭﻫﻲ carbon-14 (14 C). It was developed by ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ the American physicist Willard Libby in 500 ﻭ 50000 ﺳﻨﺔ. and is used to ascertain the ages of 1946 carbonaceous specimen dating back to between 500 and 50000 years. ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺮﻃﻦ Carcinogenic ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ -is any substance, radionuclide or radia ﺳﺮﻁﺎﻥ. ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺘﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ tion, that is an agent directly involved ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ in causing cancer. This may be due to ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ the ability to damage the genome or ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﻁﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ to the disruption of cellular metabolic ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ .processes ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻁﺎﻥ. ﺑﺴﺎﻁ Carpet ﻏﻄﺎء ﺳﻤﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻧﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺵ a thick covering of soft material which is ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴّﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ. .laid over a floor or a staircase ﻛﺎﺯﻳﻦ Casein ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ is the phosphate protein found in the ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﻦ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻦ ﻓﻲ ,milk of mammals including cows, goats ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ. and humans. It is in the milk in the form ﻻﻳﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ. ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ of calcium salts. To Aitakther casein ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺇﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺤﺔ. heat, is deposited using some acids and enzyme Rennet.

32 C ﺻﺐ Cast 1) ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ. .to receive form in a mold (1 2) ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﻲ. .act of casting or throwing (2 3) ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺲ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻗﺎﺳﻲ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ a rigid surgical dressing, usually made (3 ﺿﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺠﺺ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺴﻲ. .of bandage treated with plaster of Paris ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﻉ Cast of armor ﺻﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﻉ moulding of an armor ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ Caste system ﻳﺼﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ -describes the system of social stratifi ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ cation and social restrictions in which ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻭﺟﺔ، ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ social classes are defined by thousands ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ. of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed castes. ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺩ Casting tape ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺔ Cataloguing ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ creating a record according to specific ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺳﻢ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ .and uniform principles of construction ﻭﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻨﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ Museum cataloguing usually includes ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ -details like name; details of manufac ture; history and use; storage location and physical condition. ﲡﻮﻳﻒ/ﲡﺎﻭﻳﻒ (Cavity (pl. Cavities ﻫﻲ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ : :it is a hole. It may refer to 1) ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ، ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﺖ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ Dental cavity, damage to the structure (1 2) ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺗﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ of teeth ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ Body cavity, a fluid filled space in (2 3) ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ، ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺩ many animals where organs typically ﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ. develop 4) ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻥ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ Cavity wall, a wall consisting of two (3 ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. .skins with a cavity 5) ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ، ﻭﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﻣﺮﻧﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ، Resonator, a device designed to select (4 ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ .for waves of particular wavelengths 5) Optical cavity, the cavity resonator of a laser Cavitation, the phenomenon of partial vacuums forming in fluid, for example, in propellors. ﺳﻴﺪﺍﺭ: ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ Cedar ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء wood comes from several different trees ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ، ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ. ,that grow in different parts of the world and may have different use.

33 ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﺯ Cellobiose unit ﻫﻮ ﺩﻳﺴﺎﻛﻬﺎﺭﺍﻳﺪ، ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺟﺰﻱء ﻣﻦ is a disaccharide, the molecule is derived ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ. from the condensation of two glucose ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ molecules linked in a bond. It can be ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻻﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ hydrolyzed by bacteria or cationic ion ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ exchange resins to give glucose. It can ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ، be obtained by enzymatic or acidic ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺕ، ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ. hydrolysis of cellulose and cellulose rich materials such as cotton, jute, or paper. ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ Cellulose polymer chains ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺯ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ : ﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ، :cellulose is a straight chain polymer ﻻﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱء ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ unlike starch, no coiling or branching ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ، ﻭﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ -occurs, and the molecule adopts an ex ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ. -tended and rather stiff rod-like confor mation, aided by the equatorial confor- mation of the glucose residues. ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ Cellulose resin ﺃﻱ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ any resin based on cellulose compounds ﻭﺍﺛﻴﺮ. .such as esters and ethers ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ Cellulosic ﺃﻱ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺯ (ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ -a plastic made from cellulose (or a de ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺯ). .(rivative of cellulose ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﺪﻳﻦ .Cemedine Co ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺟﺰء Cemedine Super-X is an epoch-making ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻻﺻﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ one-part quick curing adhesive having ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ three significant features which are said to be ideal properties of the adhesives; ” ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ“، ”ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ“ pressure-sensitive adhesion”,”elastic“ ﻭ“ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ“. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ .”adhesion” and “solventless adhesion ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺻﻖ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ. .This adhesive is used for protection ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺓ Cemetery ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ. Place where dead people’s bodies are buried. ﻗﺒﺮ ﺃﺟﻮﻑ Cenotaph ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺬﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﻴّﺖ ﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺔ، ﻭﺩﻓﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ Monument erected in memory of one ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ not interred under it as Unknown Soldier monuments. ﺍﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱ Central Laboratory ﻗﺮﻥ Century ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ. ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ period of a hundred years that is used ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴّﺔ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ when starting a date. For example, the 1891 th ﻭcentury was the period from 1801 to .1900 19 1900. 34 C ﺳﻴﺮﺍﻣﺒﻴﺴﻴﺪﻳﺎ Cerambycidae ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ . ﻫﻲ also known as long-horned beetles or ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ، ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ longicorns) are a cosmopolitan family ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻁﻮﻝ of beetles, typically characterized by ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﻔﺴﺎء. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ -extremely long antennae, which are of ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮﺓ، ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ten as long as or longer than the beetle’s body. Several are serious pests, with the ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ larvae boring into wood, where they can ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ (ﺃﻭ، ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ، ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻓﻲ cause extensive damage to either living ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ، ﻭﺣﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ، ﻭﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ -trees or untreated lumber (or, occasion ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ). -ally, to wood in buildings; the old house borer, being a particular problem indoors). ﺳﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ، ﺧﺰﻑ Ceramics ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ، ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺪﺕ it is an inorganic, non-metallic solid ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ -prepared by the action of heat and sub ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ، ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ sequent cooling. Ceramic materials may ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ (ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ، ﺯﺟﺎﺝ). ﻷﻥ have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a ﺳﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ، ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ glass). Because most common ceramics ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ، ﻋﻠﻰ are crystalline, the definition of ceramic ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ. ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ is often restricted to inorganic crystalline ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺼﺎﻝ، ﻭﺇﻣﺎ -materials, as opposed to the non-crystal ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺨﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ، ﻭﺗﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ. line glasses. The earliest ceramics were ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻳﺰﺟﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﻭﻳﺸﻮﻯ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء pottery objects made from clay, either ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻣﻠﺲ ﻭﻣﻠﻮﻥ. ﺳﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ,by itself or mixed with other materials ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ hardened in fire. Later ceramics were 20، ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺰﻓﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ,glazed and fired to create a colored ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ، ﻓﻲ smooth surface. Ceramics now include ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ. -domestic, industrial and building prod ucts and art objects. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors. ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ Cereals ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ or cereal grains are grasses cultivated ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺒﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻐﺬﺍء. ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ for the edible components of their fruit ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ. ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ seeds. Cereal grains are grown in greater ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻛﺎﻷﺭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ًﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ًﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ quantities and provide more food energy ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ;worldwide than any other type of crop ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ they are therefore staple crops. In some ًﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ًﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ًﺩﻭﻣﺎ. developing nations, grain in the form ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ. of rice, wheat, or maize (in American ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ، ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ: ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ -terminology, corn) constitutes a major ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻠﻢ. ity of daily sustenance. In developed ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ، ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ nations, cereal consumption is moderate ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻛﻌﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺟﻨﺔ. .and varied but still substantial 35 ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺳﻴﺘﻴﻠﻲ Cetyl Alcohol ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ 1، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ also known as 1-hexadecanol and ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺷﻤﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ. palmityl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)15OH. At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takes the form of a waxy white solid or flakes. ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ Chain structure ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ، consisting of multiple repeat units that ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﻦ. -are related chemically, as for the ex ample of polystyrene. ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ Change in color ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ Change of underwater level ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ Characteristics ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ، ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ، ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ، distinguishing feature or attribute of an ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ : (item, person, phenomenon, etc., usually (1 ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ، (2) ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ (divided into three categories: (1) physi- .(3 cal, (2) functional, and (3) operational. ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ Characteristics of a material ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴّﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ the qualities or features that belong ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ. to the material in question and make it recognizable. Characteristic of basic materials ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ (ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ) (Chart (pl. charts ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ”ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ it is a graphical representation of data, in ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺧﻂ، -which “the data is represented by sym ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﻓﻲ bols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ“. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ a line chart, or slices in a pie chart”. A ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ، ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ. ,chart can represent tabular numeric data functions or some kinds of qualitative structures. ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﹼﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ Chemical ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ these are substances that are used in a ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. chemical process or made by a chemical process. ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemical agent ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. -an agent that produces chemical reac tions. ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemical Analysis ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ the branch of chemistry dealing with ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. -techniques which yield any type of infor mation about chemical systems. 36 C ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemical cleaning ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ it is a method to derive surfaces and ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ، ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ,walls of equipment, pipelines, vessels ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ kettles and heat exchangers of unwanted ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ contaminants. Chemical cleaning also means the purification, conditioning, ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ. treatment or disinfection of water. ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemical composition ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ. it is the elements that compose the molecular. ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemical deterioration ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺒّﺒﻪ ّﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ deterioration caused by chemical ﻟﻬﺎ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ. .changes within a substance ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ Chemical equations ﻫﻲ (ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -is symbolic representation of a chemi ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ cal reaction where the reactant entities ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ are given on the left hand side and the ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ). ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ .product entities on the right hand side ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ The coefficients next to the symbols and ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ formulae of entities are the absolute val- ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ. ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ues of the stoichiometric numbers. The ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ first chemical equation was diagrammed ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ. ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ .by Jean Beguin in 1615 ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ Chemical material ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemical reaction ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ the process by which two or more ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ّﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ. chemicals combine with each other to form products which differ from the original substances. ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ Chemical structure ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱء، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ includes molecular geometry, electronic ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ -structure and crystal structure of mol ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ecules. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a mol- ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺰﻱء ecule and the chemical bonds that hold ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ، ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺰﻱء the atoms together. Molecular geometry ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ can range from the very simple, such as ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻳﺔ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ,diatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ. to the very complex, such as protein or DNA molecules. Molecular geometry can be roughly represented using a structural formula. Electronic structure describes the occupation of a molecule’s molecular orbitals. 37 ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Chemist ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺑﺼﻨﻊ Someone who does research connected ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ. .with chemistry or prepares medicines ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ Chemistry 1) ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴّﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ -The scientific study of the struc (1 ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ture of substances and the way that 2) ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ّﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ .they react with other substances ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ. The chemistry of an organism or a (2 material is the chemical substances that make it up and the chemical reactions that go on inside it. ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﹼﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﺎﻍ Chemistry of dyeing ﺗﺼﻄﺒﻎ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ dyes have a chemical affinity to the layer ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ. ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ to which they are being applied. They ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ّﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴّﺔ ّﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ are coloured because they absorbe some ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ -wavelengths of light preferentially. Re ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ -moving a dye requires the aid of reduc ﻫﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ing agants such as sodium hydrosulphite ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ. or oxidysing agents such as hydrogen or sodium hypochlorite. ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ Chemistry of fibre ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ the chemical compounds from which ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ّﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ّﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ man-made fibres are produced. These (ﺑﻮﻻﻳﻤﺮ)، ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻴّﺔ، ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ polymers, as they are called, belong to ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﻘﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴّﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ. a class of compounds characterised by long, chain-like molecules of great size and molecular weight. ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻮ Chemo cables ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ used in restoration of architectural monuments. ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺯ Cherry tree ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺘﻨﺎﺀ Chestnut ﺃﺑﻮ ﻓﺮﻭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﻠﻮﻁ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ -some species called chinkapin or chin ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺷﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁﻴﺔ -quapin, is a genus of eight or nine spe ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ cies of deciduous trees and shrubs in the ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ. ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺘﻨﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻓﺮﻭﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ -beech family Fagaceae, native to temper ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ. .ate regions of the Northern Hemisphere The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce.

38 C ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ Chlorides ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ -the chloride ion is formed when the ele ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻴﻮﻥ (ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ment chlorine picks up one electron to ﺳﻠﺒﺎ) ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ. ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻭﺣﻤﺾ (form an anion (negatively-charged ion ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ. contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ Chloroethene ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ also known as vinyl chloride, a gas with ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ CHCl=H2C، ﻭﻫﻮ an ether-like odor, with the formula ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ. ﻳﻌﺪ H2C:CHCl. It is manufactured by the ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ. -chlorination of ethene (ethylene). It po lymerizes to form polychloroethene, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and is widely used in this form for making electric wire insulation and vinyl records. ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ (Chloroprene rubber (CR ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺑﺮﻳﻦ ®، ﻛﺎﻥ it is widely known as Neoprene®, was ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ. one of the first oil resistant synthetic ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ rubbers. It can be considered as a good ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺻﻴﺪ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ general purpose rubber with an excellent ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ -balance of physical and chemical proper ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ties. It has better chemical, oil, ozone ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ and heat resistance than natural rubber ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ -but a rather lower level of physical prop ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ، ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ (ﺳﻮﺍء erties.CR is used in different technical ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ، ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ,areas, mainly in the rubber industry ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻄﻴﺲ (ﻗﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ)، but is also important as a raw material ﺭﻏﻮﺓ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ. for adhesives (both solvent based and water based, and has different latex ap- plications such as dipped articles (e.g. gloves), moulded foam and improve- ment of bitumen. ﺍﳊﺒﻠﻰ (Chordate (pl. Chordata ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ. ﻭﻫﻲ animal from the Chordata are the last ﺗﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺷﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ -people of Zoology. It follows in the or ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ der the Division of echinoderms, which ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍَ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺎً ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ. -are the highest group in the inverte brates. Chordata is also more complex animals, and paper and progress in terms of structure.

39 ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ Chromatography ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ -set of laboratory techniques for the sepa ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ. ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ -ration of mixtures. It is used in biochem ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ّﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ istry and analytical chemistry to identify ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ. and purify the individual components of a mixture. ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻧﻘﻪ (ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻧﻖ) (Chrysalis (pl. Chrysalises ﺧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﺜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻧﻘﺔ. pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in a cocoon. ﻗﻠﻌﺔ (Citadel (qal’ah ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ّﻣﺤﺼﻦ ﻣﺸﻴّﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ -military fortress in a commanding posi ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍ ﻟﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ، ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﺫﺍ tion or near city wall where people could ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ. .go in cases of danger ﻣﺸﺒﻚ، ﻣﻠﺰﻡ Clamp ﺃﺩﺍﺓ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ، ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻢ ,a device, usually of some rigid material ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ. for strengthening or supporting objects or fastening them together. ﻓﺌﺔ، ﺩﺭﺟﺔ، ﻧﻮﻉ، ﻃﺮﺍﺯ Class ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ Class of complex ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ. ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ Classification ﻓﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ assigning objects into groups within ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ a system of categories. Classifying or grouping similar objects helps in re- trieval when the objects are required. ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ Classification of adhesives ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ : :Adhesives are classified according to 1) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ (ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ، ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ -Classification by structure (thermoset (1 ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻧﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ)، ,(ting, thermoplastic, elastomeric 2) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ (ﺟﺰء ﻭﺍﺣﺪ، Classification by curing method (one (2 part, two parts), ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻴﻴﻦ)، 3) Classification by origin (synthetic or 3) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ (ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ) (natural ﻃﲔ، ﺻﻠﺼﺎﻝ Clay ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ -it is a naturally occurring aluminium sili ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ. ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ cate composed primarily of fine-grained ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ (ﺃﻱ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ) ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ًﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ minerals. Clay deposits are mostly ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ (ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ composed of clay minerals, a subtype ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ. ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ of phyllosilicate minerals, which impart ً ;plasticity and harden when fired or dried ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ they also may contain variable amounts ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻜﺴﺮﺕ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ. of water trapped in the mineral structure by polar attraction. Organic materials which do not impart plasticity may also be a part of clay deposits. 40 C ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ Clay tablets ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ، ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ In ancient times, small tablets made out ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ 4 ﻗﺒﻞ .of clay were used as a writing medium ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ From the 4th millennium BC in the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian and ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻦ، ﻭﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ Hittite civilizations of the Mesopotamia ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ -region, cuneiform characters were im ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺐ. ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ printed on a wet clay tablet with a stylus ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ، ﺗﺠﻔﻒ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء، ,often made of reed. Once written upon ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺸﺔ. ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ، ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ,many tablets were dried in the sun or air ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ remaining fragile. Later, these unfired ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ. ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ، clay tablets could be soaked in water and ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ، ﺃﻁﻠﻘﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ (ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻥ recycled into new clean tablets. Other ﻗﺼﺪ، ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء tablets, once written, were grilled in a ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ) ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ. ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ,kennal or fired in kilns (or inadvertently ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ. ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍﻫﻲ when buildings were burnt down by accident or during conflict) making them ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ. ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ hard and durable. Collections of these ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ، ﻓﻲ clay documents made up the very first ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ. archives. They were at the root of first libraries. Tens of thousands of written tablets, including many fragments, have been found in the Middle East. ﻃﻴﻨﻲ (Clayey (XNR 6105 ﻧﻈﻴﻒ Clean ﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ. ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ something that is clean is free from ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﻄﻠﻖ dirt or unwanted marks. A clean fuel or ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ. chemical process does not create many harmful or polluting substances. ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ cleaning process ﻫﻮ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻼﺕ ﺃﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ. ﻫﺬﺍ it is removing soil, corrosions, salts from ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻁﺒﺔ، ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ a surface. This removing could be either ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ. dry or wet, and different devices and materials can be used for both types. ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ -Cleaning the surface of wooden ob jects ﺇﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ. ﹼﺗﺼﻔﺢ Cleavage ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻼء ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ّﺑﺆﺩﻱ the separation of the layers of paint from ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺜّﺮ ّﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﻘﻊ. the ground of a painting, which may cause cracking and blistering between layers. This eventually causes the paint to flake off. ﻛﻠﺒﻤﻮﺳﻴﺲ Clubmosses ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء Lycopodiopsida is a class of plants often ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺧﺲ. loosely grouped as the fern allies, and includes the clubmosses. 41 ﻣﻄﻠﻲ Coated ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻁﻼء ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ having a highly polished coating applied ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻁﻼء، ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ، ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻥ، ﺃﻭ ,to provide a smooth surface for printing ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ، ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ. ,or having a coating, as of plastic, paint or pyroxylin, to make it impervious to moisture. ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ، ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ، ﻃﻠﻲ (ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ) (Coating (antiquities ﻫﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ. ﻓﻲ it is a covering that is applied to the ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻼء ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ surface of the antiquities. In many cases ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ ، ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ coatings are applied to improve the ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻼﻝ، ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ، ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ، ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ surface properties of the substrate, such ﺍﻟﺨﺪﺵ. -as appearance, adhesion, wetability, cor rosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ، ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ، ﲤﺎﺳﻚ Cohesion ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻫﻮ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ. in chemistry it is the intermolecular ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ .attraction between like-molecules ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ in geology it is the part of shear strength ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ. -that is independent of the normal effec tive stress in mass movements. ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻛﺔ Coin ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﻳّﺔ ّﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ a small piece of metal which is used as money. ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ. ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Collection ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻤﻠّﻜﻬﺎ the body of acquired objects held in title by a museum. ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Collection management ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ّﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ all activities related to the care of a ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﺭﺓ. collection from the time an object is acquired. It covers documentation— registration, cataloguing; conservation, display and loan of objects. ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ (ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ) (Colony (pl. Colonies ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ، ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ in politics and history, a colony is a ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ -territory under the immediate politi ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ cal control of a state. For colonies in ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ. ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ antiquity, city-states would often found ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎً their own colonies. Some colonies were ًﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﺧﺎﺻﺎً ﺑﻬﺎ. ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ historically countries, while others were ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ. territories without definite statehood from their inception. A Colony is mostly ruled by another state or can be run independently. 42 C ﹼﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ Colorant ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ. it is something added to something else ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺎ to cause a change in colour. Colourants ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ، ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ َﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﺒّﺔ -can be: dyes, pigments, biological pig ments, inks, paint, coloured chemicals. For example, colourants could be adding white to tint a paint, or black to shade a paint, ultimately changing the colour or value. ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ Coloring ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ. .the act or method of applying color ﺫﺑﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ Colour fading ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ّﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ّﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﻬﺖ when a coloured object fades or when ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﺎ the light fades it, it gradually becomes paler. ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ Colour matching ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ matching is used to describe things ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ. .which are of the same colour or design ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻔﺮﺯ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﺎ Colour reaction ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ this is a chemical reaction that is used to ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻨّﻰ ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ -transform colourless chemical com ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ. pounds into coloured derivatives which can be detected visually. ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ Colour System ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﺠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ (ﺃﺣﻤﺮ، method of designating colours based on ﺃﺯﺭﻕ، ﺇﻟﺦ) ﻭﺳﻄﻮﻋﻪ (ﺩﺍﻛﻦ ﺃﻡ ﻻﻣﻊ) ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻯ ّﺗﻮﻫﺠﻪ -hue, (the attribute by which we distin (ﻣﺸﺮﻕ ﺃﻡ ﻓﺎﺗﺮ). ,(.guish the color - blue, yellow, red, etc value (the lightness or darkness of the hue) and chroma (the intensity of the color or the amount of grayness the color exhibits). ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ Common knowledge ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ”ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ“، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ -it is that what “everybody knows”, usu ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ. ally with reference to the community in which the term is used. ﻣﻜﻮﻥ (ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ) (Component (pl. Components ﺟﺰءﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ؛ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ؛ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ .a constituent part; element; ingredient ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ Compound object ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ it contains one or more so called primary ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ. ﻓﻲ -objects and a set of associated second ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ary objects. In most cases a compound ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ. object contains only one primary object but multiple secondary objects. ﺷﺎﻣﻞ Comprehensive 43 ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ Comprehensive course ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺍﶈﻮﺳﺐ .(Computed Tomography( C.T ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ -it is a powerful nondestructive evalua ﺫﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ tion technique for producing 2-D and ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ. ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ 3-D cross-sectional images of an object ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ from flat X-ray images. Characteristics of the internal structure of an object such ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ. as dimensions, shape, internal defects, and density are readily available from CT images. ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﻲ .Computed Tomography scan (C.T scan) ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ Computed Tomography ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ X-ray diffraction system ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ a technique is described, analogous to - ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ. conventional CT, in which the x ray diffraction properties of a stack of two-dimensional object sections may be imaged. ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﻲ (.Computed Tompgraphy (C.T scanned data ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺖ ﻭﻳﺮ Computer software ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ it is the collection of computer programs ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ -and related data that provide the instruc ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ tions telling a computer what to do and ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ، ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ how to do it. We can also say software refers to one or more computer pro- ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ. ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ grams and data held in the storage of the ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ، ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ computer for some purposes. Program ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ software performs the function of the ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ. program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to an- other piece of software. ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﺘﺮ Computer training ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ. -learning and practicing using the com puter and the various softwares of it. ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ Concentration ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ -in chemistry, concentration is the mea ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻻ. sure of how much of a given substance ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ .there is mixed with another substance ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent. 44 C ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﺰﺓ Concentric bands ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ، ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ. ,bands that are having a common center as circles or spheres. ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ، ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ Concept ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ، ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﺰ it is a cognitive unit of meaning, an ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ”ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ“، ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ -abstract idea or a mental symbol some ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ. ”,times defined as a “unit of knowledge built from other units which act as a concept’s characteristics. ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ Conclusion ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺎﺏ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ,the last main division of a discourse ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ. usually containing a summing up of the points and a statement of opinion or decisions reached. ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ، ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ Condensation ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ّﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ. the process by which a gas or vapour ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ becomes a liquid. In museums, galleries ﻭﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ، -and libraries, a change in relative humid ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ity can cause condensation of water in ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ. .the cases, causing damage to objects ﺣﺎﻟﺔ، ﻇﺮﻑ Condition ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ. .a mode or state of being ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ Condition assessment ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ، ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ، ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ act of obtaining information, by various ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺊ ّﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ّﻣﺎ. ﻳﺘﻠﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ means, about the physical facts of an ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ّﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ object or structure. This information is ﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻮﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ. then assessed to check if the object or structure is adequate for its intended use. ﻓﺤﺺ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺊ ﹼﻣﺎ Condition examination ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ: ّﺍﻹﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ -process usually encompassing the fol ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ,lowing: document search, inspection ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ. ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺤﺺ measurement, recording and analysis. It ّﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ، ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﺪﻯ ّﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ may also include testing of the materials ﻟﻸﺛﻘﺎﻝ. -of the object and, in the case of struc tures, occasinally load testing. ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ، ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ Condition of Deterioration ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ the condition to make or become worse ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ، ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ؛ ﺍﻹﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ. ;.or lower in quality, value, character, etc depreciate. ﻣﺴﺢ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ Condition survey ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﺎﺗّﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴّﺔ ﻣﺮﺗّﺒﺔ، ﻭﻣﻦ ّﺛﻢ systematic procedure for observing ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺇﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴّﺔ ّﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ the state of an object and recording the ّﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ information using specially designed survey forms so as to be available in reli- ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ. able form for use during the subsequest phases. 45 ﺍﺎﺭﻳﻂ Cones ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻤﺮ solids whose surface is generated by a ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨٮﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ line passing through a fixed point and ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ، ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺖ a fixed plane curve not containing the ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ. point, consisting of two equal sections joined at a vertex. ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ (ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ) (Conifer (thin to leaf ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺓ any of numerous, chiefly evergreen trees ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﺏ ، ﺷﺠﺮﺓ or shrubs of the class Coniferinae (or ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﺏ، ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺮﻭﻁ ,group Coniferales), including the pine ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮ ﻭﺣﻠﻔﺎﺋﻬﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ fir, spruce, and other cone-bearing trees ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ. and shrubs, and also the yews and their allies that bear drupelike seeds. ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ Conifer treeare ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ classed as gymnosperms or plants with ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺾ. .naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ”ﺛﻤﺎﺭ“ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ. These seed “fruits” are considered more ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ primitive than hardwoods. Conifers can ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺓ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ lose their needles annually but most are ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ (ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ). evergreen. These trees have needle-like ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ or scale-like foliage and usually renew ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ. many leaves annually (but not all every year). The foliage is usually narrow and sharp-pointed or small and scale-like. ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ Conifer type ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺎﺕ Coniferales ﻏﺰﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺓ -profusely branching and chiefly ever ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﺓ. green trees and some shrubs having narrow or needlelike leaves. ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺮ Coniferous ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻰء ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ. .the adjective of the coniferous type ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ Conservation ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴّﺔ saving and protecting historical objects ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨّﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ -or works of art such as paintings, sculp ture, or buildings. ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation activities ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ Conservation and restoration manner ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ actions taken to strengthen an object or ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ. ّﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺗّﺒﺎﻉ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ structure or to bring it back to its former ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ّﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻗﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ -condition. This is done by the applica ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴّﺔ. tion of gentle maintenance techniques and limited ‘invasive surgery’ as recom- mended in international charters. 46 C ﹼﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ Conservation equipment ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺧﺒﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ -set of articles serving to equip conserva ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴّﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻓﺤﺺ -tors and other specialists to carry out sci ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ -entific enquiries and analytical investiga ّﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻲ tions needed to find information about ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ. the technology and structure of artistic and historic works and the materials from which they are made. ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ Conservation for archaeological ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﻳﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ ّﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ objects any act by a conservator that ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ. ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ: ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺦ involves a direct interaction between ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺣﺘّﻰ ﺇﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ him/her and the cultural material. These ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ. interactive treatments could involve cleaning, stabilizing, repair, or even re- placement of parts of the original object. It is essential that the conservator should fully justify any such work. ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ Conservation laboratory ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ place where chemical and other scientific ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠّﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺮ analyses are carried out to examine and ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻅﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ّﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ,treat cultural works using microscopes ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ. ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ spectrometers, X-ray machines and other ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ. equipment to better understand objects and their components. Data thus col- lected helps in deciding the conservation methods to be provided to the object. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation materials ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ these materials include anything used in ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ، ﺍﻟﺦ. conservation of artifacts process, such as chemicals, tools, equipments, etc. ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation methods ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ -these include the processes that usu ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ، ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ، ally artifacts being undertaking such as ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ. ,examination, cleaning, stabelization consolidation, gluing and restoring. ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ Conservation of a pottery ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻼ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ، it is all or any treatment for ceramic, that ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ، ﺍﻟﺦ. ,is include cleaning, gluing, stabilizing consolidation, restoring, etc.

47 ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ Conservation of fragile textile objects ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ the processes by which these items are ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ cared for and maintained to be preserved ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ّﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﺯﺓ ّﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺩ from future damage. The concept applies ﻭﺃﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺷﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ. ﻭﻫﻲ on a wide range of artefacts including tapestries, carpets, quilts, clothing, flags ﺗﺘﻄﻠّﺐ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ًﺗﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ and curtails. Many of these artifacts ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ. require specialized care, often by a pro- fessional conservator. ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ Conservation of tablets ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠٮﺎﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ -the main thing about conservation of tab ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺁﺧﺮ. -lets is that mainly they require consoli dation before any other treatment. ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation philosophy ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ the main principles can be summarised ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ : as follows through extracts from some 1 ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ، 2 ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﻘﺎء ﻣﻦ ,relevant texts: 1. Minimum Intervention ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ، 3. ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍء، 4. ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ، -Maximum retention of fabric, 3. Re 2 5. ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ versibility, 4. Legibility, 5. Sustainability ﺧﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴﺔ Conservation plan ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ -preparation of a strategy for the long ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ.ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠّﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ term care of collections. Developing a ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ. conservation plan involves identifying the conservation needs of collections, prioritising them and allocating resourc- es to deal with them. ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation policy ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ this should identify a management ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ. ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ structure through which the conservation ﺗﺤﺪﺩ : .policy is capable of being implemented (1) ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ :It should also identify (1) those to be responsible for subse- ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ؛ quent conservation and management (2) ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ -decisions and for the day-to-day man ﻭﺳﺠﻠﺖ؛ ;agement of the place (3) ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ. -the mechanism by which these deci (2) sions are to be made and recorded; (3) the means of providing security and regular maintenance for the place. ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ Conservation principles ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮء conservation work should be guided by ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴّﺔ -ethical standards established in interna ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺛﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﻴّﺔ ﻭﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ّﺑﺮﺍ، ﻭﻛﻠّﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ tional guidelines like the Venice Charter ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻱ and the Burra Charter, which call for ﻭﺣﺼﺮ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ّﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ. .minimum interference 48 C ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation process ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻲ : ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ :these are mainly three stages which are ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﻲ. -investigation, preservation and reveal tion. ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation records ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ these contain all the documentations that ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ، ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻱ -were undertaken during the conserva ﺍﻳﻀﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ. ,tion process, including treatment forms conservation reports and any other illustrations. ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation science laboratory ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺷﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ this type of laboratories usually are ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ furnished with more examinations and ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺮ، ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ، ﺍﻟﺦ. ,analytical equipments and supplies such as microscopy of different kinds, samples preparation settings, etc. ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation strategy ﺧﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ a plan, method, or series of maneuvers ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﻆ. or stratagems for obtaining a specific goal or result in any conservation treat- ment. ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation Techniques ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ are the techniques for treating artifacts ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺎﺕ. during storage, handling, display and preservations. ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation theories ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ classical theories of conservation are ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ ، ,well known in the heritage community ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻝ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ. but in the last two decades thinking has ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ -shifted, and classical theory has faced in ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ ، ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ، ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ creasing criticism. Contemporary Theory ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ of Conservation brings together current ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ. ideas in conservation theory, presenting a structured, coherent analysis of the subject for the first time.This leads on to the creation of new paradigms such as sustainability. ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation tools ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ hese include all the devices that are used ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺵ، ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻁ .in the different process of conservation ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ، ﻭﻣﻼﻋﻖ، ﺍﻟﺦ. These are brushes, scalpels, wooden sticks, spatulas, etc. 49 ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ Conservation treatment ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ All the activities undertaken to preserve ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ. ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ .items of cultural heritage for the future ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﻡ. ,Among these activities re: examination documentation, cleaning, and repair. ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Conservation utilization ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ Conservator ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ -Someone whose job is to clean and re ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ. .pair historical objects or works of art ﻳﺼﻮﻥ، ﻳﺤﻔﻆ Conserve ﻫﻮ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ، ﻭﺗﺴﻮﺱ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ، ﺃﻭ .to prevent injury, decay, waste, or loss ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﺔ Conserved materials ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻮﻟﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ any material or artifact or object that ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. .were treated to be preserved ﻳﻘﻮﻱ، ﻳﻌﺰﺯ Consolidate ﻳﺠﻤﻊ (ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ) ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ؛ to bring together (separate parts) into a ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ. .single or unified whole; unite; combine ﺗﻮﻃﻴﺪ. ﲤﻜﲔ Consolidation ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴّﺔ. process of strengthening an object so that it becomes more effective. ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺸﺮﺓ Consolidation and stabilization of ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ flaking parts ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ، ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ -it is using chemcial materials to con ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ. solidate the parts which are seperated from the original, so that they will not fall down and to stabilize them on their original place. ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ Consolidation of stones ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ,it is the process of using chemicals ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺻﻖ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ. mainly chemicals to increase the strength of the structure of the stone. ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ Consolidation process ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ. -the process of solidification or strength ening the artifacts. ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ Constituent compositions ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ. .the main composition of any material ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ Constituent materials ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ. the individual materials that make up a composite material.

50 C ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ Contemporary printed textiles ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺰﻳّﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ، -printed textiles of the time or period be ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴّﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻦ ing referred to or belonging to the same ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴّﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ . .time as another textile under discussion ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ، ﺿﺒﻂ Control ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ is the ability to purposefully direct, or ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ. .suppress, change ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ Coordinate numbers ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ the coordination number of a central ﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ atom in a molecule or crystal is the ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. number of its nearest neighbours. This number is determined somewhat differ- ently for molecules and for crystals. ﻧﺤﺎﺱ Copper ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﻨّﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺿﺎﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ Reddish brown metal that is used to ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء. make things such as coins and electric wires. ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻲ Copper nail ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ .nail made of copper ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﹼﻗﺒﻄﻴﺔ Coptic textiles ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ The textiles associated with the Greek ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮﻟﻠﻤﻴﻼﺩ. and Egyptian-speaking Christian peoples rd th ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﺎ، ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ of Egypt from about the 3 to the 12 ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺒﺎﻁ، century CE. A remarkable number of them survive today, due to the Coptic ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ. ﻫﺬﻩ ّ ,custom of burying them with the dead ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎ .and to the aridity of Egyptian graves ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﺍﻧﻲ Made of linen or wool, the colours are ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ red, blue, yellow, green, purple, black ّﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻋﻔﺮﺍﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ and brown. The dyes were derived from ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ. madder, indigo, woad, saffron and the kermes insects. ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ Correcting deformation ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ Bring the deformity of form or shape of ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ. an object to some standard or required condition. ﺗﺂﻛﻞ Corrosion ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ّﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ّﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ it is the gradual deterioration of a ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ. solid—especially a metal or alloy—due ّﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﻕ to chemical processes such as oxidation ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳّﺔ، ﺷﺪﻳﺪ or the action of a chemical agent. Some ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ. -corrosion layers, like patinas, can be pro tective; however others, like rust, can be harmful to metals. 51 ﻣﺜﺒﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ Corrosion inhibitors ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ، it is a chemical compound that, when ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ. added to a liquid or gas, decreases the corrosion rate of a material, typically a metal or an alloy. ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ Corrosion removal ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻷﻱ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ -in general any complete corrosion treat ﻳﻠﻲ : ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺂﻛﻠﺔ. ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ -ment involves the following : Clean ﻣﻦ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ. ﺗﺤﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ .ing and stripping of the corroded area ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ. ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ. Removing as much of the corrosion products as practicable. Neutralizing any residual materials remaining in pits. Restoring protective surface films. ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـﺘﺂﻛﻞ Corrosive gases ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ these are gases that corrode the material ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻛﺎﻟﺔ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ or tissue when they come in contact with ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻭ / ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ are classified as corrosive. They can also ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ. ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ be reactive and toxic and/or flammable ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ. or an oxidizer. Most are hazardous in low concentrations over long periods of time. ﹼﺣﻠﺔ Costume ﺍﻟﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺒﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ -The clothes worn by people in a par ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ. ticular time of history or at a particular country. ﺷﺎﺵ ﻗﻄﻨﻲ Cotton gauze ﻣﺎﺳﺤﺔ ﻗﻄﻨﻴﺔ Cotton swab ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺸﻮﺓ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ it is consist of a small wad of cotton ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼ ﻁﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺎ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ، ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ wrapped around one or both ends of a ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺣﺮﺝ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ. ﻭﻫﻲ ,short rod, usually made of either wood ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺎ -rolled paper, or plastic. They are com ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺳﻌﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ monly used in a variety of applications ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ، ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ. ,including first aid, cosmetics application cleaning, and arts and crafts. ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ Course of fibers ﻏﻄﺎﺀ Cover ﻣﺎﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ. -If you cover something you place some thing else over it in order to protect it, hide it, or close it. ﺷﻘﻮﻕ Cracks ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ .fractures or discontinuation in a body

52 C ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺔ Craft collections ﺯﺣﻒ Creep ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ، (ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ)، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ in science, (deformation), the tendency ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺒﻂء ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ. of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under the influence of stresses. ﺻﻠﻴﺐ Cross ﺷﻜﻞ ّﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ّﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ a shape that consists of a vertical line ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ. or piece with a horizontal line or piece across it. It is the most important Chris- tian symbol. Cross plane. ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ Cross sectional 1) ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ a section formed by a plane cutting (1 ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ. through an object, usually at right angles 2) ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ. .to an axis 2) a piece so cut or a graphic representa- tion of such a piece. ﻧﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ (ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭ) Crystal nuclei ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ Crystalline ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ resembling crystal, as in transparency or ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ. .distinctness of structure or outline ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ Crystalline form ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ Cultivating ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ (ﺍﻷﺭﺽ)، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ، to improve and prepare (land), as by ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ. .plowing or fertilizing, for raising crops ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ/ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ Cultural exchange/exchanges ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ، ﻭﻓﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﺑﻴﻦ ,an exchange of students, artists, athletes ﺑﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ. etc., between two countries to promote mutual understanding. ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ Cultural facilities ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ -any building or structure used for pro ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ grams or activities involving the arts or ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ. -other endeavors that encourage refine ment or development of the mind. ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ Cultural heritage management ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﻉ -it is the vocation and practice of manag ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ (ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼء)، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ing cultural heritage. It is a branch of ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ,(cultural resources management (CRM ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ. although it also draws on the practices of conservation, restoration, museology, archaeology, history and architecture. 53 ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ Cultural properties ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ -a tradition, habit, skill, art form or insti ّﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺭﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ. -tution which is passed from one genera tion to the next. ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﹼﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ Cultural resource management ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴّﺔ Vocation and practice of managing the ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ّﻣﺎ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ arts, heritage and material culture of a ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ -country. It incorporates Cultural Heri ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ. ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ tage Management which is concerned ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ، ﻣﺜﻞ with traditional and historic culture and the material culture of archaeology. Cul- ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ، ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ tural resources management encompass- ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ. es current culture, including progressive and innovative culture, such as urban culture, rather than simply attempting to preserve and present traditional forms of culture. ﺃﻣﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Curators ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ traditionally, a curator or keeper of a ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ (ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ، ﻣﻌﺮﺽ، ﻣﺘﺤﻒ، ,cultural heritage institution (e.g., gallery ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺷﻴﻒ) ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ museum, library or archive) is a content ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ. specialist responsible for an institution’s collections. ﺍﳋﺎﻃﻮﻡ Curculionidae ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ، ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻧﻒ، ﻫﻲ these are weevils, also called snout ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ”ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ“ (ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ beetles or curculios (not to be confused ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻢ). ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 40000 ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ with the genus Curculio), is the family ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ. .(of the “true” weevils (or snout beetles With over 40,000 species described worldwide, it is the largest of any animal family. ﹼﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﹼﺣﺎﻟﻴﺔ Current role ﺍﻟﻮﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ّﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺃﻭ -Function of person or thing at the pres ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﻳﺆﺩﺑﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺊ ّﻣﺎ. .ent time ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ Cutting-edge precision-measurement technology ﺳﺎﻳﻨﻮﻛﺮﻳﻼﺕ Cyanoacrylate ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ -it is the generic name for based fast ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﺳﻮﺑﺮ. ﻭﻗﺪ acting adhesives commonly sold under ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ، ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﺠﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﺠﺔ trade names like Super Glue. This was ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ. -developed to be non-toxic and less ir ritating to skin tissue.

54 C ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ Cycads ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻨﺎﺝ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ these are seed plants characterized by a ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﺬﻉ ﺳﻤﻴﻚ. ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺓ large crown of compound leaves and a ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ -stout trunk. They are evergreen, dioe ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ. ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ cious plants having large compound ﺳﺮﺧﺲ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ leaves. They are frequently confused ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء، ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﺎﺩﻭﻓﻴﺎﺗﺎ. ,with and mistaken for palms or ferns but are only distantly related to both, and instead belong to the division Cycado- phyta. ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ Cylinders 1) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ، ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ. -in geometry, a three-di (1 2) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮ، ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ .mensional geometric shape ﻟﻬﺎ. in algebra, the Cartesian product of a (2 3) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ. .set with its superset 4) ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ، ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ .in optics a type of lens (3 ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ. ,container a graduated cylinder (4 glassware for measurement of liquids in D laboratories. ﺍﻹﻗﺤﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ Daisies ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ type of flower ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ Damage speed ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭﺓ Damaged parts ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ Damp surfaces ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ Data -logger ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ it is an electronic device that records ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ -data over time or in relation to loca ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ. tion either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Decision of Conservation ﲢﻠﻞ، ﻓﺴﺎﺩ Decomposition ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ -it is the process by which organic mate ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ. ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ rial is broken down into simpler forms ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ of matter. The process is essential for ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺟﺜﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ recycling the finite matter that occupies ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ physical space in the biome. Bodies of ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ، ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ living organisms begin to decompose ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ. shortly after death. Although no two organisms will decompose in the same way, they will all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. 55 ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ Decompression ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ. -the release of pressure and the opposi tion of physical compression. ﻣﻌﻴﺐ، ﻧﺎﻗﺺ Defective ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻅﻴﻔﺔ. .imperfect in form or function ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Definition of a Museum ﻭﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ -a depository for collecting and display ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ. ing objects having scientific or historical or artistic value. ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ Degradation of textiles ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ّﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ process of a piece of textile becoming ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ. .worse or weaker ﻣﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Dehumidifier ﺁﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠّﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻒ a machine which reduces the humidity ّﻣﺒﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ّﻣﺠﻔﻒ in the atmosphere by using refrigerant coils, or drying agents. ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺰﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ Deionized water ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺯﻳﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ it is a type of purified water with mineral (ﺃﻣﻼﺡ). .ions (salts) removed ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ Dendrochronological ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ، ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ or tree-ring dating is the scientific ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ method of dating based on the analysis ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ. .of patterns of tree-rings ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ Density ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ. .it is defined as its mass per unit volume ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺷﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﲔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ Dental paraffin wax plates ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﻳﻒ Dents ﺗﺸﻮﻩ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ .permanent deformation on a surface ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ Deposits ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ : ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ. -in geology: material added to a land ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ، ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء .form ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ. Deposit model, a method of identifying the character and degree of survival of buried archaeological remains. ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ Depth ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ، a dimension taken through an object ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ، ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ or body of material, usually downward ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ، ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺷﻲء -from an upper surface, horizontally in ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ. ward from an outer surface, or from top to bottom of something regarded as one of several layers.

56 D ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ Desalination ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ refers to any treatment that remove ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ. ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ some amount of salt and other minerals ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ from water. It is mainly done for metal objects and in particular it is called ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ. .desalination of iron objects ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ Detached parts ﻛﺸﻒ، ﺿﺒﻂ Detect ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ، ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ، ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ. ,discover or determine the existence presence, or fact of. ﻣﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ Deteriorated ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ، ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ؛ -to make or become worse; lower in qual ﺧﻔﺾ. .ity or value; depreciate ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ، ﺗﻠﻒ، ﺇﻓﺴﺎﺩ Deterioration ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ: ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ. : the action or process of deteriorating the state of having deteriorated. ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ Deterioration condition ّﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ. if something deteriorates it become worse in some way. ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ Deterioration factors ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ these are mainly the environment agents ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ، ﺃﻭ such as water, temperature, oxygen and ﺍﻟﻀﻮء، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ. other gases, pollution, or organism, or light, or human factors. ﺁﻟﻴﺔ/ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ Deterioration mechanism/mechanisms ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭﻳﺔ، ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ Deterioration of monuments ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ Deterioration process ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ Deterioration Survey ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ Determination of fumigation effect ﺿﺎﺭ، ﻣﺘﻠﻒ Detrimental ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ؛ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ. .causing detriment; damaging; harmful ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ Developed scientific methods ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ the history of scientific method is a ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ. history of the methodology of scientific ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ inquiry, as differentiated from a history of science in general. The development ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ؛ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ and elaboration of rules for scientific ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ reasoning and investigation has not been ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﺩﻝ ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ straightforward; scientific method has ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻬﺞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ. been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and many eminent natural philoso- phers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge. 57 ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ Development methods ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ Dew point ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ The dew point is the temperature at ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ّﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ which a given parcel of humid air must ﺍﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ. ﻭﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴّﺔ، ﻷﻥ be cooled for water vapor to condense into water. The dew point is a saturation ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ temperature. The dew point is associated ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ. ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴّﺔ with relative humidity. A high relative %100 ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ. humidity indicates that the dew point is closer to the current air temperature. Relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point is equal to the current temper- ature and the air is maximally saturated with water. ﹼﺍﻟﺪﻛﺴﺘﺮﻳﻦ Dextrin ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻜﺴﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ -these are a group of low-molecular ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ weight carbohydrates produced by ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ. ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ .the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ، ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ، Dextrins can be produced from starch ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﻬﺮﺱ، ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ using enzymes, as during digestion in ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ (ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ the human body and during malting and ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﺺ) mashing, or by applying dry heat under acidic conditions (pyrolysis or roasting) ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ Diagnosed ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ it is the identification of the nature and ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ cause of anything. Diagnosis is used in ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ، ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ -many different disciplines with varia tions in the use of logics, analytics, and ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ. experience to determine the cause and effect relationships. ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ Diagram ﻫﻮ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺭﻣﺰﻱ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ -it is a two-dimensional geometric sym ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ. -bolic representation of information ac cording to some visualization technique. ﻃﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺎﺗﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮﺓ Diatom earth ﺩﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ Diatomaceous earth ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﺎﻳﺖ، ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ also known as diatomite, is a naturally ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ، ﺻﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary ﺍﻧﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ. rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﺎﺕ Diatoms ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ، ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ are a major group of algae, and are one ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﺎﺕ -of the most common types of phyto ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ. ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ plankton. Diatoms are producers within ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻄﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ the food chain. A characteristic feature ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ (ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ of diatom cells is that they are encased ﺭﻁﺐ). within a unique cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide). 58 D ﺩﻳﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻮﺱ Dichlorvos ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ، ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ,it is a highly volatile organophosphate ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻓﻲ widely used as a insecticide to control ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ، ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ household pests, in public health, and ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ. .protecting stored product from insects ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺘﲔ Dicotyledonous ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺎﺕ. .having two cotyledons ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺘﲔ Dicotyledons ﺍﺳﻢ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ also known as dicots, are a group of ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ. flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮ ﻫﻴﻜﺴﻴﻼﻣﲔ -Dicyclohexylamine nitrite C12H 24N2O2 ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ Diffract meter microscope ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ Diffusion ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ it describes the spread of particles ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ٍﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ. ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ through random motion from regions of ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ higher concentration to regions of lower ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ .concentration ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺰ. ﺣﻔﺮ Digging ﺭﻗﻤﻲ Digital ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴّﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻼ: it means by numbers. A digital watch ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴّﺔ ﺗﺒﻴّﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ -displays the current time as a set of num ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﻴّﺮ ﻗﺠﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ّﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ bers which change abruptly at regular ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴّﺔ. ’ﻟﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ intervals; whereas an analogue watch ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ models the passage of time by hands ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺮﺳﺎﻝ. .which move smoothly around its face ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ Digital creative activity ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ Digital imaging ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ the creation of pictures with aid of data ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴّﺔ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺘﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ in the form of numerical digits. The ﺳﺘّﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﺘﺠﻨّﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ,technique was developed in the 1960’s ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻼﻡ. -largely to avoid the operational weak nesses in film cameras. ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ Digital Technology ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻨﺔ Digitalization ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ -the administration of digitalis by a dos ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮﺓ age schedule until sufficient amounts ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ. are present in the body to produce the desired therapeutic effects. 59 ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺎﻧﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺎﺩ ﻟﻴﺒﻄﻰﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ Dikan ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﲤﻴﻴﻊ، ﻣﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ Dilute ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺃﺭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. to make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid such as water. ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ Dimension ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء، ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ -in mathematics and physics, the dimen ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﻀﺎء ﻣﺎ، ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺿﻤﻦ sion of a space or object is informally ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎً ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ defined as the minimum number of ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎء coordinates needed to specify each point ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ within it ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ Direct contact ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ Discoloration after treatment ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ Disintegration ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻜﻪ. it is the process by which an object breaks down or loses cohesion. ﻳﻮﺯﻉ Dispense ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء؛ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ. -to deal out in parts or portions; distrib ute. ﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ، ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮ Dispersal ﻓﺮﻗﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ. the act of dispersing or the condition of being dispersed. ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ Display ﻋﺮﺽ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﻱ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ If you display something that you want ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ. people to see, you put it in a particular place, so that people can see it. ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ، ﻣﺬﺍﺏ Dissolved ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺪﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ. Become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution. ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ Distil water ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎء ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ it is water that has many of its impurities ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ. ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻏﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ removed through distillation. Distillation ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎء ﻧﻈﻴﻒ. -involves boiling the water and then con densing the steam into a clean container. ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ Distilled water dehydrated ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ Distortion ﺇﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ (ﺃﻭ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ) ﻣﻦ it is the alteration of the original shape ﻛﺎﺋﻦ، ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ -or other characteristic) of an object, im) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ. ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ age, sound, waveform or other form of ﻋﺎﺩﺓ، ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻅﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ information or representation. Distortion is usually unwanted, and often many ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ. methods are employed to minimize it in practice. 60 D ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺭﺍﺕ Distribution of the lightings ﳕﻂ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﺍﻬﺮ Distribution pattern of microscope cracking ﹺﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎ DNA ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ it is a nucleic acid that contains the ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ -genetic instructions used in the develop ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ment and functioning of all known living ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻮﻅﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ. organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ Documentation ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ In museum cataloguing, the process of ّﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ، ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ -record - keeping for each object in a col ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ. lection. Documentation includes records on details of the object, provenance data and any subsequent museum use of the object. ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ Documentation and photographic recording ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ Documentation technique ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ Documentation training ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ّﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ -Teaching skill and knowledge that en ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ. able trainees to record legibly facts about a given subject or object. ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ Domesticated plants ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ the list includes species or larger formal ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ and informal botanical categories that ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﻧﺴﺔ. include at least some domesticated individuals. ﺭﺳﻢ Drawing ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻨﻴّﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ The art and technique of representing ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ. an object or outlining a figure, plan, or sketch by means of lines. ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ Dried wooden objects ﺟﻔﺎﻑ، ﻗﺤﻂ Drought ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ is an extended period of months or years ﺃﻭ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ، ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ when a region notes a deficiency in its ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. .water supply ﺟﺎﻑ Dry ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء If something is dry there is no water or moisture on it or in it. ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻒ Dry cleaning ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﻮﻳّﺔ ﻻﻣﺎﺋﻴّﺔ. -The cleaning of fabrics with substan tially non aqueous organic solvents. ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ Dry climate condition 61 ﻧﺨﺮ ﺟﺎﻑ Dry rot ﻣﺮﺽ ﺗﺴﺒّﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳّﺎﺕ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ّﺍﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ A fungal disease which attacks seasoned ﻓﻴﺤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘّﺖ. timbers, often causing the wood to be reduced to a dry, crumbly texture and to collapse. ﲡﻔﻴﻒ Drying ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺭﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ is a mass transfer process consisting of ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ، ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ -the removal of water moisture or mois ﺻﻠﺒﺔ، ﺷﺒﻪ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ (ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ). -ture from another solvent, by evapora tion from a solid, semi-solid or liquid (hereafter product). ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ Dry-wood termite ﻏﺒﺎﺭ Dust ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻷﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ consists of particles in the atmosphere ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ 50 ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ، ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻼﻑ that arise from various sources such as ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ soil dust lifted up by wind, volcanic ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ. .eruptions, and pollution ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ Dust on the surface ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﹼﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ Dye ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺩ A material employed for giving colour ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. ﻭﻫﻲ ّﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ to textiles, paper, leather, wood or other ﺃﻭﺇﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ﻣﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﻛﻠّﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ -products. Dyes can be natural or artifi ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ cial. Dyes dissolve completely in their binding solution, unlike pigments, which ﻓﻴﻪ. remain suspended. ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ Dyeing techniques ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ. ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ّﺷﺪ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء The various methods used to apply dye ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻏﻄﺴﻪ ّﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ to textiles. These include: tie-dyeing, dip ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ .dyeing, batik, printing, etc ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺘﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﹼﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ Dyeing with synthetic dyes ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ Synthetic dyes are products of chemical ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ synthesis. They achieve a broader range ﺭﺳﻮﺣﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻰ. of colours and render the dyes more stable to resist washing and general use. ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ Dynamic resin ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ Dynamic system ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ it is a concept in mathematics where ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ -a fixed rule describes the time depen ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ .dence of a point in a geometrical space ﻻﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺒﺮﻳﺔ. ﺟﻤﻴﻊ Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﻮﺍﺱ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ clock pendulum, the flow of water in a ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ, ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻞ pipe, and the number of fish each spring ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ. .in a lake 62 E ﺧﺸﺐ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ Early wood ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ the part of the wood in a growth ring of a ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ. ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ -tree that is produced earlier in the grow ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻭﺃﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ing season. The cells of early wood are ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ. larger and have thinner walls than those produced later in the growing season. ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ Earthquake ﻫﻮ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺃﺭﺿﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ it is the result of a sudden release of ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺯﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ energy in the Earth’s crust that creates ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ .seismic waves ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ. ﻣﺰﺭﺍﺏ، ﺍﻓﺮﻳﺰ Eaves ﻁﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻫﻮﺣﻮﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍء ,The eaves of a roof are its lower edges ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ. usually projecting beyond the walls of the building to provide weather protec- tion. ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﻞ Edible seeds ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻛﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ -includes seeds that are directly food ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ. stuffs, rather than yielding derived products. ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺭﻱ ﹼﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ Effective focal length ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺑﺆﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ or equivalent focal length is the distance ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. from the focal points of the lens to the respective principal planes. ﺑﻘﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﹼﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ Effective focal spot ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ the apparent size and shape of the focal ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ. spot when viewed from a position in the useful beam. ﻣﺼﺮﻱ Egyptian 1- ﻣﻮﺍﻁﻦ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ. .A native or inhabitant of Egypt 1- 2- ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳّﺔ 2-The language of the ancient Egyptians ﺣﺘّﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ. from earliest times to about the third century AD. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Ekihume ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﻥ Elastomeric resin

63 ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻛﻬﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ Electromagnetic radiation ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ّﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ Radiation consisting of particles or ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -waves of energy associated with elec ﺗﻮﻟّﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ tric and magnetic fields, produced by ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻤﻴّﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ .the acceleration of an electric charge ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ّﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ. ّﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻌﺜﺔ Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by ّﻓﺘﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ. matter in discrete quantities of energy called photons. The type of electromag- netic radiation— whether it be infrared, radio or visible light— depends upon its frequency. ﻃﻴﻒ ﻛﻬﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ Electromagnetic spectrum ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ، ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ The range of frequencies over which ّﺗﺮﺩﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﺎ. ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ -electro- magnetic radiations are propa ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ،ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ gated. The lowest frequencies are radio ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ waves; increases of frequency produce ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴّﺔ ّﻭﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﻤﻴّﺔ. infra red radiation, light, ultra violet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ Electromagnetic waves ﺍﻟﻀﻮء، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ، ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺚ Light, microwaves, x-rays, and TV ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ and radio transmissions are all kinds ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ. ﺍﻧﻬﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ of electromagnetic waves. They are all ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ the same kind of wavy disturbance that ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ. repeats itself over a distance called the wavelength. ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ Electron microscope ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ It is a type of microscope that uses a ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻹﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ particle beam of electrons to illuminate ﻣﻜﺒﺮﺓ. the specimen and produce a magnified image. ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ Elements ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ A chemical element is a pure chemical ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ، substance consisting of one type of atom ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﻪ. ,distinguished by its atomic number which is the number of protons in its nucleus. ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﺍﺭ Elm ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻀﻴﺔ ﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻮﺳﻴﻦ are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺤﻮ 40 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ comprising the genus Ulmus, family ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ. .Ulmaceae

64 E ﳑﺪﻭﺩ Elongated ﺷﻰء ﻟﻪ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ؛ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻁﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻧﺤﻴﻞ. ;having notably more length than width being long and slender. ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ Elution ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ it is a term used in analytical and organic ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ chemistry to describe the emergence of ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻲ. -chemicals from the column of a chro matograph. ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ Embryo ﻭﻫﻮ ﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ it is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ، ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ its earliest stage of development, from ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺒﺎﺕ. ,the time of first cell division until birth hatching, or germination. ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺛﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ Empenthrin ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﺛﺮﻭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ -also called vaporthrin) is a synthetic py) ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ. ﺇﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺿﺪ ﻁﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ rethroid used in insecticides. It is active ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ against broad spectrum of flying insects ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ. -including moths and other pests damag ing textile. ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ Emulsion ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴّﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ Liquid containing small particles of ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ، ﻋﻨﺪ ّﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ، ﺍﻟﻰ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻗﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻣﻦ .synthetic materials and other chemicals ﺍﻟﻄﻼء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. The materials and chemicals undergo chemical changes as the water dries off, and a tough, insoluble, continuous film of paint or adhesive is formed. ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ، ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻜﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ Encapsulation 1- ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء، ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﻱء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺟﺰﻱء in chemistry, the confinement of an 1- ﺃﻛﺒﺮ individual molecule within a larger 2- ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ molecule ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ -in pharmacy, the enclosure of a medi 2- 3- ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ، ﻁﻼء ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ cine within a relatively stable shell for ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. administration 3- in material science, the coating of microscopic particles with another mate- rial. ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍﺀ Endosperm ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻫﺮﺓ it is the tissue produced inside the seeds ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺏ، ﻭﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﻴﻢ of most flowering plants around the time (ﺟﻨﻴﻦ) ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺸﺎء، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ and provides nutrition in the form of ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ. starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. 65 ﲢﺴﲔ، ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ Enhancement ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ، ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ To make greater, as in value, beauty, or ، ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ. (ﺃﻭ) ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ، ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ، ﺃﻭ effectiveness; augment. (OR) To provide ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ. -with improved, advanced, or sophisti cated features. ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ Enhancement characteristics ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ Enhancement for soil ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ Environment ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ The complex of physical, chemical and ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛّﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ biotic factors as climate and soil that act ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﺆﺛّﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ. -upon an organism or an ecological com munity and ultimately determine its form and survival. ﹼﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ Environment control ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ The maintenance of safe levels of light ﻣﻦ ّﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ّﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ّﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ exposure, humidity, temperature, air ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ّﻻﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻲ pollution, air movement, and dirt inside ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ. .a building ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ Environmental data monitoring ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ Environmental factor ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ Apart from the true monogenic genetic ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ disorders, environmental factors may ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻴﺌﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. determine the development of disease ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ، ﻭﺳﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ in those genetically predisposed to a ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ particular condition. Stress, physical and ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ,mental abuse, diet, exposure to toxins ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ pathogens, radiation and chemicals ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ -found in almost all personal care prod ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ. ucts and household cleaners are common environmental factors that determine a large segment of non-hereditary disease. ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ Environmental reaction ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ Environmental risk management system ﻣﺴﺢ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ Environmental Scanning Electron Energy Dispersive ﺧﻤﻴﺮﺓ ﹼﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺇﻧﺰﱘ Enzyme ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴّﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ Any of numerous proteins that are ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ. produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperature. 66 E ﺇﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ Epoxy ﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ، ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺣﺪ -or polyepoxide is a thermosetting poly ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ. ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻴﻦ : ﺃﺳﺎﺱ mer formed from reaction of an epoxide (resin) ﻭﻣﺼﻠﺐ (hardener) ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ .”resin” with polyamine “hardener“ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ,Epoxy has a wide range of applications ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ -including fiber-reinforced plastic materi ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻔﺎﻓﻬﺎ. ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻄﻼء ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻻﺻﻖ. .als and general purpose adhesives ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ Equilibrium moisture content ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ The moisture content at which a material ّﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ neither loses nor gains moisture from the ﻭﻻﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺃﻳّﺔ ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ surrounding atmosphere—it has reached equilibrium with the environment. ﹼﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ Equipment ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺿﺎ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺩﺍء Things which are used for a particular ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ -purpose such as an operation or an activ ity. ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Ethics of Conservation ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ -these are the rules or the moral prin ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ciples that are recognized in respect to ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. conservation work. They can be different from one group to another. ﻗﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ Ethnic pieces ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ these are artifacts that are characteristics ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎءﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ to a group of people whose members ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ، ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ (ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ identify with each other, through a ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ، ﺍﻟﺦ) ﻭﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ -common heritage (language, culture, re ligion, etc) and an ideology that stresses ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ. common ancestry or endogamy. ﺃﻧﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ، ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ Ethnographic ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺛﻨﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ“ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ -of or relating to ethnography; “ethno ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ“ ”graphical data ﻗﻄﻊ ﺇﺛﻨﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ Ethnology objects ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ، -these are artifacts of a genre of anthro ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭ pological study, involving the systematic ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ. comparison of the folklore, beliefs and practices of different societies. ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ Ethyl acetate ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻣﻊ is the organic compound with the for- CH3COOCH2CH3 ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺣﻠﻮﺓ mula CH3COOCH2CH3. This colorless ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻅﺎﻓﺮ. liquid has a characteristic sweet smell ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻚ، -and is used in glues or nail polish remov ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺔ. ers. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent.

67 ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Ethyl alcohol ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ، also called ethanol, grain alcohol, or ﻭﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء alcohol, a member of a class of organic ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ؛ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ compounds that are given the general .C2H5OH ﺍﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ، ﻭﻫﻲ name alcohols; its molecular formula ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ -is C2H5OH. Ethyl alcohol is an impor ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ، ﻭﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ. tant industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automo- tive gasoline (forming a mixture known as a gasohol). ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ Ethylene oxide ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً oxirane، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ also called oxirane, is the organic C2H4O. ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ .compound with the formula C2H4O ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ It is a cyclic ether. This means that it is ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ (ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ). ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ composed of 2 alkyl groups attached ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺕ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ to an oxygen atom in a cyclic shape ﻫﻮ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻻﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪ، ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺇﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻁﺮﺍﻑ circular). This colorless flammable gas) ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. with a faintly sweet odor is the simplest ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ، ﻭﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ -epoxide, a three-membered ring consist ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ، ﻓﺘﺢ .ing of two carbon and one oxygen atom ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻪ، ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻤﺮ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ. -Because of its special molecular struc ture, ethylene oxide easily participates in the addition reaction, opening its cycle, and thus easily polymerizes. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde. ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﻠﲔ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﹼﺍﳋﻠﻴﻚ Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ّ (ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭ) ﺣﺎﻣﺾ EDTA) (H202CCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH)

ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ 2CO2H)2 A polyamino carboxylic acid ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ. and a colourless, water-soluble solid. It is widely used to dissolve incrustation. ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ-ﺇﻳﺜﻠﲔ Ethylene-vinyl acetate (ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ) ﻫﻮ ﻛﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ also known as EVA) is the copolymer) ﻭﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ. ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻳﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ of ethylene and vinyl acetate. It is a ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ، ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ -polymer that approaches elastomeric ma ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻥ، ﻟﻬﺎ terials in softness and flexibility, yet can ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺯﻝ، ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ .be processed like other thermoplastics ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ، ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻘﻖ، ﻻﺻﻖ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ,The material has good clarity and gloss ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ barrier properties, low-temperature ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ. -toughness, stress-crack resistance, hot melt adhesive water proof properties, and resistance to UV radiation.

68 E ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ Eukaryotic algae ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ The major groups of eukaryotic algae ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ. ﻭﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ -are distinguished by photosynthetic pig ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ -ments and cell structure. Green chloro ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء، ﻭﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ، ﻫﻲ -phyll is easily seen in euglenoid flagel lates and green algae; dinoflagellates are ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮﺑﺔ. colorless or, like golden algae, are rich in a golden pigment that obscures chlo- rophyll; and cryptomonads are single- celled flagellates that have an olive, brown, blue-green, or red chloroplast. ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ (ﺃﻭ) ﺍﳌﺎﺀ Evaporation of solvent (or) water ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ Evolutionary history of life ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ this traces the processes by which living ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺎﻓﻴﺮ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ and fossil organisms evolved. It stretches ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ، ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 3500 ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ from the origin of life on Earth, thought ﻣﻀﺖ ، ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ. to be over 3,500 million years ago, to the present day. ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ Excavated metal objects ﻓﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ Excavated pottery ﺑﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ Excavated structures ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺐ Excavation ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ -When archaeologists or other people ex ﺃﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ cavate a piece of land, they remove earth ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺺ carefully from it and look for things such ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ. as pots, bones, or buildings which are buried there, in order to discover infor- mation about the past. ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Excavation of objects ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ Excavation site ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ. Archaeological site earmarked for study through excavation. ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ Exchange ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ؛ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ -to give and receive reciprocally; inter change ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻴﺔ Exert structural strength ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ. .it is the strength divided by weight ﻣﻌﺮﺽ/ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ Exhibit/Exhibits ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺃﻭ An object or set of objects on show in a ﻣﻌﺮﺽ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﺋﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ -museum or gallery, typically in a show ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺽ case, as part of an exhibition ﺗﻮﺳﻊ، ﲤﺪﺩ Expansion ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ. .the amount or degree of expanding 69 ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ Experiment ﻫﻲ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻺﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ -- ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺷﺮﺡ -- ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ it is a method of testing - with the goal ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ. ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ، ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ .of explaining - the nature of reality ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ، ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ. -More formally, an experiment is a me thodical procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establish- ing the accuracy of a hypothesis. ﺧﺒﺮﺓ، ﺗﺨﺼﺺ Expertise ﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ. it is a skill or knowledge in a particular area. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﻔﺠﺮﺓ Explosive ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ is a substance that contains a great ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ -amount of stored energy that can pro ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ، ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ duce an explosion, a sudden expansion of the material after initiation, usually ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ. ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺳﻔﺔ ,accompanied by the production of light ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮﺓ. heat, sound, and pressure. An explosive charge is a measured quantity of explo- sive material. ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ Exposure time ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ it is the duration of light reaching the ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ. .film or image sensor ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ، ﺇﻓﻨﺎﺀ Extermination ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﻡ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ. Extermination of insects or vermin ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ. relates to the field of pest control. The term is not preferred by pest control practitioners. ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ External environment ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ، ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ -Conditions, entities, events, and fac ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ، tors surrounding an organization that ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ. ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ. influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks. Also called operating environment. ﺁﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﺒﺔ Extraction unit ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ّﺍﻟﻤﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ A piece of equipment designed to extract ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ّﻣﺎ ّﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﺣﺔ -noxious fumes or gases from an area, of ﻟﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ten consisting of a fume hood/cupboard and a ventilation unit. ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺧﺔ Exuviae ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﺎ it is a term used in biology to describe ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -the remains of an exoskeleton and re ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ecdysozoans (ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ -lated structures that are left after ecdyso zoans (including insect, crustacean or ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﻜﺐ). ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﺦ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻢ arachnid) have moulted. The exuviae of ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ an animal can be important to biologists ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ as it can often be used to identify the ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ. .species of the animal and even its sex 70 F ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ Factors of degradation ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ -Factors of destruction and deteriora tion ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ Factors of jointing ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺰﻳﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ Fake practice material ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ، ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ Familiarization ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ. the experience of becoming familiar with something. ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ Fauna ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ or faunæ is all of the animal life of any ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ. .particular region or time ﻣﻼﻣﺢ Features ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ، ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻣﺢ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻔﺮ، ﺑﻨﺎء، ﺃﻭ ,in archaeology, features refer to any dug ﻣﻠﻘﺎﺓ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ. built, or dumped evidence of human activity. ﺑﺮﺍﺯﻱ Fecal ﻣﻦ، ﺇﻟﻰ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯ. .Of, relating to, or composed of feces ﺳﺮﺧﺲ، ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻨﺸﺎﺭ Ferns ﺍﻧﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 12000 ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ it is any one of a group of about 12,000 ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ -species of plants belonging to the botani ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻫﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﻭﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ، ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ cal group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء (ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ). ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants). They ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ have stems, leaves, and roots like other ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺧﺲ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ vascular plants. Ferns do not have either (ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﻍ). seeds or flowers (they reproduce via spores). ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﺼﻴﺐ Fertile Crescent ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ. ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺒﺔ it is a region in Western Asia. It includes ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ، ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ the comparatively fertile regions of ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ Mesopotamia and the Levant, delimited ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ. ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ by the dry climate of the Syrian Desert to the south and the Anatolian highlands ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ، ﺑﻞ ﺭﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ to the north. The region is often con- ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ، ﻭﻣﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ. sidered the cradle of civilization; it saw the development of many of the earliest human civilizations, and is the birthplace of writing and the wheel. ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ/ﻓﺮﺍﺷﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ Fiberglass brush/brushes ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ -Removes rust and dirt from metal sur ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﻊ. ﺷﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺗﺸﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ faces and polishes. Fine glass bristles are ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ. ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ mounted in a plastic case. Bristles can be ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﻠﻰ. .screw-fed as they wear down 71 ﻟﻴﻔﺔ Fibre ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ A thin thread of a natural or artificial ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﻝ substance, especially one that is used to make cloth or rope. ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ Fibre examination ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻯ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﻝ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ Tests carried out to study the qualities of ّﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ. .a piece of cloth or a length of thread ﺷﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ Filaments ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻴﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺿﻮء ﻟﻤﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء an electrical filament used to emit light ﺳﺎﻁﻊ. .in an Incandescent light bulb ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ، ﺣﺸﻮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ Filling in gaps ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ Film sensitive ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ Film sensitivity ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻴﺔ Finding ﺷﻲء ﻧﻔﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ، ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ، ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ Fine Art ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ or the fine arts describes an art form ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ / ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ. developed primarily for aesthetics and/or ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺔ، .concept rather than practical application ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ”ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ“ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ. ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎ، Art is often a synonym for fine art, as ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺖ -employed in the term “art gallery”. His ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﺻﺮ torically, the five greater fine arts were ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ. ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ، ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ painting, sculpture, architecture, music ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ، ﻣﺜﻞ and poetry, with minor arts including ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺖ / ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻂ drama and dancing. Today, the fine arts ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ commonly include the visual art and ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ، ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ، ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ. ,performing art forms, such as painting sculpture, collage/assemblage, installa- tion, calligraphy, music, dance, theatre, architecture, photography, conceptual art, and printmaking. ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ Fine tools ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ، ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ Finishing ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺎ. -processes that are applied to a work piece’s surface. ﻧﺎﺭ Fire ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ، is the rapid oxidation of a material in ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮء، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ,the chemical process of combustion ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ. releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.

72 F ﺍﻹﺳﻌﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ First aid ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ. ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ -is the provision of initial care for an ill ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ness or injury. It is usually performed by ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ a non-expert person to a sick or injured ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ. person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. ﺷﻘﻮﻕ، ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ، ﺍﻧﺼﺪﺍﻉ Fissures ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ -a narrow opening or crack of consider ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻕ able length and depth usually occurring from some breaking or parting. ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻣﺘﺮﻓﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ (FL (Spectrophotofluorometer ﺁﻟﺔ ّﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ Instrument that produces X-ray images ّﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳّﺔ. ِ ﺍﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ from fluorescent screens. It is commonly ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻁﺎﻥ used for chest X-ray screening, e.g. to diagnose tuberculosis or lung cancer. ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻬﺐ Flame shaped groups ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ Flammulina ﻫﻮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ -is a genus of fungi in the Physalacri- Physalacri aceae. ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ aceae family. The genus, widespread in ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ، ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 10 ﻧﻮﻋﺎ. temperate regions, has been estimated to contain 10 species. ﺇﻳﻨﻮﻛﻴﺘﺎﻛﻲ Flammulina Velutipes ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ، ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻄﺮ ﻁﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ are long, thin white mushrooms used in East Asian cuisine. ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﹼﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ Flat textiles ﻗﻄﻊ ّﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ A term usually refers to carpets, rugs and ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ hangings made from fibre, in distinction ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﺩ. .from costumes, toys and upholstery ﻓﻼﻓﻮﻧﻴﺲ Flavones ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ are a class of flavonoids based on the ﻟﻞphenylchromen - 2 4 - ﻭﺍﺣﺪ (2 - ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞbackbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one 1- 1 -benzopyran - 4 - ﻭﺍﺣﺪ). 2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) shown) on the right. ﺩﻣﺎﺭ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ Flood destruction ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ Flora ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ A flora (with a lower case ‘f’) refers to ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ، ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ the plant life occurring in a particular ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ. ﺃﻭﻓﻠﻮﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ region, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life. A Flora (with ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ a capital ‘F’) refers to a book or other ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ work describing a flora and including ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ aids for the identification of the plants it ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. contains such as botanical keys and line drawings that illustrate the characters that distinguish the different plants. 73 ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺭ Fluorescence ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺿﻮﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ -A form of luminescence in which sub ﺿﻮء ﺫﻱ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﻭﺇﻁﻼﻗﻪ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ stances are capable of absorbing light ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ. of one wavelength or colour and, in its place, emitting light of another wave- length or colour. ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻱ Fluorescent photography ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ Process that records the glow or visible ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ّﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴّﺔ. light given off by certain substances when they are irradiated by ultraviolet rays. ﺭﻏﻮﺓ Foam ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ -is a substance that is formed by trap ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ. ping many gaseous bubbles in a liquid or solid. ﻓﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ Folkloric ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ، ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻷﻣﺜﺎﻝ، ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺼﺎﺕ، ﺃﻭ ,traditional customs, tales, sayings ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ. dances, or art forms preserved among a people. ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ Follow up training ﳕﻮﺫﺝ Form ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ، ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ. refers to the shape, visual appearance, or configuration of an object.

ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ Format ﺃﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ. a computer command to prepare hard disks.

ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ Formation ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻲء ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ. -an act of giving form or shape to some thing or of taking form.

ﻓﻮﺭﻣﻴﺴﻴﺪﻳﺎ Formicidae ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﻴﺴﻴﺪﻳﺎ، ﺟﻨﺒﺎ Ants are social insects of the family ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ، ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ Formicidae and, along with the related ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ. wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. ﺣﺼﻦ Fort ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ّﻣﺤﺼﻦ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ Building or group of buildings intended ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ primarily to serve as fortified posts ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ or residences, belonging to princes or noblemen in Europe during the Middle Ages. 74 F ﺃﺣﻔﻮﺭﺓ Fossil ﻫﻲ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ are the preserved remains or traces of ﻣﻄﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ. ,animals (also known as zoolites), plants and other organisms from the remote past. ﺃﺳﺎﺱ Foundation ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ the portion of a building’s structure that ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ. transfers the weight of the building into the ground strata. ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﺑﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺿﻮﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ Fourier Transform infrared Optical microscope ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﹼﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ -Fourier transform infra ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ (red spectroscopy (FT-IR ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ A technique which is used to obtain ﻋﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ. ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ infrared spectral data from a solid, liquid ﻁﻴﻒ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ or gas. The data are then turned into an ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ”ﻣﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ“. actual spectrum by using a mathematical technique developed by Fourier. ﺍﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ Fracture ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ is the (local) separation of an object or ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ. material into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress. ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ Fragilaria ﻗﻄﻊ ﻫﺸﺔ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ Fragile objects ﻛﺴﺮﺓ Fragments ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲء. A fragment of something is a small piece or part of it. ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ Freeze drying at normal pressure ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ Freeze-drying ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ it is a dehydration process typically ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻞ. used to preserve a perishable material or ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ make the material more convenient for ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ -transport. Freeze-drying works by freez ing the material and then reducing the ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ surrounding pressure to allow the frozen ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ. water in the material to sublime directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. ﲡﻤﺪ Freezing ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ، ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ or solidification is a phase change in ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ which a liquid turns into a solid when its ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ -temperature is lowered below its freez ً ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ (ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ) ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ،ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ing point ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ. 75 ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺔ. ﹼﺗﺮﺩﺩ Frequency ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻟّﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ -The number of cycles, oscillations or vi ﻣﻮﺟﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ّﻳﺆﺷﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ .brations of a wave motion in one second ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ This term is used in connection with the ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ. ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ electromagnetic spectrum, to indicate the ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻪ. amount of energy transmitted by various parts of the spectrum. The more frequent the waves, the more energy they carry and the greater their potential to damage objects. ﻣﺠﻤﺪ Frozen ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ .the result of freezing ﻓﺮﻭﺳﺘﻮﻟﻴﺲ Frustules ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻗﻬﺎ، ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ A frustule is the hard and porous cell ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ .wall or external layer of diatoms ﺩﺧﺎﻥ، ﺑﺨﺎﺭ Fume In common usage, more usually “fumes”, a gas or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale. ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ Fumigation ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ّﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ The process of exposing objects, often ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ّﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ in a vacuum or air-tight chamber, to ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳّﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ّﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ poisonous gases or vapour: to destroy ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ّﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ insects, fungi or other life forms that may endanger them. The chemicals used in fumigation are often highly dangerous to humans. ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ Fumigation agents ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﻑ، ﻗﺎﻋﺎﺕ Fumigation in chambers ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ Fumigation technique ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Function of museum ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ : (1) ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ 2) ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ 3) ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ these are five, which are: 1) Documen- (4 ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ 5) ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ (tation 2) Conservation 3) Research 4 Exihibition 5) Education ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ Functional structure ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﺎ A company organised with a functional ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ، ﺷﺮﺍء ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ structure groups people together into ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ. -functional departments such as purchas ing, accounts, production, sales, market- ing.

76 F ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ Fungal decay ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء -Timber is only vulnerable to fungal at ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ، ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ tack if the four following conditions are ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء. met: moisture, oxygen, temperature and food. ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻄﺮ Fungal specimens ﻓﻄﺮﻳﹼﺎﺕ (Fungus (pl. Fungi ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳّﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻻﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ Fungi are simple microscopic plants ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء. ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 100000 ﺻﻨﻒ. ﻣﻦ which contain no chlorophyll. There ّﻣﻀﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻫﻦ ّﻭﺗﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ. ﺃﻛﻔﺄ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ are at least 100,000 different species of ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ّﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺖ -fungi. Fungi cause staining and weak ening of many types of materials. The %70-%80 ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻴّﺪﺓ. best way to control the growth of mould is to maintain relative humidity below 70–80% and to provide good air move- ment. ﻓﺮﺍﺀ، ﻓﺮﻭ Fur ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺮ، ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ it is a synonym for hair, used more in ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ، ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ، ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ reference to non-human animals, usually ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ. -mammals; particularly those with exten sive body hair coverage. ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺎﹰ Future conservators ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ Future restoration G ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﹼﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ Gas concentrations effective ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ Gas generator ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ، ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ is usually refers to a device, often similar ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻕ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ to a solid rocket or a liquid rocket that ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ، ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ -burns to produce large volumes of rela ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. tively cool gas, instead of maximizing the temperature and specific impulse. ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺵ Gauze ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺵ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ it is a thin, translucent fabric with a ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ. .loose open weave ﻫﻼﻡ. ﺟﻼﺗﲔ Gelatin ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ّﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻀﺎﺭﻳﻒ A complex protein extracted from ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ّﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻼﻣﻴّﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻪ animal cartilage and bones. It is soluble ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء. ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻼﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ in water; it also sets to a jelly. Gelatin is ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ّﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ used in foods and photography, and as an adhesive. ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ (ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ: ﺟﻨﺲ) (Genera (singular: Genus ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ -the usual major subdivision of a fam ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ، ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ. ily or subfamily in the classification of organisms, usually consisting of more than one species. 77 ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ General conservation ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ General information ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ Geographic science ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ (ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ) Geological life ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ Geological profile ﺍﺘﺺ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ Geophysicist ﻧﺤﺎﺱ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ Gilded copper ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺐ Gilt objects ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ”ﻣﺬﻫﺐ“، ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ,”A gilded object is described as “gilt ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ، ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ -where metal is gilded it was tradition ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ. ally usually silver in the West, to make silver-gilt objects. ﺍﳉﻨﻜﺔ Ginkgo ﻫﻮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ -it is a genus of highly unusual non ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ، ﻭﺯﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎ، ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ,flowering plants with one extant species ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﻔﻮﺭﻱ. G. biloba, which is regarded as a living fossil. ﺯﺟﺎﺝ Glass ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺪﺓ ّﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﻭﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻧﻲ. Hard, transparent substance that is used to make things such as windows and bottles. ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻱ Glass Microballoons ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ Glass transition point ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ Glucose ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺐ، ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ (it is a simple sugar (monosaccharide ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ. ﻭﻳﻌﺪ -and an important carbohydrate in biol ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ogy. Cells use it as a source of energy ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ، ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ. .and a metabolic intermediate ﺻﻤﻎ Glue ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﺗﻴﻦ، ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺑﻮﻕ: ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ، ﻏﺮﺍء Gluten ﺫﻫﺐ Gold ﻓﻠﺰ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﻤﻦ -Yellow malleable ductile metallic ele ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁﺎ ّﺑﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ment that occurs chiefly free or in a few ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ,minerals and is used especially in coins ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴّﺔ. .jeweler, and dentures ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺟﻴﺪ Good penetration ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ Graphs ﻋﺸﺐ Grass 78 G ﺃﺯﺍﻣﻴﻞ Gravers

ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺤﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻖ Grinder cleaning ﻋﺼﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻭﻩ Groan stick ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺃﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ Groundwater ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ Growing season ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ Growth increment ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ. ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ Guidance ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴّﺔ ّﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩ Help or advice for example advice on ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴّﺔ vocational or educational problems given to students. ﺻﻤﻎ، ﻋﻠﻜﺔ Gum ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ Gymnosperm small embryonic ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ Gymnospermae ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ Gymnosperms H ﺟﺒﺲ، ﺟﺺ Gypsum ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻁﺤﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻘﻞ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺔ Hand grinders ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻜﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎً Handcars ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ، ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Handing objects ﺗﺪﺑﹼﺮ. ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ Handling ّﺍﻟﺘﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ. Examining (as by feeling, touching, or moving) with the hand. ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ، ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ Handling ability ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ Handling fragile excavated objects ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ Handling of equipment ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ Hands-on Conservation ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ Providing direct practical experience in ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴّﺔ. (ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ) .conservation work ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ Hard disk ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ Hard film ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ Hard X-ray ﺻﻠﺐ، ﻗﻮﻱ Harden ﻣﺼﻠﺐ، ﻣﻘﻮﻱ Hardener

79 ﺧﺸﺐ ﺻﻠﺪ Hardwood ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻀﻴّﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ Wood obtained from a class of tree ﺃﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻮﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠّﻮﻁ ,known as Angiosperms, such as birch ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻔﻨﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭﺫﺍﺕ oak, eucalyptus, maple and poplar. These ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻗﻮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﻮ ّﺇﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺑﺎ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ trees are characterised by broad leaves ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﺼﺎ. and are usually deciduous in temperate zones. While most of these trees have strong, hard woods, the term does not refer to a wood’s strength; some hard- woods, like balsa, are actually quite soft. ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ Hardwood tracheid ﻣﻀﺮ، ﻣﺆﺫ Harmful ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ Harmful insects ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ Harmful salts ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺧﺰﻥ ﹼﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ HDD (High definition drive) Hard ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴّﺔ. disk drive, a computer device which stores digitally encoded data. ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ Health hazardous ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ Health impact ﺍﳉﻠﺐ Heartwood ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺬﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ Heat ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ Heat application ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺇﺣﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ -The process of applying heat to a sub ﺃﻭ ﻹﺫﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮﻫﺎ. stance or body to raise its temperature or change its state. ﻗﻠﻢ ﺭﺻﺎﺹ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ Heat pencil solder ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ Height ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻻﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ Hemicelluloses ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺮﺍﻥ Hemlocks ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺮﻩ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺳﺎﻡ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ Hide glue ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ High alcohol ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ High boiling point ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ High chemical reaction ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ High humidity

80 H ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ High performance liquid ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ (chromatography (HPLC ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ّﺍﻟﻤﺰﻭﺩﺓ -Chromatographic technique that sepa ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ rates the components of a mixture by ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴّﺔ pumping a small quantity of it into small diameter tubes, and is used in biochem- ّﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴّﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻁ istry and analytical chemistry to iden- tify, quantify and purify the individual components of the mixture. ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ High tech X-ray equipment ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ High temperature ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ Higher alcohol method ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ Higher alcohol treatment ﻣﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﺳﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﳋﻴﻞ Hippodrome ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻻﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺷﺎﻉ Racecourse first used in Ancient Greece ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒّﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ and later became popular in the Abbasid ﺳﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ period. It is used for horse and chariots ﺍﻻﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﻪ .races and for athletics ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺦ History ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﺮﺗّﺐ ﺯﻣﻨﻴّﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴّﺔ ّﻷﻣﺔ ّﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ Chronological record of significant ّﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ّﻣﺎ ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﺣﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ -events (as affecting a nation or institu tion) often including an explanation of their causes. ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ Hominidae ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ، -as the term is used here, form a taxo ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺒﺎﻧﺰﻱ، ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺭﻳﻼ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻧﻐﻮﺗﺎﻥ. nomic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, humans, and orangutans.[1] In the past, the term was used in the more restricted sense of humans and relatives of humans closer than chimpanzees. ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ Homo ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ Homo Sapiens ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ Homobasidiomycetes ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎً Horizontally ﻫﻮﺭﻧﻮﺭﺙ Hornworts ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺒﺎﺙ، ﺃﺫﻧﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ Horsetails ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺻﻬﺮ-ﺣﺎﻣﻲ Hot-melt ﻻﺻﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻲ (ﺍﻟﻴﻔﻴﻜﺲ) (Hot-melt adhesives( ELVAX ﻧﻤﻞ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻲ House termite ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ How to operate 81 ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ Human ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ Human cultures ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ Human disaster ﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ Humidification ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ,The gradual introduction of moisture ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﺍء often through the use of mechanical ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ. .devices, for example, humidifiers ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ Humidify equipment ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻃﻴﺐ Humidifying device ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ Humidity ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻧﻲ Humidity attack in buildings ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ: 1- ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ .Dampness attacks buildings in two ways ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﻷﺭﺽ Direct water penetration from driving 1- ّﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳّﺔ. 2- ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ -rain or rising underground water. 2- Con ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻟﻰ ّﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ densation inside the building when dew ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ (ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ). .point of air is reached ﹼﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Humidity control ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ -Means of limiting or regulating the hu ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ّﻣﺠﻔﻔﺎﺕ -midity in the air, by using air-condition ﺍﻟﺠﻮ. .ing or dehumidifying equipment ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎء Hydration ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ (Hydrogen (H ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء Hydrolysis ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ (Hydroxyl groups( OH ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻁﺎﺑﻲ، ﻣﺴﺘﺮﻁﺐ Hygroscopic ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ I Hymenoptera ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﹼﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ (ICP - (In-Circuit Programming ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ A method for adding software logic to ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ .an integrated circuit after fabrication ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ. .Insects ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﻆ Idea of conservation ﻃﺮﻕ ﹼﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ Identification methods ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ The identification of something is the ﺃﻫﻤﻴّﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ّﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ. recognition that it exists, is important, or it is true. ﲢﺪﻳﺪ Identifying ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ Illuminance or luminance ّﺷﺪﺓ ﺳﻄﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ّﻣﺎ .“ﻟﻮﻛﺲ“ -The intensity of light falling on a sur ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ face. This could also be described as the brightness of the light. Illuminance is measured in lux. 82 I ﺇﺿﺎءﺓ، ﺗﻨﻮﻳﺮ Illumination ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ Image Information ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ Images ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ Imaging ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ The process of forming images that ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭ. ,represent tings such as sound waves temperatures, chemical activity. ﻟﻮﺡ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ Imaging plate ﻟﻮﺡ ﻓﺴﻔﻮﺭﻱ ّﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﺑﺮ ّﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ Photo sensitive phosphor plate used to ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ. .record X-ray images ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ Impractical ﻧﻘﻊ، ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ Impregnation ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﻫﺎﺝ Incandescent lamp ﺷﻲء ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ Inclusion ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ، ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ Inconspicuous ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometery (ICP-MS) ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ، ﻏﻴﺮ ﹼﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ Inert ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ -A material which does not react chemi ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻻﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ. -cally and will not cause chemical dam age to objects. ﻏﺎﺯ ﺧﺎﻣﻞ Inert gas ﻏﺰﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Infestation of insect ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ، ﺇﺧﺒﺎﺭﻱ، ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ Informative ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء (Infra Red (IR ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ Infrared photograph ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ Infrared photography ﺑﺮﺍﻋﺔ، ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ Ingenuity ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ Inhibitor ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺒﻄﻰء ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﻘﻦ Injection ﻣﺤﻘﻦ Injector ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ Inorganic ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Insect ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﻓﻘﺮﻳّﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﻛﺐ. ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ Any of numerous small invertebrate ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ animals as spiders. Some insects are ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻠﻘﺢ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ. disease carriers like mosquitoes, others are beneficial because they pollinate plants, like butterflies and produce useful substances like bees. 83 ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Insect attack ﻣﺒﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ Insecticidal ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ Insecticide ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ Insecticide in spacious area ﻣﺼﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Insects trap ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ A general name for a variety of devices ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺣﻔﺔ. .used to catch and hold crawling insects ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ، ﺑﻨﻴﺔ Inside structure ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﺍﺋﺐ Insoluble ﻻﺻﻖ ﺟﺎﻫﺰ Instant adhesive ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ، ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ Institutions ﺁﻟﺔ. ﺃﺩﺍﺓ. ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ Instrument 1- ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ّﺗﺆﺩﻱ ّﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ، ّﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ -Tool or device that is used to do a par 1- ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ. .ticular task, especially a scientific task 2- ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ّﺷﺪﺓ Device that is used for making 2- ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ّﻣﺎ. measurements of something such as the speed of a vehicle or the intensity of sound in a given place. ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ Instrumental analysis ﻓﺤﺺ ﻭﻓﺮﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ Investigating analytes using scientific ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ. .instruments ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ، ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﻙ Intangible ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ is most commonly used to describe ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ economic intangibles that are recognized ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ. but not quantified within a given theory of economics. ﹼﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ Integrated pest management ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻟﺼﺪ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -Management of agricultural and hor ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ticultural pests that minimizes the use ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ّﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ of chemicals and emphasizes natural ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺳﺮﺓ. and low-toxicity methods (as the use of crop rotation and beneficial predatory insects). ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ، ﺍﻫﺎﺏ Integuments ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ Interdisciplinary ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ Interior stress ﺑﻴﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ Intermolecular ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ Internal structure

84 I ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ International cooperation ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻞ Internationalized ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ Interpretation ﺗﻘﺪﱘ. ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻝ. ﺗﻮﻃﺌﺔ Introduction ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ,The act or process of introducing a book ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ. .a system or a person ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ، ﻳﺒﺤﺚ، ﻳﻔﺤﺺ Investigate ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺑﺤﺚ، ﻓﺤﺺ Investigation ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻶﻓﺎﺕ IPM system principle ﺣﺪﻳﺪ Iron ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻱ Iron hinge ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ (ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ) Irradiation distance ﻭﻗﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ irradiation time ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ Islamic ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻼﻡ .Belonging and relating to Islam ﺻﻨﻌﺔ ﹼﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﹼﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﹼﻣﻄﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻨﺎ Islamic enamel glass ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺤﻮﻥ، -Glass enamel is made by fusing pow ّﻓﻴﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻏﺸﺎء ,dered glass by firing. The powder melts ﺳﻠﺲ ﻣﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ,flows and then hardens to a smooth ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴّﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ. ّ durable, vitreous coating. The technique ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ achieved new glories under the Islamic ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ dynasties, more especially for the deco- ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ. ration of lamps. The earlier ones are to be assigned to the thirteenth century but the majority belongs to the fourteenth century and later. ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﹼﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﹼﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ Islamic wooden objects ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺒﺮﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ -Muslim craftsmen left us many exam ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻓﻲ ّﺳﺎﻣﺮﺍء ﺳﻨﺔ ples of woodwork. The earliest example .862 ﺷﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳّﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ is the minbar at Qairawan. It is of turned ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ. wood and was made in Samarra in 862 ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ّﻣﻄﻌﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ -CE. Woodcarving characterized by flow ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍﻑ. ing designs was very popular in Egypt and Syria during the 13th century. Some inlaid with ivory, bone or mother of pearl. ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ Isolated space ﻋﺰﻝ Isolation ﺍﻷﺭﺿﺔ (ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ) (Isopteran( Termite

85 ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ -J Japan Center for Institutional Coop eration in Conservation ﺑﻠﻮﻁ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ Japanese Oak ﻭﺭﻕ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ Japanese paper ﻧﻤﻞ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ Japanese termite ﺟﺮﺍﺭ Jars ﻣﺠﻮﻫﺮﺍﺕ Jewellery ﺣﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ Ornament that people wear, for example ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻧﻔﻴﺴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ّﻭﻣﺰﻭﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ rings, bracelets, and necklaces. It is often ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ. ,made of a valuable metal such as gold and sometimes decorated with precious stones. ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻀﻤﺔ Joining parts ﻣﻔﺼﻞ Joint ﻣﺤﻞ ﺇﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ. A joint is the place where two things are fastened or fixed together. ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺭﺍﺳﻲ K Jurassic Period ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻰء، ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ Kernel ﺗﻘﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ Kiln peeling ﻛﻴﻤﻮﻧﻮ Kimono ﺭﺩﺍء ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻁﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻪ ّﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺎﻥ. ,Item of Japanese clothing. It is long shaped like a coat, and has wide sleeves. ﻛﻠﻮﺳﻴﻞ ﺟﻲ Klucel G ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺩ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒّﺒﻪ A substance applied to leather to guard ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻊ. -against deterioration due to red rot at tack. This treatment is carried out before the application of a protective layer of L wax. ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ Laboratory ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ّﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ -Building or room where scientific ex ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ .periments and research are carried out ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ Lack of sterilizing ﻭﺭﻧﻴﺶ، ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻚ Lacquer ﻫﻮ ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﻜﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ Lactitol

86 L ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺢ Lamination ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ A process of reinforcing fragile sheet ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ﺑﻠﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ّﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺼﻒ ّﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ material, usually using transparent or ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ. ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ .translucent sheets of plastic or paper ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻹﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ -The technique is not an approved conser ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺩﻭﻥ ّﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴّﺔ. vation practice. It should never be used for valuable items because it can be virtually impossible to remove without damaging the item. ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ Landscapes ﺳﻮﺳﺔ ﻻﻧﺞ Lange weevil ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﹼﺔ Language skill ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠّﻢ ﺍﻟﻠّﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ. .Ability to learn a language well ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ Laptop computer ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ Large scale damage ﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻮﳒﻴﻜﻮﺭﻥ Larger flower longicorn beetle ﻣﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﺭ Laser microscope analyzer ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ Latest technology ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ Latewood ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Lauan ﻁﺒﻘﺔ Layer ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ Layers of earth ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ Thickness of soil spread horizontally on ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ. .the surface of the earth in a given area ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ Layout ﺧﺎﺭﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ّﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ -Plan or design or arrangement of a build ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﺎﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ. .ing, piece of furniture, machine etc ﺇﻝ ﺳﻲ ﺇﻡ ﺳﻲ LC/MC ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ّﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻚ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ -Software able to reads mass spectrom ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ. .etry ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺷﺠﺮ Leaf like ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﻝ Leather of deer ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ Lecture ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ّﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍ ّﻳﻘﺪﻡ ّﻟﻄﻼﺏ A talk someone gives in order to teach ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠّﻴّﺎﺕ. people about a particular subject, usually at a university or college. ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ Legumes ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮﺍﹰ Less explosive

87 ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ Lifelong learning activities ﺿﻮء، ﺧﻔﻴﻒ Light ﻗﻄﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ Light iron objects ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ Lighting system ﺍﳋﺸﺒﲔ Lignin ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺑﻖ Lilies ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ Liposcelis bostrychophila ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ Liquid nitrogen ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ liquid nitrogen method ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ Literature Information ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ Live specimens ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ Liverworts ﻣﺎﺷﻴﺔ، ﺩﻭﺍﺏ Livestock ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﳊﻲ Living heritage ﻣﺤﻠﻲ Local ﻁﻮﻟﻲ Longitudinal ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ Longitudinal tracheid ﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻁﻮﻳﻞ Long-wavelength ﻗﻄﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻮﺑﺔ Looted artifacts ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ Low Oxygen ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ Low pressure ﻟﻮﻛﺲ lux ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ّﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ّﻣﺎ. The measurement unit used to record ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ the intensity to which a surface is lit, or ﺍﻟﻀﻮء. the brightness of the light. Lux varies according to the distance from the light source. ﻟﻴﻜﺘﻴﺪﺍ Lyctidate ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﻓﺲ Powder- post beetle ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ M Magnate ﻣﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ Magnesium ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺲ/ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﺎﺕ Magnet/magnets ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻫﺮﺓ Magnoliopsida ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ Major harmful insects ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ Mammalia ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ -Management of Conservation Envi ronment 88 M ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ Manganese ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ Mankinds ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ Mannose ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ Manufacture Method ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ Manufacturing Methods ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ Manufacturing process ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ Manufacturing technique ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ. Method used to manufacture something in a factory, usually in large quantities. ﻣﺨﻄﻮﻃﺔ Manuscript ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ّﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ ّﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ -A handwritten or typed document, espe ّﺍﻟﻨﺺ ّﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ. cially a writer’s first version of a book before it was published. ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ Manuscript conservation ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻘﺐ Maple ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ Marine sites ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ Masking tape ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ Material analysis ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻴّﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ، ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ -Process where a sample of some mate ﺃﻭ ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ّﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻛﻤﻴّﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ rial (e.g., soil, water, mineral, chemical ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ. compound) is analysed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition. This can be quantitative (determining what elements are present) and it can be qualitative (determining how much of each are present). ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ Material evidence ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ Material research ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ Material Survey ﻣﻮﺍﺩ Materials ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻷﺩﺍء ﻋﻤﻞ ّﻣﺎ. The things that you need for a particular activity. ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Mean humidity ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ Mean temperature ﻗﻴﺎﺱ Measurement ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ Measurement points ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ Measurement tools

89 ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ Measures of biological deterioration and pest control ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻵﻟﺔ Mechanical cleaning ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ّﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ Removing dirt or pollution with aid of ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴّﺔ. .machines, such as vacuum cleaner ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹼﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺋﻦ Mechanical damage ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺒّﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﻓﺘﺼﻴّﺮﻩ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ Loss of value or usefulness caused by a ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ. .machine ﺁﻟﻴﺔ Mechanism ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ Mechanism of Corrosion ﺇﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺼﻒ Meiosis ﺻﻬﺮ، ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺔ، ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ Melting ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ Mesopotamian civilization ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ّﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ Mesopotamia is the name given to the ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ -area of the Tigris-Euphrates river sys ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ. ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰﻱ tem. It includes modern-day Iraq, some ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳّﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺪﻳّﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴّﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳّﻴﻦ. parts of northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran. Bronze ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ age Mesopotamia included Sumer and ّ ّ ّ ّ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻁﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻁﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ. ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳّﻴﻦ empires. In the Iron Age, it was ruled by ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺪﻳّﻴﻦ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳّﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian 3000 ﻕ. ﻡ. ﻭﺣﺘّﻰ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ 539 ﻕ.ﻡ. empires. The indigenous Sumerians ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ & and Akkadians (including Assyrians ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎﺭﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ. ﺃﻭ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia ﺃﺣﺮﻯ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ. .from the beginning of written history (c 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC. During that period, city building, writing, monumental art, irrigation and the wheel, were invented. Here civiliza- tion was born. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ (ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻴﺔ) Metabolic materials ﺍﻷﻳﺾ Metabolism ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺩﺛﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻘﻰ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ Metal artefacts ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ Metal conservation ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ Activities carried out to protect metals ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ. -and historic metallic artworks from dam age o distortion. ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ Metal fragments ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ Metallic brush 90 M ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﹼﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ Metallic coins ﻧﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ. .Coins consisting of one metal or alloy ﻓﻠﺰ Metals ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ، ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺟﻴّﺪ A metal is a chemical element like iron ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ّﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺁﻳﻮﻧﻴّﺔ ﻣﻊ and lead, that is a good conductor of ّﺍﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ. ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻵﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻛﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ both electricity and heat and forms ionic ﻣﻦ ّﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. bonds (movement of electrons between atoms) with non-metals. ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﹼﺔ Meteorological data ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳّﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ّﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -Meteorology is the study of the pro ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ cesses in the earth’s atmosphere that ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﻮﻳّﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ cause particular weather conditions. The ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳّﺔ. -information so collected is the meteoro logical data. ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ Methods of desalination ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ Methods of treatment ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Methyl alcohol ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺪ Methyl bromide ﻳﻮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ Methyl iodide ﺳﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﻲ Methylcellulose ﺷﻖ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻦ، ﺭﻣﺰﻩ .alkyl radical CH3 derived from methane. CH3 ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﻳﺔ Metric corrosions ﻓﺌﺮﺍﻥ Mice ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Michel cellulose ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ Micro-balloon ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ Micro-drill ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ Micro-drill brush ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ Micro-environment and monitoring method ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ Micro-environmental monitoring ﻟﻴﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ Micro-fibrils ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﺑﺘﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ Micro-gametophytes Gametes ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ Micro-meters ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ Micron ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻤﻴﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ Micro-organisms

91 ﻣﺠﻬﺮ Microscope 1- ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ ّﻣﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ Optical instrument consisting of a 1- ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒّﺮﺓ. -lens or combination of lenses for mak 2- ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒّﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ .ing enlarged images of minute objects ّ Non-optical instrument (as one using 2- ﺍﻹﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ radiations other than light for using ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮﻩ. vibrations) for making enlarged images or minute objects. ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ Microscope slide ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻬﺮ Microscopic analysis of fibre ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ Using a microscope to study samples of ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ ّﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ. fibre by viewing the details that cannot be seen with unaided eyes. ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻱ Microscopic investigation ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ Microscopic observation ﻋﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻭﻳﻒ (ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻳﺔ: Microwave treatment ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ) ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻕ ﹼﺃﻭﺳﻄﻴﺔ Middle eastern textiles ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ. -Textiles originating from a Middle east ern country. ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ Middle group ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ، ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ Middle scale ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ Mild ﻣﻌﺪﻥ Mineral ﺳﻮﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺚ، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍً Mite ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﻠﻲ (ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ Mitotic division ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ) ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ Mixture 1- ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻁﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ. 2ّ-ﻣﺎﺩﺓ 1-A mixture of things consists of several ّﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻁﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺰ ﺃﻭ different things together. 2-A mixture ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ. is a substance that consists of other substances which have been stirred or shaken together. ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ mixture material ﺣﺮﻑ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ Modern crafts ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ Modern Pesticide ﺃﻳّﺔ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ Any substance or mixture of substances ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ. ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ,intended for preventing, destroying ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳّﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍّﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ repelling or mitigating any pest. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ. ﻭﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﻴّﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ -biological agent, antimicrobial or dis ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ infectant. Although there are benefits ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ. to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. 92 M ﺭﻁﻮﺑﺔ، ﻧﺪﺍﻭﺓ Moisture ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Moisture absorption ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Moisture condition ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺎﺀ Moisture-curable ﻗﺎﻟﺐ، ﻋﻔﻦ Mold ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ Molecular ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ Molecular motion ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ، ﺿﺒﻂ monitoring ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ Monocotyledons ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ Mono-hydrates ﹼ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ Mordant ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ، ّﺧﺎﺻﺔ in textiles, a substance used to fix the ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴّﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. ّﺗﻨﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ّﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ,colour in dyeing or fabric-printing ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ especially for fabrics of plant origin. The ّﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ، ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺜﺒّﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ. ,fabric is impregnated with the mordant then during the dying process the dye reacts with the mordant, forming a chemical bond and attaching it firmly to the fabric. ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺨﺔ Mordant colours ﺇﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺣﺘّﻲ pigment that can be bound to a material ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ for which it otherwise has little or no affinity. This is achieved by the addition ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ. ّﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﻣﻦ ّ -of chemicals that combine with the pig ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ . ment and the fabric, such as chromium complexes. ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ Mortality ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﻓﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺕ، ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ Mortality data ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮﺍﺕ Mortises ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻫﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺷﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺤﻠﺐ/ ﺃﺷﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺤﺎﻟﺐ Moss/Mosses ﻫﻀﺎﺏ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ، ﺃﻛﻮﺍﻡ Mounds ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺓ Mount material ّﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺼﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ Panels or backing sheets used to attach ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ. .or support hangings or other art pieces ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ. ﻟﺼﻖ Mounting ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻠﺼﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ -The process of attaching a work to a sup ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ّﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻯ. porting surface like sticking a picture on a cardboard base. ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺳﻲ Multi cellular gametophyte 93 ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ Museology ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum activity ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum display ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﻒ (ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ) (Museum documentation (databases ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ، ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ Data relating to the collections held by ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ّﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻭﺃﻳّﺔ a museum. They include information on ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ّﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ source, state, function, date and other historical facts, specially organized for ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻞ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ rapid search and retrieval in a card index ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ. .system or electronically by a computer ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum education ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum environment ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum logic ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum management ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ Museum practice ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ N Museum risk management ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ (NAD 10, 20% Naphtha (acrylic resin ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ Naphthalene ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ -National Research Institute for Cul tural Properties ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ Natural disaster ﻣﺴـﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻬﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ Natural Domicile cave ﻛﻬﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ -a naturally formed, underground cham ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ber, or series of chambers, connected by ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ، ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ one or more entrances to the surface, that ﻟﻬﺎ. was used for the purposes of long-term human habitation in a manner similar to that of a house. ﺃﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﹼﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ Natural dyes ﺃﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻠﻮﺩ -Dyes selected from plants, flowers, ani ﻭﻓﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺷﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ. .mal skins, fur and hair ﺇﻧﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ Natural lightings ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻁ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ Natural rubber sponge ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ Natural stones ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ Nature reserves ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹼﺔ Necessary treatment ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ -Necessary treatment of an object in ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ّﺑﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ. volves putting a particular substance into or onto it, in order to clean it, to protect it, or to give it special properties. ﺇﺑﺮﺓ Needle94 N ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ Negligence ﻋﺶ Nest ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﺸﺒﻜﺔ Netted veins ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ Newly discovered site Arcaheological site hithertto unknown. ﲢﻒ ﹼﻋﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳕﺮﻭﺩ Nimrud ivory ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ Ivory items recovered from the Assyrian ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻤﺮﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺩﺟﻠﺔ city of Nimrud, located south of Nineveh ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ. ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺎ (ﻛﺎﻟﺤﻮ) on the river Tigris. In ancient times ّ the city was called Kalhu and covered ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ 41 ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﺑّﻊ. ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ an area of around 41 km2. Among the ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ art works found in the site is a painted ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻮﺡ ّﻣﻠﻮﻥ ّﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺪﺍ ﻳﺒﻄﺶ ﺑﺮﺟﻞ ﺣﺒﺸﻲ plaque depicting an Ethiopian being ﻭﻟﻮﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺕ ﻳﻤﺜّﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺒﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﺳﻴّﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ slain by a lion; and a panel showing two ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺳﻢ ﺇﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍء. divine attendants greeting a cartouche containing the name of an unknown prince. ﻛﻤﺎﺷﺔ/ ﻛﻤﺎﺷﺎﺕ Nipper/Nippers ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺳﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ Nitrocellulose ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺳﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ Nitrocellulose Acetyl cellulose ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ Nitrogen ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ Nitrogen control method ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ Nitrogen generator ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ No insoluble chemical- CH3(CH2)14 CH2OH ﺑﺪﻭﻱ، ﻣﺘﺮﺣﻞ Nomadic ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ Non chemical biological control ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺓ Non destructive method investigation ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺓ Non destructive techniques ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﺢ Non profit ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ، ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ Non Structural ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ Nonferrous woods ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ Nonsolubility ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ Normal pressure fumigation ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ Numerical value ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺔ، ﻣﺸﺘﻞ Nursery ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ Nutrition ﺟﻮﺯ، ﺑﻨﺪﻕ Nuts ﻛﻴﺲ ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ Nylon bag 95 O ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ O2 concentration ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﻳﺎﻥ Oak ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ Oak pollen ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Object assemblages ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ Object examination ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ Close inspection of an object in order to ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ. .get information about it ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ Object observation ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ّﻟﻺﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ Watching carefully the behaviour of an ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ. .object under certain circumstances ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Objects information materials ﺭﺻﺪ. ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ Observation 1- ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ. Action or process of carefully 1- watching someone or something. 2- ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻣﻮ ّﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﺙ ّﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ Act of recognizing and noting a fact 2- or occurrence often involving measure- ment with instruments. ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ Observation and analysis ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ Observation devices of soluble salts ﺷﻬﻮﺩﻱ Observational ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺘﻴﺔ Oil paintings ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ Oleoresins ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ One seed leaf ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻝ Opal ﺣﺠﺮ ﻛﺮﱘ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﹰ ﺟﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ Operational experience ﺑﺼﺮﻱ Optical ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ Optical microscope ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ Optical techniques ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ Optimal environment ﺑﺴﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ Orchids ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ، ﻧﻈﺎﻡ Order ﻋﻀﻮﻱ Organic ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ Organic composition ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﹼﺔ Organic materials ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ. Materials relating to, or derived from living organisms. 96 O ﺟﺴﻢ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ Organic objects ﺷﻲء ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺒّﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻮﻧﻴّﺔ. objects relating to, or containing carbon compounds. ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﺣﻴﻮﻱ Organic solvents ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺬﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ -a solvent is usually a liquid that dis ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻻ. ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳّﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ,solves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ resulting in a solution. Common uses ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺑﺲ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﻳﻦ for organic solvents are in dry cleaning ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴّﺔ، ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ّﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ -e.g. tetrachloroethylene), as a paint thin) ّ ner (e.g. toluene, turpentine), and glue ﻭﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺜﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻲ solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ,acetate), in spot removers (e.g. hexane ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ. petrol ether), in detergents (citrus terpenes), in perfumes (ethanol), and in chemical synthesis. ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ، ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻀﻲ Organism ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ، ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ Orientation ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ Orientation of the collection ﺃﺻﺎﻟﺔ، ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ Originality ﻣﺰﺧﺮﻑ، ﻣﻨﻤﻖ Ornate ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ Orthogonal ﻓﺮﻥ Oven ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﻓﻀﺎء ّﻣﺤﻮﻁ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ّﻟﻠﺸﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ A substance that has been dried in an ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ. ّﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ -oven. An oven is an enclosed compart ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺃﺳﺴﺖ ﺣﻈﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﺱ ment for heating, baking or drying. It ﻭﺧﻠّﻔﺖ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ. ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ is most commonly used in cooking and pottery. Settlements across the Indus 3200 ﻕ.ﻡ. Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven within each mud-brick house by 3200 BC. ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻴﻴﻀﺎﺕ Ovicidal ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻴﻀﺎﺕ Ovicidal action ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ Oxidation ﺃﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ Oxygen ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ Oxygen method ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ Oxygen ratio ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ Oxygen reduction methods ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻳﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ -Chemical reaction in which one sub ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. stance is changed to another by the removal of oxygen. ﻛﺎﺳﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ Oxygen scavenger ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ Ozone layer 97 P ﻣﻜﺘﻆ، ﻣﺤﺸﻮ، ﻣﺮﺯﻡ Packed ﺣﺰﻡ، ﺭﺯﻡ Packing ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﹼﻓﻨﻴﺔ. ﻃﻼﺀ Painting 1- ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ. .Picture which someone has painted 1- 2- ﻁﻼء ﺑﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰء ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ Activity of painting doors, walls, and 2- some other part of a building. ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ Paleoethnobotany ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ Palms ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ Palynology ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺎﺕ Panderosa ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﻥ Papyrus ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺐ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ A writing material made from the pith ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻫﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳّﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ of giant sedge found in the region of the ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ. ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻋﻴّﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ,Nile and used by the ancient Egyptians ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﺒﺮ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ 3000 ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ. -Greeks and Romans. The earliest record ed specimen was found in an Egyptian tomb of around 3000 B.C. ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ: ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ para-Dichlorobenzene ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺷﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﲔ Paraffin wax plate ﺑﺎﺭﻟﻮﻳﺪ (ﻻﺻﻖ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ) Paraloid ﺑﺎﺭﻟﻮﻳﺪ ﺏParaloid B44 44 ﺑﺎﺭﻟﻮﻳﺪ ﺏParaloid B72 72 ﺭﻕ Parchment and vellum ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ Parchment and vellum are untanned ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺑﻮﻏﺔ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ animal skins. Vellum and parchment are ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ّﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺰﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ -very moisture-sensitive. In high humid ﺟﺎﻑ. ity conditions, the skins absorb moisture and can become less flexible and distor- tions and creases can become set into the skin. Correct storage is important. ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳊﺸﻮﻱ Parenchyma ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮﻱ Parenchyma cells ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ Parentheses

98 P ﹼﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﹼﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ Passive control system ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻟﻠﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ -System not involving the use of mechan ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴّﺔ ﺇﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴّﺔ، ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ّﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ical or electrical devices. This happens ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴّﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ -by taking advantage of existing circum ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء. stances, such as local climate in the case of passive solar building design. Here windows, walls and floors are designed to collect, store and distribute solar en- ergy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﻲ Pasture grasses ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪﻱ Patina ّﺗﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ّﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ّﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ. -The effect of the environment or artifi ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ّﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ cial chemical and/or physical systems ﺷﻜﻞ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ. ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ affecting the surface appearance of a ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰ، work of art. For metals, this usually ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴّﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ takes the form of a film of corrosion on ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ the object. Many patinas are prized for ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء their aesthetic value—for example on ّﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ bronzes—or protective properties—for ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ. .example on lead, tin or pewter ﻧﻤﻂ، ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ Pattern ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺔ Paulownia ﺷﺠﺮ ﺻﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ PC skills ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ PC training ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ Process of learning the skills that you ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ. .need for using a computer ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﻊ/ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺚ Peat bog/bogs ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺤﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻼﻻ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﻴﺮ Peeling process ﻳﻨﻔﺬ، ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ Penetrating ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﹼﺔ Percentage ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ A fraction of an amount expressed as a 100. ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳّﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ %. particular number of hundredths of that amount. ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ Periplaneta Americana ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ Permeability ﺧﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ، ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ Perpendicular 99 ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ Pest control ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Pest management ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﹼﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ Pest treatment ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﻤﻀﺮﺓ ّﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ Pest control refers to the regulation ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ. ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ or management of a species defined ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒّﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ، ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ as a pest, because it is detrimental to ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭ، ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻠﻒ a person’s health, the ecology or the ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ. ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ economy. Pests include insects, plant ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ,pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds ّﻏﻼﺗﻪ. ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ roundworms, and microbes that destroy ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺘﺎﺕ property and spread disease. Pest control ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ is at least as old as agriculture, as there ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻭﻉ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ has always been a need to keep crops ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﺃﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ. free from pests. The approach then was to destroy weeds by burning them or plowing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores, such as crows and other birds eating seeds. Another tradi- tional technique is crop rotation. Modern farmers use chemical pesticides. ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ Pesticide ﺇﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ -A general term for any material de ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ. ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ signed to kill pests. Pesticides include ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳّﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﻗﺎﺗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. specific substances for killing insects ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺌﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ: ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ insecticides); fungi (fungicides); plants) ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ّﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ -herbicides); rats and mice (rodenti) ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴّﺔ. cides); and other pests. There are two general categories of pesticides: biologi- cal pesticides which use growth regula- tors; and general pesticides which tend to use chemicals. ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ PH ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ. ÷ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء A scale of measurement ranging from ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 7 ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ -for identifying the level of acid 14–0 ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ. ﻛﻠّﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ity of solutions. Pure water has a PH of ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻭﻛﻠّﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ which is considered neutral, whereas 7 ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺘﻪ. acidic solutions fall below 7 and alkaline solutions have PH values exceeding 7. ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ PH level ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻲ Phenol resin ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ Phenolics ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ، ﺣﺪﺙ Phenomenon 100 P ﺻﻤﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﹼﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ Photodiode ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ A photoelectric semiconductor device ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ. for detecting and measuring radiant energy as light. ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ Photographic ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ -Connected with photography or photo graphs. ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ Photographic documentation ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ Photographic recording ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ Photography ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ The skill, job, or process of producing ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴّﺔ. .photographs ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ Photosynthesis ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ (ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ) Phylum/Phyla ﹼﻣﺎﺩﻱ. ﺑﺪﻧﻲ Physical 1-ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠّﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮ Qualities, actions, or things related 1- 2-ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴّﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ّﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ .to a person’s body rather than his mind ﻛﺎﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ. Physical things are real things that can 2- be touched and seen, rather than ideas or spoken words. ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ Physical Analysis ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ Physical change ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ Physical treatment ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ Physiological functions ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ Phytoplankton ﺻﺒﻎ/ﺃﺻﺒﺎﻍ Pigment/Pigments ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ Pinaceae ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ Pines ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ Pinus ّﺍﻟﻤﺪﻗﺔ: ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ Pistil ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺏ، ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ Pith ﺣﻔﺮﺓ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ Pit-pairs ﺣﻔﺮ Pits ﺧﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ Plan for conservation ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ -Preparation of a strategy for the long ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ، ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ term care of collections. Developing a ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻠﻴّﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ. conservation plan involves identifying the conservation needs of collections, prioritising them and allocating resourc- es to deal with them. 101 ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻧﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ Planetarium/Planetaria ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﺒﺔ ﻁﺤﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ Plant Kingdom Bryophytes ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ Plant opal ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ Plant specimens ﻧﺒﺎﺕ/ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ Plant/Plants ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ Plantae ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ Plastic cube ﹼﻣﻠﺪﻥ Plasticiser ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺰﻳّﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ. ﻟﺪﻯ A chemical added to another material ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ّﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﻞ (ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻲ) to give it increased flexibility. In some ّﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ plastics such as PVC, plasticisers leach ّﺗﺴﺮﺏ ّﺍﻟﻤﻠﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ. .out in time leaving the material brittle ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ Plasticity ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ Plumbing ﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ Polar character ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء (Polarized Light Microscope( PLM ﻣﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻋﻤﻞ Policy 1- ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ّﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺗﺘّﺨﺬ Set of ideas or plans that is used as a 1- ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ. .basis for making decisions 2- ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ ّﻣﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ -2-An organization’s policy on a par ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ. ticular issue is its attitudes and actions regarding that issue. ﻟﻘﺎﺡ Pollen ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ Pollination ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﹼﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ Pollutant ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ّﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮ -Gases and airborne particulate mat ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ.ﻫﺬﻩ ّﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ter usually resulting from combustion ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ. of chemicals. Pollutants are one of the major causes of deterioration of museum objects. ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﹼﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ Pollutant gases ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ّﻣﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ّﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ّﻣﻨﻔﺮﺓ. -Gases that are harmful or contain harm ful or unpleasent susbstances. ﺃﻣﻴﺪﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻦ Polyamidoamine ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻠﻮﺭﺓ Polychlorinated ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ Polyester ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﻝ (Polyethylene Glycol ( PEG 102 P ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺟﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ -Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) impregna tion treatment

ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﻝ Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Method ﹼﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ Polymer ﺟﺰﻱء ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ّﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ّﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ A chemical compound composed of ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴّﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ. repeating structural units connected by chemical bonds. ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻤﺮ Polymerization ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻣﺒﻠﻤﺮﺓ Polymerized sugar molecules ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﻝ + ﺃﻳﺰﻭﻳﺴﻴﺎﻧﻴﺖ Polyol + Isocyanate ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ Polyurethane ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁﺔ ﺑﺠﺬﺭ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺻﻤﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ Polyurethane gum ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ Polyurethane method ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺜﲔ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ Polyurethane resin ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻻﻳﻤﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳّﺔ Any of various polymers that are used ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠّﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻴﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ esp. in flexible and rigid foams, and ّﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎﺕ. .(resins (as for coatings ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ Polyvinyl acetate material ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ Polyvinyl acetate resin ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ Polyvinyl alcohol ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ Polyvinyl alcohol material ﺇﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ Poor penetration ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ Porosity ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ Porous woods ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﹼﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﹼﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﹼﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳﹼﺔ Portable XRF analysis ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ X-ray fluorescent analysis made by a portable instrument. ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻳﺔ Post-excavation ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻳﺔ Post-excavation analysis ﺑﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ (Potassium (K ﺧﺰﻑ Pottery ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺎﺷﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ Pots, dishes, and other objects which are ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ made from clay and then baked in an oven until they are hard. 103 ﺟﺮﺓ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ Pottery jar ﻗﻄﻊ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ Pottery object ﺳﻜﺐ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﲔ Pouring polyurethane ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ Powder ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺩﺭﺓ Powder method ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺧﺒﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ Practical experience ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ Practical protocols ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ practical skill ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ Practical training ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳّﺎﺕ Training concerned with practice and ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ّﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. .action rather than theory ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ، ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻲ Precaution ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ precipitation amount ﺍﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﹼﻣﻘﺪﺭ ﺳﻠﻔﺎﹰ Predetermined gradient ﹼﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ. ﺩﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ Preface ّﻧﺺ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ,Introduction at the beginning of a book ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ. which explains what the book is about or why it was written. ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﺎﻟﺔ Prefectural institute ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ّﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ّﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺳﻨﺔ ,Public university in Hiroshima, Japan established in 2005. .2005 ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ Prefixed ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ Pre-investigation ﻓﺤﺺ ﹼﺃﻭﻟﻲ Preliminary Examination ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ّﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ّﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺊء ّﻣﺎ Quick initial appraisal of an item or ﻭﻳﺘﻠﻮﻩ ﻓﺤﻮﺹ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ. structure that happens before a more dertialed one. ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ Preparation for display ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ All the activities required for putting a ﺷﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ. ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ collection on show. They include choice ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ of a suitable venue, trasportation of the ﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ. objects, insurance, printing catalogues etc. ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﹼﻣﺎ Preparation of sample materials ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ -Producing a small amount of the mate ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ. -rial to be examined and analysed scien tifically.

104 P ﺣﻔﻆ Preservation ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘّﺨﺬﺓ ﻹﺑﻄﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ All actions taken to slow deterioration ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴﺔ. ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ّﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ -of, or prevent damage to, cultural mate ﻟﻺﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺃﻭ rial. Preservation involves controlling ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﻪ. -the environment and may include treat ment in order to maintain an object in an unchanging state. ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ Preservation methods ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﹼﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ Preservation of excavated structures ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ Covering the structure at the end of an ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺚ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳّﺔ ّﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ excavation season to protect it from ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ. abuse and from the elements, especially humidity. ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ Preserving antiquities ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ، ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ Pressure ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Presupposition of Conservation ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ Pre-treatment ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ Prevention ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﹼﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ preventive conservation ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ّﺍﻟﻤﺆﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ Creating and maintaining a protective ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ، ﺳﻮﺍء ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻻﺕ ,environment for the museum collection ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ .whether in store, or display, or in transit ﻵﺧﺮ. ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ Previous Restoration ﺇﻣﻴﻠﺸﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺑﺮﳝﻞ Primal AC34 ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻴﺎﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﺖ ﻛﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ Primates ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ Problematic aspects ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ Processes ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ Produce photographic record ﶈﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ Profiles of various layers ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ Programme 1- ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﻱ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ. A series of actions or events that are 1- planned to be done. 2- ّﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ّﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ 2-When you programme a machine or ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ system, you set its controls so that it will work in a particular way. ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺑﻴﻠﻴﻦ Propylene oxide ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ Protein ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺯﻭﻱ: ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺯﻭﻳﺎﺕ Protozoan 105 ﻣﻨﺸﺄ. ﻣﺼﺪﺭ Provenance ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴّﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻬﺎ -The proven or documented place of ori ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻤﻠّﻜﻬﺎ. .gin, history and ownership of an object ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺥ Prumus Persica ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻗﻮﻕ (Prunus (sub. Amegdalus ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ Pterophyta ﺯﻏﺐ، ﺑﺎﻟﻎ Pubescent ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ Pure materials ﻗﺼﺒﺔ Q Qasaba ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺤﺼﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻭﺳﻮﻕ A fortified city having at its centre a ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ. ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﻮﻥ .jami’, permanent market and hammam ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ Arab geographers distinguish five levels ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ, ﻫﻲ، ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ: ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ of settlements: misr (metropolis), qasaba ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ، fortified provincial capital), madinah) ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ.ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ، -provincial town), nahiyah (small settle) ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ، ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ .(ment) and qaria (village ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ. ﻣﻘﻠﻊ ﺣﺠﺎﺭﺓ Quarry ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ُﻳﻬﻴّﺄ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ An area in which stone is mined and/or ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء. .worked for use as construction material ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻮﺍ Quinoa grains ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ R Radial ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺪ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ Pattern that you get when straight lines ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ. are drawn from the centre of a circle to a number of points round the edge. ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ Rain fall ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ، ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ Random ﻧﻄﺎﻕ، ﻣﺪﻯ، ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ Range ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Rapid change of humidity ﺻﺮﻳﺮ، ﺧﺸﻦ Rasping ﻧﺴﺒﺔ Ratio ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ Raw material ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺸﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳊﺸﻮﻱ Ray parenchyma ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺔ Ray tracheid ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ Reactive approach ﺧﻠﻒ Rear ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ Receiving ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ Reconstruction ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ,Reconstruction of a building, structure ّﻟﺘﻀﺮﺭﻫﺎ. or road is the activity of building it again, because it has been damaged. 106 R ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ. ﺳﺠﻞ. ﻗﻴﺪ Record ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲء ﻛﺎﻟﻮﺻﻒ If you record a piece of information or ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ، ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﺰﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ an event, you write it down, photograph ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻨّﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ. it, or put it into a computer so that in the future people can refer to it. ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ Recording ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ Recording sheet ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ Recover ﺍﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ، ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ Recovery ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻝ Reducing agents ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ,substances which remove oxygen from ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻳﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ. .or add hydrogen to, other substances ﻣﺮﺟﻊ Reference ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ a word, phrase, or idea which comes ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ّﻣﺎ. from something such as a book and which you use when making a point about something. ﹼﻣﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺔ Reflectance spectroscopy ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ spectroscopic technique which measures (ﺳﺒﻜﺘﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ) ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ the reflectance of a beam of light off a ﺿﻮﺋﻴّﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ّﻣﺎ .given surface

ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ Regional ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ Rehabilitation ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﻲء ّﻣﺎ ﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ. -restoring to a former capacity (as of ef ficiency, performance of strength.) ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ Rehabilitation of the Conservation ﻓﻲ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ Laboratories at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ Reinforcement 1- ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء .Process of making a thing stronger 1- 2- ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ .Something that reinforces 2- ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ Rejoining ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ Related equipment ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﹼﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ Relative humidity ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ the amount of water vapour contained ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍء in the air at a particular temperature ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳّﺔ. ﻳﻌﺒّﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ compared with the total amount of ﻣﺌﻮﻳّﺔ. water vapour the air can contain at that temperature. Relative humidity (RH) is expressed as a percentage. ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ Relics107 ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ (ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ) (Remains (waste ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻧﻲ Remediation of buildings ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﹼﺍﻟﻔﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ Removal of soil surface ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ act of moving the upper layers of earth ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠّﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ .by pushing it aside or taking it away ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ -This is typically required while inves ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻁﻨﺔ. tigating new in archaeological sites to enable specialists to collect and view remains such as shards in order to dis- cover something about the settlements that inhabited it. ﺇﺻﻼﺡ Repair ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ Repair Agents ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺢ Repairing ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ Replacement ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء ﺁﺧﺮ. If you refer to the replacement of one thing by another you mean that the sec- ond thing takes place of the first. ﹼﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ Replacement materials ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ New material to replace another which is ﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻮﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. no longer able to serve the function for which it was made. ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ Reproduction ﺑﺤﺚ Research ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﹼﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ Research on heritage ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻨّﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻣﻜﻤﻮﺭﻳﺔ Careful study of or investigation into ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ. things such as works of art, cultural achievmensts and folklore that have been passed on from earleier genera- tions. ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻴﻴﻦ Researchers ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ Reshaping ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ Resin ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴّﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ .Hydrocarbon secretion of many plants ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻤﺎﻍ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺟﻴﺞ. ,It is used in the production of varnishes adhesives and glazing agents. ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻜﻲ Resin acrylic ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﻗﺔ Resin airily ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ Resin canal ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺇﻛﺮﻳﻼﻳﺖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ Resin cyanoacrylate ﻻﺻﻖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ 108 R ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ Resin hardener ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ Resin Urethane ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ Resins cells ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ، ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ Resources ﺭﺩ، ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺕ Respond ﲡﺪﻳﺪ Restoration ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘّﺨﺬ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ The actions taken to modify the existing ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴّﺔ. material and structure of an object to represent a known earlier state. ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ Restoration process ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ Result achieved ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻖ، ﺗﻬﺬﻳﺐ Retouch ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ Reunification ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮﺑﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻜﻮﺳﻴﺔ Reversibility ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ Ribbons ﺃﺭﺯ Rice ﺧﺸﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻡ Ring-porous wood ﻭﻓﺮﺓ، ﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ Riots ﺑﺬﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ Ripened ovule ﺻﺨﺮﺓ Rock ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ Root like ﺟﺬﻭﺭ، ﺃﺻﻮﻝ Roots ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﻳﺔ Rosaceae ﻭﺭﺩﻳﺎﺕ (ﺯﻫﺮﺓ) Rosales ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ Roughness of the surface ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ RP Agent ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ RP system ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ -RP System (atmospheric modi ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ (fication preservation system ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ A system that creates an environment ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ -free of the elements that could cause pre ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ. mature oxidation or deterioration. It does that by removing oxygen, water vapour and other corrosive gases from the air. ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺈﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ RP system absorbing oxygen and moisture

109 ﺻﺪﺃ Rust ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ. ّﻳﺸﻜﻞ Corrosion products (iron oxides) which ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ّﺗﻐﻄﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳّﺔ. ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍءﺓ form on the surface of degraded iron and ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ّﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ّﺗﻌﺠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺗﻼﻑ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳّﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴّﺎ iron alloys. Rust is not protective, and ﺣﺘّﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ. will accelerate the corrosion of the metal until there is no iron left. ﻁﻼء ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍ Rust coating ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ Rust -prevention film ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻭﺩﺍﺭ S Rye ﺳﺮﺝ، ﺻﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ Saddle ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﻦ Safe storage ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ، ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ Safeguard ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ Safeguarding cultural properties ﻣﻠﺢ/ﺃﻣﻼﺡ Salt/Salts ﻋﻴﻨﺔ Sample ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ it is of a substance is a small amount of ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.ﺍ -it that is examined and analysed scien tifically. ﻭﺭﻕ ﺭﻣﻠﻲ Sand paper ﺍﻹﻋﻔﲔ Saprophyte ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺾ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻨﺔ، ﻛﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻎ Sapwood ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻭﺧﺸﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ Scale ﻣﺸﺮﻁ/ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻁ Scalpel/Scalpels ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ (Scanning electron microscope (SEM ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ّﻳﺼﻮﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﺴﺤﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ Type of electron microscope that images ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ. ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ the sample surface by scanning it with a ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ّﻭﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺔ، ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ -high-energy beam of electrons. The elec ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ّﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ trons interact with the atoms that make ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﻴّﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء up the sample producing signals that contain information about the sample’s surface topography, composition and other properties such as electrical con- ductivity ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻢ Science centers ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ Scientific ability ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ Scientific analysis 110 S ﲢﻘﻴﻖ، ﻓﺤﺺ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ Scientific Investigation ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ scientific knowledge ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ scientific methods ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ Sculpture conservation lab ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺗﺎﺕ Sculptures ﺳﺪ (ﺣﻜﻢ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ) ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ Sealing of the gab ﻁﺤﻠﺐ ﺑﺤﺮﻱ Seaweed ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ Secondarily formed corrosion product ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﺬﺭﻳﺔ Seed Plants ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ Seedless ﹼﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺮﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ Selection cell ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ Semi synthetic ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ Semi synthetic polymer ﻧﺪﻭﺓ Seminar ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ Semi-ring-porous ﺗﺴﻤﻢ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ Serious chemical poisoning ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻦ ﹼﻣﺤﺼﻦ Settlement, Fortified ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻨﺪﻕ ﺃﻭ A community, such as a village or a town ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. that has been enclosed and protected by walls, towers, moats and/or other similar defensive structures. ﺧﻴﺎﻃﺔ Sewing ﺧﻴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﺮ Activity of making or mending clothes ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ or other material using a needle and thread. ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ، ﺻﺐ، ﺳﺒﻚ Shaping ﻏﻤﺪ، ﻏﻼﻑ Sheath ﺍﻟﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻰ Shellac ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ Short treatment periods ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ Short wave ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ Short-wavelength region ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻳﹼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺮﻳﹼﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ Shred / Flint Scatter ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ An area containing a significant quantity ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﺮ -of material remains in the form of bro ّﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ. -ken pottery and/or worked flint associ ated with tool production.

111 ﻣﺰﺍﺭ Shrine/shrines ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻻﺋﻤﺔ. ﺛﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻥ Place in which devotion is paid to a ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﻤﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻁﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺪ saint or deity. Many Muslim towns grew ﺍﻻﺋﻤﺔ، ﺿﺪ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ. ﻫﺬﻩ spontaneously around shrines, often ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻼء ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﺖ ﺣﻮﻝ against the wishes of the rulers. This ﻗﺒﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ، ﺣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ. ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ,was the case of Kerbala in western Iraq ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒّﺎﺳﻲ ّﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻛﻞ (861-846) ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ which owes its existence as a town to ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺮﻳﻦ، ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺅﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ the presence of the graves of Hussein ﺣﻮﻟﻬﻤﺎ. .and Abbas, the grandsons of the Prophet The Abbasid Caliph, al-Mutawakkil (847-861) destroyed the two graves in 850 but they were soon rebuilt and the town continued to grow. ﺇﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ، ﺗﻘﻠﺺ Shrinkage ﺇﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ (ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ) Shrinkage after solidification of the bond ﺇﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻠﺒﻪ Shrinkage of the resin after hardened ﺇﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ Shrinking of waterlogged wood ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ (ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺐ) (Silica (hydrated silicon dioxide ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ Silica resin ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ Silicate of soda ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ Silicon ﺻﻤﻎ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ Silicon Acrylic gum ﺻﻤﻎ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ Silicon gum ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ silicon resin ﺣﺮﻳﺮ Silk ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻭﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﻠﺴﺴﺎء ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ Substance which is made into smooth ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ .fine cloth and sewing thread ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ Silk Road Museum ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ (ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ) ﺍﳊﻔﺮﻳﺔ Simulated excavation ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻲء ﺯﺍﺋﻒ Simulation ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Sitophilus zamias ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ Skills ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ Slide ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴّﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ -Piece of glass on which you put some ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ thing that you want to examine through a microscope. ّﺣﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ Small grinder

112 S ﺣﻔﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ Small pits ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ (ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ) ﺻﻐﻴﺮ Small scale damage ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ Social insect ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺑﻮﺭﺍﺕ (ﺑﻮﺭﻕ) (Sodium tetraborate (Borax ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﺔ، ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ Soft X-Ray ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻮﺓ Softwood ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺔ Wood obtained from a class of trees ﺍﻟﺒﺰﻭﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳّﺔ. ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ,known as Gymnosperms, or conifers ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ّﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻻﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ such as pine and spruce. While trees like ّﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺇﺫ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ,pine have soft, easily worked woods ﻗﻮﻳّﺔ. the term does not refer to a wood’s Strength—some softwoods are actually quite hard. ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ Soil cross section ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ Soil profile ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ Soil sample ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ Soil surface ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ Soil is the substance on the surface of ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ. .the earth in which plants grow ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ Soil temperatures ﺗﻘﺸﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ Soil-section peeling ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ Solar heat ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ (ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ، ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ (Solar radiation( heat ,UV ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ) ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺐ، ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ، ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ Solidification ﺗﻮﻁﺪ Solidified ﺻﻼﺑﺔ، ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ، ﻗﻮﺓ Solidity ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ (ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺇﻳﺜﻴﻠﲔ (Soluble chemical in water (PEG ﺟﻼﻳﻜﻮﻝ) ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﻊ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ Soluble impregnation agents ﻣﺬﻳﺐ Solvent ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ -A liquid which is capable of dissolv ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻤﺎﻍ ing solid materials. Solvents are used ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ّﺗﺒﺨﺮﻫﺎ. ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ because in liquid form they dissolve ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء، ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻜﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ materials like resins, and plastics used as coatings, and because they evaporate ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ّﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴّﺘﻬﺎ. ﻭﺑﻤﺎ quickly. Water is the most common ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ. -solvent; however, conservation treat ments often require the use of stronger chemical solvents. Some of these can be hazardous to health, and should be used and handled carefully. 113 ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺬﻕ Sophisticated techniques ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. a sophisticated method or technique is more advanced or complex than others. ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻳﺎ Soy protein ﹼﺗﺸﻀﻲ Spalling ّﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ّﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻮﻕ. ,The flaking off, or splitting into chips of small pieces of the face of a stone or brick. ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﻲ Spatula ﻣﺘﺨﺼﻴﺼﻴﻴﻦ Specialists ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ، ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ Species ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ Species for experiments ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ Specific gravity ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺮﺝ Spectator store ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﻴﺔ Spectral energy ﻣﻀﻮﺍﺀ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ Spectro photometer ﺁﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ّﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴّﺔ ﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ A photometer for measuring the relative ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ. intensities of the light in different parts of a spectrum. ﻣﻀﻮﺍﺀ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻱ Spectrofluorometer ﺁﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳّﺔ. Device for measuring and recording fluorescent spectra. ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺗﻮﻣﺘﺮ Spectrophotometer ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻃﻴﻒ Spectrum 1-ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ّﺟﺮﺍء ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ 1-Range of different colours which is ﺯﺟﺎﺣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء، ﻣﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻅﻬﻮﺭ ﻗﻮﺱ produced when light passes through a ﺍﻟﻘﺰﺡ. .glass prism or through a drop of water A rainbow shows the colours in the 2-ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ. .spectrum 2-Range of light waves or radio waves within particular frequencies. ﺳﻔﻴﺴﻴﺪﻱ Sphecidae ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﺼﺮ ﺧﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ، ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ Sphere ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ Spinning brush ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺣﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ Spinning sander ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﺎﺕ Sponges 114 S ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ، ﺑﻮﻏﺎﺕ Spores ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﹼﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ Spot cleaning Cleaning restricted to a few places. ﺷﺠﺮﺓ/ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﺏ Spruce/Spruces ﺳﺤﻖ، ﻫﺮﺱ Squash ﺛﺒﺎﺕ، ﺭﺳﻮﺥ Stability ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ، ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ، ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ Stabilization ﻁﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻅﻔﻴﻦ (ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ) Staff ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ Stains ّﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺓ: ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ Stamens ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ Standards ﻧﺸﺎ Starch ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ Starch inclusion ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ Static system ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ﺳﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﻠﻲ stearyl alcohol ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﺩﻫﻨﻲ ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﹼﻣﺴﻠﺔ (Stele (plural form is stelae ﻟﻮﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺣﺠﺮﻱ، ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻮﺵ ﺗﺬﻛﺎﺭﻳﺔ. A stone slab, or pillar, usually inscribed and/or decorated in relief, and intended for commemorative and/or ceremonial purposes. ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﳒﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ stellate colonies ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ Stem like ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺑﺨﻄﻮﺓ Step -by -step ﻣﺠﻬﺮ ﻣﺠﺴﺎﻣﻲ Stereoscopic microscope ﺁﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﺮﻳّﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻴﺒﻴّﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﺮﻋﻠﻰ -An optical instrument with two eye piec ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ es for helping the observer to combine ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ّﻣﺨﺴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴّﻨﺔ. the images of two pictures taken from points of view a little way apart and thus to get the effect of solidity or depth. ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ Sterilization ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ Sterilization killing mold ﻳﻠﺪﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ Sting people ﺍﳊﺸﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻨﺔ Stinkweed ﻧﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻏﺮﺯ Stitch technique ﻭﺻﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻴﻂ If you stitch cloth you use a needle and ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. d thread to join two pieces together or to make a decoration. 115 ﺣﺠﺮ. ﺻﺨﺮ Stone ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء. Hard sold substance found in the ground and often used in building. ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻑ Stone hoes ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ Storage 1- ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ّﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ Keeping something, in a special place 1- ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ. .until it is needed 2- ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ .Process of storing date in a computer 2- ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺧﺰﻥ Storage boxes ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺧﺸﺒﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ -Containers made of wood, metal or plas ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴّﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻤﻞ ﻟﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ. tic used to store objects pr goods after sorting them. ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺰﻥ Storage Management ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ storage stage ﻗﻮﺓ، ﺷﺪﺓ، ﺻﻼﺑﺔ Strength ﻗﻮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ Strength in adhering ﺑﺮﻕ ﻗﻮﻱ Strong lightning ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ، ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ Structural ﺧﺸﺐ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ Structural lumber ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ Structure of Objects ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ Structure Survey ﺟﻤﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ Study collection ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ Museum objects collected and organised for research or instructional use, not for exhibition. ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ Sub-Structural ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Sugar alcohol ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺐ (ﻧﻘﻊ) ﺑﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Sugar alcohol impregnation ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Sugar Alcohol Method ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Sugar alcohol treatment ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ Sulfuric fluoride ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺖ Sulphur ﻻﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ A non-metallic element that exists in ﺑﻠّﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺮﻕ ﺑﻠﻬﺐ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻱ several Forms—the ordinary one being ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺧﺎﻧﻘﺔ. ﺑﻌﺾ ّﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ —a yellow, rhombic, crystalline solid ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻼﻣﺴﻬﺎ and which burns with a blue flame and a suffocating smell. Some sulphur compounds, particularly sulphides and oxides, can cause severe chemical dete- rioration in objects. 116 S ﻭﺳﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺨﺎﻡ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ Superficial grime ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ Super-micro balloon ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻃﺤﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻘﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ Supersonic grinders ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ Support ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ Object used as base or prop for an art ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻟﻀﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ work. Examples: paper, metal or glass for mounting photographs; cloth or ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴّﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ wood to for hanging paintings and parti- ّ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻁﻊ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭﻳﺎﺕ. .tions to carry wall paintings ﺳﻄﺢ surface ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ Surface tension ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴّﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ is a property of the surface of a liquid ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ. .that allows it to resist an external force ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ Surfactant ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻰﺀ Surrounding soil ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ Surveillance study ﺗﺒﺎﻗﻲ Survival level ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ Ability to continue to live or exist or ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ. -cope successfully with adverse condi tions. ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﺮ Susceptible group ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ، ﻳﺒﻘﻰ Sustain ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻒ Synthesized ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ Synthetic ﺻﻤﻎ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ (ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ) -Synthetic gum with elasticity (in soluble) ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ (ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ) Synthetic resin with thermal plasticity (soluble) ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻼء ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Syouen ﻣﺤﻘﻨﺔ Syringe ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﻒ Systematization of Museology ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ Tables T ﳑﺎﺱ Tangent ﺃﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻼﻣﺲ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ Line that touches the edge of a curve or ﻭﻻﺗﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻣﻌﻪ .circle at one point, but does not cross it ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ Tangential and radial directions ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ، ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ Tangible ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻴﻚ Tannin

117 ﺩﺑﺎﻏﺔ Tanning ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴّﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺑﻮﻏﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ it is the process of making leather, which ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ. ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ّﺑﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨّﻴﻦ. does not easily decompose, from the skins of animals, which do. Often this uses tannin, an acidic chemical com- pound. ﺻﻨﺒﻮﺭ Tap ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻂ Targeted control strategies ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ Taxodioid Pits ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻔﻴﲔ Taxonomists use ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹼﻓﻨﻴﺔ Technical information ﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻣﺎ. Practical instructions for operating or repairing a given appliance. ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﹼﻓﻨ ﹼﻴﺔ Technical instrument 1- ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻷﺩﺍﺅ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ. -1-Implemnent or apparatus used in per 2- ﺁﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﻦ. forming an action for delicate scientific work. 2-Measuring devise giving information about the operation of an engine, etc. ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ Technical questions ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ Technical terms ﻓﻨﻴﻴﻦ Technicians ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ Technique ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻋﻤﻞ ّﻣﺎ. .Method of accomplishing a desired aim ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﻳﺤﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻪ Temenos ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ ّﻣﺤﻮﻁﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﻦ An enclosed ‘sacred space’, usually the ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ّﻣﻘﺪﺱ walled area surrounding the core of a temple, of a religious building complex, or of another ‘holy’ site. ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ Temperature changes ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ Temperature condition ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ Temperature control method ﻣﻌﺒﺪ Temple ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ّﻣﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ. A building used for the worship of a god or gods in pagan religions. ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎً Temporarily ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ Temporary storage ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ (ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ) Tenons ﺧﻴﺎﻡ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ Tents to kill insects 118 T ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ TEPE NAME ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ (Termite (White ant ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ Termite in underground ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ Territorial character ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ Tert-butyl alcohol ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ Test samples ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ، ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺐ Testing ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ Textile examination ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﻏﻴّﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ. Close inspection of the condition of a piece of textile. ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﹼﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﺠﺔ Textile materials ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﻲ: Textile materials come from four main ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴّﺔ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮ، ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ -sources: animal (wool, silk), plant (cot ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘّﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻨّﺐ، ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴّﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ,(ton, flax, jute), mineral (glass fiber ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ. ,and synthetic sources (nylon, polyester ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ acrylic). In the past, all textiles were ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺉ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ made from natural fibres, including ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴّﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ. plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supple- mented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. These are used primarily in the production of clothing. ﹼﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ Textile samples ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ Textile treatment ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﺩﺧﺎﻝ -Today textiles receive a range of treat ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ّﺍﻟﺘﺠﻌﺪ ﻭﺇﺑﻄﺎء .ments before they reach the end-user ﺍﻹﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻣﺎﺷﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ّﺇﻫﻢ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ From finishes to improve crease-resistance ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﻛﺸﺔ. to flame retardants to dyeing of many ﻓﺒﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ types of fabric, the possibilities are almost endless. However, many of these finishes ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ ّﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺮﻳﺰ، ﺃﻱ may also have detrimental effects on the ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺮﺯﺍﺕ ّﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰ، ﺃﻭ (end user. A number of dyes (for example ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺪ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻗﺒﻞ -have been shown to be allergenic to sensi ﻏﻄﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ّﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻥ، ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﻊ tive individuals, while others have been ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ّﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ (ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺗﻴﻚ)، ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻛﻮﻥ. shown to induce dermatitis. Textiles ﻧﺴﻴﺞ Texture ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ/ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ Theme/Themes ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ / ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ Theoretical lecture/lectures ﻧﻈﺮﻳﹼﺔ Theory ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺘّﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ّﻣﺎ. -A scientifically acceptable general prin ciple offered to explain phenomena. 119 ﺍﻹﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ Thermo fusion ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ Thermohygrometer ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ Thermometers ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﺪﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ Thermoplastic resins ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺪ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ Thermosetting property ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺻﻠﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ Thermosetting resins ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ thickness ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ Thickness of the jointing layer ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻲ Thin-layer chromatography ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ. A technique used to separate mixtures. It ﻳﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ,is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ or aluminum foil, which is coated with a ّﻣﺎﺯﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ. thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel or aluminium oxide. ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ (Tholoi (circular building ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ، ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘّ ًﺼﻼ ﺑﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ A small circular structure that was often ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ. ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ .attached to a rectangular antechamber ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﻠﻒ (5500 – 4200 ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ These structures are one of the hallmarks ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ. ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻓﻦ of the so-called Halaf culture and period (c. 5500-4200 BCE) and are thought ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ. to have been employed both as storage facilities and as places of human inter- ment. ﺑﻴﺪﺭ Threshing Floor ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﻳﺪﺍﺱ Area on the ground, used for threshing ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺜﺎء. grain i.e. separating the seed from the chaff.. ﺧﺸﺐ Timber ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ Tolerant group ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﻳﻦ Toluene ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺿﻮﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ Tomography scanner ﺃﺣﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻲ Tomography scanning devices ﻣﻠﻘﻂ، ﻛﻤﺎﺷﺔ Tongs ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ Tools ﺳﺎﻡ Toxic ﺃﺛﺮ Trace ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺒﻴﺎﺕ Tracheids ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ Traditional ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ Traditional conservation methods 120 T ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﹼﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ Training programmes ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ Plan for an educational course in which ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﻤﻴّﺎﺗﻬﺎ. the amount and grading of the material to be learnt are decided in advance. ﻧﺴﺦ Transcription ﻧﻘﻞ transferring ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ Transformation of Materials ﻧﻘﻞ ﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ Transportation of museum objects ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ Moving historical objects from source ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ. to be stored or exhibited elsewhere. This necessitates careful protective packag- ing, insurance against theft, loss or damage. ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ Transverse View ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺦ Trap check ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ Treat ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ Treated objects ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ Treatment ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ Process or manner of maintaining or ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ. .restoring a cultural work ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ Treatment conditions ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ Treatment methods ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﹼﺔ Treatment of archaeological objects ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ Process by which archaeological ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ conservators increase the longevity of ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻨّﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ,archaeological artefacts by stabilizing ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﻡ. cleabning, and/or repairing the artefact in question in a specialised laboratory. ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻧﻲ Treatments of buildings ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ Tree-ring dating ﺍﻷﻳﻘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﻮﺛﻴﺔ Triad iconography ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ Tricholomataceae ﺗﺸﺬﻳﺐ Trimming ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Tropolones ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ Tubular ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺝ Turf grasses ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ Turpentine ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ Type of resinification ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺎً Typologically 121 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﹼﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ Ultra sonic method ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺫﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ 20000ﻫﺮﺗﺰﻝ -Using ultra sonic waves and vibra ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳّﺔ. tions which have a frequency above the human ear’s audibility limit of about 20,000 hertz. ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ Ultra sound waves ﺧﺸﺐ ﺫﻭ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺮﻓﺔ Ultra structure of wood ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ /ﻓﺮﺍﺷﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ Ultrasonic brush/brushes ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ Ultrasonic cleaner ﺳﻜﺎﻛﲔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ Ultrasonic knives ﻣﻠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ Ultrasonic polishers ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ Ultrasonic toothbrush ﹼﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﹼﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﺔ Ultraviolet radiation ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻛﻬﺮﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﻪ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﻤﻮﺟﺔ -Electromagnetic radiation with a wave ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﺃﻁﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ. ,length shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﹼﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ Underground water ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ Water beneath the ground surface, in ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ. ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ soil pores and in the fractures of rock ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ. formations. It is one of the major causes of dampness in buildings. ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ Unearthed ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ/ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ UNESCO/ Japanese Funds-in-Trust Project ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ Unicellular ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ Unsuitable conditions ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ Up-to-date knowledge ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ Urethane ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ (ﻳﻮ ﺃﺱ ﺑﻲ) (USB (universal serial bus ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻛﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴّﺔ ﻣﻦ -Hardware that establishes communica ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ. .tion between devices and a computer USB’s are typically removable and rewritable. ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ Use of Conservation Equipment ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ Useable duration ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ Useable time ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ UV cure acrylic resin

122 U ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ UV-VIS/NIR spectrography 1- ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ، -1-Ultraviolet visible spectrography (UV ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴّﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴّﺔ VIS) is absorption spectrography in the ﺃﻱ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺎﻭﺭﻩ. ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This 2- ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء means it uses light in the visible and ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻁﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ .adjacent regions ﺑﻴﻦ 800 ﻭ 2500 ﺃﻧﺠﺴﺘﺮﻭﻡ. (ﺃﻧﺠﺮﺳﺘﻮﻡ = ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ NIR spectrography is a spectrographic 2- ﺓﻟﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮ). method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 800nm-2500nm). Nm = one billionth of a metre. V ﻣﺠﻔﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﹼﺍﳌﻔﺮﻍ Vacuum freeze dryer ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﹼﺍﳌﻔﺮﻍ Vacuum freeze-drying method ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ Vacuum pressured fumigation ﻓﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ، ﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ in vacuum fumigation, most of the air in ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ. ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ -the chamber is removed before the fumi ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ gant is introduced. The primary object ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮﻫﺎ. of vacuum fumigation is to hasten and improve the penetration of the fumigant into the material undergoing treatment. ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻊ ﹼﺍﳌﻔﺮﻍ Vacuumed impregnation ﻗﻴﻤﺔ Value ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ Value of cultural properties ﺑﺨﺎﺭ Vapor ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ Vascular Plants ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ Vegetarian kind ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴّﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠّﻴّﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ Consisting wholly of vegetables, fruits ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ. .or grains ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺓ Veins ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ Veneer ﺗﻤﻌﺞ، ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺩﻱ Vermiculation ﺩﻭﺩﻱ Verminous ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ vertical section ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ/ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺑﻴﺮ Vespidae bees/Wasps ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ Vessel elements ﺍﻹﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ Vikane ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ Vinyl acetate ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ Vinyl acetate emulsion ﺃﺭﺷﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﻤﻲ Virtual reality digital archive 123 ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ Viscosity ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ Visible investigation ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ Visible light ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ Visual and Scientific Inspection ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ Visual record ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻤﺔ/ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ vivarium/vivaria ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ Vocabulary ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ Volatile repellents ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ Voltage of x- ray tube ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ Volume ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ W Wall master ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ Wall paintings ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء Water behavior ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ/ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء Water content/contents ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء Water evaporation ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء Water-based ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء Waterlogged objects ﺧﺸﺐ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء Waterlogged wood ﺭﺍﺗﻴﻨﺞ ﺍﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ Water-soluble epoxy resin ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ Water-soluble impregnation agents ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ Water-soluble substances ﺷﻤﻊ Wax ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ Way of Utilization ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ Weak parts ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ Weakness place ﺣﻴﺎﻛﺔ Weaving ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ Weaving is a textile craft in which two ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ ﺗﺸﺒّﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ. ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻁﻮﻟﻴّﺔ distinct sets of threads are interlaced to ّﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴّﺔ ّﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ,form a fabric. They are wrap threads ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ. which run lengthways on the piece of cloth and the weft threads which run across from side to side. ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ Weight ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً Well-mixed ﻧﺪﻱ. ﹼﻣﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ Wet

124 W ﺿﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻠﻮﻟﺔ Wet bandage ﻧﺸﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ Wheat starch ﻋﺮﺽ Width ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Wood corrode ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻬﺮ Wood identification by ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻴّﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ mcroscopic investigation ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ. -Using a microdscope to study the anato my of the tissues in a wooden specimen. ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Wood rays ﳒﺎﺭﺓ، ﻗﺸﺎﺭﺓ، ﺭﻗﺎﻗﺔ Wood shavings ﻟﻮﺡ ﺧﺸﺐ Wood timber ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻏﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﹼﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ -Wood water-logged conservation Con serving a wooded piece of land filled or saturated with water. ﺷﻘﻒ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ Wooden fragments ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﹼﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ Wooden objects ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺘﻴّﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ. Sculptures and household items made of wood. ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ Wooden piece ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴّﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ. .Part of a whole wood ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ Wooden powder ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ Wooden sponges ﻋﺼﺎ ﹼﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ Wooden stick 1- ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺠﻴﺮﺓ. 1-Wooden piece or part of a tree or shrub 2-ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺼﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء. 2-A cut or broken branch or piece of wood gathered for fuel or construction material. ﻋﺼﻲ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ Wooden sticks ﺩﻳﺪﺍﻥ Worms

125 ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ X X-Radiographic image ﹼﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﹼﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray ﺃﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ( ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ Any of the electromagnetic radiations ﺃﻧﺠﺴﺘﺮﻭﻡ). ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ that have an extremely short wavelength ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴّﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء. and have the properties of penetrating various thicknesses of all solids and of acting on photographic films and plates as light does. ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray apparatus ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ X-ray CT photography ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ CT (computed tomography) is a medical ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ imaging method employing tomography ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴّﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺲ ﺫﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ created by computer processing. Digital ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ. geometry processing is used to generate a 3-D image of the inside of an object. ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray device ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray Diffraction ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray Diffraction analysis ﹼﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﹼﺔ (X-Ray fluorescence (XRF ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻠّﻂ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ -is the emission of characteristic fluo ﺟﻴﻤﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻠﻚ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺒﻌﺚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ rescent X-rays from a material that ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻳّﺔ. ﻭﻣﻦ has been excited by bombarding with ّ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ّﺍﻹﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ّﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ high-energy X-rays or Gamma rays. It is ّ ﻏﻠﻰ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ.ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ used for elemental analysis and chemical ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ّﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ analysis; particularly in the investigation ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء. of metals, glass, ceramics and build- ing materials and for archaeological research. ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﻨﻲ Fluorescence analysis ﹲX-Ray ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ّﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ّﻣﺎﺩﺓ ّﻣﺎ ّﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ -Emission of characteristic fluorescent X ّﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺟﻴﻤﻴّﺔ، ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻠﻚ ّﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ّﺑﺒﺚ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ rays from a material that has been exited ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ًﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ. ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﺧﺮﺓ ّﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ -by bombarding it with high-energy X ﻋﻠﻰ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺮﻳﻬﺎ ّﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻮﻥ. widely used for elemental and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials; and for research in archaeol- ogy. ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray generator ﺻﻮﺭ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray images 126 X ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﹼﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﹼﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray photography ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﻫﻲ ّﺃﻭﻝ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ X rays, used since 1895, were the first ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴّﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎﻡ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻏﻠﻰ type of radiation to provide images of ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ. ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ ّﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ the interior of the body. X-rays pass ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ through bodily tissues. As they penetrate ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴّﺔ، ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ، ﺗﻤﺘﺺ -tissues, the X rays are absorbed differen ّﺟﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻢ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ tially, with denser objects such as bones ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ، ّﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ absorbing more of the rays and thus ﻭﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻢ. ﻭﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ .preventing them from reaching the film ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ّ ﻓﺘﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ. Soft tissues, on the other hand, absorb fewer rays; the result is that in an X-ray photograph of the interior of the body, bones show up as lighter areas and soft tissues show up as darker ones on the exposed film. ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ X-ray Radiographic image ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray Radiography ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ X-ray radiology ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴّﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ Use of X-rays to view a cross-sectional ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ. ﻫﺬﻩ ّﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ -area of non-uniformly composed mate ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺗﺒﻴّﻦ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ -rial such as the human body. By utiliz ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﺎ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ. ,ing the physical properties of the rays an image can be developed displaying clearly areas of different density and composition ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray test ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray tube ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-ray tube current ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ X-Ray voltage ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻠﻴﻢ Xylem ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻳﻠﲔ Xylene ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ solvent ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻠﻮﺯ Xylose ﺳﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ Y ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﺒﺮﻭﻡ Yarn ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﻔﻴّﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻨّﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ Yarn is a strand composed of natural ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ. or man-made fibrous filaments used in weaving and knitting to form cloth. ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ Year-round

127 ﹼ ﺯﻗﻮﺭﺓ Ziggurat ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ّﻣﺪﺭﺝ، ﺿﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ، ﺷﺎﻫﻖ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ -Z a monumental, usually stepped, plat ّﺍﻟﺰﻗﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ form-like structure of great height. Such ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻮﺭ، ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ. structures were built of mud bricks and designed for religious performances. ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺟﺔ (Zigzags (Tabellaria ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﻰﺀ Zone abrupt transition ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ Zoo archaeology ﺣﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﲟﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ Zoological gardens ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ Zoos ﺍﻟﻼﻗﺤﺔ Zygote ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺪﻏﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﻴﺠﻴﻦ

128