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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses A statistical study of the Solar Eclipses recorded in Chinese and Korean history during the pre-telescopic era Foley, Neasa How to cite: Foley, Neasa (1989) A statistical study of the Solar Eclipses recorded in Chinese and Korean history during the pre-telescopic era, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6642/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 A StatiRtic:al Study of the Solar Eclipses recorded in Chinese and Korean History during the Pre-telescopic era Neasa Foley October 1989 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written ronsent and information ·derived from it should be acknowledged. A thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Master of Science 1 1 MAY 1990 Abstract A Statistical Study of the Solar Eclipses Recorded in Chinese and Korean History during the Pre-telescopic Era by N easa Foley A thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Master of Science. October 1989 The Chinese and Korean solar eclipse records were translated from the Dynastic Histories, for the period 205 B.C. to 1621 A.D., the pre-telescopic era. The translated records were investigated for seasonal and temporal variations, as well as variations by magnitude and altitude. The Chinese and Korean sunspots records were also examined and comparisons were also made between the eclipse efficiencies and the sunspots. Comparisons were also made between the long-term solar variations shown by tree-ring 14C and northern hemisphere aurorae, and the sunspots, revealing a similar trend in the records. Where the sunspot records deviate from 14C and aurorae data, the deviation can be explained using the eclipse efficicency as a measure of the throughness of the ancient astronomers. Table of Contents Abstract (i) Table of Contents (ii) Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Previous Investigations 2 1.2 Dynastic Histories 3 1.3 Transliterations 6 1.4 Computions 6 1.5 Delta T 10 1.6 Examinations 11 Chapter 2 12 2.1 Observation of eclipses by magnitude 17 2.2 Efficiency of observation 22 2.3 Variations with time 25 2.4 Variations with the altitude of the sun 33 2.5 Seasonal variations of sunspots and eclipses 38 2.6 Correlation between sunspots and eclipse efficiency 44 2. 7 Long term variations of sunspot observation 4 7 Chapter 3 50 Chapter 4 Conclusions 61 Appendix I Computer Programs (iii) Appendix II Catalogue of Chinese and Korean solar eclipse records (iv) Bibliography 64 Acknowledgements (v) 11 Chapter 1 Introduction From 204 B.C. until well into the telescopic era {1620 A.D.) the rulers of China employed astronomers to maintain a constant watch on the sky both day and night. The Chinese equated parts of the sky with parts of the Empire or high-placed people and believed that an astronomical event in a certain area of the sky heralded a significant occurrence (such as a death, a war or a disaster) on the Earth. Thus a fairly regular record of major astronomical events, such as novre, supernovre, solar & lunar eclipses, comets, meteors & meteor showers, aurorre, sunspots and occulations of the stars and planets, was made. The Imperial Astronomers were charged with recording these events and interpreting their meaning. Most of these records still exist today in the form of Astronomical Treatises in the official histories of the ruling Dynasties. Prior to 204 B.C. records were also kept, some dating as far back as "'1500 B.C. have been found on 'oracle bones' {animal bones with carved 1 rrs··~?>> ~~~ : i' records on them), some of which may have been astronomical records. How­ ever there are no continuous records until 204 B.C. mainly due to the fact that Ch'in Shih Huang Ti ordered the burning of all books in 213 B.C. and the capital Hsien-yang was plundered in 206 B.C. Previous Investigations The solar eclipse records are found under the 'Day-time events' section of most of the Astronomical Treatises in the Dynastic Histories, usually in their own section. Alexander Wylie, a Scottish missionary and astonomer in China, in 1897 translated most of the Dynastic Histories eclipse records, and also many of the local gazettes, (Fang-chih, local histories which sometimes contain events such as eclipses). He did not convert the dates fully, quoting the year in the Gregorian calendar and the month and date in the Chinese calendar. Pierre Hoang, a Chinese missionary, in 1929 compiled the eclipse rec­ ords from the Dynastic Histories and some ofthe (un-named) local gazettes into a table in French. He only included a record from the Southern ruling dynasty when it ran concurrently with a Northern dynasty and on occasion denoted an eclipse as having occurred at the wrong capital. Also, he ignored many of the accompanying comments. Homer H. Dubs translated a section of the "History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Hu" between 1938 and 1952. In this he included the eclipse 2 records for the Former Han dynasty only, and calculated the magnitudes of the eclipses if they were visible from the Earth's surface. He also calcu­ lated the Right Ascension of the Sun where it was recorded for comparison purposes. However he speculated that where there was no eclipse occurring on a recorded d_ate that this was due to scribal error and he often changed the day, month and year of the eclipse record so that it would fit an eclipse that actually occurred. In some cases this was justified but in most it was not. I have translated the solar eclipse records for all the Dynastic Histories, from 204 B.C. to 1621 A.D., and calculated the magnitude, local time of eclipse maximum and altitude, at the appropriate capital. I have also trans­ lated the Korean solar eclipse records from 1009 A.D. to 1621 A.D. These were also in classical Chinese. I ignored the Fang-chih since they are in the main, unreliable. Using this information I have made further investigations and compared the efficiency of eclipse observation with sunspot recordings. Dynastic Histories The 26 Chinese Dynasic Histories are shown in Table 1.1 (from Han 1955). Excluding the Shih-chi (Historical Record), the Ch'ing-shih-kao (Draft­ ed History of the Ch'ing Dynasty) and the Liao-shih (History of the Liao Dynasty), all the Astronomical Treatises were consulted. 3 Table l.lg The 26 Chinese Dynastic Histories. Book Title Translated Title Chief Editor Date of Compilation Shih-chi Historical Records Ssuma Ch 'ien 104-87 B.C. Han-shu History of the Former Pan Ku & 58-76 A.D. Han Dynasty Pan Chao Hou-han-shu History of the Later Fan Yeh 398 - 445 A.D. Han Dynasty San-kuo-chih History of the Three Ch'en Shou 285- 297 A.D. Kingdoms Chin-shu History of the Chin Fang Hsuan-ling 635 A.D. Sung-shu History of the (Liu) Shen Yueh 492- 493 A.D. Sung Dynasty Nan-ch 'i-shu History of the Southern Hsiao Tzu- hsien 489- 537 A.D. Ch 'i Dynasty Liang-shu History of the Liang Yao Ssu-lien 629- 636 A.D. Dynasty Ch'en-shu History of the Ch'en Yao Ssu-lien 629- 636 A.D. Dynasty Wei-shu History of the Northern Wei Shou 551- 554 A.D. Wei Dynasty Pei-ch 'i-shu History of the Northern LiTe-lin 627 - 636 A.D. Ch 'i Dynasty Chou-shu History of the Northern Ling-hu Te- fen 636 A.D. Chou Dynasty Nan-shih History of the Southern Li Yen-shou 630- 650 A.D. Dynasties Pei-shi History of the Northern Li Yen-shou 630- 650 A.D. Dynasties Sui-shi History of the Sui Wei Cheng 629- 636 A.D. Dynasty Chiu-t 'ang-shu 0 ld History of the Liu Hsu 940 - 945 A.D. T'ang Dynasty Hsin-t'ang-shu New History of the Ou-yang Hsiu 1060 A.D. T'ang Dynasty & Sung Ch'i 4 Book Title Translated Title Chief Editor Date of Compilation Chiu-wu-tai-shih 0 ld History of the Hsueh Chu-cheng 973- 974 A.D. Five Dynasties Hsin-wu-tai-shih New History of the Ou-yang Hsiu 1036- 1053 A.D. Five Dynasties Sung-shih History of the Sung T'o-t'o & 1343- 1345 A.D. Dynasty Ou-yang Hsuan Liao-shih History of the Liao T'o-t'o & 1343 - 1345 A.D. Dynasty Ou-yang Hsuan Kin-shih History of the Kin T'o-t'o & 1343- 1345 A.D. Dynasty Ou-yang Hsuan Yuan-shih History of the Yuan Sung Lien 1369- 1370 A.D. Dynasty Hsin-yuan-shih New History of the K'o Shao- min 1890- 1920 A.D.
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