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Orissa Review

Orissa Review

ORISSA REVIEW

VOL. LXVIII NO. 4 NOVEMBER - 2011

NIKUNJA KISHORE SUNDARAY, I.A.S. Commissioner-cum-Secretary

BAISHNAB PRASAD MOHANTY Director-cum-Joint Secretary

LENIN MOHANTY Editor

Editorial Assistance Bibhu Chandra Mishra Bikram Maharana

Production Assistance Debasis Pattnaik Sadhana Mishra

Manas R. Nayak Cover Design & Illustration

Hemanta Kumar Sahoo D.T.P. & Design

Raju Singh Manas Ranjan Mohanty Photo

The Orissa Review aims at disseminating knowledge and information concerning Orissa’s socio-economic development, art and culture. Views, records, statistics and information published in the Orissa Review are not necessarily those of the Government of Orissa. Published by Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Orissa, - 751001 and Printed at Orissa Government Press, - 753010. For subscription and trade inquiry, please contact : Manager, Publications, Information & Public Relations Department, Loksampark Bhawan, Bhubaneswar - 751001.

Five Rupees / Copy E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Visit : http://orissa.gov.in Contact : 9937057528(M) CONTENTS

Good Governance ... 3

Child Rights Assembly, 2011 Lenin Mohanty ... 7

From Orissa to (1936-2011) ... 10

Maritime Trade and Orissa Kailash Chandra Dash ... 19

Navigational Landmarks in the Eastern Coast of Orissa Dr. Ganeswar Nayak ... 27

Kalinga and Funan : A Study in Ancient Relations Dr. Benudhar Patra ... 33

Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga Dr. Prafulla Chandra Mohanty... 40

Jayee Rajguru the Freedom Fighter Abhimanyu Dash ... 43

Dr. - A Curious Combination of Conspicuous Characteristics Dr. Narayan Panda ... 47

Essence of Tourism Marketing : A Study on Odisha Dr. Rashmita Sahoo Soumendra Patra ... 52

Patta Painting : A Bird’s Eye View of Orissan Art Dr. Jyotirmati Samantaray ... 58

Satrughnesvara Group of Temples : A Study on its Architecture Anjaliprava Sahoo ... 60

Rayagada : The Treasure of Tribal Tourism and Culture Dasharathi Patra ... 63

Heritage Walk Gopinath Mohanty ... 69

Floral Sanctuary : A Study of Sacred Grove of a Village in Western Orissa Dr. Subash Khamari ... 72

Contingent Planning for Agriculture under Flood M. Mishra, B. Patro Situation in Odisha S.Panda ... 79

Mythical Elements in Indian Plays : A Study of Naga-Mandala of Girish Karnad Dr. Tutaeswar Rao ... 83

A Peep into IITF, 2011 Gurukalyan Mahapatra ... 87 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES

Laxman Naik Birsa Munda

Jayee Rajguru

Dr. H.K.Mahtab Nabakrushna Choudhuri Editor’s Note

n the midst of devastating flood and change of the name of our beloved State from Orissa to Odisha, we are perplexed on one hand and elated on the other. IOne factor which is common in both these events is the tenacity and determination of our Government under the leadership of Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri . Determined that he is, all efforts are being made to provide relief and rehabilitation to the flood ravaged and so also is the celebration after getting ourselves relieved from the colonial hangover by change of name of our State. It reminds me of the peaceful explosion in Pokharan and subsequent reaction of former Prime Ministers Smt. in 1974 and Shri A.B.Vajpayee in 1998 respectively. The Orissa Review team congratulates the Chief Minister and the people of the State for working together and achieving a major change after 75 years. It is our sincere wish that we usher in balanced socio-economic growth in Odisha that hinges on sustainable development with strong fundamentals of industrial growth, right harnessing of natural resources and actualization of employment potential.

Last but not the least I would like to remind our esteemed readers that we have registered a significant decline in the percentage of BPL population, significant decline in the Maternal Mortality Rate, a significant rise in the Literacy Rate in Odisha. As an Odia, I am proud today that our State Odisha is on the path of growth where we are performing better than the national average. Let us all join hands and work together for bringing a smile on the face of every Odia. November - 2011 Orissa Review

1 Orissa Review November - 2011 SANKHA KSHETRA

1. Balabhadra,Jagannatha, 29. Vaikuntheswara 58. Prahari Hanuman 87. Vilweswara & Sudarsan 30. Yagnyaswari 59. Dakhinadwar (S.gate) 88. Hanuman 2. Khetreswari Vimala 31. Isaneswar 60. Durgamadhava 89. Teertha 3 Mahalaxmi 32. Sitaia Devi 61. Mangaleswari 90. Nilakantheswara 4. Uttar 33. Pakasala 62. Paschimadwar(W.gate) 91. Adinrusingha 5. Bata 34. Dakhineswara 63. Uttardwar (N.gate) 92. Gundicha Mandapa 6. Stamva 35. Kundaleswara 64. Sri Lokanath 93. Mausima 7. Bhoga Mandap 36. Ram Chaitanya Temple 65. Rameswara 94. Marchika Devi 8. Kalpabrukhya 37. Baravai Hanuman 66. Kandunursingha 95. Charchika Devi 9. Rohini Kunda 38. Nirmalya Hanuman 67. Kandu Asrama 96. Sodasha Putri 10. Bata Ganesh 39. Alaka Batika 68. Nikumvilabata 97. Narayani 11. Uchsta Ganapati 40. Chakra Narayan 69. Harachandi 98. Angirasrama 12. Sri Saraswati Devi 41. Rameswar 70. Chamundeswari 99. Angirabata 13. Nabagraha 42. Chaturdhama 71. Banadurga 100. Dakhina 14. Konark Suryadev 43. Kanapata Hanuman 72. Basheli 101. Ugreswarashrama 15. Padapadma 44. Niladri Vihari 73. Kapalmochana 102. Swetaganga 16. Yagnyabata 45. Bavabyeswara 74. Manikarnika Teertha 103. Muktisila 17. Angeswar 46. Sialilata 75. Ghatamangala 104. Adisankara Pitha 18. Indranidevi 47. Koili Vaikuntha 76. Vagabati 105. Swargadwara 19. Khetrapala 48. Tapaswi Hanuman 77. Markandeswara 106. Varahi Devi 20. Swana Vairabi 49. Survarnakupa 78. Markandeya Teertha 107. Shyama Kali 21. Mukteswari 50. Ananda Bazar 79. Saptamatruka 108. Bedi Hanuman 22. Chstrakali 51. Devasnana Mandapa 80. Alamba Devi 109. Chakra Teertha 23. Batamarkandeya 52. Meghanada Prachira 81. Atharnala 110. Chakra Narayan 24. Katyayani 53. Singhadwara (E.gate) 82. Makardhwaj Hanuman 111. Mahodadhi 25. Gopeewara 54. Aruna Sthamva 83. Vargavi River 112. Jagannatha Ballava 26. Beda Kali 55. Badachhata Math 84. Mukteswara 113. Kashi Biswanatha 27. Pataleswara 56. Chhauni Math 85. Bata Mangala 114. Visweswari 28. Bhubaneswari 57. Pejanala 86. Kapoteswara 115. Narendra Sarovar

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November - 2011 Orissa Review

MAMATA (A conditional cash transfer scheme for Pregnant Women)

The much-awaited ‘Mamata’ Scheme, a Conditional Electronic Cash Transfer Programme for benefit of pregnant women in the State, has been launched by Shri Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister, Orissa on 19th October 2011. On this occasion Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik explained that “the Pregnant Women registered their names with Anganwadi centres will receive Rs.5000/- in four installments under this innovative scheme. It aims not only at reducing infant mortality and maternal rates but also helps in improving the nutrition status of Pregnant Women and newborn babies. ‘Mamata’ Scheme will be the largest State Sponsored Scheme after Rs.2/- per Kg. rice Scheme. Nearly 6 lakh Pregnant Women will be covered every year under “Mamata” resulting in an annual disbursement of Rs.350 crore”. Intrauterine nutrition has a strong impact on birth weight and subsequent malnutrition of children. However, often both during pregnancy and lactation, the women are forced to go for work, thereby neglecting their own health and that of the child. Thus proper rest and adequate nutrition during pregnancy and child care are essential not just for the mother’s health and well being but also for the infant. Various studies have shown that low weight infants have less chances of survival and even when they survive they are more prone to diseases, growth retardation and impaired mental development (Lancet Series, 2008). Also, intrauterine growth retardation contributes largely to the high incidence of Low Birth Weights (LBWs). Although Orissa has made considerable progress in curbing the high rates of maternal mortality (258 per 100,000 live births) and infant mortality (65 per 1000) live births (SRS, 2009), a lot still needs to be done before we reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

MAMATA – THE SCHEME Goals and Objectives

Goals 1. Contribute as a factor in reducing maternal and infant mortality.

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2. Improve the health and nutrition status of pregnant and lactating mothers and their infants.

Objectives 1. To provide partial wage compensation for pregnant and nursing mothers so that they are able to rest adequately during their pregnancy and after delivery. 2. To increase utilization of maternal and child health services, especially ante-natal care, post-natal care and immunization.

3. To improve mother and child care practices, especially exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding of infants.

2.1 This scheme is operational in all the 318 rural projects of the State. Pregnant and Lactating women of 19 years of age and above for the first 2 live births, except all Government/Public Sector Undertaking (Central and State) employees and their wives will be covered.

Age, number of live births and employment status would be as reported by the beneficiary in the format prescribed. In case of false claim by the beneficiary, the amount paid to her would be recovered as per law. A signed undertaking to this effect will be necessarily taken from the beneficiary at the time of registration under MAMATA.

2.2 Beneficiry Registration:

1. To avail the benefits under this scheme, a pregnant woman has to register herself at the AWC/ mini AWC to which she belongs. 2. For all new cases of pregnancy, registration at the AWC should be done within 4 months of conception. However for claiming the first installment under MAMATA scheme, a pregnant woman may be allowed to register within 6 months of conception. 3. Care should be taken to see that every pregnant woman registers her pregnancy at the AWC/ mini AWC to whose service area she ordinarily resides. (A pregnant woman may avail services at any AWC, but she will receive her entitlements under MAMATA only from the AWC where she is registered. 4. In case of AWW vacancy, the beneficiary will register in the nearest AWC. However. The AWW while sponsoring her name to the CDPO shall mention the name of the AWC to which the beneficiary originally belongs and the reason for sponsoring her name. In that case the AWW will submit two separate reports for two AWCs. 5. It is the duty of the AWW to monitor that every pregnant woman registered at the AWC receives an MCP card. The AWW shall keep a duplicate copy of all cards issued to her. The MCP

4 November - 2011 Orissa Review card will be used as a means of verification of the conditionalities for payment. Hence the AWW and ANM should ensure that the MCP card is provided to every beneficiary and the required information is filled in this card in time. 6. The names of all pregnant women, who have registered at the AWC/mini AWC will also then be entered in the ante-natal register along with an entry in the MCP Card. 7. From among the pregnant woman, the AWW shall identify those women who are eligible to receive entitlements under the MAMATA scheme. 8. All such eligible women shall be asked by the AWW to open an account in a bank which has core banking facility. The account should be a single account in the name of the beneficiary. (A Joint Account or an Account other than in the name of the beneficiary shall not be accepted). The beneficiary must give the photocopy of the first page of the Bank Pass Book with her name to the AWW. The AWW should check the correctness of the details so submitted. It is extremely important that the bank details and submitted correctly to the AWW as the mode of payment is e - transfer and any mistake will result in non – sanction of funds to the beneficiary. The bank details shall be filled up by the AWW in the MCP card at the appropriate place i.e. reverse side of the cover page. 9. All such women shall then be given two copies of the self declaration form. The beneficiary should fill up both copies of the self declaration form, with two photographs and return it to the AWW as soon as possible. 10. The AWW shall keep one copy of the self declaration with her at the AWC and submit one copy to the CDPO through the supervisor. The CDPO shall then enter the details in the MIS format. The CDPO should keep all copies of self declaration forms given by the AWWs, AWC wise, in her office for purpose of cross verification and audit. 11. The AWW should also get the beneficiary to sign a declaration on the MCP card at pg 4 after first installment that she will (i) initiate breastfeeding within one hour of delivery (ii) continue exclusive breastfeeding till six months. 2.3 Amount of Payment and Conditionality The beneficiary will receive a total incentive of Rs. 5000 in four installments, subject to the fulfillment of specific conditions. Payment will be made by e-transfer from the CDPO to the beneficiary account. Why four installments and why incentive of RS. 5000 only ?

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— The first three installments and amounts have been worked out such that the beneficiary gets a reasonable amount every three months after the second trimester of pregnancy up to nine months after delivery (including the JSY tranche.) — This is a part wage loss compensation given as maternity benefit, for ensuring that the mother takes the much required rest before delivery and soon after delivery, to enable her to take better care of herself and her young infant. This amount should be used for improving the nutritional intake of pregnant and lactating women.

— The fourth installment is intended to ensure continuing contact with the mother to promote continued breast feeding, ensure appropriate complementary feeding, ensure appropriate complementary feeding, and full immunization of the child at 9-12 months. Every beneficiary shall be shall be sponsored for the installment, only then can subsequent installments be claimed. No beneficiary can enter at any other stage. Claim for every subsequent installment can be made, if only the previous installment has been cleared. In the launching day, Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik interacted with beneficiaries of Ganjam, Koraput, Kalahandi, Mayurbhanja and Jajpur through Video Conference and said “I call up on all the bankers of the State to come forward and partner Government in this revolution. This is true financial inclusion and a definite step towards financial empowerment of rural women. More than 50,000 Pregnant women received their first installment of Rs.1500/- with a span of one month, nearly two lakh Pregnant Women have registered their names under this scheme. The “Mamata” Scheme has the potential of transforming the nutritional status of many underprivileged women and children. It is great opportunity for all of us to contribute in the reduction of maternal and child mortality and give a head start in life to the next generation.

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Child Rights Assembly, 2011 Lenin Mohanty

Drawing an example between the United Nations General Assembly and this Child Rights Assembly, the Governor of Odisha said this Assembly had much more to offer the world. He spoke of three pillars of success : awareness, action and achievement.

I have been fortunate to get a chance to do my In this Assembly children spoke on issues doctoral work under Prof. Dr. Asha Hans. I am of disability which trouble them. They also spoke still awed by her simple presence. She introduced on issues of concern to all children around the me to Shri Ashok Hans in person and instantly I globe, climate change, education, sports, health developed a sincere admiration for this glorious and violence. They made verbal or power point leader. He is no more with us now, but to his credit projections. goes the fact that he has pushed to mainstream the rights of person with disabilities, which On 20th the Assembly began with a historically has been one of the most wonderful presentation of a song by the misunderstood and forgotten agenda of the participants. The Assembly was attended by a development arena. In the memory of the great high powered delegation of officials working in leader the second Child Rights Assembly was the field of disability. Sanjay Kumar Habada, conducted at Bhubaneswar on the 20th and 21st OAS, Director, Disability Directorate, of October 2011. Government of Odisha and Kasturi Mahapatra, Disability Commissioner, Odisha heard with On 20th October 2011, the birth attention to the children. Sanjay Habada said the anniversary of Ashok Hans, founder of Shanta Directorate was committed to pay due attention Memorial Rehabilitation Centre and a globally to this sector. They had already posted officers renowned disability activist about 100 children for this purpose. They have also started the Bhima with disabilities and observers from all over Bhoi Bhinnakshama Samarthya Abhiyan for the gathered in Bhubaneswar. The Assembly was children with disabilities across the State. organized to raise the voices of children with disabilities in 2007, and under the Convention Kasturi Mahapatra spoke at length on the Countries have to ensure that children with rights of children and their contravention by disabilities have the right to express their views different groups of people around them. She said freely on all matters affecting them. that people even abandon their children if they

7 Orissa Review November - 2011 have a disability. Schools are unfriendly to CWDs. They are not accessible, teaching material is unavailable and proper training of children is not carried out. Punam Bind from IICP, Kolkata who represented the children on the dais with the Governor said that "education is important, so why should we be deprived of it ? We have to fight every moment of our sustenance. Our dreams are the same as other girls of our age and we too want to be respected and be part of society." Navneet Manjrekar of Maharashtra spoke on health and said "today life has become very stressful. My mother says, to fight stress we must eat green vegetables and I think she is right. I think we should also exercise regularly to keep ourselves mobile. When we sit on wheelchairs we put on weight so we must also avoid too much fast food." Anjali Khatua from Odisha who wants to become an environmentalist when she grows up spoke of the deteriorating environment and 1. Child Rights Assembly in session. we children can plant trees and look after birds and animals so that they do not become extinct. 2. President of NFOWD K.J.Alam, Dr. Amrita Patel, Prof. Asha Hans and Lenin Mohanty along with other Kedar from Vidya Sagar School, participants in the Assembly. has taken up music which is his companion today. He has even started his own and Camlin with artistic gifts. Mall of SKM Group blog ourmusicalheritage.com. His mother well known for his contribution to children stayed Minakshi the ever smiling teacher who the whole time listening to the children with care accompanied him said that “I feel extremely proud and delight. like any other mother when my child is applauded for his efforts, but these occasions for participation On 21st at a glittering Closing Ceremony are so rare”. the Assembly came to an end with children greeting His Excellency the Governor of Odisha The day ended with Saraswati Hembrum, Shri M.C. Bhandare and voicing their thought both the Chairperson of Child Rights Protection on and off the dais. The Ashok Hans Committee Commission complimenting the children on the of SMRC which sponsored the Child Rights unique ideas they had represented. The Corporate Assembly also presented an Award and Lecture Sector did not stay behind. Gurvinder Singh of in his honour. The Governor of Odisha Mahindra and Mahindra delighted the children Shri Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare, Dr. S.B. with the presentation of colourful T-shirts, caps, Agnihotri, Director General, Shipping,

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Government of India, Smt. Anuradha Mohit, The Distinguished Lecture on Disability Sri Alam, Raj Vignesh and Punam Bind were was delivered by Khandaker J.Alam, among the Guests. Prof. Sanatan Rath, President, Chairperson, Asia Pacific Disability Forum and a SMRC presided over the meeting. leading disability activist from Bangladesh. He emphasized on treating persons with disability on Beginning the proceedings Dr. S.B. an equal footing. The laws need to be changed to Agnihotri who had twice been Commissioner- accommodate the disabled as equals. While cum-Secretary, Women and Child Development Thailand, he informed, had changed the laws in Department in Government of Odisha under conformity with the CRPD, in India and which disability falls and presently Director Bangladesh the process was on. He said the rights General, Shipping, Government of India spoke of disabled are neglected across the world and it of his experiences at the Indian Institute of is time for joint action to be initiated by Technology of which he is an alumni. He gave Bangladesh, India and other South Asian example of the 2006 Pan IIT Meet which was Countries. handled by a 12 member team of persons with disabilities. He said that children need to be trained The Governor of Odisha Shri M.C. to create products that will sell in the market for Bhandare said a life of dignity and equal their quality and not because of charity. He said opportunity is a must for every child who has a that a directory of corporate houses and their disability and there should be no violation of their corporate social responsibility commitments for rights. These rights have been granted by the disability should be started by SMRC. Constitution of India and any violation is a heinous crime and should be dealt with a firm hand. Anuradha Mohit was conferred the Ashok Society, he said, had to change its attitude towards Hans Memorial Award 2011 by the Governor of disability and there was an urgent need to provide Odisha for her work on disability. Anuradha in a better environment for their harmonious response asked the children to dream because development. Human Rights as well as nothing could be achieved unless one dreamt. She Constitutional Rights are violated everyday. All said that there was an array of career options open sections of society should make a concerted effort to them including the highest Civil or Police to safeguard the rights of children with disabilities. Services. She gave the example of girl with a visual disability who became a management graduate with a specialization in finance and joined SEBI. There are many corporate houses who have told her that persons with disabilities do better than others. She also said that only a systematic and organized effort through institutions working together would bring about the desired change in Lenin Mohanty, Editor, Orissa Review, Information & society as far as persons with disabilities are Public Relations Department, Government of Odisha, concerned. Bhubaneswar.

The future is purchased by the present. - Samuel Johnson

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From Orissa to Odisha (1936 - 2011)

1936 - (1st April) Orissa became a separate province 1937 - First Orissan Ministry formed 1938 - (25th March) Gandhi came to Orissa - Gandhi attended Gandhi Sevasangh Annual Session at Berboi, Delang in district. - Baji Rout died in police firing 1939 - (5th August) Subash Chandra Bose visited Cuttack - Jaiprakash Narayan visited Cuttack - (4th November) Congress Ministry in Orissa resigned - Major General Bezelgate attacked and killed at Ranpur of the then - Netaji visited Orissa - Endowment Commission started functioning - Rabindranath Tagore visited Puri 1940 - Orissa Theatre founded by Kali Charan Patnaik at Cuttack - edited by Prof. Artaballav Mohanty 1941 - Raghu Dibakar hanged in connection with Bezelgate murder 1942 - Lunia killing, nine people died in police firing - 29 people died at Eram in police firing 1943 - Oriya songs transmitted for the first time from Calcutta Radio Station - Eminent Communist leader Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi died - started functioning at Cuttack 1944 - K.C.Narayan Gajapati, the Prime Minister of Orissa resigned on 30th June.

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1945 - 50 British Air Force aeroplanes bombed over village Mayagaon near Rengoon on 12th February on a Azad Hind Fauz Camp, killing Oriya soldiers, mostly hailing from Ganjam area. - From July new colleges at Balasore, Sambalpur and Puri were started. Rajendra College, Bolangir was started by R.N. Singhdeo, the Maharaja of Bolangir with Intermediate Arts Classes. 1946 - (29th January) Gandhi came to Orissa - Foundation stone of Hirakud Dam laid by Sir Hawthrone Lewis, Governor of Orissa. - Central Rice Research Institute established at Cuttack 1947 - made a daring flight to Indonesia to bring Indonesian Leaders - Princely States merged with Orissa 1948 - Foundation stone for New Capital of Orissa laid at Bhubaneswar - All India Radio, Cuttack founded - High Court at Cuttack founded 1949 - Capital of Orissa shifted from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar - Bolangir district formed 1950 - Orissa Territorial map with 13 districts published 1951 - , the Prime Minister of India reached Jharsuguda on 13th December on visit to Orissa. 1952 - Biju Patnaik donated an amount of 1,000 pound to UNESCO to institute the Kalinga Prize. - Both Oriya and English language introduced in Orissa Government transactions 1953 - Rourkela Steel Plant founded 1954 - Agriculture College established at Bhubaneswar - Official Language Act passed in Orissa Assembly to introduce Oriya in official work. 1955 - Bhoodan lands distributed among the landless people of Orissa 1956 - Burla Engineering College established - Prajamandal leader Sarangadhar Das died - Construction of Rourkela Steel Plant began

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1957 - Hirakud Dam inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru - Orissa Sahitya Academy established - Similipal Forest declared as National Park - President of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad laid the foundation stone of Museum building at Bhubaneswar. 1958 - Mihir Sen of Cuttack crossed the English Channel - Dandakaranya Development Project constituted 1959 - Orissa State Government established Lalitkala Academy - Veer Surendra Sai Medical College at Burla started 1960 - Orissa State Archieves established at Bhubaneswar - Nandankanan Zoological Park established - Blind school established at Bhubaneswar - First volume of Gyanamandal under the editorialship of Shri published. 1961 - Orissa State Legislative Assembly building inaugurated - Rourkela Engineering College started 1962 - Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone of Paradeep Port - Sainik School at Bhubaneswar established - Construction of Express Highway connecting from Daitari to Paradeep began - Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology established 1963 - Russian Cosmonauts Valentina Terescova visited Orissa - Utkal University building inaugurated 1964 - Jawaharlal Nehru laid foundation stone of Thermal Power Station at Talcher 1965 - Village Chaukidari System abolished. 1966 - Biswanath Das became President of Bharat Loksevak Mandal after the death of Lal Bahadur Sastry, the Prime Minister of India. 1967 - & Sambalpur University established - Pandit Nilakantha Das died 1968 - Sambalpur University was inaugurated by the President of India on 5th January. Freedom Fighter and Litereteur was honoured with the Padmabhusan title.

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1969 - V.V.Giri became President of India on 24th August. 1970 - A regional party named was formed by Biju Patnaik. 1971 - Sri University established at Puri - Acharya Harihar Das passed away - Lance Naik Albert Ekka posthumously awarded highest Gallantry Award Param Veer Chakra for his heroic deeds in Bangaladesh War. 1972 - Severe cyclonic storm hit Orissa Coast 1973 - Cuttack-Paradeep Railway line opened for Traffic - Foundation stone laid for Naval Training Centre at Chilika 1974 - Maharaja Narayan Dev passed away 1975 - Dr. J. V. Bolton felicitated by Orissa Sahitya Academy for his thesis on ‘Vyas Kabi Fakir Mohan Senapati’. - Salt Water Crocodile Research Centre established at Dangamal of Bhitarkanika 1976 - The State Government made an Act called “The Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act-1976" to free bonded labourers. 1977 - Foundation stone laid for Fishery Research Centre at Kausalyaganga 1978 - Terrible Tornado hit Bandhagoda village of Keonjhar district - Foundation stone laid for Upper Indravati Project 1979 - Sarala Puraskar founded by IMFA Public Charitable Trust 1980 - Prince Charles of England visited Orissa - Biju Patnaik conferred as ‘Bhoomi Putra’ title by Indonesian Government 1981 - NALCO established at Angul 1982 - Annual Conference of the Indian Road Congress was held at Bhubaneswar on 23rd December. 1983 - Dr. H.K.Mahatab received the Kendriya Sahitya Academy Award for his essay collection “Gaan Mazjlis”. 1984 - Foundation stone laid by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for Ordnance Factory at Saintala in Balangir district. - OREDA set up at Bhubaneswar - Ex-Chief Minister of Orissa Shri Nabakrushna Choudhury died - Ex-Chief Minister of Orissa Shri Biswanath Das died

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- Foundation stone laid for Talcher-Sambalpur Railway line - Ex-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi addressed her last public meeting at Bhubaneswar. - Orissa Science Academy established 1985 - Eminent Sarvodaya leader & Bhoodan leader Rama Devi passed away - First State level Lok Adalat held at Cuttack 1986 - Noted Editor of ‘Gyanamandal’ Vinod Kanungo received Padmashree Award - Foundation stone laid for Pathani Samant Planetarium at Bhubaneswar 1987 - Ex-Chief Minister of Orissa Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab passed away - Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium at Cuttack inaugurated 1987 - Harekrushna Mahatab State Library at Bhubaneswar inaugurated - Sachidananda Routray received Gyanapitha Award 1988 - His Holiness Dalailama visited Orissa - Cuttack Door Darshan Kendra started newscast in Oriya 1989 - Bhubaneswar Stock Exchange started functioning - Foundation stone laid for IB-Thermal Electrical Project - Millennium Ceremony of Cuttack City inaugurated - Rabi Ray elected as Speaker of - First test of Ballistic Missile test-fired from Chandipur 1990 - Justice Ranganath Mishra sworn in as Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India 1991 - Eminent litterateur Kalindi Charan Panigrahi passed away - Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam constituted by Government of Orissa 1992 - Freedom Fighter Rajkrishna Bose passed away 1993 - Eminent Singer Balkrishna Das passed away - Thirteen districts of Orissa re-organised and number increased to thirty 1994 - Similipal Reserve Forest declared Biosphere by Government of India - Justice G.T. Nanavati sworn in as Chief Justice of Orissa High Court 1995 - Indonesia awarded their highest National title “BINTANG JASUTTAM” to Biju Patnaik.

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1996 - Navakalevara Festival of Lord Jagannath was celebrated at Puri. 1997 - Ex-Chief Minister Biju Patnaik passed away - Eminent Archaeologist Dr. Satya Narayan Rajguru died - Eminent Oddissi Dancer Sanjukta Panigrahi died 1998 - Radhanath Rath, Editor of ‘Samaj’ passed away - Social worker Malati Choudhury passed away - Kalinga Stadium at Bhubaneswar inaugurated - Talcher-Sambalpur Railway opened for Traffic - 3rd SAARC Jamboree held at Khurda 1999 - Ballistic Missile Agni-II test-fired from Chandipur - Fakir Mohan University at Balasore and Uttar Orissa University at Baripada started functioning. - Severe super cyclone devastated the Orissa Coast in the month of October - Kujanga Gandhi Narayan Birabar Samanta died - M. M. Rajendran sworn in as Governor of Orissa 2000 - Naveen Patnaik sworn in as the Chief Minister of Orissa on 5th March - Utkal University of Culture inaugurated - Freedom Fighter Chintamani Panigrahi passed away - Foundation stone laid for Oil Refinery at Paradeep - Government of Orissa introduced Professional Tax - Second World Oriya Conference held at Rourkela - Severe drought in Orissa 2001 - Severe flood in Orissa 2002 - Severe drought in Orissa 2003 - Justice Sujit Burman Roy became the Chief Justice of Orissa High Court - Severe flood in Orissa. - Renowned poet Binod Nayak passed away on 15.11.2003 2004 - Padmashree award to Indian hockey defender Dilip Tirkey, Nrutya Maguni Charan Das & Dramatist Manoranjan Das. - Dr. Prafulla Mohanty nominated for Kendra Sahitya Academy Award. - Doyen of Dance Kelucharan Mahapatra passed away on 7.4.2004.

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- Rupa Mishra an Oriya lady became the I.A.S. topper on 7.5.2004. - Naveen Patnaik sworn in as the Chief Minister of Orissa for the second term on 16.5.2004. - Pioneer of Modern Oriya literature Padmashree Sachi Routray passed away on 21.8.2004. - Poet Guru Prasad Mohanty passed away on 26.8.2004. - Eminent poet Purnananda Dani passed away. - Short-story writer, novelist and essayist Kishori Charan Das passed away. - Dr. Subas Pani joined as Chief Secretary of Orissa on 1.9.2004. - Ex-Chief Minister of Orissa Sri passed away on 4.10.2004. - Shri Rameshwar Thakur sworn in as the new Governor of Orissa on 17.11.2004. 2005 - BJD, MLA & Dy. Chief Whip Shri Sankarsan Naik passed away in a road accident. - Mining Cess Policy introduced. - Renowned litterateur, essayist and critic of Oriya literature Chintamani Behera passed away on 7.3.2005. - Retired Judge and well cultured personality Justice Naba Kumar Das passed away on 11.3.2005. - Financial Accountability bill passed by Orissa Legislative Assembly. - Introduction of VAT. - Right to Information Act implemented in the State alongwith constitution of State Information Commission on 20.10.2005 - Edu-Sat project inaugurated. - Hon'ble President of India's two day visit to Orissa (26th & 27th December). 2006 - Government of Orissa enters into an MOU with Creative Ports Pvt. Ltd. for setting up a port at Kirtania in Balasore district - Vedanta Foundation signs agreement to set up Vedanta University in Puri district. - Foundation stone of Sports Academy laid by Chief Minister - Portrait of legendary leader Biju Patnaik unveiled in the Central Hall of Parliament.

16 November - 2011 Orissa Review

- President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam lays foundation stone of International Institute of Information Technology at Gothapatna near Bhubaneswar. - Gopabandhu Gramin Yojana inaugurated. - Biju KBK Yojana initiated - Former Chief Minister Smt. passed away. - Three-tier Panchayt Elections held. - Mittal-Arcelor signs MOU to set up a steel plant in Orissa. 2007 - The Orissa Tableau exhibited at the Republic Day - 2007 at New Delhi adjudged as the best in the whole country. - Ashok Ganguly became Hon'ble Chief Justice of Orissa High Court. - Prabodh Trikey selected as the Captain of Indian Hockey Team. - Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare sworn in as Governor of Orissa. - Commemoration of 150th year anniversary of 1st war of Indian Independence at Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel Hall, Old Assembly. 2008 - Police Commissionerate in twin city of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack commenced. - Kalpana Das brought glory to the State by climbing Everest mountain. - Saheed Pramod Satapathy posthumously conferred with country's prestigious gallantry award 'Ashok Chakra' - New Agriculture Policy - 2008 introduced in the State. 2009 - Shri Naveen Patnaik took over charge as Chief Minister of Orissa for the 3rd consecutive term. - Ms. Padmini Rout (Chess Player) selected for Ekalavya Award. - Eminent Historian Dr. M.N. Das passed away. - Janaki Ballav Pattnaik received 'Atibadi Jagannath' award. - Ignace Tirkey conferred with prestigious Arjun award. - 'Prince Dance Group' from Ganjam adjudged best in India's Got Talent. 2010 - 15th National Youth Festival organised at Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneswar. - Eminent Singer Dr. Raghunath Panigrahi, Hockey Player Ignace Tirkey, Guru Mayadhar Raut selected for Padmashree Award. Renowned Heart Surgeon Dr. Ramakanta Panda conferred with Padma Bhusan Award. - K. Ravi Kumar won the Gold Medal in the Weightlifting Event at the Commonwealth Games.

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- Noted devotional Singer Bhikari Bal, popularly known as "Bhajan Samrat" passed away. - Bill passed in Lok Sabha changing the name Orissa to Odisha and Oriya to Odia. - Orissa Rowers Pratima Puhana and Pramila Prava Minz made the State proud by bagging the Bronze Medal in ASIAD GAMES. - Chief Minister confers Biju Patnaik Award on eminent Scientists Dr. Kulamani Parida and Dr. Rajanikant Chowdhury. 2011 - On March 24, 2011 Rajya Sabha passed the Bill to change the name of our state from Orissa to 'Odisha' and amendment in the Constitution to rename Oriya language as Odia. - On November 1, 2011 the Govt. of India came out with the Gazetee Notification on the passing of the Orissa (Alteration of name) Bill, 2010 and the Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill by the Parliament. The Gazettee Notification mentioned that the change of names came into effect from the 1st of November 2011. - Orissa is 'Odisha' now and its language Oriya is 'Odia'. Odisha Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik has expressed his gratitude to H.E. the President Smt. Prativa Devi Singh Patil for giving her concent to the Orissa (Alteration of name) Bill, 2010.

Nobody can become perfect by merely ceasing to act. – Bhagavad Gita

18 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Maritime Trade and Orissa

Kailash Chandra Dash

I Das and many other Oriya literary texts of the late medieval period provide unmistakable Maritime trade which was responsible for evidence on the maritime trade and the ship enrichment of the Orissan people in the early and building activities in early and medieval phase. The medieval period is a significant aspect of the study festivals and fasts of the Oriya people also contain of the socio-economic history of Orissa.Overseas an interesting account of the shipping activities of trade is an important element of the Orissan the ancient Orissan merchants. Numerous traditional accounts. Archaeological remains in references to sea-voyages can be found in the Orissa as well as the vast literary texts of the early stories and tales that have come down to us from and medieval phase provide the evidence on the antiquity. Religious observances which have spectacular maritime activities of the merchants passed into the bone and marrow of the people of Orissa. A close study of the art and the are of a more substantial nature and afford more architectural remains of Orissa also provide an reliable proofs of sea-voyages. Unmarried girls interesting linkage of the people of Orissa in early of all castes to this day perform a vrata called medieval phase with the different regions of the Khudurukuni Osha on Sundays in the month of world. On the basis of these evidences an attempt Bhadra. The brata is in honour of Goddess has been made in this paper to provide an account Mangala who fulfils all desires. In the story portion of the seafaring activities of the merchants of of the worship there is a pathetic tale of Tapoi,the Orissa in early and medieval phase. daughter of a merchant. The prevalence of the II story throughout Orissa and its incorporation in the worship of unmarried girls show that sea The folklore and popular sayings about voyages were at one time a common aspect in the sea voyages of the merchants of Orissa in the the land. There is no such bratakatha in the past have been presented by the nationalist worship of unmarried girls in Bengal. The worship historians in the first phase of the 20th century was well known in the late medieval period. It is A.D.(Roy 1932:49-73:Kar 1931:1-32:Shasmal also customary in every household in Orissa to 1946:Singh 1929/1964) The Oriya paint with fine rice dust(Muruja) or rice paste an of in the 15th-16th century image of a sailing ship in the inner courtyard of A.D.,Prastava Sindhu of the poet Dinakrishna the house in Dewali night. Early in the morning of

19 Orissa Review November - 2011 the next day the ladies put all useful articles i.e. direction is towards the South East Asian boxes of every description,utensils,pedis or cane countries. (Sasmal 1946) The sailing ships in those boxes inside the image of the ship and make their days completed their journey by the end of bandapana or obeisance to it. In days gone by, Chaitra. It was not safe for a sailing ship to breast all sailing ships used to leave the foreign ports the the high waves and storms that rage in early day after Dewali in the month of Karttika and summer and the rainy season. Such a ceremony ladies used to make their bandapana to the ships is not observed in any part of Bengal. Its before they started. They waved lights before observance in Orissa continuously is a definite them, blew their conch before the ships. The sea proof of the maritime activity of the Oriyas in days voyages have long been abandoned and people past. The sky-lamp(akasha dipa) which is lighted now-a-days cannot see a sailing ship on their in the month of Karttika by the ladies in Orissa is behalf. Fishing crafts and ferry boats are all that an indication of good will for the sailing ships of can be seen now in the rivers and sea-coasts of the Orissan merchants. They were in days past Orissa. But the old idea that sea voyages and called bidaya bati (Farewell lamps) for the overseas trade brought wealth to the family still Orissan merchants sailing in the high seas. On persists and ladies now-a-days make their Karttika Purnima day colourful handmade boats bandapana to the painted image of a sailing ship are floated on the tanks and rivers by the Oriyas in their own courtyard on the day the ships used and this observance is a recollection of the to start for voyages. This is the belief that the maritime activities of the Orissan merchants of the performance of this ceremony ensures wealth and past. plenty to the family. When a ship came back after The kaibarttas or Kewats of Orissa form finishing its voyage the ladies of the household an interesting part of the Orissan maritime hurried to it and performed their usual bandapana tradition. They inhabit in large numbers on the before the men and cargo disembarked on the entire sea-board from the river Suvarnarekha to shore. The day of starting was fixed; but there Puri. A section of Kewats is called Boitial Kewats was no fixity of the day of return which varied whose occupation is that of sailors in sea-going according to the nature of business that the ships vessels, the word being invariably used for had to in its particular voyage. Consequently the sea-going ships. The caste legend of the Kewats bandapana after return could not be reduced into throws a good deal of light on their occupation as a semi-religious ceremony in which the fixity of sailors in sea-going vessels. (Roy 1932:60- the date itself was always an essential factor. 62)The full moon of the month of Chaitra was a Sailing ships in those days started the day after great day of the Kewats. The full moon of the Diwali in the month of Karttika when the South month of Chaitra was about the time when sea Western Monsoon Waves(Dakshina Pashchima voyages became very dangerous and all sailing Mausumi Vayu) leaves the Bay of Bengal. Its ships used to return home. The Chaitra full moon place is filled up by the Noth Eastern Monsoon was thus the beginning of a few months of happy Waves(Uttara-Purva Mausumi Vayu). This leisure after the cares and worries in the sea. The month was favourable for ship voyage to the south. Kewats still celebrate this occasion for the The waves change their motion after crossing of the ship. A priest is called to perform Vishuva Rekha. Hence the Orissan ships move the worship of the ship on that occasion. The root to north-west instead of north-east and the used on the occasion has in it the root

20 November - 2011 Orissa Review mantra of , the goddess of wealth and contain many traditional accounts relating to the plenty. The very tenor of the worship goes to sea-faring enterprise of the Oriyas. The history show that the people in days past understood the of the ancient shrine of Varga Bhima, a goddess intimate connection of sea voyages and overseas standing on Siva with four hands like Kali in the trade with good fortune. Apart from this annual Tamralipti zone is associated with a sea-going worship the goddess Mangala is believed to merchant of fame who is still sung in popular reside permanently at the prow of a sailing ship ballads. In north Balasore near about Mirgada which is always kept clean by the sailors whether the shrine of Lankeswari is associated with the ship is sailing ,anchoring at the harbour or is maritime pride. The lower portion of her body is out on the high sea. Her function is to save the buried in sand. Mariners who passed this coast ship from the perils of the sea. In all sea-going by ships promised pujas to her on their safe return ships of early period it was customary to keep a home and some of them touched the shore and lamp burning at the prow in honour of Mangala. offered puja to her to ensure a prosperous If she was pleased with the conduct of the sailors, voyage. The temple of Gada-Naikani in the ships, it was believed, would not collide with Balramgarhi at the meeting spot of Burabalanga a sunken hill or a treacherous sand bar. If by any and the sea and the at Kakatpur chance she was angry with the sailors, the ship in Puri district were well connected with Orissan was sure to come to grief. There was actually no seafaring activities. The shrine of Digavarini near image of Mangala at the prow of the ship, not Chitrotpala zone in the present district of even a symbolical representation by a ghata or Jagatsinghpur is an interesting seat of maritime an earthen pot. The sign of Swastika or good luck trade. painted in red vermillion at the prow was the symbol of the goddess.There was always a greater From the phase of the establishment of danger at the prow of a sailing ship than at the the Maurya rule in India in 4th century B.C. till other end and superstition naturally assigned the 14-15th century A.D. Kalinga was considered goddess Mangala a permanent seat there who as an important maritime kingdom which had saw to the safety of the ship more than the sailors seafaring activities. The illustrious Maurya king themselves with their frail owners of observation. Ashoka could not tolerate the maritime supremacy of Kalinga for which he had to wage a bloody The Oriya poet Sarala Das in the Sabha war. Lama Taranath,a Tibetan historian,could Parva section of his Mahabharata refers to appreciate this economic aspect of the Kalinga kaivarta Nrupati(a chief of the Kaibartas) in war of the Maurya king Ashoka when he stated connection with the making of Suvarna Boita. It that the Nagas had stolen away the jewels from indicates that in days past the Orissan Ashoka at which the emperor became angry and ships() were also built of metallic conquered the territory of the nagas.(Thapar objects.(Dash 2001:19)In the pre-Sarala Das 1983:36) Eggermont has been inclined to identify phase(before 15th century A.D) there were the Nagas with the sea-faring people of Kalinga places in coastal Orissa which were associated and the conquest of their territory has been with boat or ship making. The existence of boita explained by him as the conquest of Kudas near the sea-shore areas of Orissa Kalinga.(Ibid). It is possible to speculate that for confirms our suggestion. Temples and shrines on some years the independence enjoyed by the the sea port areas from Tamralipti to Chilika Kalingan merchants in the whole bed of the

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Eastern Sea coast was gone and under Mauryan 1981:9:Sarkar 1986:231-233) It is also supervision the Kalingan oceanic routes were supported by Periplus tes Exo Thalasses, occupied by others. But in the post-Mauryan compiled by Marcianus of Heraclea(A.D. 250- period there was a spectacular rise of Kalinga as 500) which states about Apheterion as a place a maritime power from the period of from which all those navigating to Khryse Mahameghavahana Kharavela. A tradition leave.(Ibid.) The term Khryse denotes different recorded in the Rajabhoga of Madalapanji parts of South East Asia like Khryse Nesos refers to Bhoja as a king of Orissa and he was (Suvarna dvipa), Khryse Khora (Suvarnabhumi) associated with maritime activities. (Tripahty and Khryse Khersonesus. These areas have now 1930: 211-215) Orissan historian Narayana been identified with the modern states of Tripathy has identified this Bhojaraja of the Sumatra,Java,Indonesia,Thaton and Pegu in Madalapanji with king Kharavela. (Ibid.) Burma and parts of Malay peninsula. As stated Although more reliable evidences are not with us by Marcianus one of the main points of departure to testify the veracity of the statement of Tripathy from India for ships bound for South East Asia we cannot deny the possibility of his support to was located on near the coast of Southern Orissa revive the maritime activities of the merchants of in the early centuries of the Christian era. I like to Kalinga which had received considerable set- identify Apheterion with a site near the Chilika back during the Maurya rule. We have only one zone. (Dash 1999 :11-16) Manikyapatana was record like the Hatigumpha inscription which another important trading centre of early and describes a part of the life and achievements of medieval Orissa. It is within the zone of Chilika Kharavela and it describes the maritime and is now included in the Brahmagiri zone. An significance of Kalinga before Kharavela. After excavation conducted by Orissan institute of the discovery of other evidences about the great Maritime and South East Asian Studies (located king we can have detailed information about the at Bhubaneswar) reveals the existence of a port economic activities of his period. However from in the area of Manikyapatna in ancient time. the reign of Kharavela Kalinga witnessed a real (Pradhan 1991:8-10; Behera 1994; Tripathy grand phase of maritime trade which began to 2002:36-37) The archaeological excavation has languish only in the later medieval period. brought to light rouletted ware fragments of amphora etc. indicating contact with Roman III empire in the early centuries of the Christian era. The discovery of Celadone ware indicates trade From the beginning of the Christian era contact of this zone with China. Hence the people till the end of the Somavamsi period before 12th of this region had an important link with overseas century A.D. there started intense maritime trade and commerce. activities of the Orissan merchants. It led to the establishment of trading centres and colonisation Important ports on the coasts of Kalinga in the Far east and Malayesia. Different ports and Utkala in the early phase were became active during this phase. The Tamralipti,Chelitalo and Palaura. Hiuen Geographike Huphegesis of Ptolemy refers to Tsang(Xuanzang) ,the famous Chinese Buddhist Palaura(located in Ganjam district) and the mouth pilgrim, refers to the city of Chelitalo(Zhe-li-dalo) of the river Manada() as the important near the sea shore in Odra which was a zones of maritime activities. (Mukherji thoroughfare and resting place for sea-going

22 November - 2011 Orissa Review traders and strangers from the distant lands. zone which is still well known. But he does not (Watters 1973:190-94) It has been identified by refer to Chilika which is described in another name A.Cunningham with Charitrapura and according called Jalakhanda Visaya. It indicates that even to him it was identical with the present town of in the 12th century A.D. the name of Chilika was Puri. (Tripathy 2002:34-36) Waddel identified it not applicable to that zone. There is a reference with Nendra on the bank of Chitrotpala, a tributary to Chilika in a palm-leaf manuscript entitled of the river Mahanadi in the district of Brahmanda Purana which was found in a house Kendrapara. (Ibid) A.P.Pattnaik identified it with of Brahmin in Bhubaneswar and this reference Chhatragarh near Chilika zone. (Pattnaik tempted late Birupakshya Kar and Radhacharan 1988:Behera 1992:1-5) The most important point Panda to locate Chilika in the 10th and 11th for identification of this port has been given by century A.D. (Kar 1931:7-8; Panda 1934:219) H.P.Ray who states that it is identical with Chilika This manuscript was collected from the house of tala. (Ray 1997:3) Ray states; I think dalo is tala Madhusudan Mishra of Bhubaneswar and it was which means lake in India. In that case Zheli may believed to have been compiled between perhaps represent Chili of Chilika in which case A.D.1568-1600. (Panda:219-220) The verse the word will be Chilika tala( the lake Chilika). referring to Chilika in Brahmanda Purana of (Ibid.) Bhubaneswar was interpolated as the verse has not been stated in any other manuscript of This interpretation can now be rejected Brahmanda Purana. Thus the reference to by the following arguments. Chilika in the Bhubaneswar manuscript can be datable to 16th century when the term was well 1. During the visit of Xuan zang in the 7th known in Orissa. Therefore Chilika as the name century A.D. Chilika zone was not within Odra of the zone was unknown in Orissa during the country and it was then in Kongoda. (Behera time of the Chinese pilgrim. 1982:13-24).The Chinese pilgrim has stated about Zheli-dalo in connection with Odra. 3. The Chinese rendering of the term as Interestingly the same pilgrim also refers to the Charitrapura has not been totally rejected by geographical location of Kongoda after Odra. H.P.Ray. According to Ray this identification is Hence Zheli-dalo cannot be located in Chilika tenuous. In fact the port indicated by the Chinese zone. pilgrim might have lost its name in the medieval period. Its disappearance due to some reasons 2. According to Ray Zheli-dalo is the leads to the difficulty of its exact location. On the Chinese rendering of Chilika tala. In the 7th other hand the term may indicate Charitra or century A.D. the name of the place was definitely Chitra and it can be located within the Odra zone not Chilika. Chilika appears to be used after 14th which during the time of the Chinese pilgrim did century A.D.. An inscription of Narasimha temple not extend upto Chilika zone. The port has to be in the inner compound of Jagannath temple of the located somewhere in the Puri-Konarka or near period of Chodaganga of the Ganga dynasty (12th Chitrotpala zone adjacent to the sea. century A.D.) refers to Chilika as Jalakhanda Visaya in which was situated the village Maluda. There were many other maritime zones (Rajaguru 1992:60) The composer of the verses in Orissa in early and medieval phase. of the inscription refers to Maluda of the Chilika Khalkattapatna in Puri district has been excavated

23 Orissa Review November - 2011 by the Excavation Branch-IV of the sea routes to different lands for seafaring trade. Archaeological Survey of India. (Sinha 1999:176) The adventurous mariners continued to have It was situated 11 kms. east of Konarka and is commercial, socio-cultural and political relations located on the left bank of the river Kushabhadra with South East Asian countries. which falls into the Bay of Bengal 3 kms. to the north east. Excavations at Khalkattapatna(1984) IV revealed a brick jelly floor which might have The sculptural decoration in early and served as loading-unloading platform. Pottery medieval Orissa definitely refers to the contact of recovered from the excavations consisted of the Orissan merchants with the lands beyond the Chinese celadon ware, Chinese porcelain with seas. A study of the art of the Khandagiri- blue floral designs on white background, egg white glazed ware and glazed chacolate ware all of the Udayagiri caves reveals the use of West Asian Arabian origin. The most important finds from decorative elements such as honey suckle, excavations were fragmentary Chinese circular acanthus, stepped merons, winged animals copper coins datable to 14th century A.D. This etc..(Behera 1999:165) Some of the pilasters indicates the existence of a port in this zone in facing the doorways of the cave of gumpha early phase. have ghata-bases ornamented in the Hellenistic fashion, very similar in treatment to vessels found Two other important maritime zones were from excavations in Western India. (Ibid.) A Simhapura and Dantapura. Dantapura as a trading yavana guard is shown on the left pilaster of the zone was a celeberated centre for danta(the tusks cave in the upper storey of the Rani gumpha. The of elephants) and the centre has to be located kilted foreigner is in boots and wears a fillet on somewhere in Ganjam-Vishakhapatnam area. the forehead, while a sheathed sword hangs from (Dash 1989:1-6) Orissa in the early phase was a the left side. The huge Bell Capital from famous centre for manufacturing and selling of the Bhubaneswar imitated from Ashoka columns also hasti-dantas. (Ibid.) The popularity of hasti- shows West Asian motifs in its danta(teeth of elephants) in Kalinga in the early ornamentation.(Ibid.) Representations of boats in medieval phase has also been stated in the account the temple art of Orissa, as at Bhubaneswar, Puri of the Arabian merchant Sulaiman whose account and Konarka indicate the importance attached entitled Salsilatu-t Tawarikh of A.D.851 refers to water transport. Comparative studies of to the elephant teeth in Kiranj or Kalinga. Buddhist art of Orissa with that in South-east Asia (Dowson 1867:5-6) The location of Simhapura show several common elements and striking of the Ceylonese tradition on the sea-coast of affinities. (Ibid;169) The Buddha heads from Orissa has to be decided in order to find an Ratnagiri, Lalitagiri and Udayagiri and those from interesting link of the maritime activities of the central Java share common traits of massive form, Kalinga merchants of the pre-Ashokan phase. sensitive modelling and spiritual expressions. The There are abundant evidences regarding the Javanese Boddhisattvas from Mendut emergence of Kalingan settlements in the South have their attributes placed on long lotuses in the East Asian countries in early times. (Tripathy style distinctive of the Lalitigiri figures of Orissa. 2000:44-53) There were many factors which led The representation of Jiraffe, an African animal in to the expansion of Kalingan culture across the the temple art of Konarka suggests contact with seas. The ports of Kalinga had opened different Arab merchants who might have been

24 November - 2011 Orissa Review commissioned to bring this animal from Africa to away the erstwhile commercial advantages of the eastern coast.(Behere;168) It is interesting to ancient Kalingan ports and towns.(ibid.) Despite note that an ivory comb(dated between Ist-3rd that the sailors, merchants and traders of Kalinga century A.D.) has been recovered from Chansen in early and medieval period contributed in Central Thailand. The Srivatsa motif on it is substantially to the mainstream of Indian overseas analogous to the motif found in the art of trade and expansion of Indian maritime culture. Khandagiri, Udayagiri caves. Later on Srivatsa The flourishing ports and the enterprise of Kalinga motif became fairly common in coins from OCEO merchants played a leading role in overseas in Vietnam at Arakan.(Ibid.) activities for economic progress and for political and cultural interactions. (Tripati :117) The V maritime traditions of the Oriyas have been Between 2nd and 4th centuries A.D. preserved in the legends and cultural institutions Orissa had direct maritime contact with South- of the present day Orissa. The Tapoi festival and east Asia. The importance given to sea trade with the Bali Yatra, Khudarkuni Osha and Boita South-east Asia was partly the result of the Bandana of Karttika Purnima are commemorative extension of the inland and inter-regional trade traditions of ancient Kalingan maritime heritage. and commerce and predominantly the outcome Reference of the rising demand in the West for spices. It is likely that the Orissan middlemen merchants took 1. Behera, K.S.,(1992), “Glimpses of the Maritime advantage of this situation and involved Activities of Kalinga”, Orissa Review, themselves in the spices trade, especially the trade Bhubaneswar, Vol.XLIX, No.IV, p.1-5. in cloves.(Behera:166) The existence of an 2. Behera, K.S.,(1994),”Maritime Contacts of Orissa- Apheterion, point of departure to South-east Asia Literary and Archaeological Evidence”, Utkala must have facilitated voyages to South-east Asia Historical Research Journal, Vol.V, Bhubaneswar. for trade in ivory and cloves. Orissan trade seems 3. Behera, K.S., (1999), ed.Maritime Heritage of to have declined in the post-Gupta period, India, New Delhi. although cultural contacts with other countries 4. Behera, S.C.,(1982), Rise and Fall of the such as Sri Lanka, China, Indochina etc. Sailodbhavas,Calcutta,p.13-24. continued. (Behera:166) Again the active role of 5. Dash, Kailash Chandra,(1999),”Dantapura and Orissa in the maritime trade is witnessed from the Puspagiri”, Journal of Orissan History, Vol.IX, 11th to 14th century A.D. The material evidence p.1-15. from the excavations of Manikpatna adds 6. Dash, Kailash Chandra, (1999),” Apheterion of considerably to our understanding of the overseas Periplus”, Studies in India‘s Maritime Trade contacts of Orissa in the medieval period. Sila Through the Ages, ed. Amitabh Mukherji, Institute Tripati has pointed out some probable natural of Historical Studies, Calcutta. causes for the decline of ancient ports of Orissa. 7. Dash, Kailash Chandra,(2001), “Odisara (Tripati 2000 :112) Natural factors like tectonic Nauvanijya”(in Oriya),Bahitra(Chandbali Pujya movement, coastal sedimentation, development Puja Sansad), Chandabali,p.19-21. of sand dunes in the navigational channels, change 8. Dowson, John, (1867) The History of India as told of river course, flood, cyclone, sea level by its Historians, Vol.I, Trubner and Co., London, fluctuations etc. played a crucial role for taking p.5-6.

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9. Kara Birupakshya, (1931), “Maritime Activities in 18. Shasmal, Narayana, (1946), “Prachina Utkalara the Ancient Utkala”, The Prachi, Vol.I, part-II, p.1- Nauvanijya” (in Oriya), Nabeen (Oriya Weekly 32, Cuttack. from Brahmapur), Ist October. 10. Panda, Radha Charan, (1934), “Chilikara Prachina 19. Sarkar, H.B., (1986), Trade and Commercial Abastha” (in Oriya), Sahakara (Oriya Monthly Activities of Southern India in the Malayo- Magazine), Vol.15, No.3, p.219. Indonesian World, Vol.I, Calcutta. 11. Pattnaik, A.P., (1988), “Bismrita, Bilupta Chelitalo 20. Sinha, B.K., (1999), “Maritime Activities of the Bandara” (in Oriya), The Sambad, Sunday, 17th Kalingas and the New Light thrown by the July, Bhubaneswar. Excavations at Khalkatapatna”, Maritime Heritage of India, ed. K.S.Behera, p.172-178, New Delhi. 12. Pradhan, Devraj, (1991), “Manikapatna : Ancient Port City on Chilika”, Kalingas, The Brave, 21. Thapar, Romila, (1983), Ashoka and the Decline Souvenir, Bhubaneswar. of the Mauryas, New Delhi. 13. Roy, Satindra Narayana, (1932),”The Sea in the 22. Tripathy, Narayana, (1930), “Kharavela and the Folklore of Orissa”, The Prachi, Vol.II, No.I,p.49- Madalapanji”, Journal of Bihar Orissa Research 73,Cuttack. Society, Vol.XVI, p.211-215. 14. Rajaguru, S.N., (1992), Inscriptions of the Temples 23. Tripati Sila, (2000), Maritime Archaeology, of Puri and Origin of Sri Purusottama Historical Descriptions of the Seafarings of the Jagannatha, Vol.I, Sri Vihar, Puri. Kalingas, New Delhi. 15. Ray, H.P., (1997), “Orissa in the Chinese Historical 24. Watters, T., (1973), On Yuan Chwang‘s Travels in Records”, The Utkala Pradipa, ed. K.S.Behera, India, Vol.I and II, New Delhi. Vol.I, No.I, Bhubaneswar. 16. Mukherji, B.N., (1981), “The Relevance of the Periplus to the History of Orissa”, Journal of the Orissa Research Society, Vol.I, Bhubaneswar. Kailash Chandra Dash, Reader in History, Binayak 17. Singh, Jagabandhu, (1929/1964), Prachina Acharya Govt. College, Brahmapur-6, Odisha, Utkala, Bhubaneswar. Email- [email protected].

No question is ever settled until it is settled right now. – Ella Wheeler Wilcox

26 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Navigational Landmarks in the Eastern Coast of Orissa

Dr. Ganeswar Nayak

The sea-faring people of the coast of India have shallow continental shelf of Bengal. The low traditions of navigations expertise dating back gradient of the sea floor in the inshore water make from ancient period. References are innumerable it a marked surf zone, shoals and bank at frequent about maritime and commercial tradition of the intervals. The river mouths are bar ridden and surf country. Their life long association with sea bitten. As a result, the entire coast is relatively atmosphere and cumulatively inherited craft more dangerous to approach except in known wisdom through generations have helped them to waters. build and use a package of knowledge, skill and The eastern coast of India stretching from techniques of navigation in the monsoon mouth of the River Ganga to Kanya Kumari , have dominated Indian East Coast. Zealously guarded landmarks since immemorial. Indian seafarers had within the community through oral transmission, been using important landmarks for identification those traditions cover a wider area of practical of different segment of coast and identification of navigational utility. These include knowledge of specific port location during coasting voyages as landscape and adjoining coasts, sea movement well as overseas voyages. While sailing along the including tides, waves and currents, wind, coast offshore at a visible distance from the land navigational guides, star movements in the sky etc. or while approaching the shore it was necessary Repeated empirical observations over time and to regularly identify specific landmarks. Those space have generated methodologies for were mouth of the river, the vegetation character, prediction of natural phenomena and their practical the hills in the horizon, the skyline profile or any value in open sea sailing. built up feature that stands out strikingly, like rocks, Navigational Landmarks on the Eastern bars and banks, islands or sediments like sand Coast of Orissa and mud on the sea floor. Apart from this, the visible signs of the nature of sea- life were all The geographical features of the coast and practically useful indicators. also responsible for the identification of navigational landmarks. The coast of North Orissa The East Coast has relatively fewer port is characterized by Creeks, Rivers as well as locations and also fewer identifiable landmarks. extended tidal area. The continental shelf in the This is due to the fact that the coast in the Bay of North Orissa is wide and forming a part of the Bengal is low and shelving over long distances

27 Orissa Review November - 2011 with intervening stretches of large river deltas. The Santipally Rock shore is mostly associated with plantation of It is situated about 25.6 Km to North coconut palms, alternating with belts of sand East of Bimilipatnam and distant from the coast dunes and hills. Because of this low character of is 9 Km. When there is little wind and smooth the coast and the retreat of the hill line inland away seas that shoal present no indication of broken or from the sea any cultural features, isolated hills discoloured water. Captain Biden, the late Master and topographical features stands out as useful Attendant surveyed the rock in the steamer, Vessel landmarks. As a result, the entire coast is relatively Hugh Lindasay, during fine weather. more dangerous to approach except in known waters. So navigational landmark gained When peak of Santipally is visible, it significance. provides a reliable guide to the position of the rocks .It was very important land-mark because In the Orissa Coast, there were a number it is situated at least 2000 ft. above the sea .It of coastal landmarks, which were used by presents a striking contrast to all the hills in the seamen and navigators. These landmarks include vicinity. It bears northeast from the rocks .The skyline profile, river deltas, temples and hill tips. great and little hills of the Conada close to the The coast of Orissa is said to commence beach, was seen in the day, when Santipally rock from south of Wattara extending to River Hoogly. is obscured. The light House was on the North The southern part of the coast is generally called most or little hill, which is about 1 Km from the the northern Circirs. The name of Orissa coast is beach. But in thick weather, when no well-defined used for that part further to north. landmark was discernible, then it became absolutely necessary to approach the coast Vizagpattam between Ganjam and Vizagapatam with great care It is situated in the 48 KM from Wattara. and caution. Because the change of current used The coast between Wattara and Vizagapattam is to place a vessel in impending peril close to or little curved outward, with fairly raised ground near upon the Santipally Rock. So in thick weather the sea and was bold and safe to approach. this rock should not be approached from the east Vizagapattam was also called Dolphin Nose, by night or by day. which forms the south west point of the road but Kalingapattam River it is covered under the high land when viewed from the offing. The pigeon island is situated about It is situated 21 km from E.N.E of 8 KM to the southwest. It is situated like a close Chicacole. Garah Hill is situated about 6 Km hillock and not discernible. When pigeon island inland. It had a white pagoda on its side. But it bears about North or 7 KM, the Dolphin Nose was sometimes obscured by hazy weather. While passing this point the vessels were not was clearly seen. approaching it nearer than 48 feet of water. This During the southwest monsoon small beacon was an obelisk of cut stone, with a cap vessels used to anchor in the north-eastern side standing on a pediment, 64 ft in height. The town of the Dolphin Nose. Large ships and vessels in is on the Southern bank of the river, between it the same season used to anchor to the south of and beacon. The best anchorage was in 40 to Dolphin Nose. 45 feet of water.

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Ganjam It is called the Jagat of east coast by the west coast mariners and seaman. It is situated in the latitude 19 0 22N long 85 3’.The coast between Gopalpur and Ganjam There are three circular buildings is high and distance about 5 Km from the shore. surrounded by several smaller ones. These were The town of Ganjam stands on an elevated portion of canonical forms, decreasing in diameter from of the plain, with a range of mountain in the their bases to their summits, which are crowned background. But the country to the north is low with white domes, and an ornamental globe. The and is often flooded. Ship used to anchor in the western pagoda is largest and the eastern one was road, abreast the fort or river entrance in 48 or the smallest of the three. They are situated upon 54 feet of water, about 2 Km off the shore. The the low land, well clothed with shrubs and small bottom along this part of the coast was sometimes trees. Many other white buildings stand near them, coarse sand and gravel. So it affords an indifferent of diminutive size in comparison with the largest to anchorage. From Vizagapatnam towards the pagoda. coast of Ganjam, if a vessel enters 20 to 25 Km The navigators while sailing in the Puri inside the sea, then it would get 240 to 270 feet coast observe these all nearly in one in the west of water for smooth navigation along the coast. by north when observed North West; those began Manikpattam to appear separated, when N.N.W they were It is situated at the entrance of an inlet perceived to be distinct building. or small river leading to great Chilika Lake. It The Black Pagoda (The Konark Temple) was situated 64 Km from Ganjam .The chain of The temple of Konark is another Mountain extending along the coast terminates in important navigational milestone in the eastern several hills to the north of the latter, leaving coast of India. It is called black pagoda because between them and the shore a low level of plain of reddish soil, where it fronts the sea. Ships it is made of black granite. The black pagoda sailing the coast used to approach the shore stands also at a small distance from the sea and bears from Jagannath pagoda about E by N. N. occasionally in 60 or 72 feet of water. From this place the sand bank said to project 3.2 Km. on The coast between them is rather low, with a step which the water shoals suddenly from 240 ft. of sandy beach and was approached to 60 to 72 water. So a ship or vessel should therefore, to fathoms of water. When black pagoda bears avoid it in passing by not coming under 66 or 72 N.N.E, it appears a high rock, rising abruptly at feet of water. From Manikpatnam to Puri the coast its east end in the shape of a gable end of a house. extends about E.N.E. The pagoda was situated on even, reddish land destitute of trees, and smaller and blacker than The Jagannath or Puri Pagoda Jagannath pagoda. So it was readily distinguished Cultural features have provided traditional from Puri pagoda. From Black Pagoda the navigational milestone over a long period of time. distance to the False Point is 73 km, and the In the eastern coast it gained importance because course nearly NE by E. But from black pagoda of its low plains and deltaic zones. The temple of the coast extends 20 km about E.N.E to the Lord Jagannath is familiar as an important Davy branch of the River Mahanadi, also called navigational landmark in the east coast of India. Cuttack River.

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Kujung Point the north are two sand hills. Subsequently to the It was sometimes mistaken for the false Orissa famine of 1866, this bay to the north of point, as the shore from it takes a north direction, False Point was surveyed and ships had to be forming a small concavity in the land called Kujung taken cargo of rice from Chittagong and other Bay. Here the coast is low towards the north and ports. Beacon and buoys had been laid down and this False Bay had been constituted the port of from Kujang to False bay the distance is about Cuttack. 20 Km. Navigation was possible in this part of the coast in 70 to 80 feet of water in fine weather. Point Palmiras Ships passing from Black Pagoda to False Point The local people call Point palmiras generally travel in 86 to 90 feet of water. But during Mypurra. From contiguous Sandy Island of the the unsettled weather in the night or during the Palmiras bears from the False Point about NE by wind from the seaward it was prudent not to come N distant 38 Km. The land of the palmiras is low, under 78 to 84 feet of water. Between Black and clothed with palmiras trees. On each side of Pagoda and False Point there was 240 to 270 it, at a small distance, the mouth of a river, that on feet of water near the small strait of land, which is the side is navigable by boat and small vessel. situated 25Km from the shore. While navigating the bank off the point, the trees on the land were just discernible (from aloft) in False Point 90 ft. of water, distant off 6 Km from the shore. Ships therefore hardly see the point while passing, It is situated on the north of the Mahanadi unless weather is clear, and the reef reproached River, consisting of an anchorage land locked by under 90ft of water. an island and sandbanks with two navigable channels. It derived its name from the The Palmiras Reef circumstances that the ship proceedings It is a shoal bank extended off point northwards frequently mistaken it as the point of palmiras to the distant of about 19 Km. It had a palmiras, a degree further south. channel between them leading to the entrance of The lighthouse stands about 3 Km of the the river near the point. point. The building was coloured red or reddish A ship passing through False Bay in brown with a large white star in the center and daylight, with a west wind, used to steer along at exhibits a fixed light 120 ft. above HW. Ships the discretion in 60 or 72 feet of water. During and vessels were recommended not to come the period of wind blowing from SW or S a ship under 48 feet of water for the purpose of making with a day light, after rounding the bank off point the lighthouse. palmiras, passed to the W and anchor to the north The Port of Cuttack of the bank in 60 feet, or rather less water, until the force of the wind is abated. The Light House To the north of the False point is land. that was formerly a guide to vessels rounding the The bank is False point Bay, which is all over a bank off point palmiras, had long since been safe and soft bottom of green mud, with regular undermined by sea. Therefore, in the absence depth decreasing gradually to the shore. A little landmarks the lead must be the guide to all vessels to the north of the False point, two branches of along the bank of soundings off point palmiras, the river Mahanadi fall into the sea, and further to called pilot ridge.

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Churamon Creek It bears from the entrance of the Kanika river nearly NNE. The coast between Kanika river and Churamoan creek was low and to the north of the Kanika river was flat and dry. The bay of Churinga is also called Kanika Boy. It affords good anchorage in south west torrential rain but the shore is fronted by shoal water. At Churinga creek the coast forms a curve, taking a direction from nearly N.N.E and N.E by N about 40 miles to the Balaramgurry. At the entrance of Sources- R K Mukherjee, Indian Shipping, A History the Balasore river all the coast is low, with flat of sea borne trade and Maritime of the Indians from stretching along it, on which the depth was not Earliest times, London, 1920, p.252. more than 12 or 18 ft. of water. Nilgiri Hills The Pilot Ridge : From Balasore River (Burabalang River) The pilot ridge is an extensive bank of the entire low coast is planted with trees. When soundings, stretching from Cuttack Coast towards Nilgiri Hills, situated in land to the west, were seen, the pilot station at the entrance of the Hoogly it answers good mark for a ship having occasion River. For many years there had been placed a to proceed to the anchorage.The Simhachalam light vessel which shows fixed light, on the Hills in the backdrop of Visakhapatnam, and the northeast part of the pilot ridge bank. Its distance Nilgiri Hills in the backing hinterland of Balasore was 110 Km by W from the false point lighthouse. are prominent hill features readily recognizable, She was burning a fixed light every hour, and a giving identity to the ports in the background. maroon at the intermediate half hour. A buoy was placed a little to the north of the ridge light vessel. Balasore Road A vessel after reaching the light house on It is the name general given to the the False Point should proceed to W.S.W and extensive bay formed between Point Palmiras and bring it to bear about W.S.W 15 Km distant when the bank at the entrance of the river Hoogly. It she was in 66 ft of water and then steer E.N.E, affords good anchorage to ships and vessels when the sounding was gradually increasing to125 during disturbed weather in the southwest ft of water on the eastern side of the Pilot Ridge. monsoon. During the disturbed weather of southeast monsoon ships and vessels cannot Approaching Orissa and Bengal Coast from Madras Coast round the reef off the point Palmiras. So Balasore Road enables her to anchor on the north side of it When southern wind began to dominate in smooth water. During the same weather when during the last part of the March or early part of to round the reef the ships were going to NE in the April, the weather in the Orissa coast is 84 to 90 ft. of water and then to anchor. Here generally hazy. So the weather prevents the land ships ride easier and safer then farther to the east from being discerned. It is proper for ships coming in the deep sea. to Orissa coast or Hoogly River by the strength

31 Orissa Review November - 2011 south east monsoon to fall in with the Orissa coast References to the south of Pondy. Here the land is 1. Asiatic Annual Register or a view of the considerably height. At any coast they were not History of Hindoosthan and of the politics, exceeding the Jagannath Pagoda before getting commerce and literature of Asia for the year, in with the coast. 1801, 1811. But with a commanding breeze in the 2. Horsburg J., India Directory, London, 1836. daylight the whereabout of the coast was 3. Milburn W., Oriental commerce containing a approached with safety to 72 ft. of water from geographical Description of the principal places in the East Indies, China and Japan. the shore. The northern coast of Orissa is low and sandy. It was not seen in the night. Unless a 4. Chandra Satish (ed) The Indian Ocean, exploration in History, Commerce and Politics, ship was very near, and in hazy and stormy New Delhi, 1987. weather, the boisterous of the surf on the beach was probably be the first indication of danger. It 5. Nayak, G, Development of Water Transport in Colonial Orissa (1803-1936) Post Doctoral was therefore to be vigilant in the night and not Thesis Submitted to Utkal University, to come in the night under 90 ft of water nor to Bhubaneswar, 2006, p.241. deepen above 102 ft above water as prescribed by attending to the lead and running under easy sail. The east coast possesses limited navigational landmarks. These landmarks served the useful purpose of directing navigation in the historical past of the east coast. In spite of coming lighthouse and beacons in the 19th and 20th centuries, these traditional landmarks still continue Dr. Ganeswar Nayak, At/PO-Ajodhya, Balasore-756071, to serve the interest of country craft. E-mail: [email protected].

Strong and bitter words indicate a weak cause. - Victor Hugo

32 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Kalinga and Funan : A Study in Ancient Relations

Dr. Benudhar Patra

Kalinga had maritime relationship with ancient Cambodia “Cambodia presents a conspicuous Funan (Kambuja or modern Cambodia). The example of the penetrative power of Indian kingdom of Funan roughly corresponds to civilization. The local people, the Khmers, were Cambodia proper and a part of Cochin-China at one time thoroughly Hinduised. They had and comprised the lower valley of the Mekong.1 adopted the Hindu system of administration and It was an oldest Indianised state of Indo-Chinese their political ideas were based on the study of peninsula. The capital of this kingdom, according Sanskrit books on political science like Kautilya’s to some Chinese texts, was 500 li (200 km) from Arthasastra. In religion they were thoroughly the sea. The materials for writing the history of Indian. The Brahmanical divinities gained a special Funan of the earlier period are obtained from the favour. Saivisim was the dominant religion. Chinese sources, while for the period between c. was also popular as also Buddhism 650 to c. 800 CE are gleaned from a large number though in a lesser degree. Sanskrit literature, both of inscriptions found there.2 Funan is a name sacred and secular, was widely studied. Numerous derived from the Chinese term Phnom meaning Sanskrit inscriptions have been found, showing mountain.3 The natives of Funan or Cambodia, that their authors had thorough knowledge of the called Khmers, believed that an Indian rishi or most developed rules of Sanskrit rhetoric and sage was their ancestor.4 The discovery of Indian prosody. Numerous asramas were established and Dongson style objects suggest that there was after the Hindu model and these served as so many very early Indian contact with Funan. It is generally centres for the diffusion of the ethical and spiritual believed that the civilization in Funan began with view of life so characteristic of Indian civilisation. the arrival of Indian traders5 followed by The art and architecture of Cambodia as missionaries. Funan was rich in all that Indian manifested in temples and sculptures of the country merchants were looking for and, in addition, was speak of this Indian affiliation in a very striking an ideal half-way house on the sea journey to manner”. Further, emphasising the influence of China.6 In ancient times there was tremendous Indian art on Cambodia he says, the inspiration influence of Indian culture and civilization over of Cambodian art and architecture was drawn those of Funan or Cambodia. In the word of from religious belief. Whatever cult or religious Ramranjan Das7 who has done extensive research practice, in whatever form was prevalent at on the ancient relation between India and different times in India, reached Cambodia at

33 Orissa Review November - 2011 different epochs and found expression of its have admitted the important role of Kalinga in particular form in Cambodian art and the Indianization of Southeast Asia during the early architecture8. centuries CE, none of them so far has taken notice of Kaundinya who still continue to live The origin of the kingdom of Funan, near Mahendra mountain range of Orissa which however, is shrouded in mystery. According to is very close to the sea. On the basis of this, it is K’ang T’ai, a Chinese envoy who visited Funan presumed that the Kaundinya Brahmins might in the middle of the third century CE, the first king have migrated from Mahendra mountain region of Funan was a certain Hun-t’ien, that is, of Kalinga and the port of Palur which was Kaundinya, who came either from India or from referred to by Ptolemy, the Greek geographer the Malay Peninsula or the southern islands.9 This during the 2nd century CE as an international port Chinese version of the dynastic origin of Funan could be the port from where Kaundinya has been corroborated by a Sanskrit inscription embarked for Funan. of Champa belonging to the third century CE. Though scholars agree on the point that the The main reason for the belief that the kingdom of Funan came into existence some time homeland of Kaundinya Brahmins of Funan could during the first century CE, after union of a Brahmin be Mahendra Parvata of Kalinga arises from the fact that the name of Mahendra Mountain appears named Kaundinya with the Naga Princess in the history of Funan on two important Soma(Lieu-Ye), there is considerable occasions. The History of the Southern Ch’i disagreement on the homeland of Kaundinya. This states that during the reign of Jayavarman (5th mystical union which was still commemorated at century CE) ‘the custom of this country [Funan] the court of Angkor at the end of the thirteenth was to worship the God Mahesvara (Siva)’who century in a rite identical with that of the Pallava continually descends on Mount Mo-tan.13 Mo- kings of Kanchi made some scholars to believe tan could be another name of Mahendragiri of that Kaundinya probably belonged to the Pallava Orissa which was also considered as an abode 10 kingdom. On the basis of the Mysore inscription of Lord Siva and early Saivism.14 It was shortly nd (2 century CE) which records the grant of land, before c. 500 CE that the Gangas of Kalinga(the to a Siva shrine of the Brahmins of the Kaundinya Eastern Gangas) were worshipping Siva- gotra (clan), B.R. Chatterjee pointed out that Gokarnasvamin as the tutelary of the family Kaundinyas might have migrated from Mysore (ista-devata) on Mahendra Mountain15. Even to Indo-China.11 H.B. Sarkar12, however, has now there is the shrine of Gokarnesvara on the rejected this view and proposed that the migrating top of the hill. Worshipping of Gokarnasvamin clan of Kaudinyas might have migrated to Funan (on Mahendra Parvat in Kalinga) and from the Amaravati region of Andhra on the ground Mahesvara (in Funan) belonged to the same time. of the discovery of specimens of Amaravati style This led to an important assumption that as Funan of sculpture at Dong Duong which was then under was Indianised by the traders and merchants from Funan. He argues that the Mysore Kaundinyas the eastern coast of India, the migrants, with the were not in the picture in the first century CE when passage of time named a local mountain of Funan Funan was founded; hence the Kaundinyas of as Mahendraparvata after the Mahendra Funan could not have gone from the Mysore Parvata of Orissa which had god region. On the other hand, though many scholars Mahesvara(Gokarnesvara) on it. The imitation and

34 November - 2011 Orissa Review adoption was obvious on the part of migrant Mahesvara and Tribhubanesvara. Somasarma, the Indians in the process of spread and introduction brother-in-law (of Chenla ruler) Mahendravarman of Indian culture there as elsewhere. The question (c.600-611 CE) installed a statue of comes why they named a mountain of Funan as Tribhubanesvara (Siva) in a temple. During the Mahendra Parvata and not after any other Indian same time, Sasanka of Karnasuvarna (Gauda or mountain names which logically implies that modern Bengal) had constructed the Kaundinya and early emigrants most probably Tribhubanesvara Siva temple at went from Kalinga region, especially from the (modern Bhubaneswar) in Kalinga. This Mahendraparvata region. This is further contemporary installation of same god could be corroborated by Jayavarman II (9th century CE) a pointer to the close relationship between Orissa of Cambodia who went to reign at and Cambodia. During the time of Isanavarman I ‘Mahendraparvata” and installed a miraculous (c.611-635 CE) footprints of Siva were installed, Siva linga there as devaraja or king of gods which find a reference in the Phnom Bayang (which is god Siva or Mahesvara himself in c. inscription of 624 CE 18. In India, worship of 802 CE) with the help of a Brahman named Siva’s footprints is rare except in places like Hiranyadama16 whom he invited from Janapada Ranipur-Jharial of Western Orissa19. (probably in India). Jayavarman II is most often The Devaraja cult which traces its origin cited in the inscription as “the king who to India was a very popular religious cult in established his residence on the summit of Mount Cambodia. Scholars20 identified devaraja as a Mahendra”. This Mahendraparvata (i.e. Mount chalanti pratima (movable image) of the god Mahendra) has been indentified with Phnom Siva. The Devaraja cult of Cambodia has much Kulen, the sandstone plateau that dominates the 17 similarity with that of the early medieval Orissan northern part of the Angkor plain. As Jayavarman Saivite cult. The devaraja, as ‘idol unique’ is only II went to Mahendra Parvata to reign and the central god statue or the linga in the central established his residence there, it appears that sanctuary of the temple. Besides the main statue mount Mahendra which was considered as Kula there is a further form of the (image) of a Parvata (Phnon Kulen) and used as the abode god which still plays an extremely important role of devaraja was already there in Funan today in the Hindu temples of India. This further (Cambodia) before the reign of Jayavarman II. form, found in many of the larger temples of India, So, this could have been the mount Mo-tan of is the chalanti pratima, which generally takes the Chinese record of the fifth century CE. This the form of a bronze mobile image of the chief indicates that the Kaundinyas of Funan were not divinity. These movable god-images are an only ardent Saivites but also had intimate important constituent of the cult, especially during association with the Mahendra Parvata of Kalinga the festivals of major temples. At the time of the and there was close contact between Kalinga on festival they are carried through the streets on the eastern sea coast of India and Funan of Indo- temple carts or litters as utsava murti (festival China. image) of the god – whose primary image remains It is a well known fact that fifth century standing in the temple. A chalanti pratima is CE onwards Saivism became popular both in especially important in Saivite temples, in which ancient Orissa and Cambodia. God Siva was a linga is worshipped. In this connection we may worshipped in Funan under different names like cite an example of the of

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Bhubaneswar in Orissa.21 At the nucleus point of sixth century CE, Gunavarman “the moon of the the temple stands a svayambhu-linga, a ‘self- Kaundinya race” established a sanctuary at Thap- existent’ manifestation of the god Siva, in massive muoi called Chakratirthasvami ( temple) stone. This ‘self-generated’ image of Siva cannot that contained the footprints of Vishnu27. In Orissa, be removed from the spot where Siva originally Puri is known as Chakratirtha and Lord manifested himself. So, during the numerous Jagannath is venerated as Chakratirthasvami festivals of Lord Lingaraja, the function of (Vishnu). ‘deputy’ for Siva outside the temple is discharged From the history of Funan we also learn by a four-armed bronze sculpture of about 45 that a second Kaundinya ruled the country in the cm in height, which represents Siva as fourth century CE who enforced Hindu social and 22 Chandrasekhara. During the festivals, this religious code with more vigour and contributed sculpture is the focus of all those rituals that are greatly for Indianisation of the natives. He changed directed to Lord Lingaraja as “(Siva) Linga which all the laws of the country and brought them in 23 is the king”. In an Angkorian inscription reference the line with those prevalent in India. According is made to the worship of devaraja in the form to H.B. Sarkar28 this Kaundinya II (an Indian 24 of chalanti pratima. An inscription of Kok Brahman) had come to Funan from P’an-p’an, a Rosei enumerates the endowments made by the small state in Malay Peninsula which was priest Sivacharya, who was presumably the dominated by the Brahmins. These Brahmins in famous purohita of the devaraja under kings the days of yore perhaps went from the coast of Jayavarman V and Suryavarman I at the end of Kalinga to the Malaya Peninsula and thence to the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh centuries 25 Funan “in search of wealth”. To strengthen this CE . ancient Funan-Kalinga contact and migration of However, in about the twelfth century Kaundinya from Kalinga, there is also another CE, the Saivite ideology had lost its significance evidence that the river Mekong (Me-khong both in Cambodia and in all the states of southern according to Ptolemy)which flows through the and eastern India including Kalinga. Saivism as kingdom of Funan was called by the name an ideology of state experienced a crisis. It ‘Mahanadi’, the principal river of Orissa.29 happened so perhaps because of the activities of Mekong , however, was also called Ma-Ganga the Great Vaisnavite reformer Ramanuja. Thus, (the Mother-Ganga) in some places.30 From this at the beginning of the twelfth century CE, king narration it can be presumed that Mekong played Suryavarman II (c.1113 – 1150 CE) in Cambodia an important role in the history of Funan submitted to the allure of Vaisnavism at the same (Kambuja or Cambodia) as Mahanadi and Ganga time as Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the did in the early history and civilization of Kalinga Ganga emperor of Orissa (c. 1112 – 1146 CE), and northern India respectively. Further, the in eastern India. Both gave up the Saivite state naming of such an important river of Funan by a religion of their forefathers and built up new Kalingan name positively indicate emigration of a gigantic temples in honour of the god Vishnu. So, large number of Kalinga people into that country on either side of the Bay of Bengal, huge in ancient days. Vaisnavite temples appeared simultaneously, the Jagannatha temple at Puri, in Orissa, and Angkor The Hindu Kingdom of Funan flourished st Wat in Cambodia26. In the beginning years of the from the 1 century CE to the middle of the sixth

36 November - 2011 Orissa Review century CE. In the time of Funanese king Fan Some of the earlier sculptures in Cambodia and Chan (c.225 to 250 CE) there was a diplomatic other countries such as Siam and Malaya mission from Funan to China and to the court of Peninsula bear so striking resemblance to Indian Murunda ruler in India. The Murundas were ruling prototypes that many scholars have held that they over the Kalinga and Magadha regions of India.31 were either brought from India or made by such The History of the Liang Dynasty mentions that craftsmen who were fresh arrivals from India. For Meou-loun was the title of the king of the not only the motifs and the general details but even Murundas and the envoy who came from Funan the very technique was purely Indian, and there to India was Su-Wu. Su-Wu coming by sea was hardly anything to distinguish those from arrived at the port of Tamralipti and met the Indian products”. The famous Angkor-Wat of Murunda king. The Murundas became prominent Cambodia has some affinities with the sikhara of in Kalinga in the second and third centuries CE. the temples of Orissa and gopuras of the Tamil Their rule over Kalinga could be also attested temples.36 In the and Prah Khan from the discovery of a gold coin from temples of Cambodia, the mullioned openings are Shishupalagarh on the obverse of which the name very splendid and in their ‘pattern and intention’are of the king is read as Dhamadamadhara akin to the contemporary temples of (Dharmatamadharasya) who received Su-Wu32. Bhubaneswar in Orissa37. In Angokorean The king presented Su-Wu with four horses. From sculptures, the round eyebrows and deep plump this it appears that in those days there was regular lips are of Orissan variety38. In the open part of export of horses from the port of Tamralipti to terrace on each side of entrance of Angkor Wat, Funan in which the Kalingan merchants were also small shrines were there, which were similar to involved33. The religion, art and architecture of (division of shrine tower into five Kalinga also significantly influenced that of Funan. vertical segments) pattern of Orissan temples39. Regarding the significance of the art of Funan, U. From the above analysis it is evident that there Thakur34 says, “Of these Hindu colonies [like was close cultural affinity between Kalinga and Java, Champa, Burma, Borneo etc.], the kingdom Cambodia in ancient times. of Kambuja occupies the most prominent and exalted position. Apart from the fact that it References and Notes : constituted the largest kingdom in South-East Asia, it also witnessed the remarkable evolution 1. R.C.Majumdar, Kambuja-Desa or An Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia, Madras, 1944, p.25 and growth of art and architecture producing some of the most notable monuments e.g. Angkor Vat 2. N.Dutt, ‘Presidential Address’, Year Book of the which still excites the wonder and admiration of Asiatic society for 1959, Vol.II, 1960, p.18. the world…In respect of architecture, however, 3. Ibid. Kambuja surpasses even the motherland.” 4. The legendary account regarding the origin of Besides art, the Indian sculptures also influenced ancient Funan or Cambodia kingdom narrates: In the sculptural form of Cambodia. R.R. Das35 the dim past Cambodia was a desert of sand and remarks, “The Hindu colonists had however rocks. One day Kambu Svayambhuva, the king of Aryadesa [India] found himself in this dreary brought with them not only traditions and landscape. The death of his wife Mera, whom the techniques of developed Indian art, but also great god Siva himself gave him, made him probably actual specimens of Indian sculpture. disconsolate and he left his country ‘in order to

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die in the wildest desert’ he could find. Having 9. Quoted by G.Coedes, The Indianised States of reached Cambodia he entered into a grotto. To his South East Asia, Honolulu (University of Hawaii horror Kambu found himself in the midst of a large Press), 1967, p.37. number of huge, many-headed snakes whose 10. Ibid, p.38. piercing eyes were turned towards him. Kambu, however, boldly unsheathed his sword and 11. B.R.Chatterjee, Indian Cultural Influences in advanced towards the biggest snake. To the utter Cambodia, Calcutta, 1965/1964, pp.261-262. amazement of Kambu, one of the snakes spoke in a 12. H.B.Sarkar, ‘The Homeland of Kaundinya of Funan human voice and asked his whereabouts. On and Tradition about his Marriage’, Journal of hearing Kambu’s story the serpent said: ‘Your name Institute of Asian Studies, Madras, 1934, p.25. is unknown to me, stranger, but you spoke of Siva H.B.Sarkar, Trade and Commercial Activities of who is my king as I am the king of the Nagas, the South India in the Malayo-Indonesian World, great snakes. You seem to be courageous too; Calcutta (Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd.), 1986, pp.48-49. therefore abide-with us in this land you have 13. Quoted by G.Coedes, op.cit, p.61. chosen and end your grief’. Kambu chose to remain there and developed a liking towards the Nagas 14. P.P.Mishra, Cultural Rapprochement between who could take human shape. Several years later, India and South East Asia, New Delhi (National he married the Naga king’s daughter. The king of Book Organisation), 2005, p114. the Nagas possessed magic power and turned the 15. H. Kulke, ‘Royal Temple Policy and Structure of arid land into a beautiful country like that of Medieval Hindu Kingdoms’, in: Anncharlott Aryadesa. Kambu ruled over the land and the Eschmann et al, eds., The Cult of Jagannath and kingdom came to be called after him as Kambuja.” the Regional Tradition of Orissa, New Delhi A reference in brief to the above-mentioned (Manohar Publishers), 2005, p.130; N.K.Sahu, Utkal mythical legend can be found in the Baksei University History of Orissa, Vol.I, Bhubaneswar Camkron inscription dated c. 947 CE, where the (Utkal University), 1964, pp.92-93; B.K.Rath,’ The Kambuja king treats himself as the descendant of History of Mount Mahendra’, Orissa Historical the great sage Kambu Svayambhuva, to whom Research Journal(hereafter OHRJ), Vol. XXII, No. Hara (Siva) gave as his wife Mera, the most 3 & 4 (1977), p.89. beautiful among apsaras. Though the authenticity 16. G.Coedes, op.cit, p.99. of this legend is doubtful it traditionally refers to an epoch of the beginning of Hindu colonisation 17. Ibid, p.100. in ancient Cambodia. R.C.Majumdar, Hindu 18. D.Daweewarn, Brahmanism in Southeast Asia, Colonies in the Far East, Calcutta (Firma KLM New Delhi, 1992, p. 25. Pvt. Ltd.), 1991, p.183; R.R.Das , Kambuja: A Blending of Indian Cultural Heritage, Kolkata 19. P.P.Mishra,op.cit., p115. (Education Forum), 2008, p.22; K.M.Srivastava, 20. H.Kulke, Kings and Cults (State Formation and ‘The Hindu temples of Cambodia’, in: G.C.Pande Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia, New (ed.) India’s Interaction with Southeast Asia Delhi (Manohar Publishers), 1993 and 2001 (History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in (Reprinted), pp355 ff. Indian Civilization, Vol.I, Pt.3, New Delhi (Centre for Studies in Civilizations), 206, p.322. 21. K.C.Panigrahi, Archaeological Remains at Bhubaneswar, Calcutta (Orient Longmans) 1961; 5. D.P.Singhal, India and World Civilization, Vol.II, Cuttack (Kitab Mahal), 1981, pp. 164-166; The Calcutta (Rupa & Co.), 1972, p.121. Lingaraj temple is one of the largest Siva temples 6. Ibid. in eastern India. It is a contemporary monument of the largest temple mountain of Angkor, the 7. R.R.Das,op.cit., pp.12-13. Baphuon, which was built at the beginning of the 8. Ibid, pp.58 and 135. second half of the eleventh century.

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22. R.L.Mitra, The Antiquities of Orissa, Vol.II, Calcutta Fort in Eastern India’, Ancient India (Bulletin of (Indian Studies: Past and Present), 1963 pp.133 ff. the Archaeological Survey of India), No.5 (1949), pp.100-101. 23. H.Kulke, Kings and Cults, p.358. According to Herman Kulke, the names Lingaraj and Devaraj are 33. P.P. Mishra, op.cit, pp. 114. constructed in parallel ways. He says if we relate 34. U.Thakur, ‘Kaundinya: The Founder of Indian linga to Siva=Deva, then the name Lingaraja comes Kingdom in Funan and Kambuja’, JBRS, Vol. LIV, very close to the name devaraja in meaning as Pts. I-IV, (1968), pp.68-69; U.Thakur, Some Aspects well. of Asian History and Culture, New Delhi (Abhinav 24. Ibid, p.359. Publications), 1986, pp.15-16. 25. Ibid. 35. R.R.Das, Art Tradition of Cambodia, Calcutta (Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd.), 1974, pp.70-71. 26. Ibid, p.375. 36. R.Grousset, The Civilizations of the East: India, 27. D.G.E.Hall, A History of South-East Asia, New York Delhi (Munshiram Manoharlal), 1969, pp.315-316. (Macmillan), 1970, p.32. 37. P.Brown, India Architecture, (Buddhist and Hindu 28. H.B.Sarkar, Cultural Relations between India and Periods), Bombay (Taraporevala Sons and Co. South East Asian Countries, New Delhi (Indian Pvt.Ltd.), 1971, p.184. Council for Cultural Relations and Motilal Banarsidass), 1985, p.153. 38. H.G.Wells, The Mountain of God: A Study in Early Religion and Kingship, London, 1953, pp. 182 ff. 29. Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia (Further India and Indo-Malay 39. P.P.Mishra, op.cit, p.116. Archipelago), G.E.Gerini, London (Asiatic Society), 1909; New Delhi (Oriental Books Reprint Corporation), 1974, p.136. 30. R.C.Majumdar, Hindu Colonies in the Far East, Calcutta (Firma KLM Pvt.Ltd), 1991, p.175.

31. N.K.Sahu, op.cit, p.418 ff. Dr. Benudhar Patra, P.G. Dept. of History, Post Graduate 32. B.B.Lal, ‘Sisupalagarh’, OHRJ, Vol.XV (1967), pp.51- Govt. College, Sector-11, Chandigarh (UT)-160011, 55; B.B.Lal, ‘Sisupalgarh 1948: an Early Historical India. Email: [email protected].

All art is but imitation of nature. – Seneca

39 Orissa Review November - 2011

Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga

Dr. Prafulla Chandra Mohanty

The Ancient Kalinga (Orissa) had a rich maritime author of periplus of the Erythraean Sea observed heritage. References to the maritime trade of in the early years of Christian Era how ships sailed Orissa in the Greek, Roman, Arab and the regularly from the Kalingan sea coast towards Chinese sources reveal that geographical location Malaysia. Ptolemy, the celebrated Greek of Orissa on the eastern Board made it a gateway geographer, noted in the second century A.D. that to the oversea expansion of religion, philosophy, a number of ports existed in Kalinga such as art and architecture in the south and south-east Palura, Apheterian, Kati-kardama, Kanagara and Asian countries, which still bear their glaring Manda. Two other famous ports Dantapura and imprints. Its prosperity chiefly depended upon its Kalinga Nagar have been vividly described in flourishing maritime trade and overseas colonies. contemporary Indian literature. Fa-Hien, the Being situated on the shore of Bay of Bengal its Chinese pilgrim of the fourth century A.D. has stretchy coastline studded with several ports, since also left an illustrated account of famous Kalinga the precenturies A.D. facilitated overseas contact sea port named Tamralipti. The people of Kalinga with many foreign countries like the Roman were pioneers of Indian colonisation beyond India empire, Ceylon, China, Burma, the islands of and the Indian archipelago. The eastern sea or Indonesia-Java, Bali, Sumatra and Borneo the present Bay of Bengal was known as the collectively known as the Suvarnadipa in the 'Kalinga Sea' in the past and was dominated by ancient time. Besides a favourable geographical the ships of Kalinga. All islands in Kalinga sea setting it proposed a band of daring adventurous were called 'Kaling Dresu'. The name of Utkal sailors and seamen, justly acclaimed as 'Kalingah Desa, denoting the Hindu colonial settlements from Sahasikah (the brave Kalingans) in the Sanskrit Rangoon (Yangon) to Pegu is of special interest. literature. Maritime adventurism was indeed, in the Pali canon mentions Utkal as the home of the blood of the mercantile community of Kalinga. merchants. Readers of Buddhist literature know Orissa, the core area of past Kalinga the story of two merchants of Brahmadesh, enjoyed a maritime past of acknowledged Tapussu and Bhalluk, who met Buddha at the end commercial and colonial enterprise as noted by of the seventh week after his enlightenment and ancient Greeks, Romans, Arabs and the Chinese. offered five hundred cartful food grains etc. as From the Buddhist period, the people of Kalinga gift and became his first disciples. The fact that were known for their maritime trade activities. The inhabitants of Orissa (the then Kalinga) were

40 November - 2011 Orissa Review adept in construction of powerful vessels, as near Gopalpur Port of Ganjam Coastline. Three described in the "Brahmanda Purana". The text generations of Kings ruled for a total period of relates to strong and swift rowing boats found in four hundred years. the Chilika Lake, carrying thousands of persons. In the seventh century B.C. the name of The bodies of the boats were covered with copper Burma was Kalinga Rastra. The inhabitants of plates. These had wheels and were well equipped lower Burma were known as Kalinga (Tri- with all sorts of machines. Proficient sailors were Kalinga). The name of the place was Srikshetra. moving to different areas like Java, Malaya and It has been described as Chelitala by Chinese Ceylon with Merchandise. The people of Kalinga travellers. The name of Pegu was shna and Udissa had colonies in Siam, Burma and Suvarnadvipa. (Orissa). The Hindu inhabitants of Malaya also These colonies constituted the Brihat Kalinga. called themselves as 'Kalinga'. It is believed that Till to-day some of the inhabitants are known as the Kalingas. In the Aitareya Brahmana, the sea prior to the conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka, a kingdom had been established in Burma. is mentioned as bottomless and the nourisher of land. The Satpatha Brahmana also mentions the Reference is made to a Hindu King of Kalinga, Ratnakar (The Arbian sea) and the Mohododhi who established the Kingdom in 544 B.C. It is (Bay of Bengal). Kalinga Adhipati (King) is called mentioned in the Vasya Brihat Kathamanjari that as the Mohododhi Pati also. The Prachya Kalinga Tamralipti was a very important city being the denoted the eastern part on the coast of Kalinga terminal point of the grand route and was sea Sagar which extended from the river Godavari to trading centre. Another Jatak story mentions that Suvarnarekha. the port of Tamralipti like the Port of Bheru Kachha on the western sea coast of India, carried According to the Chinese texts 'Kun-Lun' trade with both Srilanka and Subarnabhumi, people are known as the people of Kalinga. The Kanchanapura, the capital of Kalinga was a port foundation of Kalinga settlements was in the which had trade relations with Srilanka. northern part of the Malaya Peninsula as well in Kanchanpura has been identified with Dantapura, Java and in the dissemination of the art of writing the capital of Kalinga which was called Palur in south East Asia. The Chinese texts and other by Ptolemy. Palur in Orissa, according to corroborative evidence prove that the Kalingan Prof. S. Levy, is only Tamil equivalent of adventurers sailed from the port of Polura in the Dandapura. 1st century A.D. for settlement in these places. The text also reveals that the King of Kalinga Orissa in those days seems to have established a kingdom there in the early century supplied spices, diamonds and precious stones of Christian era, and numerous Brahmans came to the Roman empire, elephants to Ceylon, from India (Kalinga) in search of wealth. Twenty precious stones, ivory, paper, butel nuts, betel nuts, thousand families were sent to Java by the Prince drugs, fine textiles and fabrics to China besides of Kalinga. These people prospered and rice and forest goods to other countries. The multiplied. They continued, however, in an valuable merchandise, which includes silk, gold, uncivilised state till the year 289 (Javanese era gems, porcelain, sandal wood and spices imported i.e. Saka era) when the Almighty blessed them from China. Fine glass, Indian steel, incense, ivory, with a Prince, named Kano. Historians marked exotic birds from the Arbian kingdom had to be this Kano is nothing but an inhabitant of Kanosi unloaded, lugged 50 miles on rugged terrain by

41 Orissa Review November - 2011 men and animals with heavy guard and loaded on was also largely disturbed by the pirates. The vessels for trading. Silk route of the sea was Arkan Pirates, both Magh and Feringi used to connected with China-India and the middle East plunder maritime business. The pirates carry via Malaya Peninsula. Orissa, as is evident from and Muslims, pierced their palms, threw the many stone panels showing ships carrying them in the decks of their ships and sell them as elephants, exported to a large number of these of slaves (captives) at a higher price. This creates huge pachyderms and fanciful rajah may even have fear in the minds of maritime traders which brought in a stray giraffe (a panel in Konark abstained them from the sea voyage. The advent Temple depicts the animal). Extremely large of roads, rail roads also lessen the importance of elephants are found in Kalinga but in no other river port routes for transportation. However the parts of India. Buddhist pilgrims name various post independent era carry some steps to develop groups of ships on the basis of their size. The larger certain ports in the area like Paradeep, Gopalpur, ships named as Mohanava could carry at least Dhamara, etc. The ports of Orissa especially 700 members, crew and cargoes of elephants Gopalpur and Paradeep had a good commercial too. Kalinga's overseas trade were spread all over contact with various other countries like United Burma, Malaysia, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bali Kingdom, Ceylon, Germany, France, Italy, USA, and China on the east and after the ninth century, Belgium, Burma, Rangoon, and many other ancient over Arbia, Greece and even West Africa in the ports of the world. The vessels sailed from here west. The articles traded were pearls and muslins are well supported with the North-west wind and of the finest quality, silk and mulberry cotton bales, the returned journey by South-east wind. conch shells, Indigo, corn, elephants and spices. To overcome the dangers of cyclone, When Orissa came under the Mughals Tornado, Shark, Piracy etc. the farers had to look the ports of Orissa Coast were thriving. In the God Almighty for protection. The blessings and seventh century, when the European merchants grace of the Gods and Goddesses were often began their adventures in eastern trade, almost invoked for successful trading voyages and to all of them gravitated towards the Orissan coast escape perils of the sea. Such sea gods and for commercial activities. During rule of Akbar, goddesses are Baruna, Laxmi, Mangala, , the southern ports of Orissa including Palura, Narayani, Bhagabati, Ramachandi, Harachandi, Sonepore, Gopalpur, Chilika and Chitrotpola lost Jayachandi, Kondhoni, Gangamata, Bhairabi, their importance. On the otherhand, some of the Biraja, Charchika, Bhatarika, Taratarini, Basuli, northern ports such as Balasore, Pipili and Durga, Joginees, etc. There are also some Harishpur came into the greater focus and maritime trade related festivals like Bali Jatra, developed into important naval centres. The Khudarukuni, Ushakothi, Jahni Osha, Nat Osha, Portuguese, Dutch, Danes and English had their etc. maritime trade settlements on the coast of Orissa. Orissa, now remembers its past maritime Because of the long coastline and navigable rivers, trade glory which also throws light on the history the Orissan coast had a large number of flourishing of maritime trade activities of the world. ports like Balasore, Dhamra, Harishpur, Kakatpur, Konark, Puri, Gopalpur, Chilika, Sonepur, Mantridi, Baruva and many others. With the passage of time these ports decayed and Dr. Prafulla Chandra Mohanty, Sanskruti Sadan, became almost non-functional. The maritime trade At-Boiyali, P.O.-Mantridi, Dist.- Ganjam-761008.

42 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Jayee Rajguru the Freedom Fighter

Abhimanyu Dash

Jaykrushna Mohapatra alias Jayee Rajguru, a Mukunda Deva II reigned Khurda as the great freedom fighter and Martyr of Orissa was last great independent Gajapati King of Orissa of born in the year 1739 on 29th October, in Bira the Bhoi Dynasty in pre-independence era. The Harekrushnapur, a village five kilometres away territory of his Kingdom extended from the river from Puri Town. His ancestors served in the court Mahanadi in Cuttack to the border of Khimidi in of the king of Khurda as Rajguru. The members Ganjam. The ancestor of Mukunda Deva II was of Rajguru family worked hereditarily as the Ramachandra Deva who founded the Bhoi political, military and spiritual advisors to the King Dynasty in Khurda in the year 1571 and declared him as Gajapati Maharaja King of Orissa. All of Khurda. He was appointed as Rajguru at the other Kings of Orissa were the feudatories. age of 41 during the reign of Dibyasingha Ramachandra Deva established his capital at Deva II, the son and successor of King Bira Khurda to avoid frequent foreign invasion on Kishore Deva. Unfortunately Dibyasingha Cuttack, former capital of Orissa. About 12 Deva II died in 1798 leaving the throne and number of Kings of Bhoi Dynasty ruled over administration into turmoil. The Kingdom of Khurda for a period of 234 years. Mukunda Deva Khurda became a land of race for successon. II inherited the Kingdom of his forefathers Owing to sincere effort of Jayee Rajguru, consisting of 129 killas (forts) subsequently Mukunda Deva II, the minor son of the deceased reduced to 71 during his time. King ascended the throne of Khurda in 1798. As the new king was minor Jayee Rajguru acted as In 1760 the Kingdom of Khurda faced regent to look after the affairs of entire the most unfortunate and unwanted situation during the rule of Birakishore Deva, the grand father of administration of the Kingdom. As regent of the Mukunda Dev II. In that year Narayan Deva the King Mukunda Deva II, Jayee Rajguru was King of Parala invaded Khurda to capture the assigned various important portfolios of the throne. He claimed the throne of Khurda on the Khurda Kingdom such as Civil, Military and ground that he was the successor of Ganga Revenue administration, religious affairs and the Dynasty. Unable to face the enemy Birakishore management of the Jagannath Temple etc. He was Deva begged military assistance of Maratha ruler all in all with the King as head. Jayee Rajguru Shivram Sathe, the Bhonsle King of Nagpur to designated as Dewan, Bebarta (Minister) and defeat Narayan Deva of Parala. The Maratha Rajguru etc. ruler Shivram Sathe demanded and obtained four

43 Orissa Review November - 2011 important parganas of Khurda Kingdom such as British. His intention was to safeguard the interest Rahang, Chabiskud, Serai and Lembai alongwith of the Kingdom of Khurda. the possession of Purushottam Khetra of Puri and rupees one lakh in cash for his assistance. Loss In 1803 Col. Harcourt the District of all these prosperous parganas and Puri was a Magistrate of Ganjam signed the “Treaty of great economic loss of Khurda Kingdom for Deogaon” with the Marathas. According to the provisions of the treaty the parganas of Rahang, which the King suffered and became mad. This Chabiskud, Serai and Lembai were transferred loss of State economy continued till Jayee from the possession of the Marathas to the British. Rajguru’s time. So he took effort to revive state Simultaneously Col. Harcourt sent his agent to economy by adopting several economic policies. Khurda to persuade the king to provide a land He also strengthened the Khurda army by passage in between Ganjam and Balasore. The recruiting Paiks very quickly. So his reforms King was asked to sign a new agreement with changed the situation of Khurda. The Khurda the assurance to receive rupees one Iakh, four Kingdom became economically sound and parganas and superintendentship of the Jagannath militarily strong to face the enemy. Temple of Puri in exchange. The king Mukunda The Britishers defeated Siraj-ud-dula, the Deva II agreed. In the first step the king received Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and in Rs.10,000/- in cash as per the terms of the the Battle of Plassey in 1757 as a result of which agreement. The British refused to transfer four the Midnapoore area of Orissa came under the parganas to the King. The British violated the British occupation. Gradually they proceeded terms and conditions of the agreement. On the contrary the British placed a fresh proposal of further and established factory in Balasore. They another agreement before the King to sign which tried to spread their trade in Orissa. In Southern was ultimately rejected due to vehement part of Orissa the Britishers were able to occupy opposition of Jayee Rajguru. The British now felt a territory extending from the river Godavari to that Jayee Rajguru was the key person of Khurda Chilika lake from Nizam of Hyderabad in 1765. administration behind the rejection of the They erected a fort near river Rusikulya in Ganjam agreement. The British planned to remove Rajguru on Southern side of the Khurda Kingdom. The from the post of King’s adviser. Accordingly the Britishers intended to obtain a trade route on land British authority sent a messenger to Khurda King from Ganjam to Balasore via Khurda for to bribe him of Rs.50,000/- to remove Jayee but transportation of goods in connection with trade returned unsuccessfully. In the meantime Jayee and commerce. Besides they needed a land rushed to Cuttack with 2000 armed persons to passage for the British army to March from collect rest part of the money. He was able to Calcutta to Madras which would go through receive only Rs.40,000/-. He distributed the Khurda Kingdom. Hence occupation of Khurda amount among his men as their arrear dues. But Kingdom was essential for the British he failed to get four parganas. This refusal of administration. To fulfill their need the British parganas enraged Rajguru. He prepared his men utilized Shyam Sundar Deva one brother of Late to face the British at any situation. Open hostilities Dibyasingh Deva II for negotiation with the king between Mukunda Deva II and the British of Khurda for land route but failed due to stiff became inevitable. Jayee Rajguru prepared to resistance of Jayee Rajguru in the year 1798. This meet the British challenge. He sought the help of is the first confrontation of Rajguru against the Bhonsle King of Nagpur. Two officers of the King

44 November - 2011 Orissa Review of Berar, Antaji Naik and Kanoji Naik met the troops to confront the Khurda army. The British King of Khurda. They promised to help him with troops marched to Khurda from all sides. Captain men and arms against British. The tributary chiefs Hickland defeated Paik troops and occupied of Orissa were requested to extend their Delang. Harcourt besieged the fort which was cooperation to his cause. One religious mendicant situated on the foothills of Barunei. Major Robert Sambhu Bharati was appointed for the purpose. Fletcher also attacked and demolished the fort. The Kings of Kanika and Kujang came forward The King escaped from fort with his trusted openly to protest the British. A triple alliance was followers. From Kaipadar forest the king sent his formed among the Kings of Khurda, Kanika and Vakeel to Col. Harcourt for negotiation. But Kujang. The zamindars of Bishenpur, Harishpur Vakeel was arrested. Jayee Rajguru was arrested and Marichpur also joined the confederacy. Jayee and kept in prison in the fort of Barabati at Rajguru was determined to assert his right by Cuttack. force. In 1804 one Achuyta Bank was appointed Before his arrest Jayee Rajguru very as muquaddum to collect tax from Batgaon near Pipili. He also gave appointment to one Dharamu tactfully managed to escape the King Mukunda Deva II to Gangamata Math at Puri with a faithful Harichandan to collect tax from villages in the Paik named Durga with a message disputed parganas. Some troops of Khurda raided to the Mahanta of the monastery to keep the King some villages in that area. Jayee Rajguru took in secret with propele care. The King and the steps to take over the management of the letter reached Puri in safe. It was the intention of Jagannath temple of Puri. Jayee Rajguru to keep the King Mukunda Deva These were hostile acts and the British II in safe at monastery in disguise. Unfortunately authorities decided to take stern action. They the King out of fear approached Fate Mohammed arrested Sambhu Bharati who was in charge of the fouzdar of Banapur for his safety who organizing anti-British movement. The Dulbeheras treacherously informed Col. Harcourt. Finally the of Rameswar, Panchagarh, the Khandaits of King of Khurda Mukunda Deva II was arrested Mendhasal, the Zamindars of Garh Haladia were on 3rd January 1805. He was imprisoned in the ordered not to help the King of Khurda. The Barabati fort at Cuttack. Subsequently Mukunda British authority prohibited the King of Khurda Deva II and Jayee Rajguru were transferred to to collect revenues from parganas by issuing Midnapore prison. From Midnapore Jail orders. The British also prohibited the King of Mukunda Deva II submitted a petition to the his traditional right on the temple of Jagannath. In Governor General-in-Council. In it he pleaded November 1804 military action was taken against that “during the Mookhtyarship of Rajguru he had no power. He had been kept virtually in the King. By a proclamation the King was deposed and his Kingdom was annexed to the confinement at Khurda and that Rajguru had instigated the Paikas to raid the British territory”. British Orissa in 1804. The British Govt. released the King from the Jayee Rajguru sent a Paik army of Khurda prison in 1807. Mukunda Deva II was not allowed to invade the British occupied territory of Pipili. to stay at Khurda. His residence was shifted to The Paiks occupied Pipili. Fall of Pipili into the Puri permanently. He lived in his Balisahi palace hands of Khurda Paiks alaramed the British at Puri. Later on the King’s palace was shifted to authority at Cuttack. Col. Harcourt appealed the the Grand Road, Puri. The British restored his British authority of India to despatch more British traditional right on the temple of Lord Jagannath

45 Orissa Review November - 2011 at Puri. He was given Malikana of Rs.1,00,000/- basing on the documents prepared by the British of the revenue of his estate by the Regulation-IV authority. The reality of the facts was intentionally of 1809. overlooked and deliberately avoided. They characterized the great war of India’s freedom After the arrest of Jayee Rajguru and fall struggle as “Sepoy Mutiny of 1857”. In similar of Khurda fort the other revolutionaries way the Britishers termed the rising of Khurda surrendered before the British army. Balabhadra Paiks during Mukunda Deva II under the Bhanja the Raja of Kanika was taken as a leadership of Jayee Rajguru as “Paik Bidroh”. The prisoner. He was sent to Midnapore prison in Govt. of India is neglecting Jayee Rajguru as first 1805. Chandradhwaja Sendha the Raja of freedom fighter of India in the annals of History. Kujanga was dethroned. His elder brother Madhusudan Sendha was recognized as the New References : King of Kujang. 1. K.N. Mohapatra, ‘Khurda Itihasa’, Bhubaneswar, 1969, PP-243-246. The trial of Jayee Rajguru took place at 2. A.B. Mohanty (Ed), “Madalapanji’, P-82 & P-107. Baghitota in Midnapore. In answer to the question of Col. Harcourt, Jayee Rajguru boldly confessed 3. Jayant Rath, Jayee Rajguru : The Veteran Leader of Khurda Rising 1803, in ‘Cultural Heritage of that the King was a child. What had been done Orissa’, Khurda Dist, (Ed) Harish Ch Das (et.al), was done by myself. Death sentence was awarded Bhubanesar, 2010, PP-318-322, to Jayee Rajguru after his trial. He was brutally 4. Jatadhari Mishra, ‘Jayee Rajguru -The martyr’, in killed by the British soldiers on 6th December ‘Cultural Heritage of Orissa’, Puri Dist. (ed) 1806. He sacrificed this life for the motherland G.Mohanty (et.al), Vol-X, Part-1, Bhubaneswar, and became a martyr. He proved him as a true 2010, pp-239-248. son of the soil. 5. P.K. Pattnaik, ‘A Great Martyr’, in ‘Sahid Jayee Rajguru Souvenir’, Puri, (ed) Jagabandhu Padhi The failure of Jayee Rajguru in the battle (et.al), 2003. pp-1-3. field is a tragic story in the history of this land. 6. Pandit Sadasiv Rathasharma, ‘Jayee Rajguru’, The Paiks on whom he depended upon was in ‘Utkal Prasang’, Bhubaneswar November 2002, PP- 47-49. match to the British army. The British force was 7. Gopal Das, ‘Jayi Rajguru: The Pathfinder vast and well organized. The Paiks had no modern of Freedom Movement of India;, in ‘Orissa Review’, artillery like the British. They fought in traditional Bhubaneswar, August - 2008, PP-35-39. weapons. The Paiks had no modern techniques 8. B.M. Das, ‘Odisara Sakta Prusthabhumire Samarika of warfare. Defeat was obvious. But Jayee Parampara O Jayee Rajguru’, ‘Utkal Prasanga’, Rajguru preferred defeat to surrender. Bhubaneswar, December -2006, PP-1-6. 9. Madhusudan Rath, ‘Biplabi Saheed Jayee The credit of the first war of India’s Rajguru,’Utkal Prasang’, Bhubaneswar, December Independence goes to the “Sepoy Mutiny of - 2006, PP-9-13. 1857”. Much earlier to this great event India had 10. Jagabandhu Padhi, ‘A Brave Son of the Soil’, in witnessed in the soil of Orissa the freedom struggle ‘Sahid Jayee Rajguru’ ‘Souvenir’ Puri (ed), of Jayee Rajguru in the Kingdom of Khurda with Jagabandhu Padhi (et.al), 2003, PP.15-17. a viewing to wipe out the rule of the might British in the years from 1803 to 1805. The history of Abhimanyu Dash, Lecturer in History, Surajmal Saha India’s war of Independence was written mainly Mahavidyalaya, Puri-752001.

46 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab - A Curious Combination of Conspicuous Characteristics

Dr. Narayan Panda

Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab was the dazzling aptly been ornamented with the epithet “UTKAL luminary in the azure firmament of politics for a KESHARI” . span of about 40 years. Words fail to picture out the connotations of the multi dimensional Dr. Mahatab was born in the village st personalities who towered phoenix-like in the Agarpada in Balasore on 21 November 1899. contemporary era. His He was a lotus on the sting contributions are myriad to heap. His father Krushna awaken, enliven and enlighten Charan Das hailed from a poor moribund Orissa. Right from family but under the turn of tide 1936 till his demise in 1987, he of time he married the eldest prevailed and pervaded the daughter of Zamindar Orissan time and live as a Jagannath Mahatab. Although statesman, pioneer of a new moderately educate, Krushna dawn, leader par excellence, Charan was known for extra literateur who hatched the ordinary acumen. His wife was wagons of languishing Orissa to a devoted woman of intellect. a star. He was the Orissan She read mythologies she could protagonist of Independence lay her hands on. Mahatab’s moment from 1940 to 1950 father worked hard for usher in and played the pioneering role educational renaissance in his in the amalgamation of princely village. Mahatab started listed states of Orissa with the primary education at his village Union in 1948-49. He kickstarted the work of school. Thus he came to High School at resurgence with the construction of Hirakud Dam, the age of 17. His schooling synchronized with establishment of the High Court at Cuttack and the out-break of the first World War. Mahatab Capital at Bhubaneswar. The successor to the was inspired by the ideals of Bagha Jatin and got Chief Minister after 1950 like Biju Pattnaik, Biren involuntarily indoctrinated to the life of evolutional. Mitra, Nilamani Routray, Janaki Ballave Pattnaik He came in contact with the monks of were the creation of his magic lamp. For his Ramakrishna Mission which influenced him to unprecedented work of nation building, he has dedicate his life for the service of the people. The

47 Orissa Review November - 2011 death of his mother during high career was a bolt of the Congress, Mahatab set up “Prajatantra”- from the blue but Swami Brahmananda taught the Oriya daily. Cult and lifted him up while he was drooping in despondency. He passed the Matriculation Before the release of Gopabandhu from Exam. in First division in the year 1917. jail, Mahatab was the President of the Orissa Congress Committee. Then he was elected to Mahatab was admitted to Ravenshaw Bihar-Orissa Governor’s Council. The high flood College where he studied I. Sc. He joined Utkal in 1927 in Balasore compelled Mahatab to give Sammilani as a volunteer in 1918. He was instilled up position and along with Utkalmani with revolutionary reverbation from the protest Gopabandhu worked day and night to help the of Tilak against Rawlat Act. Mahatab couldnot flood victims. Mahatab accompanied Gandhiji resist the temptation of joining the non-violent non- during his 4 days’ whirlwind itinerary across the cooperation movement. He came in contact with length and breadth of Orissa and gave him a Gopabandhu Das and went by his advice to glimpse salt cottage industry and terrorization in participate in the movement after his B. A. exam. Kanika. Gandhiji appreciated Mahatab’s role in When Gandhiji came to Orissa on 24th March an article published in “Young India”. 1921 to spread the gospel of non-cooperation Mahatab along with Gopabandhu movement, Mahatab accompanied him to Choudhury was arrested on 17th April 1930 for Cuttack, Puri, Bhadrak, Satyabadi, Berhampur. his stewardship in the Salt movement. During his After Gandhiji’s exit, Mahatab remained in the Jail Sojourn, Mahatab translated Balmiki’s charge of organizing Congress in Balasore district. Sanskrit Ramayan into Oriya and wrote the Oriya He remained the Secretary of Balasore District Version of the Gita in simple prose style. Aware Congress Committee. He gave the Congress of the fact that Mahatab was sending clandestinely Organization a new lease of life. After March his articles to Prajatantra, he was transferred to 1921, Mahatab relinquished his family for Hazaribag Jail. During his stay at Patna camp jail, devoting heart and soul for the uplift of Congress he collected poems from the political prisoners Organization. Mahatab met Malabyaji at and it was published in 1946 captioned “Bedira Lucknow as regards opposing Kanika ransacking Jan Jan”. There he also wrote the drama on his return he was arrested under 108. During “Swarajya Sadhana”. As a result of Gandhi – his rigorous imprisonment at Cuttack, he wrote Irwin pact, all the political prisoners were released “Sadhanar Pathe” portraying the persecution and Mahatab returned to Balasore to the applause metedout to the freedom fighters in the jail. At the of people of Bhadrak station. time of Bhagalpur Jail sojourn, he wrote “Ajaba Dunia” and “Free Thinking” in Oriya and After attending the Congress English respectively. After his release from Convocation at Karachi, Mahatab spent a month Bhagalpur Jail, Mahatab in collaboration with his at Sabarmati Ashram. After the 1932 Third co-workers Niranjan Pattnaik, Gopabandhu Round Table Conference fiasco, the Congress Choudhury, Nilakantha Das worked whole- was pronounced illegal and distinguished leaders heartedly for the recrudescence of Khadi like Nilakantha Das, Acharya Harihar, Andolan, village organization and for that purpose Gopabandhu Choudhury were arrested and to unleash wide scale probation of the message imprisoned and Mahatab was among them. He

48 November - 2011 Orissa Review spent six months at Hazaribag Jail where he came of Orissa on 23rd April 1946. From April 1946 in touch with Khan Abdul Gaphar Khan. There to 15th February 1961 for a spell of about 15 he wrote the Novel “Nutan Dharma” wherein years he adorned the Chief Minister’s Chair in he depicted about the Harijan movement. Orissa; then as the Minister of Commerce and Mahatma Gandhi undertook Padayatra from Puri Industry in the Central Govt., the Secretary to Bhadrak in 1934 and Mahatab was alongside. General of Parliamentary Congress Party, the He spent the last day of his Yatra in Mahatab’s Governer of undivided Bombay province. Bhadrak house. He tested Mahatab and Subhadra Mahatab at spinning there. The task of completion of truncated Orissa build up a solid back ground to it, solve Orissa became a separate state in 1936 her social and economic problem so that Orissa and thanks to Mahatab’s efforts, Biswanath Das can roll on its juggernaut of progress occupied was made the first Prime Minister and Mukunda preponderance in Mahatab’s scheme of things. Prasad Das the Speaker of Orissa Bidhan Sabha. He played the pivotal role in the onerous task of Mahatab was elected the president of Pradesh consolidation of princely states with the Orissa Congress Committee in 1938. In 1939, he was province. Sardar Ballavbhai Patel the Iron man anointed the President Gadajata Praja Andolan of India confessed the perspicacity of Mahatab Committee. Mahatab was able to strike a in ushering in the arduous undertaking of integrating reconciliation between the king of Nilagiri and his princely states to adjacent provinces and the subjects. Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1940 unique work throughout India soon achieved against the non-response of the British completion. Government for granting complete independence He was first to moot out the idea of setting to India. Mahatab started Satyagraha of self on st up of the Capital of Orissa at Bhubaneswar ; his 1 December 1940 at Remuna in deference to plan was acknowledged and Jawaharlal Nehru, Ganjhiji’s standing. As a result, he was imprisoned the Prime Minister of India laid the foundation st at Berhampur jail. He was released on 1 stone on 13th April 1948. December 1940. He attended the Congress Working Committee at Bardoli and came to Amidst all round developmental work in Wardha with Gandhiji. Returning from Wardha, the nascent province, Mahatab was twisted away he published Weekly named “Rasava” at to became the Cabinet Minister of Industry and Cuttack to spread the gospel of Congress. Supply in the Union Ministry on 13th May 1950. He formulated distinctive policy for the rapid Mahatab was imprisoned in Ahmedabad spread of Industries. He extended his all possible th Port from 9 August 1942 to 1945. During the patronage to start production in Kalinga Tubes time he wrote the History of Orissa, three epic, of Biju Pattnaik. He tabled a Bill in the Parliament three novels and a Motley of poems. He was of granting licence to private undertakings. He brought to Sambalpur jail in April 1945 and there attended the conference of Common Wealth he spent a month. On release he met secretly at Nations’ Ministers at London in October 1951. Cuttack and developed intimacy with . In the wake of the Second World War, Elections From 1956 to 1960, Mahatab formed were held to the Provincial Legislative Assemblies the second Ministry in Orissa. During the stint he in 1946. Mahatab was crowned the Chief Minister accelerated the completion of the Capital at

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Bhubaneswar. He completed the construction of Chakrabarti Rajgopalchari. From the the Secretariat Building, the Raj Bhawan and the correspondence he maintained with them, it is Assembly Buildings. He established the Museum crystal – clear Mahatab was their equal in every at Bhubaneswar and at Nandankanan Botanical aspect and from all points of view. Sardar and Zoological Gardens, Oriya Sahitya Academy, Ballavbhai Patel explicitly confessed that the Sangeet Natak Academy and Lalita Kala process of amalgamation of Princely States with Academy, Rabindra Mandap and Bhanja Kala the Indian Union germinated in the masterly brain Mandap. To crown all his achievements his book work of Mahatab was his work started in that in English “While Serving My Nation – direction from Orissa. He was able to exchange Recollections of a Congress Man” came to light his thoughts fearlessly with Jawaharlal Nehru on on 2nd January 1987. community development, Hindu Code, Land Reform and a lot of administrative complexities. People working in the field of Politics He came up with his individual concepts and have to adopt the tactics of brinkmanship as the suggestions about anything and everything freely corridors of politics are replete with conflicts, and frankly. He always ventured to attend his goal confrontations, political personages have to face by virtue of his ability, wits, strategies and approvals of approbation and condemnation. This superintendence of schemes and proceeded in happens almost without exception in political accordance with his own framework with parleying personality. But however tarnished it might have with other leaders, he was adjudged and been made, it is brushed to transparency and they honoured as at par or even at a higher level in earned the esteem of people and get themselves excellence. He was never affected by least little enshrined in history. Right from 1930 to 1987, sense of inferiority complex. accounting to 50 years and more, Mahatab was an extraordinary personality. The History of After his exodus from the arena of politics Orissa can't be written without Mahatab’s at the end of 1960, all other leaders forming majestic marvels in marshalling the life and destiny ministry in Orissa in succession sought his of millions. benediction and guidelines. He wrote in “Gaon Majlis” with the august stature of the top-most A microscopic analysis, it envisages that and matured person of the society which was without shadow of a little doubt, Mahatab was sought by all and sundry as gems suggestion endowed with qualities to be the destiny maker society reconstruction and reorganization. The of the populace. Ranging from student career to young followers or rather disciples, such as Biju struggle for freedom and administration of the Pattnaik, Nilamani Routray, Nandini Satpathy, nation, he always commanded a unique Janaki Ballav Pattnaik who basked in the sunshine leadership. He was always the forerunner, not a of his favour of learning and getting initiated into back trailer. In youths, he was a staunch follower politics, later turned out to be Chief Ministers of of age old, experienced leaders like Gandhiji and Orissa. He led kindle light for a multitude in the Gopabandhu; on the contrary, he was the path- field of education, literature, culture and politics. finder for elders and juniors. His role model There is no exaggeration to adorn him with the contemporaries were Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar epithet of unambiguous friend, philosopher guide Ballav Bhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, in heterogeneous fields of life.

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His organizational and superintending casteism, dowry system. He fervently advocated potentialities were beyond doubt none to second. female education, awakening of women to their His ingenuity was evident from the very beginning. legitimate right. Whatever touched his mind as He organized meeting and seminars in students’ condign, he geared up for achievement what come career at Bhadrak High School and Ravenshaw may. He was determined to proceed with a College in common and social life striking steadfast mind and a sense of dedication. Inspite conciliation in Kanika Praja Andolan, of pre-occupation in politics and a host of activities management of Zilla Board, Salt Satyagraha at he was whirled about in, he did not neglect his Inchudi in Balasore, Orissa Congress duty of writing for newspapers carrying historical Organization and above all conduct of Orissa research and creation of literature. administration for a long spell as a Chief Minister, amalgamation of princely states in Orissa, Mahatab has multi faceted dimensions in founding the new Capital at Bhubaneswar, state craft, administration, service to people, construction of Hirakud Dam inspite of protagonist of literature. His contributions for confrontation of conflicting interests stand a gaining independence, economic and social testimony to his unquestioned efficiency. His progress is unparallel and undisputable. In fortitude, intellect tactics and courage was widely recognition of his virtues and connotation, the acclaimed for discharging the duty as Secretary Utkal University decorated him with Honorary General of Parliamentary Congress, the onerous D. Litt. Degree in 1956. His statue was installed Governers’ duty in Bombay, management of in the Central Hall of the Parliament in 1989. The Swaraj Ashram, Prajatantra Press, Editing Sahitya State Library of Orissa, heterogeneous Patrika and different dailies. educational institutions and other organizations have been named after him. In words of He was a grand success in administration, Chakrabarty Rajgopalchari and Lady Mount organization for his pragmatic approach. He never Batten, Mahatab occupies a glorious and persuade the will of the wisp; rather what would unforgettable place in the history of Orissa for his be practically feasible. He was a strong antagonist work for independence and progress of the nation of impractical ideas and schemes. in multifarious field. May time never come when the effulgence of his personality will be eclipsed In the prime of youth, he was exulting with and extinguished. intrepid frame of mind of dash on to implement the progressive and humanistic ideology of his own. His independent thoughts and cravings of philanthropy is clearly manifest in stories, poems, novels, dramas, essays of his writing. He was Dr. Narayan Panda, Principal Secretary, Seashore dead against social obscurantist concepts, Sahitya Academy, 443, Saheed Nagar, Bhubaneswar.

The charity in life is more than all ceremonies. – Talmud

51 Orissa Review November - 2011

Essence of Tourism Marketing : A Study on Odisha

Dr. Rashmita Sahoo Soumendra Patra

Tourism industry is considered as the largest and Tourism consists of wide dimension: from most flourishing industry in the world. Most trade and transport to financing and mediation of countries recognize this dynamic industry as the the different fields. Here are hotels and restaurants, main factor for improving substructures. laundries and barber-shops, educational and According to Fay-Sola (2000), Tourism is an sporting establishments, tourist firms, radio and impressive agent in the world especially in the TV stations, consulting firms, medical developing countries where using other forms of establishments, museums, cinemas and theatres. economy as production and natural derivation are not economic. Nowadays, a new type of tourism In the tourism industry, marketing is a process that never stops. It is essential that we is appearing which replaces traditional tourism, have some understanding of what this process was and includes inventions and more specialities, all about. There are two terms that are central to which is based on tests and experiences. this process and that need to be understood: Tourism is the complex of relations, market and marketing. Traditionally a market was connections and phenomena, accompanying a a place where consumers went to exchange journey and stay of people in places which are goods, services, or money. This definition puts not their permanent or prolonged residence and emphasis on the place of the transaction, not on unconnected with their labour activity. Industry the consumer. Think about the following terms: of tourism is one of the most dynamically roadside markets, farmers’ markets, the market developing sectors of economy. In obedience to place, and supermarkets. They are all places information of WTO, in the last twenty years the where people go to buy and sell. average annual rates of growth of foreign tourism The Essence of Marketing : were 5.1 %, and average annual rates of growth of currencies receipts from international tourism Marketing experts have expanded this 14 %. In 2010 the amount of international definition to include the consumer. A market now journeys probably will grow to 937million USD. refers to potential customers who share a specific Many highly developed countries, such as need or want and who might be willing to Switzerland, Austria, France, built the exchange something to satisfy that need or want. considerable stake of the welfare on profits from In other words, a market is a group of consumers tourism. In essence tourism confesses one of the who have similar needs or wants and who are profitable industries of economy, finding support willing to buy or sell something to fulfill them. of the state. There are many markets for tourism businesses,

52 November - 2011 Orissa Review but it is impossible for any one business or Marketing in tourism was activity on community to reach them all. We need to select planning and development of tourist goods and one or more specific markets, e.g. married services, sale, advancement of goods and couples, single parents, family groups, elderly services, stimulation of demand and pricing. This couples, campers, or first time visitors that you activity helps to move forward commodities or want to use your goods or services. These are services from a producer to the user with the called target markets. Marketing is the process purpose of receipt maximal income at the most of managing the exchange of goods, services, and effective satisfaction of needs. money to satisfy the needs of consumers, or the market. Table 1: Tourist Visit in Orissa

Year Domestic % Change Foreign % Change Total 2001 3100316 7.3 22,854 -3.7 31,23,170 2002 3413352 10.1 23,034 0.8 34,36,386 2003 3701250 8.4 25,020 8.6 37,26,270 2004 4125536 11.5 28,817 15.2 41,54,353 2005 4632976 12.3 33,310 15.6 46,66,286 2006 5239896 13.1 39,141 17.5 52,79,037 2007 5944890 13.4 41,880 7 59,86,770 2008 6358445 6.9 43,966 5 64,02,411 2009 6892510 8.38 45,684 3.9 69,37,1948 2010 7591615 10.16 50,432 10 39 76,42,047 Source: orissatourism.gov.in

Figure 1 : Growth of Domestic Tourism (in Odisha)

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Figure: Growth of Foreign Tourism (In Odisha)

The above figure shows, from the past ten years An internal environment (microenvironment) how the tourism industries grow both in terms of is a part of general marketing environment which foreign and domestic tourists incoming to Odisha. is situated into an enterprise and is controlled by There is a significant improvement in both the it. It contains that potential which enables the firm cases. to function, exist and survive. ENVIRONMENT OF TOURISM An internal environment is analysed by ENTERPRISE following directions: • personnel (their potential, qualification; A tourism enterprise operates in selection, teaching and advancement; jobs constantly changing terms, conditioned by a variety evaluation and stimulation; saving and relations folded inside it, and also with other maintenance of relations between workers, economic subjects. The collection of these etc.); relations makes the concept of marketing environment. It greatly determines the character • organization of management of firm activity and must be detail examined in the (communication processes; organizational structures; norms, rules, procedures; process of conducting marketing researches. distributing of rights and responsibility; In order to define marketing strategy and to hierarchy of submission); conduct it in life, marketers must know about: • finances (maintenance of liquidity, providing of profitability, creation of investment 1. internal environment of tourism enterprise, possibilities); its potential and progress trends; • marketing (strategy of tourist products: price 2. external environment, its features and strategy; sale strategy; communication place occupied by an enterprise in it. strategy).

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The purpose of internal environment of activity, it uses the certain instruments of research is getting a clear understanding of strong marketing for gaining the successful functioning and weak sides of tourism enterprise. Find out and satisfaction of market demand. Organizations strong sides serve as a base for competitive activity working in the field of tourism abroad (hotels, and must be extended and strengthened. Weak tourism operators, tourism agencies, transporting sides must become the object of the most intent companies) widely apply market researches and attention. It is necessary to get rid of majority of often use such traditional market approaches as them. market segmentation and positioning of product. Thus scientists studying marketing in tourism, and External environment analysis also practical workers in this sphere try to explore An external environment is examined as the clients’ requirements and his behaviour. a complex of two independent subsystems: The process of market research is a • macro environment connective link between organization and market. It includes collection, analysis and interpretation • direct surrounding of information which help managers get to know Macro environment creates the general problems and possibilities of marketing of tourist conditions of the tourism enterprise environment. services and thus make reasonable decision. Each tourism firm feels the influence of the macro The Public Relations in Tourism environment and can not manage it. The study of demographic factors of macro environment Public relations are directed on the study takes important place at the analysis of markets of the public opinion and forming of benevolent possibilities of tourism enterprise. Marketing must attitude towards a tourist enterprise and its activity. examine questions about the quantity of The main reason of rapid and wide distribution of population, placing it, age structure and so on. public relations at the last years is that circumstance, that mutual misunderstanding Economic factors are no less important between tourism firm and its target market is very as demographic. It is not enough only to know expensive for both. how much of targets audiences a firm has. It is also important to define how many and what General purpose of public relations is services they will want to acquire. A lot of factors establishment of bilateral intercourse for the influence on the solvent process of population, exposure of common opinions or interests, and among them: level of economic development of a also achievement of the mutual understanding, country, wages rate, inflation and unemployment. based on the truth, knowledge and complete It is necessary to take into account high information. dependence of demand on tourism services from the level of profits. Main aims of public relations in tourism are following: Marketing Researches • Establishment of the mutual understanding and In the conditions of strong competition confiding relations between a tourism every enterprise, regardless of its size and type enterprise and public;

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• Providing of fame to the firm; 4. Development of new supply markets.

• Creation and confirmation of firm’s image; 5. Reorganisation and/or restructuring of the company • Popularization of tourism product and tourism on the whole; Potential areas for innovation in tourism

• Denial of the unclear and (or) unfavourable In today’s saturated markets customers information; look for experience rather than destination driven products. Hence, in the future it will be important • Providing of support from the side of different to create a rewarding tourism experience through target markets. innovation and product development instead of Innovation Approach in Tourism offering singular tourism elements. New holiday forms offering experience will become the main It is probably fair to say that most sectors motive for the holiday decision. The creation of of economic activity have undergone strong experience should cover “entertainment”, technological changes moving towards IT–based “educational”, “aesthetic” and “escapist” elements flexible manufacturing with global outsourcing, and/or product features. Experience in this context creating the “.com” or “new economy”, as the means content, i.e. the nucleus of the holidays. creative destruction of existing institutional arrangements and patterns of exchange in order The destination acts as a stage and the to create new wealth through innovation. different tourism companies as actors on this stage. Continuous learning and the acquisition of In the past decade, destination knowledge from the customers will become management has also only barely adjusted to essential. completely change environmental and competition structures and processes. Existing destination On the economics of innovation and product strategies can no longer satisfy market development behaviour in Tourism requirements. There are three factors which determine There are various definitions of the term the level and pace of innovation actively in tourism: “innovation” which means the creation of • Supply and supply–related determinants. something new. The diversity of definitions lies in the different purposes of examining this • Demand drivers. phenomenon. Probably the most useable definition is distinguished by five areas in which • The level and pace of competition. companies can introduce innovation: The availability of new technologies led 1. Generation of new or improved products. to the development of new skills, new materials, new services, and new forms of organisation. This 2. Introduction of new production processes. is especially true for the last two decades where the role of technological innovation was crucial. 3. Development of new sales markets. In tourism, technology created a new form of

56 November - 2011 Orissa Review business called e-tourism, which today is the References: biggest force in e-commerce. Economic Intelligence Unit. (1973). The Role of Tourism Conclusion and Recommendations: in the Economic Development, a Benefit or Burden. International Tourism Quarterly (2): 53-68. The state of Orissa can be a successful Government of Orissa, (2002). Orissa : the Souls of tourist destination if the industry is encouraged. India-Home of Art and Culture, Dept. of Tourism and So far, tourism has been developed by the State. Culture, Bhubaneswar. Govt. of Orissa The State Government should focus on the Balaure V., (Coordinator), Marketing, Editor Uranus, importance to develop and/or enrich tourism from Bucuresti, 2005 an ecological and cultural point of view. Deborah S.Levy, modern marketing research techniques and the properly professional, Journal properly For this reason, the following Management, Volume 13, 1995, pp.33-40. recommendations are made: Robert D.Reid, David C.Bojanic, Hospitality Marketing Management, 5th edition, John Wiely and Sons, 2009. — Attempts should be made to conserve the Bramwell, B. L., & Lane, B. (1993). Sustainable tourism: culture of the ethnic communities by An evolving global approach. Journal of Sustainable empowering them through a participatory Tourism, 1(1), 1-5. protected area management approach Busby, G., & Klug, J. (2001). Movie-induced tourism: through proper marketing. The challenge of measurement and other issues. — There should be a crackdown on illegal Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(4), 316-322. encroachments of the heritage sites. Jafari, J. (1987). Tourism models: The sociocultural Permission for construction of structures aspects. Tourism Management, 8, 151-159. within these zones should be denied. Craig, S., & Douglas, S. (2000). International marketing research. Chichester, UK: Wiley. — The ethnic communities should be www.orissatourism.gov.in encouraged to enrich their ethnic heritage and skills so as to make their traditions more attractive rather than less in the face of change. Eco-tourism (inclusive of its ethno component) should provide an opportunity for these tribal communities to generate more income from the tourism business in a dignified manner. — The whole approach of cultural integrity Dr. Rashmita Sahoo, Faculty, Department of Business of the communities and tourism should Administration, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, be honoured on the basis of right Odisha. perspective for the communities, not Soumendra Patra, Assistant Professor, Operations merely on income generation perspective Management, Regional College of Management for the State. (Autonomous), Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Books are for nothing but to inspire. – Ralph Waldo Emerson

57 Orissa Review November - 2011

Patta Painting : A Bird’s Eye View of Orissan Art

Dr. Jyotirmati Samantaray

India is a country where there is unity of culture and art. There are five successive types of art subject to different influences serving different society (1) in the Indus Valley, the rather sober and realistic, well regulated art of a predominantly mercantile society (2) Aryan Indian Period : an art full of joy of life (3) in the middle ages, a consciously traditional art (4) in the Indo-Islamic period on one side Muslim art on the other hand Hindu Art (5) Modern Indian Art. Handicrafts is an important part of our rich cultural heritage. Handicrafts fulfills a positive physical need in the daily requirements of the people. The distinguishing attribute of handicrafts is beauty. It is the craft of the people. The various pieces of handicrafts, whether metalware, pottery or wood work clearly indicate that these are made to secure a positive need in the daily life of the people. very old practice in India. Patta has been derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Patta’. Monier Williams, From the ancient time painting in Orissa Thumband Pickerny interpret Pattas (woven was prevalent and it had its own peculiarity with cloth), Edgerton says that, both ‘Pata’ and ‘Patta’ the regional painting. Three different cultural trades mean cloth. have been amalgamated in Orissa, such as Savara, Dravidian and Aryan culture. Use of ‘Patta’ or cloth is a material for painting in Bengal. The Stone plaques of the Jains ‘Pattachitra’ is one amongst the special are called Ayaga Patta. The paintings on type of Orissan Paintings. Pattachitra (Patta perforated leather in South India is called ‘Chama painting) or Painting on Patta (Pati) or Patta is a Painting’. In U.P., Maharashtra and other places

58 November - 2011 Orissa Review a kind of rolled illuminated horoscope goes by Orissa “Patachitra” is done on Pata, a special type the name of ‘Rashi Path’. The strips of the coloured of handmade canvas prepared by pasting together cloth wrapped round Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra layers of cloth or directly on the wooden surface. and Subhadra are known as Netrapata. The ‘Pattas’ are in different style and In the ‘Patta’ painting, themes like technique. A thinly woven cotton cloth is used for “Krishna Lila” and Ramayan and messages like the base. This is prepared by coat it with a paste legends centering round Sri Jagannath are of chalk, gum and tamurind seed, which gives the depicted. Different aspects of Orissan Patta cloth a leathery surface as the base to paint on. Paintings are - For the large size paintings three layers are gummed together. (a) The types of colours and dyes utilized in Patta or mural paintings are very important. Only Patta painting plays a major role in the vegetative and natural dyes have been utilized in rituals of Jagannath temple of Puri. The traditional depicting these paintings. ‘Pata Painting’ of the Jagannath temple is connected with the holy place. The painters are (b) Nature as well as animals and birds engaged on hereditary basis by the temple and present in patta paintings is an interesting aspect. are known as Sevakas. Treatment of nature such as creepers, forests, the floral decorations, vegetations are the characters These Patta paintings have three basic which require detailed studies. perspectives (1) the most important is the temple art or art of the Jagannath Temple (2) less (c) The Orissan Paintings depict the lifestyle significant is the court art or art of the Jagannath of Orissa people, their customs and traditions. temple (3) a mere generalized nature in the art of (d) While looking into the Patta Painting the the society - mostly opposed to temple art. treatment of palm leaves or the canvas are Patta painting plays a major role in shaping available in separate sheets which relate a and nurturing the artistic sensibility of people. It continuous story in picture. carves an higher niche, in cultural tradition not only (e) In the process of studying the Orissan in India but also in foreign countries. painting it will be possible to find out some of the landmarks in the history and culture of the state.

(f) The paintings available inside the “Natamandap” in Puri temple show variety of . Dr. Jyotirmati Samantaray, Asst. Information Officer, In the context of the Orissan ‘Patta’ the Information & Public Relations Department, word ‘Pata’ or ‘Patta’ has special significance. In Bhubaneswar.

Fear is the mother of morality. – Friedrich Neitzsche

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Satrughnesvara Group of Temples : A Study on its Architecture

Anjaliprava Sahoo

Satrughnesvara group of temples locally known preservation and this helps us in getting an idea from north to south as the Laksmanesvara, the about the architectural peculiarities of this group Bharatesvara and the Satrughnesvara1 carry the of temples.3 earliest known evidence of Kalinga temple style Legends architecture. The three temples standing in a row are opposite to the much later Ramesvara temple The legend of these temples is associated by the side of the road leading to the Lingaraja with Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Satrughna, temple2 from the Railway Station. These are the four legendary brothers of the epic Ramayana. located in between the Old The legend is like this: after town of Bhubaneswar and the killing Ravana, the demon king new capital. of Lanka, Rama with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana These temples are living returned to . In his temples and the presiding deity coronation ceremony, he was is Lord Siva. The Siva-linga in the Laksmanesvara temple is advised by the Rajaguru Valmiki to worship Lord Siva within a square arghapatta for the peace and prosperity of while in the Bharatesvara and the Satrughnesvara, the Lingas the city. Rama chosed this place are within circular Yonipithas. for the purpose and with his These three temples are facing three brothers installed the towards the west. Lingas and worshipped Lord Siva for which these temples are The temples, a heap of known as Ramesvara, rubble earlier are currently being Lakshmanesvara, Bharatesvara renovated by the State and Satrughnesvara according Archaeology Department. Of these, the to the name of these legendary brothers. Laksmanesvara temple is now without its facing stones and the crowning members. The core of Lakshmanesvara Temple the middle one, the Bharatesvara has been The northern-most temple of the group, the covered by the plain blocks of stone at the time Lakshmanesvara is now partially reconstructed of restoration. The southern most one, the but without all original sculpture and facing stone.4 Satrughnesvara is comparatively in good state of Only the core of the original spire or Gandi remains

60 November - 2011 Orissa Review with the corbelled arch above the doorframe front of these temples and therefore we are not in revealed as a chasm.5 Therefore it is difficult to a position to verify whether there actually exists a form a complete idea about the architectural and plinth.14 6 sculptural peculiarities of this temple. The tower The of the temple consists of three above the roof of the is a hollow principal parts-the Bada, the Gandi and the pyramid tapering upwards to form a solid block Mastaka each of which is subdivided into further at the top. The inner face of the core is smooth architectural components.15 whereas the outer face, before reconstruction, showed indentations which together with iron Bada clamps were used for interlocking the sculptured The three temples are Tri-ratha in plan with 7 stones forming the outer face of the temple. three Pagas projecting out from the wall on each Bharatesvara Temple side of the . The larger center Paga known as Raha, is designed as a miniature Rekha shrine The middle temple of the group, the truncated above the first Bhumi with its niche Bharatesvara has even less sculpture remaining 8 cutting through the Pabhaga. The Raha niches are on its wall than Lakshmanesvara. This temple is now empty where as several of the niches of the restored with the addition of several hundred plain subsidiary Pagas till retain their original sculpture.16 blocks of stone.9 The only sculpture of importance appears on the western portal where the jambs Along the vertical plane the Bada is are decorated with ornate scrollwork and divided into three principal parts, the Pabhaga, Dvarapalas. The lintel above the doorway is Jangha and kanthi.17 The Pabhaga consists of decorated with a frieze depicting the capture of three horizontal mouldings and measures 41 wild elephants, a popular motif on the early inches in height. The lower moulding the hoof- temples of Orissa.10 shaped Khura, and the middle torus with a semi- circular profile, are devoid of decoration. The top Satrughnesvara Temple moulding, in the shape of a Khura, is decorated The southern-most temple of the group, the with ornamental scrollwork on its projecting edge Satrughnesvara, is the most complete, though at the base and lotus designs, chaitya-medallions, greatly restored with modern materials, and gives animals and human figures, often engaged in us some idea of the original decorative battle, on its sloping upper face.18 programme of these earliest temples. It thus will The Jangha is 82 ½ inches in height and be used as the model in discussing the decorative 11 consists of six courses of stone. Projecting out features of these temples as a group. from the lower course, beneath the niche of the Architectural Features subsidiary Pagas, is a tala-bandhana consisting These three temples consist of a square of row of metope-like blocks. These projecting Vimana or tower of Rekha order of early Kalingan blocks are carved with lions, elephants, monkeys, human figures and Mithuna motifs. Some of the style which rises straight from the ground.12 There blocks were left unfinished with merely the outlines seems little doubt that each was originally fronted 19 by a Mukhasala. K.C. Panigrahi, who was of the motifs indicated. connected with the restoration, tells categorically The Kanthi, the uppermost horizontal that there was a rectangular plinth to the mouldings which demarcate the Bada from the Satrughnesvara,13 and today, the Archaeology Gandi, consists of three mouldings. The top and Department has developed a beautiful lawn in bottom mouldings project out from the facade

61 Orissa Review November - 2011 while the middle moulding is recessed. The lower moulding is similar to the top moulding of the Pabhaga with lotus designs, chaitya-medallions and human figures. The upper projecting moulding is decorated in a similar manner and forms the first Barandi of the lowest Bhumi of the Gandi. The recessed area is decorated with mythological narrative scenes, including the Marriage of Siva on the south and the Marriage Procession on the north side.20 Gandi The Gandi (spire) of the Satrughnesvara rises to a height of approximately 20 feet above References : ground level. The Kanika (corner) Paga is divided 1. T.E. Donaldson; Art of Orissa; Vol.I; into five Bhumis by Bhumi-amlas with each Bhumi 1985; p.31 being subdivided into four Bhumi-Barandis. The 2. N. Senapati (Ed.); Orissa District Gazetteers; Puri; centre Paga or Raha consists of the Barandis 1977; p.716 superimposed one above the other and decorated 3. A.N. Parida; Early Temples of Orissa, 1999; p.69 with triple chaitya-medallions. On the front facade, 4. T.E. Donaldson; op.cit; p.444 above the entrance to the sanctum, the motif is 5. Ibib; p.31 even larger and consists of two superimposed 6. A.N. Parida; op.cit; p.70 chaitya-medallions crowned by a Kirtimukha 7. T.E. Donaldson; op.cit; p.444 mask and a surmounting image of Lakulisa. The 8. Ibid; p.32 circular upper medallion houses a image 9. R.P. Mohapatra; Archaeology in Orissa; Vol.I; p.53 while the larger lower medallion, keyhole in shape, 10. T.E. Donaldson; op.cit; p.32 21 houses a Ravananugraha murtti. 11. Ibid. Mastaka 12. N. Senapati (Ed.); op.cit; p.71 13. V. Dhejia; Early Stone Temples of Orissa; 1979; The outline of the Gandi inclines gradually p.85; K.C. Panigrahi; Archaeological Remains at inward in a convex curve at the top where it is Bhubaneswar; 1961; p.53 crowned by the Mastaka. The Mastaka is 14. A.N. Parida; op.cit; p.70 composed of a Beki, Amlaka, Khapuri, and 15. R.P. Mohapatra; op.cit; p.52 Kalasa with surmounting Akasalinga finial. Here 16. T.E. Donaldson; op.cit; p.32 the Ayudha is absent which is found in most of 17. A.N. Parida; op.cit; p.72 the temples. 18. T.E. Donaldson; op.cit; p.32 Date of the Temple 19. Ibid; pp.32-33 20. Ibid; p.33 There is no authentic evidence regarding 21. Ibid; p.34 the construction period of the temples. Various dates have been ascribed by scholars to the group 22. A.N. Parida; op.cit; p.70 of these three temples. It is too difficult to suggest Anjaliprava Sahoo, Student, Department of Ancient a date for them. At best it can be said that they Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Plot No.164, 1st belong to the seventh century A.D.22 Lane, Paika Nagar, Near Delta Chowk, Unit-8, BBSR-3.

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Rayagada : The Treasure of Tribal Tourism and Culture

Dasharathi Patra

Tourism Market is a combination of a) Leisure, Recreation, Health, Study, tourism generating area, journey by tourist and Holiday, Religion and Sports. the value of travel. In other words, it is the actual and potential demand for a tourism product based b) Business, family mission and meeting. on a specific tourism motivation on purpose when But the following three categories are not we talk about tourist generating markets; we have regarded as tourists. to talk about the geographical regions with peculiar characteristics knowledge of tourist a) Persons arriving with or without contact generating market is essential for the marketing to take up an occupation or engage in of tourism product or services. This helps you activities remunerated from within the not only in segmenting the market but also in country. targeting your customers. b) Persons coming to establish residence in According to Department of Tourism, the country. Government of India, an “ International visitors is c) Persons who come as Excursionists. any person visiting the country on a foreign passport and the purpose of the visit is other than ii) Excursionist is a visitor who stays less the exercise of an activity remunerated from within than 24 hours in the country. For example, these visitors who come to the country by cruise ships the country or establishment of residence in the and do not spend a night at an accommodation country.” In this definition two segments visitors are covered. establishment in the country. As tourists are divided into two categories i) Foreign Tourist. i.e. Foreign and Domestic tourists. Now we have ii) Excursionist. to discuss about the definition of domestic tourist. Let us discuss about the two segments of the visitors. Domestic Tourist : i) Foreign tourists who stay at least 24 hours As per the definition of Department of in India and purpose of whose journey can be Tourism, Governemnt of India, a person will be classified under any of the following: considered a domestic tourist who travel within

63 Orissa Review November - 2011 the country to place other than his usual place of 4. Cultural Tourism- Fairs and Festivals. resident and stays at hotel or any other commercial establishments run on commercial basis on paying 5. Cultural Tourism- Handicrafts, Handlooms room rent for a duration of not less than 12 months and Tribal Arts. at a time for any of the following purposes: 6. Holiday and Leisure Tourism. a) Pleasure (Holiday, Leisure, and Sports etc). 7. Wildlife Tourism. b) Pilgrimage, Religion and social function. 8. Sports and Adventure Tourism. c) Business, Conference and Meeting. d) Study and Health. 9. Reservoir Tourism. Types of Tourism : Now steps are being taken for Eco- Tourism development in the state and New As per the Odisha Tourism Policy 1997, Tourism Policy is in the pipe line for are divided into 9 types for implementation. promotion of Tourism in the state. They are as follows:- Tourism Centres of Odisha :-

1. Archaeological and Pilgrimage Tourism. There are 320 identified tourist centres in Odisha as on lst September 2011, out of which 2. Convention Tourism. 7 are in . The names of such 3. Beach and Lake Tourism. tourist centres along with their importance are given as under:

SI No. Name of the centre Importance Distance from Dist. Hqrs (in Kms)

1. Bisam Kataka Scenic spot - Forest. 53 2. Chatikana. Scenic spot-Waterfall. 48 3. Devagiri Scenic Spot - Mountain 53 4. Hatipathar (Rayagada) Scenic Spot - Waterfall on 03 River Nagavali. 5. Minajhola Scenic Spot - Confluence of 120 three rivers Chauladhua, Phalaphalalia, Banshadhara & Wild life. 6. Niyamgiri Hills Scenic Spot - Hills & Forest. 70 7. Padamapur Religious Centre - Shrine of 70 Lord Manikeswar

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Odisha in the Eastern Coast of India 76,42,047 have visited during the year 2010. It attracts thousands of domestic and foreign tourists will be better to reproduce the tourist arrival to everyday to visit the places of tourist interest. As the identified tourist centres of Rayagada district per the Statistical Bulletin, 2010 of Department beginning from 2007 to witness the Tribal Tourism of Tourism, Government of Odisha, 75,91,615 and Culture. Domestic and 50,432 Foreign tourists totaling to

YEAR-WISE TOURIST VISIT TO THE IDENTIFIED TOURIST CENTRES OF RAYAGADA DISTRICT.

Year 2007 Year 2008 SI. Name of the Centre Domestic Foreign Total Domestic Foreign Total No.

1. Devagiri 55484 30 55514 58644 - 58644 2. Hatipathar (Rayagada) ------3. Padampur 62387 - 62387 64330 - 64330 4. 94161 155 94316 95300 946 96246 5. Bisam Kataka - - - 3200 - 3200 6. Minajhola ------7. Niyamgiri Hills - - - 2000 - 2000

Year-2009 Year- 2010

SI. Name of the centre Domestic Foreign Total Domestic Foreign Total No.

1. Devagiri 60810 - 60810 62026 - 62026 2. Hatipathar (Rayagada) 327911 912 328823 334469 388 334857 3. Padampur 59195 - 59195 60378 - 60378 4. Chatikona 97200 731 79931 99144 490 99634 5. Bisam Cuttack 20840 115 20955 21257 490 21747 6. Minajhola 5995 - 5995 6114 - 6114 7. Niyamgiri Hills 15094 - 15094 5525 - 5525 Source: Statistical Bulletin 2010, Produced by Deptt. of Tourism, Govt. of Odisha.

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It has come to know that, the tourists who district is 7073.0 Sq kms and situated above 220 are coming to Odisha, firstly prefer to visit the meters from the sea level. sea beach of Puri, Konark, Cathedral town Other Attraction of Rayagada : Bhubaneswar, Lalitgiri, Khandagiri and Udayagiri, Dhauli Peace Pagoda, Nandankanan, Chilika This region has picturesque natural Lake and Buddhist site Langudi as well as the scenery with rolling mountain, meadows, roaring artistic village Raghurajpur. If they are arriving in rivers, rapid waterfalls, Lakes, reservoirs about festival period then they do not miss to see Car 3000 feet plateau valleys and primitive and Festival and Return Car festival of Puri, Konark colorful tribal like Dongaria Kondha, Soura, Dance festival, Buddha festival Lalitagiri. The next Bonda, Koya, Paraja, Lanjia Soura and Durua alternative tour is to tribal art and culture of etc. The tribals here enjoy varieties of living in Rayagada and Koraput district. different seasons with its misty marring of the monsoon month, golden autumn winter, the thrilling Koraput region mainly refers to undivided spring and moderate scorching summer. The Koraput district namely Koraput, Rayagada, geographical location still keeps the territory Nabarangapur, Malkangiri district during the year isolated from the coastal areas. One enters the 1992. The undivided Koraput district was one of elevating ghat roads spirally ascending the lofty the largest districts (second in rank) in the country hill and ascending the steps valleys passing through within an area of 27,020 Sq kms. Koraput region many sophisticated 36 railway tunnels from is bounded in the north by Kalahandi district of Rayagada to Koraput and 52 railway tunnels from Odisha and Raipur of Chhatishgarh and south by Vishakhapatnam to Koraput enroute. The name Godavari and Vishakhapatnam of Andhra of such unidentified tourist centres need to be Pradesh and Ganjam undivided (Gajapati district identified and development programme can be of Odisha) in the east by Srikakulam district of taken up by the District Administration of Andhra Pradesh. The present area of Rayagada Rayagada in near future. They are as under: SI Name of the Place Importance Distance from Dist Hqrs No. Rayagada (in Kms.) 1. Maa Majhighariani Presiding deity of Rayagada and Temple. famous in Sourthen Odisha. 03 Chaiti Parba is famous festival of the temple. 2. Laxmi Narayan Temple The temple situated at IMFA 25 factory at Therubali with deity of Laxminarayan, Lord Jagannath, Lord Balbhadra, and Goddess Subhadra and Lord . 3. Paikpada Famous for so many Shiva 25 , Lord Jagannath, Maa Dakhineswari Kalika, and Chamunda etc are worshipped here

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4. Kumudabali Confluence point of Bansadhara with Sakatnala 5. Kurli Trekking base point 48

6. Sephali Hill Famous for Sapneswar Shiva Shrine 73 7. Jhigdi Tribal ornament market 58

8. Putasing Lanjia Soura Tribal Place 100 9. Kashipur A place of lakhs of Champak trees 80

10. Jagamanda hill Famous for Dharma Kriti Vihar of Buddha 11. Omdinga Famous for Lord Bighneswar Mahadev Temple

12. Muniguda A religious place 65

Tourism Project :- Hotel Maruti 225333 No new tourism projects are started in Hotel Swagath 222208 this district. Hotel Kapilas 222280 Local Tourist Guides : Hotel Tapan 225845 Looking to the tourist potentiality and Muniguda Town tourist flow in the district, Department of Tourism in collaboration with Dist. Administration Hotel Pooja 06863-245848 Rayagada have trained 17 candidates as Trained Hotel Bhawani 245055 Guides. Gunupur Town Tourism Approved Hotels : Hotel Rukmini 06857-250179 To provide better accommodation to the tourists visiting to this district, the followings are Travel and Excursion Agency the Tourism Approved Hotels in Rayagada town/ In order to provide better facilities to the Muniguda town and in Gunupur town. tourists there is no such Travel and Excursion Name of the Approved Contact agencies approved by the Department of Tourism Hotels Phone No. in Rayagada district. Hotel Sai International 06856 - 223396 Sustainable Tourism Development in Hotel Tejasvi International 224925 Rayagada District : Hotel Raj Bhawan 223444 As Rayagada has got rich potentiality in Jyoti Mahal 223393 tribal culture of Dongaria Kandha and Lanjia

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Soura, historical site, wooden handicrafts, Important Information for Tourists : Dongaria Kandha and Lanjia Soura tribal ornaments, Chaiti Parba and Rayagada Tourists intending to visit Rayagada may Mahotsav, Eco- Tourism as well as Agriculture contact to District Tourist Officer, Rayagada at base tourism got future prospectus for sustainable Collectorate Rayagada or contact him over cell tourism development in this district. Eventhough, phone bearing number 9439838936 or Call it has got its own attraction to draw large number 18002097123 (Toll Free) for further information of tourists. Due to the naxal activities in the and assistance. Koraput region, some development works are held up. It is badly required to provide incentive to the private entrepreneur to undertake development works of all the tourism sites as well as a District Tourism Centre in the Rayagada town Dasharathi Patra, Statistics Cell, Tourism Department, to promote tourism in this area. Bhubaneswar.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik inaugurating Saheed Smruti Stambha at Khurda on 25.10.2011.

Life represents Ideology. Life should be sacrificed for Ideology. – P.R. Sarkar

68 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Heritage Walk

Gopinath Mohanty

Rulers come and go. Time tides over civilization Samhita, Ekamra Purana etc. contain description but the heritage of the art and sculpture exhibits about Bhubaneswar. It has also been described the edifice being built during the ages. Future as “Sambaba Kshetra” which was established by generation looks at them with bewilderment and “Sambhu” or Lord Siva. It transpires that all these reverence. In the words of Viswakabi orthodox writings on Bhubaneswar describe it as Rabindranath Tagore on Konark, ‘the language a stronghold of Saivite culture in order to lessen of men is defeated by language of stone’. The the importance of in those days. heritage buildings like temples, palaces are mute The “Svarnnadri-Mahodaya”, an witnesses to the glorious past. Here the language orthodox text defines Bhubaneswar as lying of stone is stronger than language of men. Each between Khandachala (Khandagiri) and the stone depicts the information more eloquently than temple of “Bahirangeswar” situated on the top of words. The stony silence is more gregarious than the Dhauligiri. Bhubaneswar like Pataliputra and the human voice. Baranasi bears long and chequered history but The history of Bhubaneswar goes back there are a remarkable series of ancient to 2500 years when it was the Capital City of monuments in Bhubaneswar, which are not found Kalinga. Now again it has been selected to be in Pataliputra and Baranasi. capital town of modern Orissa. Bhubaneswar is In the days of Ashoka (300 B.C.), it was a short form of ‘Tribhubaneswar’, which means known as Tosali, which was the capital of Kalinga. the God of Universe (Lord Siva) and was adopted The political history of Orissa began with rule of as Bhubaneswar for convenience. Nanda Emperors of Magadha. When Tribhubaneswar itself changed from ‘Tosali’ after Chandragupta Maurya ascended the throne, the construction of ‘Lingaraj’ temple during the Kalinga was not a part of the Magadha Empire. period of supremacy of Saivism in Orissa. Ashok invaded Kalinga in 261 B.C., which not only changed the face of the State but that of the Bhubaneswar has remained as the world also at large. Kalinga war converted religious-cum-cultural centre of Orissa since time Chandasoka to Dharmasoka. If Buddhism was immemorial. The ancient name of Bhubaneswar born in North India it was transported outside was “Ekamra Kanan” (A mango forest). It has India from the soil of Kalinga i.e from Dauligiri been described as “Utkal Varanasi” in old only. Since the Kalinga war, Bhubaneswar scriptures. Some puranic literatures like Skanda continued to be the capital of Kalinga Empire at Purana, Siva Purana, Ekamra Chandrika, Kapila the time of Ashokan Empire.

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The second important phase in the history Anantavarma Chodagangadeva defeated of Orissa as well as of Bhubaneswar began with the Kesaris in 1114 A.D. Kalinga empire was Kharavela’s invasion in the second century B.C. extended till Godavari in the south and to the river The emperor, Kharavela drove away Nandas and Hooghly in north. The Gangas and Suryavamsi recovered Jinna (Jain-cult-object). rulers built Lord Jagannath temple at Puri and Sun temple at Konark. Following this the centre of During the 3rd Century A.D. gravity of religion in Orissa shifted from Bhubaneswar probably came under Andhra Bhubaneswar to Puri. After Ganga, the supremacy in Orissa. By 5th century A.D. coastal Suryavamsi kings or Gajapati kings had their districts of Orissa came under Gupta dynasty. capital at Puri. But they fortified the cultural Saivism became the dominant form of the religion. heritage of Bhubaneswar. After the decline of Buddhism and Jainism receded into the Suryavamsa, Bhoi dynasty ruled the state for a background. It is believed that most of the short period. Following the death of Buddhist monuments converted into the phallic Mukundadeva Harichandan the Mughals ruled emblems at that time. Orissa till 1740. Then came the Marathas who By the end of 6th century A.D., the King ruled from 1751 to 1803 and the British ruled Sasanka of Gauda destroyed a number of from 1803 to 1947. Buddhist monuments and revived Hinduism. He Cuttack became the State capital in 1936 built the Bhubaneswar temple, which is no longer after Orissa was separated from Bihar and in existence. The present temple of Lingaraj is a became a new province in British India. After monument of Eleventh Century A.D. independence Bhubaneswar was chosen as the State Capital in 1948. The famous architect Dr. The Bhaumakaras occupied Otto H. Keenigsberger prepared the Master Plan Bhubaneswar during 9th and 10th Centuries and for the new township in 1954 on the basis of the constructed Vaital-Sisiresvara group of temples. concept of “neighbourhood unit planning”. During this period Saktism made its appearance in Bhubaneswar. The Vaital temple, the first Sakti Over period of time Bhubaneswar grew shrine shows in its sculptures a strong rich with archaeological monuments representing amalgamation of Saktism. Saivism and Mahayana different religions at different periods. There are Buddhism. 117 caves with Hatigumpha inscription in the Khandagiri-Udayagiri complex depicting Jain The Kesari kings succeeded the religion, the rock-cut elephant with Ashokan Bhaumakaras. During this period art and inscriptions at Dhauli and the developed architecture of Saiva and Sakta cults flourished. metropolis of Tosali (Sisupalgarh) on the bank of Several temples were built at Bhubaneswar. river Gangua representing Buddhism. The Saivite During Kesari rule the capital was shifted from temples include Mukteswar temple, Rajarani Tosali (Bhubaneswar) to Abhinab Kataka (present temple, the magnificent Lingaraj temple, the Cuttack). The last two Kesari kings (Yayati II Bhubaneswar temple, the Megheswar temple, the and Uddyota Kesari) transferred their capital to Bhaskaresvar temple, the Yamesvar temple etc. Jajpur or Jajatinagar and Bhubaneswar lost its The temples representing the Sakti cult are importance. However, during the reign of Yajati temple in the precinct of Lingaraj complex, the Kesari innumerable Siva temples were built and circular sixty-four Yogini temple in Hirapur close the foundation of the famous Lingaraj temple was to Bhubaneswar, the Saptamatrika group of laid by him at Bhubaneswar. deities etc.

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With emergence of the Ganga dynasty Daiteswar Temple, Mukteswar Temple, heterogeneous faiths like Saivism, Saktism and Kedareswar Temple lying at a walking distance Buddhism integrated into a cosmopolitan form of of 2.5kms. Route II connects 23 shrines like religion i.e. Vaisnavism. The quintessence of all Mukteswar Complex, Daiteswar Temple, these faiths merged in all-pervasive Jagannath cult. Swarnajaleswar Temple (by the side of The worship pattern, festivals, daily rituals in the Kotitirtheswar), Subarneswar, Bramha Temple, Lingaraj temple were patterned in the light of what Vishnu Temple, Vimaleswar/Gourishankar, was prevalent in the Jagannath temple. The shrine Chitrakarini, Makareswar, Vaitala/Sisireswar, of Lingaraj became Hari Hara, a synthetic form Taleswar, Kedareswar Complex, Siva temple, of Visnu and Siva. One part of the Lingaraj is Kotitirtheswar, Sampurnajaleswar, Ananta identified as Hari and the other part as Hara. Vasudev, Tirtheswar, Kainchi Temple, Papanasini, Additional structures like Natamandapa and Bharatimath, Uttareswar, Parsurameswar over Bhogamandap and Stambha were added to the 2.2 Kms. The Route III covers 11 shrines namely main temple. Parsvadevatas in the form of Ganesh, Laxmaneswar Group of Temples, Rameswar , Parvati were placed in separate temple, Gosagareswar Temple, Vaitala Temple, structures on three sides of main temple and were Bharatimath, Makareswar Temple, Papanasini also worshipped. The Chudangagada fort, Temple. Chitrakarini Temple, Kainchi Temple, Kausalyaganga tank, Laxmisagar tank, Vimaleswar Temple, Lingaraj Temple over a Simhagada (the present State Museum complex) distance of 2 km and the Route IV has 11 heritage and Badagada Forts were added during this time. Complexes like Taleswar, Dwarabasini, Bramha Also the art and the architecture were greatly Temple, Ananta Vasudev, N-E Corner shrine, changed. The Laxmi-Nrusimha temple, the Sarideula, Mohini Temple, Markandeswar images of Laxmi-Narayan, Ananta Vasudeva and Temple, Vaitala Temple, Chandana Mandapa, Ekanansa represented Vaisnavism. Kapilendra Uttareswar Temple stretching over 2.2 kms. Deva, the founder of Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty The tourists along with officers and guides also constructed the Kapileswar temple. of Tourism Department, Orissa Tourism Millions of visitors are coming to Orissa Development Corporation, Orissa State to visit these cultural edifices of Oriyas and they Archaeology, Archaeological Survey of India go marvel at these majestic monuments. But rapid around these sites between 7 A.M. to 8 A.M. on urbanization and callousness on the part of urban the last Sunday of each month. They cover one development authorities helped in obliterating the route in one day and go along the second route beauty of these monuments due to massive next month. When route four is covered, tours encroachments. In order to instill a sense of start again from route one in a cyclic order. awareness among the residents living around these This noble attempt of Tourism heritage structures and to provide a conducive Department has generated hope and aspiration atmosphere for the visitors/tourists the Department among heritage lovers to walk through the of Tourism has introduced a package of “Heritage corridors of the heritage sites and feel the pulse Walk” in the year 2003. of illustrious ancestors who gave us these Under this innovative scheme they have stupendous monuments that have withstood the developed four routes. The route I covers 8 ravages of time. Let us preserve these priceless temples namely Brahmeswar Temple, heritages for our posterity. Bhaskareswar Temple, , Taleswar temple, Parsurameswar Temple, Gopinath Mohanty, 4R-2/1, Unit – III, Bhubaneswar.

71 Orissa Review November - 2011

Floral Sanctuary : A Study of Sacred Grove of a Village in Western Orissa

Dr. Subash Khamari

INTRODUCTION Khond (Boal, 1984; Nayak, Boal and Soreng, 1990; Patnaik,1992), Juang (Nayak, Boal and Sacred Groves is an age-old tradition where a Soreng, 1993), Santal (Muhkherjee, 1963), patch of forest or water body is dedicated to local Didayi (Guha, Siddiqui and Mathur, 1968), deities and none is allowed to cut plants or to kill Bondo (Elwin, 1950), Bhuiyan (Roy, 1935), etc. animals or any form of life (Gaikwad, Paralikar, Chavan and Krishnan, 2004). The institution of Amidst the large scale destruction and sacred groves dates back to the pre-agrarian rapidly dwindling forest cover in the Jharsuguda hunting-gathering phase of human civilization, and district, it is highly noteworthy that in a large is known to thrive in most parts of India (Kosambi, number of villages, the local communities have 1962). It has been estimated that total number of initiated the process of protection of degraded sacred groves in the country lies between 100,000 forest patches and allowed them to regenerate. This process of community initiated protection and and 150,000 (Malhotra, et.al., 1999). These are management of degraded forestlands started since mainly distributed in the states of Andhra Pradesh, early seventies. Amidst vast degraded landscape, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Maharashtra (Gadgil luxuriant tree growth can be seen. In addition, a and Vartak, 1981; Deshmukh et.al., 1998), large number of sacred groves in their primeval Rajasthan (Pandey), Uttar Pradesh (Sinha and form are seen distributed throughout the district. Maikhuri, 1998), Tamil Nadu, Kerala, In Badadhara village where such initiatives have Pondichery, Gujrat, Goa, West Bengal, and some been undertaken, basic information was obtained north-eastern states such as Meghalaya (Tiwari in terms of ethnic composition of village, et.al., 1998). Studies in Orissa (Malhotra, population size, area protected and management Stanley, Hemam, and Das, 1998 ; Kulkarni, practices, etc. from the villagers. In addition, Barve, Jagdale and Inamdar, 1993; Das, and several detailed studies capturing different forms Malhotra, 1998; Appffel - Margalin and Parajuli, of management practices in the adjacent villages 2000) show a wide distribution of these sacred were carried out. The main criterion in selecting groves varying in size from a few trees to dense the village for case study was that the protection forests covering vast tracts of land and spreading and management was entirely community initiated over a wide range of communities and tribes i.e. without any help from the forest department and Gadaba (Thusu and Jha, 1969; Nayak, Boal and other government agencies or NGOs. The Soreng, 1996), Kharia (Roy and Roy, 1937), objectives of the study were:

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— to understand what motivates people to The topography of the village consists of initiate on their own protection of undulating surface of protruding shallow spurs and degraded forest lands; flat river valley. The whole area can be divided into five zones. Each of these zones has different — How sanctity was attached to the soil type and utilization pattern. The southernmost protection programme; part of the village is covered by a narrow strip of low lying river plain of fertile Potu (rem) mati — under what circumstances people come (river site soil) soil type. Earlier villagers used to together and start a collective action; cultivate paddy in this area. But, since the — the structure of the evolved informal forest construction of Hirakud dam at Hirakud on Mahanadi, in 1950s, most of the fertile area protection and management institution; (bahal)of the village has been submerged i.e. — the management practices (rules and Khadkhadiabahal, Baghberna, Baigamunda and regulations) including protection and use Jor. During the monsoon, the reservoir is filled up of biomass resources, conflict resolution, almost touching the settlement but during the nature of fines and punishment etc; and summer, vast grassy and open land is available for a shorter period for cultivation or for animal — what lessons can be learned from such grazing. However, most of its forest has been initiatives in the broader context of the submerged in the reservoir. Above this submerged present policies related to forest river valley is a small narrow strip of undulating management in the country. land which was subsequently modified as cultivation fields. The settlement site lies on the VILLAGE PROFILE higher plane is mainly of infertile reddish soil Gori mati (hard and stony soil), abutting to the north- Physical feature west the sacred grove called Dunguri. In between The Badadhara village lies in the west of the settlement site and the hill range Jharsuguda town, about 72 kms. away along the (Chheliaparvat), lies a strip of dry land -fields of fertile soil. Beyond this is the high hill range with Jharsuguda-Kanaktora road leading to regenerating forest off the northern boundary of Chhatisgarh. From the main road, at Badimal the village. Chhak, a kutcha motorable road of about 2 kms. long connects the village. The village comes under The village enjoys reasonably good rainfall Lakhanpur Tahsil of Jharsuguda District, Orissa. spread over 6 months. Monsoon season starts The total geographical area of the village is about as early as April and continues up to October. 1206.870 acres. The south side of the village is The maximum rainfall occurs during August and bounded by Kelo river and Hirakud reservoir September. The other source of water is Kelo and the tropical forest of a small hill range(Chhelia river and a small perennial stream running from parvat), running from east to west direction, forms north-south meandering through the paddy fields. the northern boundary belongs to Badimal village. It finally opens to the Kelo river. The settlement is situated on the higher plane. The village has also one hamlet of about 11 households People called Khajariapara, which is situated near the The population is primarily dominated by north-western boundary of the village. Kulta, settling in the centre of the settlement,

73 Orissa Review November - 2011 circumscribed by others. They were the first The main crops grown are rice, ragi, settlers of this village. In the beginning before the niger, millets, maize and many varieties of Hirakud dam, they stayed at various locations i.e. vegetables in different seasons. They sell some of Dihi, Baghberna, Luhurendhipa etc. on the bank the vegetables (brinjal, chili, potato, tomato, of river Kelo, subsequently with the submergence beans, peas, lady finger, bitter guard, pumpkin), of bank, they shifted to the present site. They have oilseeds and the surplus cereals or millets. been settled here for the last five generations. In However, most of the households do not produce due course of time, other groups also came and sufficient food. Some of them purchase rice from settled in the village i.e. Kandha, Dhoba, Keuta, outside mainly from Government depot of public Khajaria, Jhankar, Gauda, Teli, etc. Such distribution system (PDS). immigration of people from other villages and natural increment of their own population led to Land and forest ownership gradual increase in population. Eventhough their Their most fertile land (river valley) has houses are clustered in small area, there is been submerged by the Hirakud dam. The river settlement segregation based on ethnicity. The valley is lying submerged for the last 50 years. Kultas occupy the central portion of the village More than 200 acres of land have been lost. road while the remaining groups are settled on Villagers have been compensated for on a lump the periphery. sum basis by the Government for their lost land. Livestock Some of them also cultivate on the slopes, just below the protected forest area where there are The main livestock found in the village are no trees. However, they do not have permanent cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog and hen. There ownership for such fields. The whole forest area are about thousands of cows and buffaloes and (hill range) officially belongs to the Forest hundreds of goats and sheep. Grazing is mainly Department. However, the villagers have usufruct done inside the forest and on fallow cultivation right over these lands. There is no permanent or fields. The Gauda in the village takes care of individual ownership of forest land or trees grown grazing of the whole village livestock. In return there. for his services, he is given annual paddy proportionate to the cows and occasional cloth Forest and food on festive occasions. The forest area (hill range) covers an area Occupation of about 22.410 acres (Plate I) initially spread over two shallow rocky outcrops divided by a The main occupation of the villagers is shallow defile subsequently converted to a cultivation. They practice both wet and dry land kutcha road leading from the village to Prahlad cultivation. Besides, they also plant vegetables and munda. As mentioned earlier, the whole area is other fruit bearing trees in home gardens. Those collectively controlled by the village. There is no who have no wet land for cultivation take up dry private ownership of forest land or trees in the land cultivation on the bank of river during summer forest. Depending upon the nature of natural and also tenant farming. During off season some vegetation or distinct feature of the area, there people who work as labourers in and around the are different names for different sites in the forest. village also go for fishing. For instance, the forest site where there is good

74 November - 2011 Orissa Review growth of trees is called Bada Dunguri. Against Soyamida febrifuga (Rahen), Sterculari urens Chhota Dunguri which is smaller and devoid of (Genduli), Syzigium cumuni (Jam), Tephrosia any growth. The whole forest is a very old. Though purpurea (Barakolathia), Terminalia arjuna the forest is dominated by Sal, Mango, Dumri, (Arjuna), Terminalia bellerica (Bahada), Senha, Bela, Mahul, Biza, Swanigi, etc. its Terminalia chebula (Harida), Tinospora cordifolia unique biodiversity character has been reflected (Guluchilata), Vitex negundo (Begunia), by harbouring many medicinal plants, roots, fruit Woodfordia fruticosa (Dhatki). trees and creepers (like siari), shrubs etc along with many faunal types including various resident Deforestation in the village birds, reptiles and wild animals (Plate II). In the past (prior to 1960) there used to A list of plant species once formed the be very dense vegetation covering the whole forest area. The subsistence needs of the villagers such vegetation cover over the hillock is furnished as timber, fuelwood, fodder, roots, medicinal below : Achyranthes aspera (Apamaranga), plants, fruits and other requirements were met (Bela), Ageratum Conyzoides from the forest. There was no individual or (Poksungha), Alstonia scholaris (Chhatim), community ownership and control over utilization Andrographis paniculata (Bhuin nimbi), Annona of forest produce. Every villager had free access sqnamisa (Ata), Argemone mexicana to all the forest resources. One could collect (Dengbhejri), Aristolochia indica (Panairi), whatever items and quantities he wanted or make Asparagus racemosus (Satabari), Azadirachta shifting cultivation fields. Even villagers from other indica (Nimba), Boerharia diffusa (Puruni), areas were given free access to the forest Bombax ceiba (Simuli), Butea monosperma produce. During that time with a small population (Palash), Cassia fistula (Sunnari), Chloroxylen and no commercial exploitation, the forest swetinoides (Bheru), Cleistanthus collinuds provided sufficient materials for their own (Karada), Cleoma viscose (Huluhulu), Curarligo subsistence needs. orchinoides (Talmuli), Curcuma longa (Haldi), Cyperus rotundus (Mutha), Diospyros The deforestation process in the village melaroxylon (Kendu), Eclipta prostate started in early sixties. The beginning of (Bhrungaraj), Euphorbia hirta (Chitakutei), deforestation in the area coincided with the Evolvulus alsinoides (Bichhamalia), Ficus mumosa construction of Hirakud dam which submerged (Dimri), Hemidesmus indicus (Sugandhi), most of the forest land on the bank of Kelo. After Holarshena antidysentica (Kurei), Jatropha the submersion, many of the villagers became curcusa (Ramjada), Lemonia acidissimia landless and had to encroach on more forest land (Kaintha), Madhuca indica (Mahula), Millettia for cultivation. Even shifting cultivation was also pinnata (Karanja), Mimosa pudica (Sajakuli), practiced. The slope of Dunguri was gradually Nyctanthus arboristis (Gangasiuli), Parsiflora converted into cultivable land towards west and foetida (Bisiripi), Pergularia daemia (Uturuli), north leaving the forest area restricted to less than Phillanthus emblica (Aanla), Phoenix sylvestris 15 acres. This encroachment along with increasing (Khajuri), Plumbago indica (Rakta Chitaparu), population accentuated the degradation process Sapindus trifoliate (Rithaphala), Semecarpus further. On the ChhotaDunguri, many new houses anacardium (Bhalia), Similax microphylla (Muturi), came up along with khala for keeping paddy husk

75 Orissa Review November - 2011 leaving not a single tree. Around that time there areas. They used to go to the forest of Chhelia was a sudden increase in demand of timber, Parvat of Badimal village which is situated about fuelwood and charcoal. To make some quick 3 kms. away for collection of fuelwood, household money, villagers started selling off their trees and construction materials, and other non-timber making of charcoal. This large scale extraction forest produces (NTFPs). In the beginning they along with the continuation of the practice of were allowed to collect without giving any royalty/ shifting cultivation in the forest lands led to payment to the host village. The forests of Chhelia complete deforestation in the area by late Parvat village also got degraded as many other seventies. Earlier there used to be lot of bamboo villagers from other areas also started collecting grown in the village. After the exhaustion of forest, biomass from the forest. they started cutting bamboo for fuelwood as well The people of Badimal village soon as for construction purposes. This ultimately led realized that unless restrictions of access to outside to exhaustion of bamboo from the village. The villagers including Badadhara were imposed, their only remaining trees were those in the core of forests will soon become totally denuded. Thus, sacred grove of Dunguri reducing considerably outsiders were no longer allowed to collect its size. fuelwood or any other item from their forest. However, as the Badadhara villagers had no other Tree species collected for housing and source, they continued to go there and collect other activities are: fuelwood illegally. Manytimes they were caught, Bamboo, Karla, Dhaura, Haland, Kendu, their weapons confiscated, fined and abused by Mahua, Mango, Sal, Piasal, Telkurei, Veru, Valia, the Badimal villagers. Often there personal Sahaj, Sena, Stem as bole, Leaf for thatching and belongings (like women’s ornaments) were even Root as rope. robbed on the way. This led to a series of quarrels and conflicts between the two villages. Following species have been lost completely from the forest due to deforestation: Origin of protection of forest Asana, Bamboo, Bandhan, Bel, Bhanwar, Karda, In the midst of constant harassment and Chara, Dhawra, Gamhari, Haland, Harida, humiliation by other villagers and the physical hardship of walking more than 3 kms. with full Karanja, Kekata, Kendu, Khair, Khurdu, Kurei, headload, they decided to start protection of their Kusum, Mahua, Mango, Piasala, Rohini, Sahaja, own forest which was lying completely degraded. Sal, Saliha, Sena, Sisoo and Veru. The association of the ritual with the Dunguri was Dependence on others concurrently operated with the village committee. It was carried from two perspectives- After the exhaustion of their forest in late (a) Association of rituals with the forest and seventies the villagers had to face lot of problem (b) by forming a village committee to look after of finding fuelwood, timber and other subsistence the forest. requirements for many years. Since there was no tree left in the forest, they dug out even roots of Myth and legend of Dunguri dead trees for fuel. Finally, they started going to Folklore plays an important role in the forests of other nearby villages in the surrounding preservation of sacred groves. The sanctity of

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Dunguri has been formulated in many ways with — Some divine and semi-divine spirits like multiple oral traditions being well kneaded to form Mauli, Peten, Mahulgachhien, the belief pattern.- Amgachhien etc. are believed to be residing in this forest. — In late sixties, a Baba of Mahima Dharma named Narayan Das came to the village and As a result the grove was under strict a thatched matha consisting of a single room cultural taboos in harvesting of plant biomass and was constructed on its summit for his staying. hunting of animals; none of the forest products Due to medication and miracle of Baba many was exploited for commercial purposes; was villagers were treated from many diseases found undisturbed. The protection of sacred site leading to his increasing popularity and was maintained by the belief in powers of resident reverence. Many became his followers and spirits and deities, and no policing or monitoring attended to his various sevas. He took care was carried out by humans. Persons violating the of the forest and requested villagers not to established norms and values are generally not cut any tree and protect the forest for future. punished, instead are punished by local nature Baba died after taking a pledge from the spirits/deities. In the village, the communities, villagers that cutting tree would mean cutting irrespective of ethnicity, religion, language, age or his limbs. That was enough for the villagers gender observed traditional values and ethics in to restraining the deforestation, instead they maintaining the biological and cultural integrity of depended upon Badimal forest for their the sacred site. Such values and ethics related to requirements. Subsequently, the matha was sacred sites have a strong bearing on the dismantled and a new pucca matha was conservation of dwindling biodiversity. There is constructed (Plate III) and other Babas are plenty to learn from such prudent cultural practices invited to reside here. The tale goes on that related to care and use of natural resources. once a person cut a tree which oozes blood Village Committee thought to be that of Narayan Das Baba, which led to believe firmly in the sanctity. However, the increasing incidences of felling of trees indicate to the decreasing — The demise of Baba led to construction of a dependency on belief system which was not matha/samadhi in Dunguri and every year enough to counter deforestation. It forced the his death anniversary is observed on Amla villagers to devise new method for the preservation Puja in the month of Kartika where all of the forest. The village committee organized a villagers gathered, moved around an amla meeting involving villagers to discuss the problem tree in front of matha with kirtan and of felling of sacred trees, for procurement of bhajan and took prasada collectively after needed biomass, especially fuel wood. In that putting tilak of ash from sacred dhuni meeting they discussed about the need to presumably lit by late Baba and pledge to protection of the forest in the name of Baba. They protect the trees. agreed to start protection in a way to keep a vigil — A sacred source of water (Plate IV) is located on the forest and punish the offenders. Although on its top in a natural cavern which does not there was no written agreement, the villagers dry even in the summer, believed to contain resolved to maintain the following norms and some magico-medicinal property. regulations:

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— No one should cut any live tree. Only development projects, industries, and mining dead wood or branches or fallen trees operations have also come up in the district. All are allowed to be collected. these have led to submergence of large forest and cultivable land, encroachment on forest land for — Even collection of bamboo shoot and mining and other purposes, large scale fruits of some trees are not allowed. displacement of locals, etc. Besides, there is large — One should not remove any regenerating scale practice of shifting cultivation by people plant saplings. which also contributes to degradation of forest. The district, as noted above, went through the — Other villagers from nearby area will be process of rampant deforestation beginning from allowed to collect leaves for religious and early part of this century. It is also noted that in social functions. many villages community initiated forest protection and management systems have been initiated. The — One should not cultivate inside or on the exact number of such villages and the total area lower slopes of the protected site except being protected and managed is not known or where there was no tree growth. documented, it can be safely inferred that the phenomenon is fairly widespread and in a — One cannot collect anything from forest substantial area of earlier degraded forestland for commercial purposes. biodiversity has been restituted. Here, community — Violator of the above norms will be based initiation, coupled with sacred nature of the punished accordingly (imposition of fine). grove protected the site leaving other profane Fines collected shall be utilized for groves viz. Chhota Dunguri, Amburei and common village purpose. Talbhana to considerable deforestation. — In case of any dispute the matter shall be sorted out in a common village meeting.

In order to maintain the above norms, all villagers keep an eye on the forest.

CONCLUSION Large scale commercial exploitation of forest in Dr. Subash Khamari, Dy Superintending Archaeologist, the district seemed to have started in early part of Archaeological Survey of India, Regional Directorate this century. After independence, various (ER), Kolkata, E-mail: [email protected].

Morality is the second fundamental factor for the success of democracy. - P.R. Sarkar

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Contingent Planning for Agriculture under Flood Situation in Odisha

M. Mishra, B. Patro, S.Panda

Odisha receives an average annual rainfall of post flood situation. External assistance is only 1498 mm, out of which 80% is received during source of survival of flood victims. Intervention monsoon season from June to September. Flood of Government and Non Government waters of Jharkhand and Chattisgarh and heavy Organizations play a vital role in rescue, relief and rainfall on the hills of Odisha contributes to flood rehabilitation programmes before initiation of in coastal lines and deltaic areas of the state. High agricultural activities by the farmers. Cessation of degree of siltation, soil erosion, breaching of recovery or reduction of interest rate over crop embankments and tidal flow of sea restricting loans and re-allotment of loan, compensation of disposal of flood water aggravates flood. In damage, supply of inputs and resumption of Odisha coastal line of 482 Km is exposed to irrigation and communication etc. are very much frequent flood and waterlogging in most of the essential for farmers to resume agricultural activity years. The rivers such as Mahanadi, to support livelihood. Subarnarekha, Brahmani, Rusikulya, Vansadhara Crop damage by flood and their tributaries flow carrying the flood water to the sea. Construction of irrigation and power The flood causes submergence of crop generation projects on drainage lines of rivers plants restricting respiration and gaseous exchange sometimes aggravate flood due to sudden disposal thereby ceasing all growth processes leading to of flood water through the river due to heavy rain death and decay. Aerobic crops can not resist fall in catchments areas. Apart from heavy rainfall, standing water and submergence. Rice resist cyclonic wind along with heavy rainfall and tidal standing water due to supply of oxygen to root flows also cause flood in coastline. Flood remains through aerial parts but can not tolerate for about 5-15 days in many parts of coastal belts submergence for 7days. Deep water paddy can along with damage of life and properties and also resist flood to the extent of 15 days when at rapid crop fields affecting food security of the victims. growth stages. After the super cyclone in 1999, the state has But at early stage of growth, sudden rise experienced damage of crop to the extent of of water level, speed and muddiness of water are 10.0,1.0,4.35,1.29 and 5.74 lakh hectares. the factors which makes most of the varieties Social crimes and extremist activities are susceptible to damage under submergence. Since common phenomenon arising out of hunger in rice is the main crop in rainy season, the extent of

79 Orissa Review November - 2011 damage varies according to days of submergence 7. Use of poly house for raising nursery of depending on topography of the lands. The flood vegetables. can be classified as Early Season Flood, Mid- There is acute shortage of seed for Season Flood and Late-Season Flood depending resowing and replanting operation in early season upon its time of occurrence in June-July, August- flood. Availability of seeds; both paddy and September and October-November, respectively. nonpaddy crops should be ensured by intervention EARLY SEASON FLOOD of Government and Nongovernmental Organization. June is the beginning of planting season in Odisha for all major crops. Before the onset of Sri method of planting, Dapog method monsoon, the farmers quickly sow the lowland of raising and transplanting, raising nursery on hips and some medium land paddy which germinates /elevated beds on lowland are followed to after onset of Monsoon and grows to a certain transplant paddy within a short time. Seeds are height to resist standing water in July and August. to be treated with seed treating chemicals and After onset of Monsoon, pulses, oilseeds, and nursery should be raised under controlled upland paddy are sown along with raising nursery condition for better germination. Growing for transplanted rice for medium land. Early season vegetable seedling in poly bag and in poly house flood occurring during June-July causes the will reduce seedling mortality during rainy season. following damages – Further, replanting / resowing will be affected as the land becomes covered by weeds due to high Nature of Damage moisture content. Hence use of herbicides and 1. Damage of paddy in nursery, standing following zero tillage practices will help under late crop of vegetables, pulses and oilseeds. planting situation in flood prone areas. 2. Early-transplanted and standing direct For partially damaged paddy field, gap sown paddy are affected by flood. filling has to be done by replanting or through clonal method of propagation. The tillers of earlier Remedial measures planted rice seedlings can be separated after 20- 1. Supply of seeds of short duration varieties 40 days of transplanting by uprooting hills, and of paddy for replanting and non paddy the clones can be used for transplanting in affected crops for resowing. plot. Closer spacing and 25% higher fertilizer dose 2. Resowing in direct seeded upland paddy to crops will compensate yield reduction under late planting situation. 3. Nursery raising of shorter duration paddy for re-transplanting medium and lowland. Mid-Season flood: 4. Clonal method of transplanting and gap When flood comes in the middle of the filling. season during August and September, it can be called Mid Season Flood. The extent of loss in 5. closer spacing and higher rate of manuring most of the times is severe and irreparable as the for late planted crops. crops are in active growth stage and the farmers 6. Resowing upland crops like oilseeds, have already spent enough money on management pulses and vegetables. of crops further, the farmers will have to loose

80 November - 2011 Orissa Review the season of cultivation and the land can not be seeds of cold tolerant rice varieties like Annapurna put to cultivation immediately. The Mid Season Kalinga-2, Heera, Vandana and Kalyani-2 Flood puts a lot of organic matter in the field due etc.can be sown directly in puddle field in the to decomposition of standing crop at maximum completely damaged plots. Clonal planting may growth stage which increases fertility of the soil. be followed if the damage is more than 50% utilizing the clones from same field or from other Nature of Damage field. Important pests like stem borer, gall midge, 1. Incidence of pest and diseases to standing leaf roller and grasshopper are problematic in rice crop that escaped or resisted flood. crop that resist and escape fold damage. Need 2. Damage of upland non paddy crops like based application of insecticides like vegetables, pulses and oilseeds at fruiting stage. Chloroppyriphos (0.04%) or Lambda cyhalothrin (0.004%) will take care of majority of insects. 3. Damage of short duration paddy at Further diseases like sheath rot, sheath blight, maturity stage and medium and late duration paddy bacterial leaf blight and blast are common diseases at growth stage. found in paddy crops after flood. Appropriate Remedial Measures: plant protection measures need to be taken to save the standing crop. Seed treatment and 1. Harvesting the panicles of upland paddy opening of drainage channel are very essential for and drying in community drying yards. success of paira crops in flood affected areas. 2. Gap filling and transplanting aged seedling, LATE -SEASON FLOOD and clonal transplanting of paddy. It usually occurs in post Monsoon season 3. In case of complete damage of crop in in October- November. The flood causes severe rain-fed areas, follow direct sowing of Horse damage to medium and long duration paddy at gram, Sesamum, Toria, Green gram, Black gram maturity and grain filling stage, respectively. The in uplands and paira cropping of pulses in medium farmers bear complete loss of money invested on land and low land. cropping. The winter vegetables and non paddy 4. In irrigated areas, cultivation of high value crops like oilseeds and pulses sown in uplands crops like Sunflower, Groundnut, Arhar are also seriously affected at growth stages. Vegetables will generate revenue to farmers and Nature of damage cultivation of grain crops like Maize, Ragi, Wheat and Boro rice will help in meeting the requirements 1. Lodging and Germination of grains in the of food and fodder needs. field. Mid season flood usually affect most of 2. Incidence of disease and pest in crops that the crops at mid growth stage causing damage in escaped or resisted water logging. different degree depending upon submergence. 3. High value vegetables are also affected. Upland paddy which is at maturity stage has to Remedial Measures be harvested from top due to standing water in field. Left over seedlings in nursery which have 1. Replanting of vegetables, oil seeds and pulses become aged can be utilized for gap filling or in upland. replanting in affected paddy field. Pregerminated 2. Paira cropping in low land with pulses.

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3. Sowing of seeds by using zero till drill and which can be grown successfully under irrigated planting under zero tillage condition. situation to boost the economy of farmers. 4. Nursery raising of vegetables in poly house, Massive boro rice cultivation will compensate and in plastic trays for replanting. demand for rice. Some times land preparation is delayed due to high moisture content demand for 5. Growing winter crops in irrigated conditions rice. Sometimes land preparation is delayed due like Maize, Wheat, Sunflower, Mustard, to high moisture content. Raising seedling in poly Arhar, Bengalgram, Field Pea, Potato and bag Orin plastic trays and transplanting in medium Vegetables etc. and low land will save time and irrigation 6. Poly bag technique for planting cucurbits requirements. 7. Harvesting paddy from panicle under Conclusion standing water conditions Growing of nonlodging, semi deep and 8. Ratoon cropping of lowland paddy deep water paddy like Swarna, Swama-sub-1, Kanchana, Sabitree, Sabita, Tulasi Sarala, Durga, 9. Need based prophylactic and control Hanseswari, Saraswati and Panidhan etc should measures against swarming caterpillars that be popularized to reduce the extent of damage sometimes become problematic in rice that due to submergence. Flood adds a lot of organic escaped and resist flood. matter to field due to decomposition of residues. Late season flood causes germination of Further high moisture content in soil helps in taking grains in standing crop of paddy. Varieties crops in residual moisture. The yield of crops are susceptible to lodging will be completely better for two to three years in post flood situation. damaged. Sometimes, farmers do not go for Large scale coverage of crops after flood helps harvesting paddy. There is also addition of lot of in mitigating loss due to flood. External organic matter due to decomposition of crop interventions are highly essential in production residues. Since, the majority of low and medium process as flood breaks the backbone of the lands are under paddy cultivation in kharif, farmers farmers. bear a great loss in late season flood. Incorporation of organic residues followed by paira cropping of pulses and growing oilseeds and pulses like Toria, Sesamum, Greengram Blackgram, Horsegram, Khesari, Bengalgram and Field pea etc. In residual moisture as direct sown M. Mishra, B. Patro and S. Panda, Regional Research crop are important crops like Maize, Wheat, and Technology Transfer Station, OUAT, Sunflower, Groundnut and Winter Vegetables Bhubaneswar-751003.

Encourage everyone to build their career in a nice way. – P.R. Sarkar

82 November - 2011 Orissa Review

Mythical Elements in Indian Plays : A Study of Naga-Mandala of Girish Karnad

Dr. Tuta Eswar Rao

ABSTRACT Girish Karnad’s plays abound with the elements of myth. In this paper the researcher tried to present the treatment of myth in Naga-Mandala of Girish Karnad. The aim of the researcher is to find out how far the mythical elements have been exploited by the dramatist to portray the socio- cultural problems and the evils of the society. It is concluded that although the ending of the play is not within the orthodoxy of Indian epic texts and Hindu philosophy, it can be seen in the cultural context of Indian woman of today who seeks to fulfil her needs and aspirations.

The middle and late nineteenth century saw many Tusker), and Indira Parthasarathi (Aurangzeb), writers in colonial India, notably Michael to name just a few. Madhusudhan Dutt (Sharmishtha in Bangla), Annasaheb Kirloskar (Subhadra in Marathi), The inexhaustible lore of myths, parables Vishnudas Bhave (who experimented with akhyan and legends that pattern and define our culture or verse narrations and Yaksha-gaan, a Kannada offers immense scope for the Indian dramatists folk art form) struggle with this atemporal legacy, as Shastri says, “Myth, at all events, is raw 3 and begin to reorient myth and folklore towards material, which can be the stuff of literature”. Our negotiating contemporary Indian realities. As he early playwrights writing in English like Sri avows himself, Girish Karnad1 owes as much to Aurobindo and Kailasam selected their themes this strain of ‘Indian’ theatre history as he does to from the myths and legends of Indian Literature. the psychological complexity and individualism of Though Karnad’s themes appear to build castles the European dramatic tradition.2 This sensitivity, in the air, he took refuge in the myths and legends then, to the cross-pollination of multiple dramatic and made them the vehicle of a new vision. His traditions is crucial to any assessment of Karnad’s childhood exposure to street plays in Karnataka position vis-à-vis Indian drama. It allows one to villages and his familiarity with western dramas recognise the uniqueness of Karnad’s dramatic staged in Bombay have induced him to retell the vision and see him also as part of the post- secular legends of India to suit the modern independence ‘modern’ phase of Indian theatre, context. A vigorous vitality that combs the past one where he shares space with Badal Sircar for apt myths to analyze the present has been the (Evam Indrajit), Vijay Tendulkar (Ghasiram hallmark of Girish Karnad, the pre-eminent Indian Kotwal), K.N. Panikkar (Ottayan/The Lone playwright in the Kannada language.

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Karnad’s creative genius lies in taking composed in traditional, realistic and post up fragments of historical-legendary experience modern forms …. Like masks worn by actors and fusing them into a forceful statement. By that allow them to express otherwise hushed using the ‘grammar of literary archetype’, truths, Indian theatre enables immediate, Karnad links the past and the present, the manipulative representations of reality.7 archetypal and the real. Issues of the present Gifted playwrights have discovered world find their parallels in the myths and fables source materials from myths and legends and have of the past, giving new meanings and insights employed them creatively. Realism in drama was reinforcing the theme. By transcending the limits a totally new concept and it was alien to theatrical of time and space, myths provide flashes of conventions. Myths and legends serve as a insight into life and its mystery. They form an surrogate for Karnad’s plays. When Karnad was internal part of cultural consciousness of the asked the reason for his handling of myths and land, with different meanings and it reflects the legends, he replied that his sole purpose was to contemporary issues. Karnad believes in the narrate the particular story effectively and so, “the Jungian collective racial consciousness and so borrowed tales are given a turn of the screw, as it turns to the past habitually for the source were, which works wonders with his plays”. 8 materials. As Dhanavel says, the borrowed myths are “reinterpreted to fit pre-existing Karnad’s Naga-Mandala is based on cultural emphasis”.4 All his plays are literary two oral tales from Karnataka as we know from excavations of the Indian collective past – the what he says in his “Introduction” to Three Plays: racial, mythical, legendary and the historical … these tales are narrated by women- normally and they have a strong contemporary relevance. the older women in the family-while children are By using these myths he tried to reveal the being fed in the evenings in the kitchen or being absurdity of life with all its elemental passions put to bed. The other adults present on these and conflicts and man’s eternal struggle to occasions are also women. Therefore these tales, achieve perfection Vanashree Tripathy has said though directed at the children, often serve as a that “Literature and Myth merely dramatize, parallel system of communication among the 9 heighten and highlight what is theoretically women in the family. possible in nature and science.5 According to The dramatist also attempts to instil an Jyoti Sahi, “Girish Karnad’s art can be alienation effect by driving the material of the play described as a vision of reality”.6 So, Karnad from the folk tales, and also by using the ‘non- delves deep into the traditional myths to spell materialistic techniques’ of the traditional Indian modern man’s anguish and dilemmas that are theatre. The title of the play is not the name of a created in his mind. Karnad does not take the human character, but it is that of a snake. As the myths in their entirety, he takes only fragments name suggests, it revolves around a woman and that are useful to him and the rest he a serpent. As this play is based on a folk tale it supplements with his imagination to make his could be observed that the serpent plays an plots interesting. His interest was not in important role as in most such narrations all over recreating old myths and legends but in the world. “We are forced to believe that there representing them to suit his artistic purpose. exists a theory that the mothers of great men in Karnad himself has revealed that Theatre can history such as Scipio, Alexander the great, and simultaneously be entertainment, political Augustus Ceasar were all impregnated by commentary and artistic statement and can be serpents”.10 It is believed that snake myths are

84 November - 2011 Orissa Review found extensively in Brahmanism, Buddhism, of the experience of man and woman in the Lamaistic and Japanese writing. In Naga- psychologically transitional phase. Mandala, the story of the cobra suggests that In a folk tale, there is a magician or a the play is intended to dramatize not merely the snake that assumes the form of the Prince, enters folk tales, but also to imply a deeper meaning at the palace and woes the beautiful Princess, locked various levels. The folk-tale element of the Naga- up in the palace. When the Prince becomes aware Mandala and the magical power, which the cobra of this, he gets the snake/ magician killed and the possesses continually, remind the spectators that Princess then sets him a riddle. If he fails to answer, they are only watching a play. he has to die. This existential crisis is treated in The play deals with a ‘self-involved’ hero, the folk tale in different ways. In Karnad’s play, who undergoes a test put to him by his wife in the story takes a happy turn, both Rani and order to survive. The psychological inadequacy Appanna adjusting to the family and community he is trapped in causes acute lack of understanding in a socially useful manner. But this is achieved and communication between him and his wife. It after upsetting the male egoism and exaggerated is a threat to family and society. Every man through sense of power over women. The male adolescence faces this existential problem and so assumption of keeping full control over the body, he must learn to overcome and this becomes more sexuality and virtue of women through the comprehensive in Karnad’s plays. Naga- insinuations of family and values like chastity are Mandala is not only about the male difficulty to mocked in the story. trust and love women, it seems to be about the Appanna’s violent reaction to his wife’s socialization process of both men and women, infidelity does not make him consider for a moment particularly in the Indian society, where marriages his infidelity towards her. The other villagers also is more often than not the first experience of sex ignore this lapse on his part but they emphasize and love for most people. The transition from the institution of marriage and the procreative childhood into adolescence and then into adult function of the couple. The importance of the roles has, in India, very different stages and family and progeny are established. The husband psychological and cultural relationships are totally and the wife run towards each other, with a greater different from other less tradition-bound societies. sense of relationship. The girl-bride now becomes The Naga-Mandala probes into the female and the mother to be and as such gains a social male growth into selfhood, and their mature recognition. This stage of Rani’s social integration adjustment with the social roles appointed for brings her a new sense of respect and her own them by the traditional society. worth. This is another significant aspect of the Myths and folk tales in a patriarchal Indian social and cultural life in its treatment of society represent primarily the male unconscious women. fears and wishes and are patriarchal constructs In Kiranth’s words, “… an Indian and male-oriented. In these stories the women’s woman knows that motherhood confers upon her experiences and inner feelings are not given a purpose and identity that nothing else in her importance. They do not probe much light on culture can”.11 As a mother, Rani is seen in the women’s fears, anxieties and psychological last part of the story to be in command of the problems. It is a remarkable achievement of household with some authority and decision Karnad that he adapts this male-oriented folk tale making power. Appanna even agrees to her rather in such a manner that it becomes a representation strange demand that their son should perform an

85 Orissa Review November - 2011 annual “pinda-daan” in the memory of the dead orthodoxy of Indian epic texts, the play must be snake. studied and interpreted not only by keeping In the alternate end to the play suggested elements of Hindu philosophy as points of reference, but also by taking into account the by the playwright, the snake does not die. It is allowed by Rani to live in her dark, long and cool cultural context of the Indian woman of today who tresses. The lover is always present; he lives with seeks to fulfil her needs and aspirations. her, within the family. The danger to male authority References : as a husband and patriarch lives on constantly at 1. Girish Karnad was born in Matheran, near Bombay, close quarters but mostly within the woman’s in 1938 and grew up in Sirsi (Karnataka). He writes imagination. The dutiful and loyal wife may his plays in Kannada and he himself translates observe the social, moral code entirely; yet within them into English. 2. ‘The door banged by Nora in The Doll’s House her live the memories of the perfect lover who did not merely announce feminist rebellion against had given her first emotional and erotic social slavery. It summed up what was to be the experiences. These desires may haunt her or lie main theme of Western realistic drama over the dormant within. Rani can understand emphatically next hundred years: a person’s need to be seen as an individual, as an entity valuable in itself, why Kappanna, the young man, who was bound independent of family and social circumstance.’ by filial duty to his old and blind mother, runs away See Girish Karnad, Three Plays, New Delhi: OUP, one night. He had been pursuing his dream of a 1994, p.9. beautiful woman. Though he resisted the alluring 3. Shastri, J.L., ed., Ancient Indian Tradition and voice and presence of the dream girl, he was trying Mythology, Vol. 1: “The ”, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1970, , pp. 229-230. to be a dutiful son carrying his old mother on his 4. Dhanavel, P., The Indian Imagination of Girish back. Finally he is pulled away when the dreams Karnad : Essays on Hayavadana, Delhi: Prestige, become too powerful. Rani has gone through 2000, p.58. these new desires, the daydreaming and fantasizing 5. Tripathi, Vanashree, Three Plays of Girish about love and she understands their power over Karnad: A Study in Poetics and Culture, New the social and moral duties. Delhi: Prestige, 2004, p.89. 6. Sahi, Jyoti, The Child and the Serpent: Reflections The unique challenge of Naga-Mandala on Popular Indian Symbols, London : Routledge lies in its exposure of its own limitations as a work & Kegan Paul, 1980, p.123. of art. In this sense, the play is attuned to its 7. Karnad, Girish, Three Plays Nagamandala, contradictions with regard to women’s Hayavadana, Tughlaq, New Delhi: Oxford experiences of desire, and the modes of self- University Press, 1994, p. 331. 8. Chatterji, Suniti Kumar, Indian Drama, New Delhi: expression available to them within existing Publication Division, 1981, p.36. discourses. The play hints, indeed, that these 9. Karnad, Girish, Collected Plays : Tughlaq, contradictions lie at the heart of myths as a whole. Hayavadana, Bali: The Sacrifice, Nagamandala Karnad’s way of reckoning with the anxiety this (Play with a Cobra), Vol. One. Oxford: Oxford UP, can generate is the classic postmodern theatrical 2005, p.16. device of multiple endings. It appeals to the 10. Ibid., p. 276. postmodern sensibility of the late twentieth- 11. Kiranth B.V., Translation of Hayavadana into century of which Naga-Mandala is a good Hindi, Delhi: Radhakrishna Prakashan, 1975, p.57. example. It can be concluded that, though the Dr. Tuta Eswar Rao, Lecturer, Department of English, ending of Naga-Mandala is not within the M.K. Degree College, Gurandi, Dist. Gajapati, Orissa.

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A Peep into IITF, 2011

Gurukalyan Mahapatra

India International Trade Fair (IITF) 2011 again knocks at the door. It will be inaugurated at the historic Pragati Maidan in the national capital city, New Delhi on 14 November, 2011 and scheduled to be concluded on 27 November, 2011. It is expected that over 7,000 exhibitors not only from India, but also from abroad are The theme of last year's IITF was 'Clean taking part in this colourful event. Almost all the Energy Efficient Technology, Products & Services' states including Odisha is participating in this fair. for highlighting the global concern of energy At least for half a month, the Pragati Maidan will security and environmental protection. Maharastra be joyful and stimulating. was the partner State and Chhatisgarh and The overseas participation last year from Rajsthan were focus states in IITF, 2010. Much Afganistan, Brazil, Bhutan, China, Cuba, Egypt, has been done this year to facilitate the visit of France, Hong Kong, Iran, Italy, Indonesia, Japan, overseas deligates and more care should be taken Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, to control the crowd, the visitors say. However, Switzerland, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, UAE online booking was introduced last year and IITF's and Vietnam created pleasant trade climates and theme this year is 'Indian Handicrafts, Magic of this year their participation may prove that their Gifted Hands.' This concept is contemplated by new products are in demand. the Sanket Communication Pvt. Ltd. and the

87 Orissa Review November - 2011 fabrication has been with Tech India Pvt. Ltd., embroidery products, art textiles, terracota, palm New Delhi, it is learnt. leaf engraving, Pattachitra, coin toys, Aurvedic A few days back the 'Orissa' and 'Oriya' medicines, jewellery, tribal jewellery and paintings in English usage was corrected into 'Odisha' and have been displayed for sale. 'Odia' because of the efforts of our Government It is learnt from Information and Public headed by the Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik. Relations Department of Odisha that the Industries The new usage will be there at the Odisha Pavilion Department will have a seminar on 17 November in Pragati Maidan conspicuously. 2011, based on the theme of the fair and on 18 Odisha is not lagging behind in handicraft November 2011 there will be another seminar sector. Odisha State Co-operative Handicrafts which will be organised by the Odisha Tourism Corporation Ltd. (OSCHC) is now engaged in Development Corporation. The Information and production base, enlarging market opportunities, Public Relations Department is also coordinating encouraging exporters and introducing new the cultural programmes on 25th and 26th designs and technologies in the handicraft sector. November 2011. Besides, the State Day, i.e. It provides assistance to primary handicraft Odisha Day is scheduled to be celebrated on 26 cooperative societies, voluntary organisations and November 2011. There shall be award winning individual artisans by improving marketability of film show i.e. Sata Sure Bandha E-Jibana on 26th. their products. It procures a wide variety of Besides, various cultural entertaining programmes handicraft products and markets them through its have been contemplated on both 25 and 26 sales outlets such as Utkalika. Hence this year's November 2011 like, Odishi, Gotipua, Ghumura, IITF surely shall offer Odisha as a participant for Sambalpuri and Martial dance. adequate visibility for its handicraft products. The Minister of I & P.R., the Secretary Odisha Pavilion at Pragati Maidan has as well as Director, Information & Public been preparing Food Court through Odisha Relations Department of Odisha alongwith other Tourism Development Corporation (OTDC) with officials are taking keen interest for the success State's excellent Cuisine. However, in the ground of the fair at Odisha Pavillion. floor of the pavilion the participant departments are Industries, Textiles and Handlooms, Energy, Tourism, Agriculture alongwith NALCO, TATA, Jindal Steel Ltd. etc. In the first floor there are sale counters and 27 artisans have been selling Gurukalyan Mahapatra, Qrs. No.VA 29/3, Unit-II, their products. Besides, silver filigree and Bhubaneswar-751009, Odisha.

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