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El Análisis De Redes Inter- Organizacionales En El Ámbito Humanitario De Los Desastres Naturales

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El Análisis De Redes Inter- Organizacionales En El Ámbito Humanitario De Los Desastres Naturales El análisis de redes inter- organizacionales en el ámbito Sergi Gil Virgili Gil Sergi humanitario de los desastres naturales El caso de las organizaciones internacionales no-gubernamentales en China, 2012-2013 Sergi Gil Virgili 2013 - Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Dinâmicas da Saúde e da Proteção Social: uma abordagem das Ciências Sociais ORIENTADORES: Laurinda Abreu Patrice Bourdelais (EHESS) ÉVORA, NOVEMBRO DE 2017 gubernamentales en China, 2012 China, en gubernamentales - no organizacionales en el ámbito humanitario de los desastres naturales desastres los de humanitario ámbito el en organizacionales - Contactos: Universidade de Évora Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada - IIFA Palácio do Vimioso | Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94 internacionales organizaciones las de El caso 7002-554 Évora | Portugal Tel: (+351) 266 706 581 inter redes de análisis El Fax: (+351) 266 744 677 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA email: [email protected] El análisis de redes inter- organizacionales en el ámbito Sergi Gil Virgili Gil Sergi humanitario de los desastres naturales El caso de las organizaciones internacionales no-gubernamentales en China, 2012-2013 Sergi Gil Virgili 2013 - Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Dinâmicas da Saúde e da Proteção Social: uma abordagem das Ciências Sociais ORIENTADORES: Laurinda Abreu Patrice Bourdelais (EHESS) ÉVORA, NOVEMBRO DE 2017 gubernamentales en China, 2012 China, en gubernamentales - no organizacionales en el ámbito humanitario de los desastres naturales desastres los de humanitario ámbito el en organizacionales - Contactos: Universidade de Évora Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada - IIFA Palácio do Vimioso | Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94 internacionales organizaciones las de El caso 7002-554 Évora | Portugal Tel: (+351) 266 706 581 inter redes de análisis El Fax: (+351) 266 744 677 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA email: [email protected] ANÁLISE DE REDES INTER-ORGANIZACIONAIS NO ÂMBITO DOS DESASTRES NATURAIS. O CASO DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS NÃO GOVERNAMENTAIS NA CHINA, 2012-2013 RESUMO O fenómeno dos desastres naturais é um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pelos governos e pelos actores humanitários devido às consequências e efeitos sobre as populações vulneráveis. Na China, os desastres naturais são bastante heterógenos, e têm consequências dramáticas a nível nacional. No contexto de uma sociedade civil em desenvolvimento, enquadrada por um controlo governamental, as ONGs internacionais estão constantemente a estabelecer relações entre elas próprias e outros agentes, formando redes interorganizacionais que estão muito pouco estudadas. Este é, precisamente, o nosso objecto de trabalho, no período de 2012 – 2013, no campo da assistência aos desastres naturais na China. Usamos um método misto de análise de redes (através dos relátorios on-line) e entrevistas em profundidade para estudar a colaboração dos agentes humanitários e os seus padrões de actuação. Entre as nossas principais conclusões, destaca-se uma baixa densidade de ligações das duas primeiras redes completas obtidas. A extensão a outros atores aumenta a complexidade da rede em que destacam, em termos de proeminência, agentes do governo da China e de Hong Kong. Em relação à proeminência do grupo central, três das organizações da Cruz Vermelha presentam os melhores resultados, sendo também muito elevados os valores de homofilia por tipo neste grupo. As ONGs religiosas também mostram medidas elevadas de homofilia. As entrevistas iluminaram as relações de comunicação e basadas em criação de capacidades que muitas vezes não são incluídas nos relatórios. O posicionamento em relação às organizações quase- governamentais e governamentais difere dependendo da forma de entender a ajuda humanitária e do perfil da organização. O processo de mudança no registro e regulamentação geram espectativas quanto ao futuro, embora também se encontrasse um caso de preocupação. Finalmente, a localização de organizações revela várias estratégias associadas ao registo, estabilidade e doações. Palavras-chave: ONGs internacionais, análise de redes, desastres naturais, China, métodos mistos, exploraçao 5 INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS IN THE HUMANITARIAN FIELD OF NATURAL DISASTERS. THE CASE OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WORKING IN CHINA, 2012-2013 ABSTRACT Natural disasters represent an enormous threat to governments and humanitarian agents due to their impact on society and vulnerable population. China’s natural disasters are highly heterogeneous leading to dramatic consequences on a national level. In the context of a developing Chinese civil society framed by a governmental control, International NGOs are constanly establishing relationships between them and other actors. Therefore and considering the very few studies on inter-organizational networks based on NGOs, the study aim to explore networks of international NGOs’ working on natural disasters’ assistance in China in 2012-2013. A mixed methodology based on Social Newtork Analysis and in-depth interviews has been designed to study humanitarian agents’ collaboration and its patterns. Networks are represented using directed ties and binary relations from NGOs’ annual reports data, complementing the analysis with ten interviews of ten organizations’ key informants. The research findings display a low density of links of whole networks’ results. Also, we observe how extending the boundaries to other organizations, led into a higher amount of nodes placing Chinese and Hong Kong governmental bodies as prestige actors. Two Red Cross organizations obtained high prestige values, as well. In the same direction, Red Cross and religious organizations groups have shown high homophily results. The interviews have provided a more precise information regarding some non-declared relations on the annual reports based on communication and building capacities. Depending on the organization profile and its approach to humanitarian relief assistance, NGOs’ perspective on governmental organizations and GONGOs slightly differed one from each other. Some expectation and hope regarding regulation’s changes on register have been found amongst the interviewees. However, one organization showed concern. Finally, organizations’ offices placement in Chinese cities reveals some strategies related to registration but also to fundraising and stability, affecting both their established and potential links. Keywords: International NGOs, Social Network Analysis, natural disasters, China, mixed methods, exploratory 7 EL ANÁLISIS DE REDES INTER-ORGANIZACIONALES EN EL ÀMBITO HUMANITARIO DE LOS DESASTRES NATURALES. EL CASO DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES INTERNACIONALES NO-GUBERNAMENTALES EN CHINA, 2012-2013 RESUMEN El fenómeno de los desastres naturales es uno de los mayores problemas que enfrentan los gobiernos y agentes humanitarios, debido a sus consecuencias y sus efectos sobre población vulnerable. En China, los desastres de tipología diversa conllevan grandes repercusiones a nivel nacional. En el marco de un control gubernamental y un desarrollo de la sociedad civil, las ONGs internacionales tejen relaciones y colaboraciones, formando redes inter-organizacionales que resultan objeto de escaso estudio. Es este el problema que hemos querido estudiar para el periodo de 2012 - 2013 en el ámbito de los desastres naturales en China. Para ello utilizamos un diseño de método mixto de análisis de redes (a través de informes on-line) y entrevistas en profundidad, explorando desde esta perspectiva su implementación y las tendencias en las colaboraciones de estos actores. Entre nuestras principales conclusiones, destacamos una baja densidad de vínculos de las dos primeras redes completas obtenidas. La ampliación aumenta en gran medida la complejidad de la red en los cuales destacan en términos de prominencia agentes gubernamentales de China y de Hong Kong. Tres de las organizaciones de la Cruz Roja son las que mejores resultados obtienen en prominencia, siendo también muy elevada la homofilia por tipo en este grupo. Las ONGs de carácter religioso presentan igualmente altas medidas de homofilia. Las entrevistas arrojan luz sobre unas relaciones de comunicación y creación de capacidades que a menudo no son recogidas en los informes. El posicionamiento respecto a las cuasi-ONGs y organizaciones gubernamentales varía según el perfil de la organización. El proceso de cambio sobre el registro y su regulación generan expectación y esperanza entre los informantes, destacando también un caso de preocupación. Por último, la implantación de las organizaciones en China continental y Hong Kong revela varias estrategias asociadas al registro, la estabilidad y las donaciones. Palabras clave: ONGs internacionales, análisis de redes, desastres naturales, China, método mixto, exploración 9 AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo de investigación se enmarca en el programa doctoral conjunto de varias universidades europeas “Phoenix Dynamics of Health and Welfare” que ha aportado una enorme cantidad de experiencias, conocimientos e intercambio de ideas muy gratificantes pero que también ha requerido un gran esfuerzo en compaginar vida personal y académica. Todo este proceso representa bien la necesidad de adaptabilidad a muchos cambios en cortos periodos de tiempo para un estudio que ha necesitado de dedicación y constancia. La exploración planteada nos ha llevado a un terreno difícil de abordar y poco estudiado,
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