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Math/Library Special Functions Quick Tips on How to Use This Online Manual
Fortran Subroutines for Mathematical Applications Math/Library Special Functions Quick Tips on How to Use this Online Manual Click to display only the page. Click to go back to the previous page from which you jumped. Click to display both bookmark and the page. Click to go to the next page. Double-click to jump to a topic Click to go to the last page. when the bookmarks are displayed. Click to jump to a topic when the Click to go back to the previous view and bookmarks are displayed. page from which you jumped. Click to display both thumbnails Click to return to the next view. and the page. Click and use to drag the page in vertical Click to view the page at 100% zoom. direction and to select items on the page. Click and drag to page to magnify Click to fit the entire page within the the view. window. Click and drag to page to reduce the view. Click to fit the page width inside the window. Click and drag to the page to select text. Click to find part of a word, a complete word, or multiple words in a active document. Click to go to the first page. Printing an online file: Select Print from the File menu to print an online file. The dialog box that opens allows you to print full text, range of pages, or selection. Important Note: The last blank page of each chapter (appearing in the hard copy documentation) has been deleted from the on-line documentation causing a skip in page numbering before the first page of the next chapter, for instance, Chapter 1 in the on-line documentation ends on page 317 and Chapter 2 begins on page 319. -
IMSL Fortran Library User's Guide MATH/LIBRARY Special Functions
IMSL Fortran Library User’s Guide MATH/LIBRARY Special Functions Mathematical Functions in Fortran Trusted For Over 30 Years IMSL MATH/LIBRARY User’s Guide Special Functions Mathematical Functions in Fortran P/N 7681 [ www.vni.com ] Visual Numerics, Inc. – United States Visual Numerics International Ltd. Visual Numerics SARL Corporate Headquarters Centennial Court Immeuble le Wilson 1 2000 Crow Canyon Place, Suite 270 Easthampstead Road 70, avenue due General de Gaulle San Ramon, CA 94583 Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 1YQ F-92058 PARIS LA DEFENSE, Cedex PHONE: 925-807-0138 UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE FAX: 925-807-0145 e-mail: [email protected] PHONE: +44 (0) 1344-458700 PHONE: +33-1-46-93-94-20 Westminster, CO FAX: +44 (0) 1344-458748 FAX: +33-1-46-93-94-39 PHONE: 303-379-3040 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Houston, TX PHONE: 713-784-3131 Visual Numerics S. A. de C. V. Visual Numerics International GmbH Visual Numerics Japan, Inc. Florencia 57 Piso 10-01 Zettachring 10 GOBANCHO HIKARI BLDG. 4TH Floor Col. Juarez D-70567Stuttgart 14 GOBAN-CHO CHIYODA-KU Mexico D. F. C. P. 06600 GERMANY TOKYO, JAPAN 102 MEXICO PHONE: +49-711-13287-0 PHONE: +81-3-5211-7760 PHONE: +52-55-514-9730 or 9628 FAX: +49-711-13287-99 FAX: +81-3-5211-7769 FAX: +52-55-514-4873 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Visual Numerics, Inc. Visual Numerics Korea, Inc. World Wide Web site: http://www.vni.com 7/F, #510, Sect. 5 HANSHIN BLDG. -
Fortran Math Special Functions Library
IMSL® Fortran Math Special Functions Library Version 2021.0 Copyright 1970-2021 Rogue Wave Software, Inc., a Perforce company. Visual Numerics, IMSL, and PV-WAVE are registered trademarks of Rogue Wave Software, Inc., a Perforce company. IMPORTANT NOTICE: Information contained in this documentation is subject to change without notice. Use of this docu- ment is subject to the terms and conditions of a Rogue Wave Software License Agreement, including, without limitation, the Limited Warranty and Limitation of Liability. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Use of the Documentation and implementation of any of its processes or techniques are the sole responsibility of the client, and Perforce Soft- ware, Inc., assumes no responsibility and will not be liable for any errors, omissions, damage, or loss that might result from any use or misuse of the Documentation PERFORCE SOFTWARE, INC. MAKES NO REPRESENTATION ABOUT THE SUITABILITY OF THE DOCUMENTATION. THE DOCU- MENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. PERFORCE SOFTWARE, INC. HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS WITH REGARD TO THE DOCUMENTATION, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PAR- TICULAR PURPOSE, OR NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL PERFORCE SOFTWARE, INC. BE LIABLE, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE, FOR ANY SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE DOCUMENTATION. The Documentation is subject to change at any time without notice. IMSL https://www.imsl.com/ Contents Introduction The IMSL Fortran Numerical Libraries . 1 Getting Started . 2 Finding the Right Routine . 3 Organization of the Documentation . 4 Naming Conventions . -
Orthogonal Functions: the Legendre, Laguerre, and Hermite Polynomials
ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS: THE LEGENDRE, LAGUERRE, AND HERMITE POLYNOMIALS THOMAS COVERSON, SAVARNIK DIXIT, ALYSHA HARBOUR, AND TYLER OTTO Abstract. The Legendre, Laguerre, and Hermite equations are all homogeneous second order Sturm-Liouville equations. Using the Sturm-Liouville Theory we will be able to show that polynomial solutions to these equations are orthogonal. In a more general context, finding that these solutions are orthogonal allows us to write a function as a Fourier series with respect to these solutions. 1. Introduction The Legendre, Laguerre, and Hermite equations have many real world practical uses which we will not discuss here. We will only focus on the methods of solution and use in a mathematical sense. In solving these equations explicit solutions cannot be found. That is solutions in in terms of elementary functions cannot be found. In many cases it is easier to find a numerical or series solution. There is a generalized Fourier series theory which allows one to write a function f(x) as a linear combination of an orthogonal system of functions φ1(x),φ2(x),...,φn(x),... on [a; b]. The series produced is called the Fourier series with respect to the orthogonal system. While the R b a f(x)φn(x)dx coefficients ,which can be determined by the formula cn = R b 2 , a φn(x)dx are called the Fourier coefficients with respect to the orthogonal system. We are concerned only with showing that the Legendre, Laguerre, and Hermite polynomial solutions are orthogonal and can thus be used to form a Fourier series. In order to proceed we must define an inner product and define what it means for a linear operator to be self- adjoint. -
Generalizations and Specializations of Generating Functions for Jacobi, Gegenbauer, Chebyshev and Legendre Polynomials with Definite Integrals
Journal of Classical Analysis Volume 3, Number 1 (2013), 17–33 doi:10.7153/jca-03-02 GENERALIZATIONS AND SPECIALIZATIONS OF GENERATING FUNCTIONS FOR JACOBI, GEGENBAUER, CHEBYSHEV AND LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS WITH DEFINITE INTEGRALS HOWARD S. COHL AND CONNOR MACKENZIE Abstract. In this paper we generalize and specialize generating functions for classical orthogo- nal polynomials, namely Jacobi, Gegenbauer, Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials. We derive a generalization of the generating function for Gegenbauer polynomials through extension a two element sequence of generating functions for Jacobi polynomials. Specializations of generat- ing functions are accomplished through the re-expression of Gauss hypergeometric functions in terms of less general functions. Definite integrals which correspond to the presented orthogonal polynomial series expansions are also given. 1. Introduction This paper concerns itself with analysis of generating functions for Jacobi, Gegen- bauer, Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials involving generalization and specializa- tion by re-expression of Gauss hypergeometric generating functions for these orthog- onal polynomials. The generalizations that we present here are for two of the most important generating functions for Jacobi polynomials, namely [4, (4.3.1–2)].1 In fact, these are the first two generating functions which appear in Section 4.3 of [4]. As we will show, these two generating functions, traditionally expressed in terms of Gauss hy- pergeometric functions, can be re-expressed in terms of associated Legendre functions (and also in terms of Ferrers functions, associated Legendre functions on the real seg- ment ( 1,1)). Our Jacobi polynomial generating function generalizations, Theorem 1, Corollary− 1 and Corollary 2, generalize the generating function for Gegenbauer polyno- mials. -
Arxiv:2008.08079V2 [Math.FA] 29 Dec 2020 Hypergroups Is Not Required)
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF LITTLE q-LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS STEFAN KAHLER Abstract. Many classes of orthogonal polynomials satisfy a specific linearization prop- erty giving rise to a polynomial hypergroup structure, which offers an elegant and fruitful link to harmonic and functional analysis. From the opposite point of view, this allows regarding certain Banach algebras as L1-algebras, associated with underlying orthogonal polynomials or with the corresponding orthogonalization measures. The individual be- havior strongly depends on these underlying polynomials. We study the little q-Legendre polynomials, which are orthogonal with respect to a discrete measure. Their L1-algebras have been known to be not amenable but to satisfy some weaker properties like right character amenability. We will show that the L1-algebras associated with the little q- Legendre polynomials share the property that every element can be approximated by linear combinations of idempotents. This particularly implies that these L1-algebras are weakly amenable (i. e., every bounded derivation into the dual module is an inner deriva- tion), which is known to be shared by any L1-algebra of a locally compact group. As a crucial tool, we establish certain uniform boundedness properties of the characters. Our strategy relies on continued fractions, character estimations and asymptotic behavior. 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation. One of the most famous results of mathematics, the ‘Banach–Tarski paradox’, states that any ball in d ≥ 3 dimensions can be split into a finite number of pieces in such a way that these pieces can be reassembled into two balls of the original size. It is also well-known that there is no analogue for d 2 f1; 2g, and the Banach–Tarski paradox heavily relies on the axiom of choice [37]. -
Shifted Jacobi Polynomials and Delannoy Numbers
SHIFTED JACOBI POLYNOMIALS AND DELANNOY NUMBERS GABOR´ HETYEI A` la m´emoire de Pierre Leroux Abstract. We express a weigthed generalization of the Delannoy numbers in terms of shifted Jacobi polynomials. A specialization of our formulas extends a relation between the central Delannoy numbers and Legendre polynomials, observed over 50 years ago [8], [13], [14], to all Delannoy numbers and certain Jacobi polynomials. Another specializa- tion provides a weighted lattice path enumeration model for shifted Jacobi polynomials and allows the presentation of a combinatorial, non-inductive proof of the orthogonality of Jacobi polynomials with natural number parameters. The proof relates the orthogo- nality of these polynomials to the orthogonality of (generalized) Laguerre polynomials, as they arise in the theory of rook polynomials. We also find finite orthogonal polynomial sequences of Jacobi polynomials with negative integer parameters and expressions for a weighted generalization of the Schr¨odernumbers in terms of the Jacobi polynomials. Introduction It has been noted more than fifty years ago [8], [13], [14] that the diagonal entries of the Delannoy array (dm,n), introduced by Henri Delannoy [5], and the Legendre polynomials Pn(x) satisfy the equality (1) dn,n = Pn(3), but this relation was mostly considered a “coincidence”. An important observation of our present work is that (1) can be extended to (α,0) (2) dn+α,n = Pn (3) for all α ∈ Z such that α ≥ −n, (α,0) where Pn (x) is the Jacobi polynomial with parameters (α, 0). This observation in itself is a strong indication that the interaction between Jacobi polynomials (generalizing Le- gendre polynomials) and the Delannoy numbers is more than a mere coincidence. -
Algorithms for Classical Orthogonal Polynomials
Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin Takustr. 7, D-14195 Berlin - Dahlem Wolfram Ko epf Dieter Schmersau Algorithms for Classical Orthogonal Polynomials at Berlin Fachb ereich Mathematik und Informatik der Freien Universit Preprint SC Septemb er Algorithms for Classical Orthogonal Polynomials Wolfram Ko epf Dieter Schmersau koepfzibde Abstract In this article explicit formulas for the recurrence equation p x A x B p x C p x n+1 n n n n n1 and the derivative rules 0 x p x p x p x p x n n+1 n n n n1 n and 0 p x p x x p x x n n n n1 n n resp ectively which are valid for the orthogonal p olynomial solutions p x of the dierential n equation 00 0 x y x x y x y x n of hyp ergeometric typ e are develop ed that dep end only on the co ecients x and x which themselves are p olynomials wrt x of degrees not larger than and resp ectively Partial solutions of this problem had b een previously published by Tricomi and recently by Yanez Dehesa and Nikiforov Our formulas yield an algorithm with which it can b e decided whether a given holonomic recur rence equation ie one with p olynomial co ecients generates a family of classical orthogonal p olynomials and returns the corresp onding data density function interval including the stan dardization data in the armative case In a similar way explicit formulas for the co ecients of the recurrence equation and the dierence rule x rp x p x p x p x n n n+1 n n n n1 of the classical orthogonal p olynomials of a discrete variable are given that dep end only -
A Uniqueness Theorem for the Legendre and Hermite
A UNIQUENESSTHEOREM FOR THELEGENDRE ANDHERMITE POLYNOMIALS* BY K. P. WILLIAMS 1. If we replace y in the expansion of (l-\-y)~v by 2xz-\-z2, the coefficient of zn will, when x is replaced by —x, be the generalized polynomial L'ñ(x) of Legendre. It is also easy to show that the Hermitian polynomial Hn(x), usually defined by is the coefficient of 2"/«! in the series obtained on replacing y in the expansion of e~y by the same expression 2xz-\-z2. Furthermore, there is a simple recursion formula between three successive Legrendre polynomials and between three successive Hermitian polynomials. These facts suggest the following problem. Let a> ftg <p(y) = «o + «i 2/ +y,-2/2+3y ¡y3+ ••• and put (p(2xz 4z2) = P„ + Px (x) t + Ps(x) z2+---. To what extent is the generating function q>(y) determined if it is known that a simple recursion relation exists between three of the successive polynomials P0, Pi(x), P%(x), •••? We shall find that the generalized Legendre polynomials and those of Hermite possess a certain uniqueness in this regard. 2. We have PÁX) = «! 7i«íp(2!rí + £,).._0- When we make use of the formula for the «th derivative of a function of a function given by Faà de Bruno,t we find without difficulty P»(x) = Zjtt^xy, 'Presented to the Society, October 25, 1924. "¡■Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, vol. 1, p. 359. 441 License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use 442 K- p- WILLIAMS [October where the summation extends to all values of i and j subject to the relation i + 2j = n. -
ME201/MTH281/ME400/CHE400 Legendre Polynomials
ME201/MTH281/ME400/CHE400 Legendre Polynomials 1. Introduction This notebook has three objectives: (1) to summarize some useful information about Legendre polynomials, (2) to show how to use Mathematica in calculations with Legendre polynomials, and (3) to present some examples of the use of Legendre polynomials in the solution of Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates. In our course, the Legendre polynomials arose from separation of variables for the Laplace equation in spherical coordinates, so we begin there. The basic spherical coordinate system is shown below. The location of a point P is specified by the distance r of the point from the origin, the angle f between the position vector and the z-axis, and the angle q from the x-axis to the projection of the position vector onto the xy plane. The Laplace equation for a function F(r, f, q) is given by 1 ¶ ¶F 1 ¶ ¶F 1 ¶2 F “2 F = r2 + sinf + = 0 . (1) r2 ¶r ¶r r2 sinf ¶f ¶f r2 sin2 f ¶q2 In this notebook, we will consider only axisymmetric solutions of (1) -- that is, solutions which depend on r and f but not on q. Then equation (1) reduces to 1 ¶ ¶F 1 ¶ ¶F r2 + sinf = 0 . (2) r2 ¶r ¶r r2 sinf ¶f ¶f As we showed in class by a rather lengthy analysis, equation (2) has separated solutions of the form 2 legendre.nb n -Hn+1L r Pn HcosfL and r Pn HcosfL , (3) where n is a non-negative integer and Pn is the nth Legendre polynomial. -
Orthogonal Polynomials and Classical Orthogonal Polynomials
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 1613–1630, Article ID: IJMET_09_10_164 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS AND CLASSICAL ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS DUNIA ALAWAI JARWAN Education for Girls College, Al-Anbar University, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq ABSTRACT The focus of this project is to clarify the concept of orthogonal polynomials in the case of continuous internal and discrete points on R and the Gram – Schmidt orthogonalization process of conversion to many orthogonal limits and the characteristics of this method. We have highlighted the classical orthogonal polynomials as an example of orthogonal polynomials because of they are great importance in physical practical applications. In this project, we present 3 types (Hermite – Laguerre – Jacobi) of classical orthogonal polynomials by clarifying the different formulas of each type and how to reach some formulas, especially the form of the orthogonality relation of each. Keywords: Polynomials, Classical Orthogonal, Monic Polynomial, Gram – Schmidt Cite this Article Dunia Alawai Jarwan, Orthogonal Polynomials and Classical Orthogonal Polynomials, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(10), 2018, pp. 1613–1630. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=10 1. INTRODUCTION The mathematics is the branch where the lots of concepts are included. An orthogonality is the one of the concept among them. Here we focuse on the orthogonal polynomial sequence. The orthogonal polynomial are divided in two classes i.e. classical orthogonal polynomials, Discrete orthogonal polynomials and Sieved orthogonal polynomials .There are different types of classical orthogonal polynomials such that Jacobi polynomials, Associated Laguerre polynomials and Hermite polynomials. -
Orthogonal Polynomials: an Illustrated Guide
Orthogonal Polynomials: An Illustrated Guide Avaneesh Narla December 10, 2018 Contents 1 Definitions 1 2 Example 1 2 3 Three-term Recurrence Relation 3 4 Christoffel-Darboux Formula 5 5 Zeros 6 6 Gauss Quadrature 8 6.1 Lagrange Interpolation . .8 6.2 Gauss quadrature formula . .8 7 Classical Orthogonal Polynomials 11 7.1 Hermite Polynomials . 11 7.2 Laguerre Polynomials . 12 7.3 Legendre Polynomials . 14 7.4 Jacobi Polynomials . 16 7.5 Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind . 17 7.6 Chebyshev Polynomials of the Second Kind . 19 7.7 Gegenbauer polynomials . 20 1 Definitions Orthogonal polynomials are orthogonal with respect to a certain function, known as the weight function w(x), and a defined interval. The weight function must be continuous and positive such that its moments (µn) exist. Z b n µn := w(x)x dx; n = 0; 1; 2; ::: a The interval may be infinite. We now define the inner product of two polynomials as follows Z 1 hf; giw(x) := w(x)f(x)g(x) dx −∞ 1 We will drop the subscript indicating the weight function in future cases. Thus, as always, a 1 sequence of polynomials fpn(x)gn=0 with deg(pn(x)) = n are called orthogonal polynomials for a weight function w if hpm; pni = hnδmn Above, the delta function is the Kronecker Delta Function There are two possible normalisations: If hn = 1 8n 2 f0; 1; 2:::g, the sequence is orthonormal. If the coefficient of highest degree term is 1 for all elements in the sequence, the sequence is monic.