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ウスタビガ,Rhodinia Fugax 繭糸の形態および理化学的特性

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ウスタビガ,Rhodinia Fugax 繭糸の形態および理化学的特性 Nippon Silk Gakkaishi 20, 27-33(2012) J. Silk Sci. Tech. Jpn. 学術論文 ウスタビガ,Rhodinia fugax 繭糸の形態および理化学的特性 塚田益裕・佐藤俊一・庄村茂・梶浦善太 信州大学繊維学部 〒386-8567 長野県上田市常田 3 丁目 15-1 （平成 23 年 10 月 13 日 受理） Spinning behaviors and physical properties of silk fiber from the wild silkworm, Rhodinia fugax Masuhiro Tsukada, Zenta Kajiura, Sigeru Shoumura, Shunichi Satoh We analyzed the rearing and fiber spinning behaviors of Rhodinia fugax and compared them with those of other wild silkworms, namely Antheraea pernyi and Antheraea yamamai. The silkworm’s egg weight was about 1/2 that A. pernyi and 1/3 that of A. yamamai. A single cocoon filament was 16 to 27 μm thick. The spinning loop of the cocoon filament measured 6.5 × 1.8 mm. We observed the structure of the microfibrils on the surfaces of degummed cocoon fibers. The silk fibers had FTIR absorption bands at 1639 cm–1 (amide I) and 1512 cm–1 (amide II); these were attributed to the β-sheet structure. On the differential scanning calorimetry curve of the silk fiber, an endothermic peak appeared at about 76 °C. In addition to minor endothermic peak of the silk fibers at 210 °C, broad endothermic peak appeared at 350 °C, which was attributed to thermal decomposition. (*: To whom correspondence should be addressed, Email: [email protected]) Key Words: Rhodinia fugax, cocoon fiber, thermal behaviors, molecular structure １．緒言 蚕や天蚕は,クヌギ,コナラ,カシワ,アベマ キ等の葉を摂食して生長する. カイコの絹糸は古くから衣料材料として 野蚕には,本論文の対象であるウスタビ 利用されてきた.カイコの絹織物は,染色性 ガ(Rhodinia fugax)の他に,天蚕(Antheraea に優れ,風合い感が良好であり,しなやかで yamamai),柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi),タサー 軽くて暖かみのある衣料素材であることか ル蚕(Antheraea militta),ムガ蚕(Antheraea ら重宝されてきた. assama),エリサン（Samia cynthia ricini）, 家蚕の絹糸が衣料分野で利用されている シンジュサン(Samia cynthia pryeri)がある. のと同様,野蚕である柞蚕や天蚕の絹糸は 大室農場では天蚕を自然状態で飼育す 貴重な衣料材料として活用されている.カ る.天蚕種の孵化率は 80-90％であり, イコがクワの葉を摂食するのに対して,柞 家蚕と比べ生育率と収繭率が低い.繭糸か 27 日本シルク学会誌 第 20 巻 ら絹糸となる糸歩は少なく,天蚕絹糸の価 液に試料を入れて 30 分処理することで繭 格が破格の値段で取引される程である. 糸の精練を行った. カイコ絹糸に柞蚕や天蚕絹糸を混紡して 製造できる絹織物は,糸の滑りが抑制でき, 2.2.実験方法 縫目の滑脱抵抗が改善できるとされる 1). 野蚕絹糸は,家蚕絹繊維製品に比べてバル 2.2.1 SEM キー性,耐摩耗性に優れ 1),手触り時の風合 走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)は,日立製作所 感もよいため,実用天然繊維として関心がもた 製(S-2380N)を用い,加速電圧 15kV で試料 れている. 表面を観察した.測定に先立って試料表面 ウスタビガはヤママユガ科に属し,クヌ での帯電を防ぐため日立製作所製イオンス ギ,コナラ,カシワ,スダジイ,ハンノキ,ケ パッター装置(E-1010）を用いゴールド／パ ヤキ,エノキ,キハダ,サクラ,カエデなど広 ラジウムで 180 秒間スパーターコーティン 葉樹を摂食する.長野県ではクヌギの芽吹 グを行った. きが４月末以降なので,それよりも早く葉 2.2.2 DSC 測定 が伸びるサクラの葉を摂食し,全齢サクラ DSC 装置(リガク製，DSC8230 型）を用い, 生葉を使って飼育が可能である. 昇温速度 10℃/min，試料重量 2.5mg，窒素 野蚕の中で天蚕,柞蚕の絹糸は蚕業上 気流中で測定した. 重要であるため飼育や絹糸特性につい 2.2.3 FTIR 測定 て多くの報告があるが,ウスタビガにつ FTIR 装置 (島津製作所製，FTIR-8400S いての学術報告は極めて少ない. 型)を用い,波数 4000～400 cm-1 の範囲で測 衣料材料やバイオ材料として未利用資源 定した. であり、理化学特性が未知なウスタビガ絹 タンパク質を対象にその素材化に向けて物 ３ 結果および考察 性を把握することは必要不可欠である. 本研究では,野蚕の中でも報告例が極め 3.1 飼育観察 て少なく飼育実態,生育実態,絹糸の特性が 繊維学部附属大室農場において飼育した 十分に把握されていないウスタビガの絹糸 ウスタビガの孵化率,産卵数,幼虫体重,繭層 を対象に,飼育実態,繭糸,繭糸構造,繭糸特 重,繭重等の諸形質等を Table 1 に集約した. 性の測定を行い新規な特性解明ができたの 柞蚕あるいは天蚕の諸形質 2,3) も併せて で報告する. Table 1 に掲載した. ウスタビガは 1 化性で卵休眠する.長野県 ２．材料および方法 の自然温度下にあっては４月に孵化し,6 月 2.1 材料 に営繭し,10 月末から 11 月下旬にかけて羽 H23.6 月,信州大学繊維学部附属農場・大 化するのが一般的である. 室農場で野外飼育したウスタビガならびに ウスタビガの幼虫期間は 1 月半～2 か月で その繭糸の調査と実験を行った. あり,個体によるばらつきが大きいこと ウスタビガ繭糸は,熟蚕時期の幼虫が営 が特的である. 繊維学部附属大室農場の 繭した繊維状試料を使用した.絹糸腺は,熟 飼育では,ウスタビガは吐糸開始後, 羽 蚕のウスタビガの体内から摘出した. 化するまで約 4 か月を要し,この間 煮沸した 2.5%無水炭酸ナトリウム水溶 28 ウスタビガ繭糸形態と理化学特性 Table 1. Specific characters of Rhodinia fugax silkworms and related their physical properties. Items Rhodinia fugax A. pernyi A. yamamai Beginning/middle of Hatching stage End of April Beginning of June April Moltinism tetramolter tetramolter tetramolter Voltinism monovoltin monovoltin /divoltin monovoltin Hibernation egg pupa egg Meal tree Oak, Cherry Oak Oak Eggs wt,. (㎎/egg) 4 9 6-9 Duration of Larval 42-52 42-52 42-52 stage (day） Growth variation of Large Small Large larva Mature larval weight 3.1 17 17 (g) Variation of Around 1 month Around 2 weeks Around 2 weeks cocooning period Cocoon shell wt. (g) 0.28 (male), 0.36 (female） 0.9 (male, female） 0.6 (male），0.7(female) Cocoon wt (g) 1.85 (male), 3.0 (female) 7.9 (male), 8.2 (female） 5.6 (male), 8.3 (female） End of Oct. (the year First period：End of May – Period of Eclosion, before) - Beginning of Beginning of June End of July-End of Sept. mating, egg laying Nov. Second period：End of July – Beginning of Aug. No. of lay eggs for a 100-200 150-300 100-250 female moth Stock temperature natural temperature Feb～April, under 0-5℃ After Feb. under 0～1℃ Resistance to LD50 of A.pernyi is nuclear polyhedrosis Weak 100-1000 times higher Weak virus than A.yamamai. Monovoltin under 13 hrs Eclosion period delayed Egg cold storages make light and 11hrs dark under long-day Other features hatching rate down Divoltin under 16 hrs light condition and 8 hrs dark . 蛹で夏眠する.天蚕の蛹夏眠は約 30 日～60 長い. 日であることを考えると,ウスタビガの蛹 ウスタビガの卵重量は柞蚕の約半分程 夏眠の期間は,ヤママユガ科の中で最も 度,繭層と繭重は,柞蚕,天蚕の 1/2～1/3 であ 29 日本シルク学会誌 第 20 巻 る.ウスタビガの 繭層重および繭重は、 を引き出し,その繊維の形態を SEM で観察 雌雄平均でそれぞれ 0.32g, 2.4g である. した.単糸表面は極めて平滑（Fig.2)で,その ウスタビガは,ヤママユガ科の蛾で,成虫 は雌の方が大きく,羽根を広げると 11cｍ, 雄は 9ｃｍ程度である. ビテロジェニンの アミノ酸配列で比較するとウスタビガは ヤママユガおよびサクサンと相同性 80％ である.また,天蚕とサクサンは 92％で ある 4,5,6,7). Fig. 2 SEM pictures of single cocoon fibers from Rhodinia fugax silkworms. 繊維直径は 16-27μm であった.ウスタビガ が自然環境の中で吐糸した繭糸表面 (Fig.2)には,セリシンあるいは無機物ある いは有機物と考えられる有機物が多量に付 着しているが,この付着有機物は柞蚕等の Fig.1 Cocooning of matured Rhodinia fugax 野蚕に特有な立方形態のシュウ酸の結晶と silkworms. は異なる. 熟蚕期のウスタビガが吐糸営繭する際, 他の野蚕とは異なり繭上部が穴の空いた状 3.4 吐糸挙動 態で営繭する(Fig.1).営繭後期になると穴 熟蚕期に近づいたウスタビガを手でつま の空いた繭上部は次第に扁平となりながら むと腹部から「キィーキィー」と音を３， 狭まって閉じる.繭の下側には直径 1.5mm ４回出す これは ウスタビガが野外の天敵 程度の小さな穴が見られることはウスタビ . , を威嚇して天敵を遠ざけるため自然に備わ ガ繭だけの特徴であり,繭上部の扁平形の ったウスタビガの防御機構なのかもしれな 穴から入った雨水が抜ける出る穴と考えら い.ヒメヤママユもキィーキィーと音を立 れる. てることがあるが,天蚕や柞蚕には無い特 徴である. 3.2 繭サイズ 熟蚕期になると吐糸し始めるが,黒い紙 ウスタビガ繭のサイズは,平均で繭の長 の上に幼虫を乗せて吐糸させ,吐糸形態を 経 35mm, 短経 17 mm である.家蚕繭およ 詳細に観察した.幼虫はカイコに特有な頭 び天蚕繭の平均の長経は,35mm, 44mm であ を振り運動を行い S 字型のループ状に繭糸 り,家蚕繭および天蚕繭の平均の短経は,そ を吐き出し続ける.ループ状の吐糸形態の れぞれ 21mm と 22mm である 8,9).ウスタビ 振幅(長経）と振長(短経）は,それぞれ平均 ガ繭の長経は家蚕並の大きさであり,短経 で 6.5mm と 1.8mm であった. は家蚕や天蚕繭よりも小さめである. 天蚕繭,家蚕繭の吐糸軌跡を調べた小松 (1984)によると,天蚕繭胴部における振幅 3.3 吐糸した後の繭糸単繊維 は外層,中層,内層の吐糸軌跡を平均すると 熟蚕が吐糸する１本の繭糸（単糸）に引 8mm, 振長は 11mm であり,家蚕繭胴部に っ張り力がかからないように注意して単糸 おける振幅は平均 5mm, 振長は 6mm であ 30 ウスタビガ繭糸形態と理化学特性 る.ウスタビガの吐糸形態は,振幅が天蚕よ ガ絹糸の特徴と他の野蚕絹糸と特徴との差 りも短く,家蚕並であった.一方,ウスタビガ は全く見られない. の吐糸形態の振長は,天蚕と家蚕の振幅と ほぼ同等であった. 3.5 繭層形態 ウスタビガが作った繭層の横断面を SEM で観察すると繭層は薄く繭層構造は 粗であり,繭糸の累積層は緻密であった.繭 Fig.4 SEM pictures of degummed cocoon 層断面は細長いリボン状を呈し,繭繊維間 fiber from Rhodinia fugax silkworms には多くの空隙が見られる(Fig.3a).ウスタ ビガを平面板の上で吐糸させてできる平面 繭の表面は極めて平坦な表面構造を取って 3.7 絹糸腺 おり,繭糸が層状に重なり合って吐糸され 熟蚕ウスタビガの体内より取り出した絹 ており,繭糸間は接着物質で覆われている 糸腺写真を Fig.5 に示す. (Fig.3b). Pd Md Ad ↓ ↓ ↓ Fig. 3 SEM pictures of cross section of (a) (b) cocoon layers (a) and cocoon surface (b) of silk layers. Fig. 5 Photograph of silk glands of ウスタビガの繭表面には, 繭の長径方向 Rhodinia fugax silkworms. For symbols see に比較的引き揃った縮皺「しぼ」が見られ, the text. 家蚕繭の表面に見られる方向性の少ない縮 絹糸腺の形態は,一般野蚕の絹糸腺と類似 皺「しぼ」とは若干異なる. し,前部(Ad),中部(Md),後部(Pd)から構成さ れる.前部は緑色,中部は黄色,後部絹糸腺の 3.6 精練繭糸 色は緑色でも黄色でもなく 白みがかった ウスタビガの繭層を精練すると繊維表面 , 色相を呈する ウスタビガから取り出した に不均一な付着物は除去され繊維表面は平 . 絹糸腺を水中に浸漬すると前部,中部絹糸 滑となった.繊維は円形ではなくリボ 腺に着色した色素は水に溶出したため,絹 ン状を呈し,野蚕絹糸に特有なミクロフィ 糸腺内の着色染料は水溶解性であることが ブリル構造が観察できる(Fig.4). 確認された.ウスタビガ絹糸に含まれる色 ミクロフィブリルの繊維サイズは約 0.1 素に関する文献は見当たらない.ウスタビ μm である.精練しミクロフィブリルが出 ガの絹糸腺は 絹糸腺全体としては前部と 現した絹糸表面の形態のみからはウスタビ , 31 日本シルク学会誌 第 20 巻 中部糸腺が長く,後部絹糸腺が短いという であることが特徴的である.ウスタビガは, 特徴がある.これは後部絹糸腺が長いカイ 柞蚕と同様,ヤママユガ科に属するが,熱分 コの絹糸腺とは異なる特徴である. Exo 3.8 FTIR スペクトル ← → Fig.6 はウスタビガ絹糸の FTIR スペク トルである.試料にはアミド I バンドが Endo -1 に アミド バンドが 1639, 1630cm , II 1512 50 150 250 350 cm-1 に現れ,このスペクトルはβ構造に特 Temperature （℃） 有な分子形態であることが確認される. Fig.7 DSC curve of silk fiber of Rhodinia fugax silkworm. 解温度に若干の差異があることはシルクの アミノ酸組成,結晶構造,分子配向性に柞蚕 Abs シルクと若干の違いがあるためであろう が,詳細は不明である.210℃の吸熱ピーク は,家蚕絹糸のセリシンの熱分解温度と類 1750 1550 1350 1150 950 750 似しており,ウスタビガ絹糸に含まれるセ Wavenumeber （cm-1） リシンによる可能性もあるが現時点では不 Fig.6 FTIR spectrum of silk fiber from 明であり,今後の検討が必要である. Rhodinia fugax silkworms. ４．摘要 この試料には これら上記の吸収スペクト , ルに加えて -1 に吸収スペクト ,1240, 1051 cm ウスタビガの飼育,営繭,繭糸特性等 ルが また 高波数領域には ， ， , , ,3294 3080 についての詳細な情報は限られている に吸収が現れている これら上記 2937cn-1 . ためウスタビガの繭糸特性の観察を行っ の吸収スペクトルの特徴 10)から,ウスタビ た.熟蚕期のウスタビガは,繭上部が穴の空 ガ絹糸は,β構造を取っているものと考え いた状態で営繭する.営繭後期になると穴 られる この点で 柞蚕 天蚕その他の野蚕繭 . , , の空いた繭上部は次第に扁平となりながら 糸の特徴と類似した分子形態を有する. 狭まって閉じる. ウスタビガ繭の長経 35mm, 短経 17 3.9 DSC 曲線 mm である.幼虫はカイコに特有な頭を振り 未精練絹糸の DSC 曲線(Fig.7)には,79 運動を行い S 字型のループ状に繭糸を吐糸 ℃ ℃ ℃に吸熱ピークが現れる ℃ ,210 ,350 .79 する.ループ状の吐糸形態の振幅と振長は, の幅広い吸熱ピークは試料含有の水分蒸発 それぞれ平均で 6.5mm と 1.8mm であった. に,350℃の吸熱ピークはウスタビガ絹糸の 熟蚕ウスタビガ絹糸腺の形態は,一般野 熱分解によるものである. 蚕の絹糸腺と類似し,前部,中部,後部から構 柞蚕絹糸の熱分解温度は 362℃11)である 成される. ことが知られており,ウスタビガの絹糸の ウスタビガ絹糸の FTIR スペクトルは, 熱分解温度は柞蚕絹糸より 10℃程度低温 -1 アミド I バンドが 1639, 1630cm に,アミド 32 ウスタビガ繭糸形態と理化学特性 II バンドが 1512 cm-1 に現れ,β構造に特有 Banno Y, Kajiura Z (2006a):Genetic な分子形態であることが確認される. variations in the vitellogenin of Japanese ウスタビガ絹糸の DSC 曲線には,79 populations of the wild silkworm, Bombyx ℃,210℃,350℃に吸熱ピークが現れる.79℃ mandaraina. J Insect Biotechnol Sericol の幅広い吸熱ピークは試料に含まれる水分 75:127-134 の蒸発に,350℃の吸熱ピークはウスタビガ 6)Meng Y, Liu C, Zhao A, Shiomi K, 絹糸の熱分解によるものと判断できる. Nakagaki M, Banno Y, Kajiura Z (2006b): ウスタビガ繭層からは, 各種色素, 抗カ Vitellogenin gene organization of Antheraea ビ・抗がん活性物質が見つかり単離されて yamamai and promoter activity analysis. Int おりウスタビ繭層の新しい利用用途に関心 J Wild Silkmoth Silk 11:29-40 が寄せられている 12,13,14).Fig.5 記載したウ 7)Liu C., Kajiura Z., Shiomi K., Takei R., スタビガ絹糸腺にこれらの有用物質が蓄積 Nakagaki M. (2001):Purification and されている可能性が高い. cDNA Sequencing of vitellogenin of the 本研究によりウスタビガ絹糸の諸形質, wild silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. J. Insect 絹糸の理化学特性が明らかとなった.天蚕 Biotech. Sericul., 70, 95-104. あるいは柞蚕絹糸と比べ営繭挙動は全く異 8)高林千幸 (1990): 天蚕 (赤井弘,栗林茂 なり, 絹糸腺の着色状態には大きな差があ 治編), pp190-205,サイエンスハウス.東京.
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    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomologie heute Jahr/Year: 2012 Band/Volume: 24 Autor(en)/Author(s): Mielewczik Michael, Liebisch Frank, Walter Achim, Greven Hartmut Artikel/Article: Near-Infrared (NIR)-Reflectance in Insects – Phenetic Studies of 181 Species. Infrarot (NIR)-Reflexion bei Insekten – phänetische Untersuchungen an 181 Arten 183-216 Near-Infrared (NIR)-Refl ectance of Insects 183 Entomologie heute 24 (2012): 183-215 Near-Infrared (NIR)-Reflectance in Insects – Phenetic Studies of 181 Species Infrarot (NIR)-Reflexion bei Insekten – phänetische Untersuchungen an 181 Arten MICHAEL MIELEWCZIK, FRANK LIEBISCH, ACHIM WALTER & HARTMUT GREVEN Summary: We tested a camera system which allows to roughly estimate the amount of refl ectance prop- erties in the near infrared (NIR; ca. 700-1000 nm). The effectiveness of the system was studied by tak- ing photos of 165 insect species including some subspecies from museum collections (105 Coleoptera, 11 Hemi ptera (Pentatomidae), 12 Hymenoptera, 10 Lepidoptera, 9 Mantodea, 4 Odonata, 13 Orthoptera, 1 Phasmatodea) and 16 living insect species (1 Lepidoptera, 3 Mantodea, 4 Orthoptera, 8 Phasmato- dea), from which four are exemplarily pictured herein. The system is based on a modifi ed standard consumer DSLR camera (Canon Rebel XSi), which was altered for two-channel colour infrared photography. The camera is especially sensitive in the spectral range of 700-800 nm, which is well- suited to visualize small scale spectral differences in the steep of increase in refl ectance in this range, as it could be seen in some species. Several of the investigated species show at least a partial infrared refl ectance.
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  • Adhesion Performance in the Eggs of the Philippine Leaf Insect Phyllium Philippinicum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)
    insects Article Adhesion Performance in the Eggs of the Philippine Leaf Insect Phyllium philippinicum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae) Thies H. Büscher * , Elise Quigley and Stanislav N. Gorb Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] (E.Q.); [email protected] (S.N.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 June 2020; Accepted: 25 June 2020; Published: 28 June 2020 Abstract: Leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae) exhibit perfect crypsis imitating leaves. Although the special appearance of the eggs of the species Phyllium philippinicum, which imitate plant seeds, has received attention in different taxonomic studies, the attachment capability of the eggs remains rather anecdotical. Weherein elucidate the specialized attachment mechanism of the eggs of this species and provide the first experimental approach to systematically characterize the functional properties of their adhesion by using different microscopy techniques and attachment force measurements on substrates with differing degrees of roughness and surface chemistry, as well as repetitive attachment/detachment cycles while under the influence of water contact. We found that a combination of folded exochorionic structures (pinnae) and a film of adhesive secretion contribute to attachment, which both respond to water. Adhesion is initiated by the glue, which becomes fluid through hydration, enabling adaption to the surface profile. Hierarchically structured pinnae support the spreading of the glue and reinforcement of the film. This combination aids the egg’s surface in adapting to the surface roughness, yet the attachment strength is additionally influenced by the egg’s surface chemistry, favoring hydrophilic substrates.
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  • The Wild Silk Moths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) of Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, North East India
    Volume-5, Issue-2, April-June-2015 Coden: IJPAJX-USA, Copyrights@2015 ISSN-2231-4490 Received: 8th Feb-2015 Revised: 5th Mar -2015 Accepted: 7th Mar-2015 Research article THE WILD SILK MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE) OF KHASI HILLS OF MEGHALAYA, NORTH EAST INDIA Jane Wanry Shangpliang and S.R. Hajong Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University, Umshing, Shillong-22 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Seri biodiversity refers to the variability in silk producing insects and their host plants. The study deals with the diversity of wild silk moths from Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, North East India. A survey was conducted for a period of three years (2011-2013) to study wild silk moths, their distribution and host plants of the moths. During the study period, a total of fifteen species belonging to nine genera were recorded. Maximum number of individuals was recorded during the monsoon period and lesser in the pre and post monsoon period. Key words: Seri biodiversity, host palnts, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. INTRODUCTION The wild silk moths belong to the family Saturniidae and Super Family Bombycoidea. The family Saturniidae is the largest family of the Super family Bombycoidea containing about 1861 species in 162 genera and 9 sub families [9] there are 1100 species of non-mulberry silk moths known in the world [11]. The family Saturniidae comprises of about 1200-1500 species all over the world of which the Indian sub-continent, extending from Himalayas to Sri Lanka may possess over 50 species [10].Jolly et al (1975) reported about 80 species of wild silk moths occurring in Asia and Africa.[8]Singh and Chakravorty (2006) enlisted 24 species of the family Saturniidae from North East India.[12]Arora and Gupta (1979) reported as many as 40 species of wild silk moths in India alone.[1] Kakati (2009), during his study on wild silk moths recorded 14 species of wild silk moths belonging to eight genera from the state of Nagaland, North East India.
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  • Leucine-Rich Fibroin Gene of the Japanese Wild Silkmoth, Rhodinia Fugax (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
    Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 561–566, 2008 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1369 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Leucine-rich fibroin gene of the Japanese wild silkmoth, Rhodinia fugax (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) HIDEKI SEZUTSU, TOSHIKI TAMURA and KENJI YUKUHIRO* National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1–2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Fibroin, Rhodinia fugax, repeat, polyalanine Abstract. We cloned and characterized a partial fibroin gene of Rhodinia fugax (Saturniidae). The gene encodes a fibroin consisting mainly of orderly arranged repeats, each of which is divided into a polyalanine and a nonpolyalanine block, similar to the fibroins of Antheraea pernyi and A. yamamai. Three repeat types differ in the sequence of the nonpolyalanine block. In contrast to the Antheraea fibroins, the fibroin of R. fugax is rich in glutamate and leucine residues (about 3% and 5%, respectively) and contains less alanine. INTRODUCTION Hinman & Lewis, 1992) and that dragline silks (e.g., Many lepidopteran species produce silk to form spidroins) contain repetitive polyalanine arrays and are cocoons. The domesticated silkmoth Bombyx mori pro- extremely strong and comparable to steel (Gosline et al., duces silk consisting of two major components, fibrous 1999). and glue proteins. The glue proteins consist of three kinds The recent progress in transgenic technology has of sericin proteins (Takasu et al., 2007). The fibrous pro- allowed the development of “insect factories” for pro- teins consist of fibroin-heavy chain (FHC), fibroin-light ducing exogenous proteins using B. mori (Tamura et al., chain and P25 (e.g., Inoue et al., 2000), with FHC being 2000).
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  • 1999, 48 Saturnlidae MUNDI: SATURNIID MOTHS of the WORLD, Part 3, by Bernard D'abrera. 1998. Published by Goecke & E
    48 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY JOllrnal of the Lepidopterists' Society us to identify material from New Guinea in the sciron group, which 53( I), 1999, 48 includes several species that look much alike. Prior to this we only had a key published by E.-L. Bouvier (1936, Mem. Natl. Mus, Nat. SATURN li DAE MUNDI: SATURNIID MOTHS OF THE WORLD, Part 3, by Hist. Paris, 3: 1-350), in which he called these species Neodiphthera. Bernard D'Abrera. 1998. Published by Goecke & Evers, Sport­ I agree with D' Abrera's interpretation of the distribution of Attacus platzweg ,5, D-7521O Keltern, Germany (email: entomology@ aurantiacus. s-direktnet,de), in association with Hill House, Melbourne & Lon­ As with D' Abrera's similar books on Sphingidae and butterflies, don, 171 pages, 88 color plates. Hard cover, 26 x 35 cm , dust jacket, this one is a pictorial guide to these moths, based largely on speci­ glossy paper, ISBN-3-931374-03-3, £148 (about U,S. $250), avail­ mens in The Natural History Museum in London. In an effort to able from the publisher, also in U,S, from BioQuip Products, make the coverage as complete as possible, the author has done an exceptional job of gathering missing material to be photographed. Imagine a large book with the highest quality color plates show­ receiving several loans and donations from Australia, Belgium, ing many of the largest and most famous Saturniidae from around France, Germany, and the United States, He has largely succeeded; the world! Imagine that this book shows males and females of all the relatively few known species are missing.
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  • Comparative Transcriptome Analyses on Silk Glands of Six Silkmoths Imply the Genetic Basis of Silk Structure and Coloration
    Dong et al. BMC Genomics (2015) 16:203 DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-1420-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Comparative transcriptome analyses on silk glands of six silkmoths imply the genetic basis of silk structure and coloration Yang Dong1,2†, Fangyin Dai3†, Yandong Ren2†, Hui Liu2†, Lei Chen2†, Pengcheng Yang4, Yanqun Liu5, Xin Li6, Wen Wang2* and Hui Xiang2* Abstract Background: Silk has numerous unique properties that make it a staple of textile manufacturing for several thousand years. However, wider applications of silk in modern have been stalled due to limitations of traditional silk produced by Bombyx mori. While silk is commonly produced by B. mori, several wild non-mulberry silkmoths--especially members of family Saturniidae--produce silk with superior properties that may be useful for wider applications. Further utilization of such silks is hampered by the non-domestication status or limited culturing population of wild silkworms. To date there is insufficient basic genomic or transcriptomic data on these organisms or their silk production. Results: We sequenced and compared the transcriptomes of silk glands of six Saturniidae wild silkmoth species through next-generation sequencing technology, identifying 37758 ~ 51734 silkmoth unigenes, at least 36.3% of which are annotated with an e-value less than 10−5. Sequence analyses of these unigenes identified a batch of genes specific to Saturniidae that are enriched in growth and development. Analyses of silk proteins including fibroin and sericin indicate intra-genus conservation and inter-genus diversification of silk protein features among the wild silkmoths, e.g., isoelectric points, hydrophilicity profile and amino acid composition in motifs of silk H-fibroin.
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  • A Comprehensive View of the Web-Resources Related to Sericulture
    Database, 2016, 1–31 doi: 10.1093/database/baw086 Review Review A comprehensive view of the web-resources related to sericulture Deepika Singh1, Hasnahana Chetia1, Debajyoti Kabiraj1, Swagata Sharma1, Anil Kumar2, Pragya Sharma3, Manab Deka3 and Utpal Bora1,4,5,* 1Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India, 2Centre for Biological Sciences (Bioinformatics), Central University of South Bihar (CUSB), Patna 800014, India, 3Department of Bioengineering & Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science & Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India, 4Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India and 5Mugagen Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Technology Incubation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India *Corresponding Author: Tel: þ913612582215; Fax: þ913612582249; Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation details: Singh,D., Chetia,H., Kabiraj,D. et al. A comprehensive view of the current web-resources in sericulture and related fields. Database (2016) Vol. 2016: article ID baw086; doi:10.1093/database/baw086 Received 21 January 2016; Revised 25 April 2016; Accepted 2 May 2016 Abstract Recent progress in the field of sequencing and analysis has led to a tremendous spike in data and the development of data science tools. One of the outcomes of this scientific progress is development of numerous databases which are gaining popularity in all dis- ciplines of biology including sericulture. As economically important organism, silkworms are studied extensively for their numerous applications in the field of textiles, biomateri- als, biomimetics, etc. Similarly, host plants, pests, pathogens, etc. are also being probed to understand the seri-resources more efficiently.
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  • Multifunctional Adhesives on the Eggs of the Leaf Insect Phyllium Philippinicum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae): Solvent Influence and Biomimetic Implications
    biomimetics Article Multifunctional Adhesives on the Eggs of the Leaf Insect Phyllium philippinicum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae): Solvent Influence and Biomimetic Implications Thies H. Büscher * , Raunak Lohar, Marie-Christin Kaul and Stanislav N. Gorb Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (M.-C.K.); [email protected] (S.N.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 November 2020; Accepted: 24 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: Leaf insects (Phylliidae) are well-camouflaged terrestrial herbivores. They imitate leaves of plants almost perfectly and even their eggs resemble seeds—visually and regarding to dispersal mechanisms. The eggs of the leaf insect Phyllium philippinicum utilize an adhesive system with a combination of glue, which can be reversibly activated through water contact and a water-responding framework of reinforcing fibers that facilitates their adjustment to substrate asperities and real contact area enhancement. So far, the chemical composition of this glue remains unknown. To evaluate functional aspects of the glue–solvent interaction, we tested the effects of a broad array of chemical solvents on the glue activation and measured corresponding adhesive forces. Based on these experiments, our results let us assume a proteinaceous nature of the glue with different functional chemical subunits, which enable bonding of the glue to both the surface of the egg and the unpredictable substrate. Some chemicals inhibited adhesion, but the deactivation was always reversible by water-contact and in some cases yielded even higher adhesive forces.
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  • Formosan Entomologist Journal Homepage: Entsocjournal.Yabee.Com.Tw
    DOI:10.6662/TESFE.202002_40(1).002 台灣昆蟲 Formosan Entomol. 40: 10-83 (2020) 研究報告 Formosan Entomologist Journal Homepage: entsocjournal.yabee.com.tw An Annotated Checklist of Macro Moths in Mid- to High-Mountain Ranges of Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Macroheterocera) Shipher Wu1*, Chien-Ming Fu2, Han-Rong Tzuoo3, Li-Cheng Shih4, Wei-Chun Chang5, Hsu-Hong Lin4 1 Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 2 No. 8, Tayuan 7th St., Taiping, Taichung 3 No. 9, Ln. 133, Chung Hsiao 3rd Rd., Puli, Nantou 4 Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 5 Taipei City Youth Development Office, Taipei * Corresponding email: [email protected] Received: 21 February 2020 Accepted: 14 May 2020 Available online: 26 June 2020 ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to provide an annotated checklist of Macroheterocera (macro moths) in mid- to high-elevation regions (>2000 m above sea level) of Taiwan. Although such faunistic studies were conducted extensively in the region during the first decade of the early 20th century, there are a few new taxa, taxonomic revisions, misidentifications, and misspellings, which should be documented. We examined 1,276 species in 652 genera, 59 subfamilies, and 15 families. We propose 4 new combinations, namely Arichanna refracta Inoue, 1978 stat. nov.; Psyra matsumurai Bastelberger, 1909 stat. nov.; Olene baibarana (Matsumura, 1927) comb. nov.; and Cerynia usuguronis (Matsumura, 1927) comb. nov.. The noctuid Blepharita alpestris Chang, 1991 is regarded as a junior synonym of Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) (syn. nov.). The geometrids Palaseomystis falcataria (Moore, 1867 [1868]), Venusia megaspilata (Warren, 1895), and Gandaritis whitelyi (Butler, 1878) and the erebid Ericeia elongata Prout, 1929 are newly recorded in the fauna of Taiwan.
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  • Introductory Chapter: Moths
    Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Moths Farzana Khan PerveenKhan Perveen and Anzela KhanAnzela Khan Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79639 1. Moths The moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are the group of organisms allied to butterflies, having two pairs of wide wings shielded with microscopic scales. They are usually brightly colored and held flat at sitting posture. The word moths are derived from Scandinavian word mott, for maggot, perhaps a reference to the caterpillars of moths. Furthermore, about 165,000 species of moths, including micro- and macro-moths are found worldwide, many of which are yet to be described (Table 1) [1–3]. Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Invertebrata Super-Division: Eumetazoa Division: Bilateria Subdivision: Ecdysozoa Superphylum: Tactopoda Phylum: Arthropoda Von Siebold, 1848 Subphylum: Atelocerata Superclass: Hexapoda Class: Insecta Infraclass: Neoptera Subclass: Pterygota Superorder: Endopterygota Unranked: Amphiesmenoptera © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 4 Moths - Pests of Potato, Maize and Sugar Beet Unranked: Holometabola Order: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Examples: • Micro-moths • Macro-moths Table 1. Taxonomic rank of moths [1]. 1.1. History Moths evolved long before butterflies, fossils have been found in Germany may be 200 million years old in the early Jurassic Period.
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  • Samia Cynthia Ricini) Fibroin Gene
    Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology 83, 59-70 (2014) The complete nucleotide sequence of the Eri-silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini) fibroin gene Hideki Sezutsu and Kenji Yukuhiro＊ National Institute of Agrobiologicl Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan (Received July 14, 2014; Accepted December 19, 2014) We examined 8,640 bp of the Samia cynthia ricini (Scr) fibroin gene together with the 5’ and 3’ flanking se- quences and deduced the Scr-fibroin amino acid sequence. A large region of the Scr-fibroin amino acid se- quence consists of repetitive arrays, which include a common polyalanine block and one of four variable nonpolyalanine blocks. These four types of nonpolyalanine blocks were rich in glycine (Gly) residues, differing from saturniid fibroins in which at least one type of nonpolyalanine block is Gly poor. The presence of abundant Gly residues increases the GC content of the Scr-fibroin gene. However, preferential use of GGA and GGU iso- codons for Gly decreases the GC content. The amino acid sequences of C-terminal regions among saturniid fi- broins were conserved, but were considerably diversified from non-saturniid fibroins. Three conserved Cys residues in the C-terminal region, which are conserved in Antheraea pernyi and A. yamamai fibroins, contribute to S-S bond formation between the fibroin homodimers, although another three cysteine residues conserved be- tween C-terminal regions of Bombyx mori and Galleria mellonella fibroin heavy chain contribute to formation of disulfide bonds between fibroin heavy chain (fhc) and fibroin light chain (flc). Key words: Samia cynthia ricini, fibroin, repetitive motifs, codon usage bias ability likely contributes to differences in silk properties INTRODUCTION among saturniid species.
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  • Blue Biliprotein As an Effective Factor for Cryptic Colouration in Rhodinia
    Journal of Insect Physiology 47 (20010) 205–212 www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys Blue biliprotein as an effective factor for cryptic colouration in Rhodinia fugax larvae Hitoshi Saito * Department of Insect Genetics and Breeding, National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan Received 3 April 2000; accepted 30 June 2000 Abstract The fifth instar larva of the saturniid silkworm, Rhodinia fugax, is light yellowish-green on its dorsal surface and dark green on the ventral surface with a lateral demarcation between the two colours. The larva of R. fugax closely resembles the leaves of the host plant, Quercus serrata, in colour and shape. The spectral reflectance of the larval integument of R. fugax corresponds to that of the Q. serrata leaf. In the larval integument, there is more blue biliproteins (BPs) on the ventral surface than on the dorsal surface. Light intensity influences larval colouration. The larval integuments are green under light conditions (1000 lux), whereas larvae kept in dark conditions (10 lux) turn yellow. The BP-I content of the haemolymph is also affected by light intensity. The quantities of BP-I and its blue chromophore are higher under light conditions than under dark conditions. In contrast, there is little difference in the yellow chromophore content between the two light intensities. When larvae are kept in the light, the BP-I content in the cuticle is higher than under dark conditions in both the ventral and dorsal surfaces, and its chromophore content parallels the BP content. However, the amounts of BP-II and its chromophore in the epidermis show no change with the light intensity.
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